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<span>Status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Brunei_and_Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Brunei_and_Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In Brunei and Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Brunei_and_Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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id="toc-Colloquial_and_contemporary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colloquial_and_contemporary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Colloquial and contemporary usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colloquial_and_contemporary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Malaysian Malay</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meulayu_Malaysia" title="Meulayu Malaysia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meulayu Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الماليزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الماليزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1-l%C3%A2i-se-a-g%C3%AD" title="Má-lâi-se-a-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Má-lâi-se-a-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo_na_Malasya" title="Malayo na Malasya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Malayo na Malasya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minalasyo" title="Minalasyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Minalasyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysische_Sprache" title="Malaysische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Malaysische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_malasio" title="Idioma malasio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma malasio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مالایی مالزیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مالایی مالزیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaisien_(langue)" title="Malaisien (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Malaisien (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="말레이시아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말레이시아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo_ti_Malaysia" title="Malayo ti Malaysia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Malayo ti Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Malaysia" title="Bahasa Melayu Malaysia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Melayu Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malas%C3%ADska" title="Malasíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Malasíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_malaysiana" title="Lingua malaysiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua malaysiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimalay_Sanifu" title="Kimalay Sanifu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimalay Sanifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_malay%C3%AE" title="Zimanê malayî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê malayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_maleziana" title="Fiteny maleziana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny maleziana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Mar%C4%93o_Mar%C4%93hia" title="Reo Marēo Marēhia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Marēo Marēhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الماليزيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الماليزيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Malaysia" title="Bahasa Melayu Malaysia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Melayu Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayu_Malaysia" title="Malayu Malaysia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Malayu Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleisisch" title="Maleisisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maleisisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayziya_tili" title="Malayziya tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Malayziya tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A1%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ភាសាម៉ាឡេស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាម៉ាឡេស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_malezyjski" title="Język malezyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język malezyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_mal%C3%A1sia" title="Língua malásia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua malásia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_tili" title="Malay tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Malay tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesian_kieli" title="Malesian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Malesian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Malasyo" title="Wikang Malasyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Malasyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="மலேசிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலேசிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษามลายูมาเลเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษามลายูมาเลเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malezyaca" title="Malezyaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malezyaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ملائیشیائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملائیشیائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Malaysia" title="Tiếng Malaysia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E8%A9%B1" title="標準馬拉話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="標準馬拉話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="馬來西亞語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬來西亞語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Malayu_Malaysia" title="Boros Malayu Malaysia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Malayu Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15065#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the official language of Malaysia. For an overview of all languages used in Malaysia, see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a>. For ethnic Malays in Malaysia, see <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malaysian Malays</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Malaysian Malay</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Bahasa Malaysia</i></span><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بهاس مليسيا</span>‎<br />Standard Malay<br /><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu Piawai</i></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> بهاس ملايو ڤياواي</span>‎</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu Malaysia</i></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بهاس ملايو مليسيا</span>‎</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ms-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[baˈha.sə<span class="wrap"> </span>mə.la.ju<span class="wrap"> </span>mə'lej.sjə]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Native: Few (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />L2: Spoken by the vast majority of those in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, although most learn a local <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#Malay" title="Languages of Malaysia">Malay dialect</a> or another native language first.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Malaysian Malay</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Malay">Classical Malay</a> (Johor-Riau Malay)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Modern_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Modern Malay">Pre-Modern Malay</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malayan Malay</a>) </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Rumi</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Braille">Malaysian Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a> (Malaysian Institute of Language and Literature)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei</a> (Brunei Language and Literature Bureau)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Majlis Bahasa Melayu Singapura (Singapore Malay Language Council)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/zsm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:zsm">zsm</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/stan1306">stan1306</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=33-AFA-ab">33-AFA-ab</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Malay_language_Spoken_Area_Map_v1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Malay_language_Spoken_Area_Map_v1.png/320px-Malay_language_Spoken_Area_Map_v1.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Malay_language_Spoken_Area_Map_v1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="154" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Countries where Malaysian Malay is spoken: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00bc00; color:black;"> </span> Malaysia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#76f36b; color:black;"> </span> Singapore and Brunei, where Standard Malay is an official language</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Malaysian Malay</b> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu Malaysia</i>) or <b>Malaysian</b> (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Bahasa Malaysia</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> —<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonymically</a> within Malaysia as <b>Standard Malay</b> (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu piawai</i></span>) or simply <b>Malay</b> (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</i></span>, abbreviated to <b>BM</b>)— is a standardized form of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and also used in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> (as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, which is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">"Indonesian" language</a>). Malaysian Malay is <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johore-Riau</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, particularly a branch spoken in the state of <a href="/wiki/Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="Johore">Johore</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is spoken by much of the Malaysian population, although most learn a <a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">vernacular</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay dialect">Malay dialect</a> or <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#Other_indigenous_languages" title="Languages of Malaysia">another native language</a> first.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152_–_National_Language_and_Other_Languages" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Article 152</a> of Malaysia's Consitution as drafted in 1957 (revised <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">in 1963</a>) merely mentions "Malay" (<i>Bahasa Melayu</i>) as the designation of its "national language" without any further definition,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the term <i>bahasa Malaysia</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Malaysian Language</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is used in official contexts from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-StarWong2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarWong2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the latter term can be politically contentious; in 1999 the <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a> rejected the publication of some short stories as the preface to the publication used the term <i>bahasa Malaysia</i> instead of <i>bahasa Melayu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-qlrs1_1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qlrs1_1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1986 and 2007, the term <i>bahasa Malaysia</i> was replaced by "<i>bahasa Melayu</i>". In 2007, to recognize that <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> is composed of many ethnic groups (and not only the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>), the term <i>bahasa Malaysia</i> became the government's preferred designation for the national language.<sup id="cite_ref-StarWong2007_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarWong2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internally as of present, the Dewan Bahasa prefers the term <i>bahasa Melayu</i> in its literature<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Education (Malaysia)">Ministry of Education</a> prefers both <i>Bahasa Melayu</i> in its syllabi material<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <i>Bahasa Malaysia</i> in its official communications.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Singapore, "Malay" as an official language allocated in <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">its constitution</a>'s "General Provisions" (Part 13) is not defined in detail other than "in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Roman script</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the name as well as <i>Bahasa Melayu</i> is used continuously in its own educational literature;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, there is presumption that the standard "Malay" used by Singapore is the same as that utilised by the Malaysian government in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">the standard used by Indonesia</a> (though with little differences in vocabulary).<sup id="cite_ref-Steinhauer_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinhauer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page / location: 81
Quotation: "Malay still is the national language of the state. This official Malay is the Malaysian standard variety."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">81</span> </sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Malaysia">In Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 152 of the Malaysian Constitution mentions the Malay language as the national language while the National Language Act 1963/67 strengthens the status of the Malay language as the official language. </p><p>The use of the term Bahasa Malaysia was also official in the publication of books and government agencies before the 20th era. This matter was coordinated by the first Prime Minister of Malaysia <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> in order to distinguish Indonesian language after the <a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the era of Mahathir Mohamad, the Malaysian Government coordinated all book publications to use the term Bahasa Melayu instead of Bahasa Malaysia to respect the constitution and the national language act. This led to the publication of many scholarly books that mixed the use of either Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Malaysia until the 2010s during <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi" title="Abdullah Ahmad Badawi">Abdullah Ahmad Badawi</a> era and the beginning <a href="/wiki/Najib_Razak" title="Najib Razak">Najib Razak</a> era and finally the term Bahasa Melayu was successfully harmonized in the education system in the 2020s.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Brunei_and_Singapore">In Brunei and Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Brunei and Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The national standard variety of Malay employed in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> largely follows the Malaysian standard; the main differences being minor variation in pronunciation and some lexical influence from <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a>, the local non-standard variety of Malay.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinhauer_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinhauer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Malay alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_Malay_language,_Jawi_writing,_and_Khat_Calligraphy_with_other_Languages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Comparison_of_Malay_language%2C_Jawi_writing%2C_and_Khat_Calligraphy_with_other_Languages.jpg/220px-Comparison_of_Malay_language%2C_Jawi_writing%2C_and_Khat_Calligraphy_with_other_Languages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Comparison_of_Malay_language%2C_Jawi_writing%2C_and_Khat_Calligraphy_with_other_Languages.jpg/330px-Comparison_of_Malay_language%2C_Jawi_writing%2C_and_Khat_Calligraphy_with_other_Languages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Comparison_of_Malay_language%2C_Jawi_writing%2C_and_Khat_Calligraphy_with_other_Languages.jpg/440px-Comparison_of_Malay_language%2C_Jawi_writing%2C_and_Khat_Calligraphy_with_other_Languages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the Malay language written in Rumi and Jawi with other languages</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg/220px-Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg/330px-Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg/440px-Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5442" data-file-height="3278" /></a><figcaption>Traffic signs in Malaysian: Warning sign "<a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a>" and regulatory sign "Stop".</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a>, known in Malay as Rumi (Roman alphabets), is prescribed by <a href="/wiki/National_Language_Act_1963/67" title="National Language Act 1963/67">law</a> as the official script of Malaysian Malay, and the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabet</a> called <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> (or Malay script) is not legally prescribed for that purpose. Rumi is official while efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve the Jawi script and to revive its use in Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin alphabet, however, is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Borrowed_words">Borrowed words</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Borrowed words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Malay" title="List of loanwords in Malay">List of loanwords in Malay</a></div> <p>While literary Malay throughout the region has mostly absorbed from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> (Hindi–Urdu), <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Sinitic languages</a>; the variety spoken within British colonies that eventually make up Malaysia following the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty</a> borrowed majorly from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (in particular many scientific and technological terms) compared to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> as spread within the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">East Indies</a>. </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malayan</a> independence and later <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Federation</a> formation, its own <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a> followed a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">purist</a> approach in lexicography away from Western loanwords (even favouring established roots like Sanskrit and Arabic) as well as <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologizing</a> from native roots.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, Malaysian has also been influenced lexically by the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> variety largely through the popularity of neighbouring mass media like dramas, soap operas, and music – akin to the <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">effect of American media</a> towards other Englishes like those of Britain and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Sanskrit:</li></ol> <p>This language had a significant influence on the Malay language through trade and the spread of Hindu-Buddhist religions that arrived in the Malay Archipelago from the 1st to the 14th century. Borrowed words include bahasa (language), raja (king), syurga (heaven), neraka (hell), desa (village). </p><p>2. Arabic: </p><p>With the arrival of Islam in the region during the 7th century, Arabic began influencing the Malay language, especially in religious and philosophical terminology. Examples include kitab (book), masjid (mosque), ilmu (knowledge), iman (faith), zakat (almsgiving). </p><p>3. Tamil: </p><p>The influence of the Tamil language came primarily through maritime trade between India and the Malay Archipelago. Borrowed words from Tamil include kedai (shop), mangga (mango), and vadai (a type of snack). </p><p>4. Chinese: </p><p>Trade relations between Chinese merchants and the local population led to the borrowing of words such as tauhu (tofu), mee (noodles), lombong (mine). </p><p>5. Portuguese: </p><p>The Portuguese occupation of Malacca in the early 16th century introduced words like gereja (church), keju (cheese), jendela (window), and almari (cupboard). </p><p>6. Dutch: </p><p>Borrowing from Dutch occurred during the Dutch colonial period, including words like kabin (cabin), sekolah (school), kontrak (contract). </p><p>7. English: </p><p>The English language introduced many technical and modern words into Malay, especially during British colonial rule. Examples include telefon (telephone), komputer (computer), bank, internet, and stesen (station). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colloquial_and_contemporary_usage">Colloquial and contemporary usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colloquial and contemporary usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Bahasa Rojak</a></div> <p>Colloquial and contemporary usage of Malay includes modern Malaysian vocabulary, which may not be familiar to the older generation, such as: </p> <ul><li><i>Awek</i> (means girl, in place of <i>perempuan</i>).</li> <li><i>Balak</i> (means guy, in place of <i>jantan</i>).</li> <li><i>Cun</i> (means pretty, in place of <i>cantik / jelita</i>).</li></ul> <p>New plural pronouns have also been formed out of the original pronouns popularly nowadays and the word <i>orang</i> (person), such as: </p> <ul><li><i>Korang</i> (<i>kau</i> + <i>orang</i>, "you all", in place of <i>kalian / kamu semua</i>).</li> <li><i>Kitorang</i> (<i>kita</i> + <i>orang</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">exclusive</a> "we", in place of <i>kami</i>).</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Malaysian speaker</figcaption></figure><i>Diorang</i> (<i>dia</i> + <i>orang</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">exclusive</a> "they", in place of <i>mereka</i>).</li></ul> <p>In addition, Arabic terms that is originally used in Standard Malay nowadays has been popularly changed where some of the words and pronunciations in the involved terms have been added by the local conservative Muslims by disputing the terms suggested by the <i>Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</i> (DBP), claiming that the involved terms with implementation of the additional words and pronunciations is the real correct terms as same as stated in the Qur'an, where it is predominantly used by the local Muslim netizens in the social medias nowadays. The several involved terms in comparison to Standard Malay that is popularly used, such as: </p> <ul><li><i>Ramadhan</i> (means the holy fasting month, in place of <i>Ramadan</i>).</li> <li><i>Aamiin</i> (means asking <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah (Islam)</a> to verify the prayer (<i>Du'a</i>); real term is Ameen, in place of <i>Amin</i>).</li> <li><i>Fardhu</i> (means obligatory (<i>in Islam</i>), in place of <i>Fardu</i>).</li> <li><i>Redha</i> (means accepting, in place of <i>Reda</i>).</li> <li><i>Mudharat</i> (means harm, in place of <i>Mudarat</i>).</li> <li><i>Dhaif</i> (means poverty, in place of <i>Daif</i>).</li> <li><i>Zohor</i> (means mid-day or noon time, in place of <i>Zuhur</i>).</li> <li><i>Hadith</i> (means Prophet (Mohamed) terms or speeches, in place of <i>Hadis</i>).</li></ul> <p>Code-switching between English and Malaysian and the use of novel loanwords is widespread, forming <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Bahasa Rojak</a>. Consequently, this phenomenon has raised the displeasure of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">linguistic purists</a> in Malaysia, in their effort to uphold use of the prescribed <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Malay_and_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian">Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> based writing system for Malay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_politics" title="Language politics">Language politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian English</a>, English language used formally in Malaysia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Varieties of Malay">Varieties of Malay</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Ibid plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Constructs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">ibid.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Loc._cit." title="Loc. cit.">loc. cit.</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Idem" title="Idem">idem</a></i> are <b>discouraged by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IBID" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IBID">Wikipedia's style guide</a> for footnotes</b>, as they are easily broken. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit">improve this article</a> by replacing them with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes#Naming_a_ref_tag_so_it_can_be_used_more_than_once" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">named references</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Refref/core" title="Template:Refref/core">quick guide</a></i>), or an abbreviated title. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/zsm">Malaysian Malay</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar2000" class="citation journal cs1">Adelaar, K. Alexander (2000). "Malay: A Short History". <i>Oriente Moderno</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 234. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25817713">25817713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriente+Moderno&rft.atitle=Malay%3A+A+Short+History&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=234&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25817713%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhlis_Abu_Bakar2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mukhlis Abu Bakar (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publisher.unimas.my/ojs/index.php/ILS/article/view/1521">"Sebutan Johor-Riau dan Sebutan Baku dalam Konteks Identiti Masyarakat Melayu Singapura"</a> [<i>Sebutan Johor-Riau</i> and <i>Sebutan Baku</i> in the Context of the Singapore Malay Identity]. <i>Issues in Language Studies</i> (in Malay). <b>8</b> (2): 61–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33736%2Fils.1521.2019">10.33736/ils.1521.2019</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=Sebutan+Johor-Riau+dan+Sebutan+Baku+dalam+Konteks+Identiti+Masyarakat+Melayu+Singapura&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=61-78&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33736%2Fils.1521.2019&rft.au=Mukhlis+Abu+Bakar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublisher.unimas.my%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2FILS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation">"Kedah MB Defends Use of Jawi on Signboards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star Online</a></i>. 26 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation">the original</a> on 29 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star+Online&rft.atitle=Kedah+MB+Defends+Use+of+Jawi+on+Signboards&rft.date=2008-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989%26sec%3Dnation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClynesDeterding2011" class="citation journal cs1">Clynes, Adrian; Deterding, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510031100017X">"Standard Malay (Brunei)"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 259–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510031100017X">10.1017/S002510031100017X</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146544336">146544336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Standard+Malay+%28Brunei%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-268&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510031100017X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146544336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clynes&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Deterding%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS002510031100017X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/printheritage/detail/aaea743c-7917-47f6-afb8-019b69e1a509.aspx">"Standard Malay made simple / Liaw Yock Fang - BookSG - National Library Board, Singapore"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Malay+made+simple+%2F+Liaw+Yock+Fang+-+BookSG+-+National+Library+Board%2C+Singapore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fprintheritage%2Fdetail%2Faaea743c-7917-47f6-afb8-019b69e1a509.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmah_Haji_Omar1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asmah_Haji_Omar" title="Asmah Haji Omar">Asmah Haji Omar</a> (1992). "Malay as a pluricentric language". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Clyne" title="Michael Clyne">Clyne, Michael G.</a> (ed.). <i>Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</i>. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 403–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012855-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-012855-1"><bdi>3-11-012855-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malay+as+a+pluricentric+language&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.place=Berlin+%26+New+York&rft.series=Contributions+to+the+sociology+of+language+62&rft.pages=403-4&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-11-012855-1&rft.au=Asmah+Haji+Omar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibid. pp. 402, 413-417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Constitution of Malaysia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia"><i>Federal Constitution of Malaysia</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+Constitution+of+Malaysia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarWong2007-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StarWong2007_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StarWong2007_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongEdwards2007" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Chun Wai; Edwards, Audrey (4 June 2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2007/06/04/back-to-bahasa-malaysia/">"Back to Bahasa Malaysia"</a></span>. <i>The Star Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Khat+to+Be+Included+in+School+Curriculum&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2019%2F07%2F30%2Fkhat-to-be-included-in-school-curriculum%23azQeRsS58eKTSuTb.99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColuzzi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Coluzzi, Paolo (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl-2016-0055/html">"Language planning for Malay in Malaysia: A case of failure or success?"</a>. <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> (244): 24–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl-2016-0055">10.1515/ijsl-2016-0055</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-3668">1613-3668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=Language+planning+for+Malay+in+Malaysia%3A+A+case+of+failure+or+success%3F&rft.issue=244&rft.pages=24-6&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2016-0055&rft.issn=1613-3668&rft.aulast=Coluzzi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2016-0055%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneddon2003" class="citation book cs1">Sneddon, James N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA157"><i>The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society</i></a>. Sydney: UNSW Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86840-598-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86840-598-1"><bdi>0-86840-598-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+Language%3A+Its+History+and+Role+in+Modern+Society&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-86840-598-1&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9UjLYD9jVEC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Takdir_Alisjahbana1976" class="citation book cs1">S. Takdir Alisjahbana (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHmVDwAAQBAJ"><i>Language Planning for Modernization: The Case of Indonesian and Malaysian</i></a>. The Hague: Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-279-7712-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-279-7712-7"><bdi>90-279-7712-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Planning+for+Modernization%3A+The+Case+of+Indonesian+and+Malaysian&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=90-279-7712-7&rft.au=S.+Takdir+Alisjahbana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvHmVDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Malay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ms:"> Malay edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Malaysian Malay, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Malaysian_Malay" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Malaysian Malay"><i><b>Malaysian Malay</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbp.gov.my">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706054017/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php">The Malay Spelling Reform</a>, Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Malaysian_English_differences" title="British and Malaysian English differences">comparison with British English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Natives</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Mos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Punan Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Chaoshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian<br />archipelago</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Chetty_creole_language" title="Malay Chetty creole language">Chetty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed & Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_Malaysia" title="Esperanto in Malaysia">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigrants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay" title="Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay">comparison with Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Extinct languages</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Nearly extinct languages</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greater_North_Borneo_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Template:Greater North Borneo languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Template talk:Greater North Borneo languages"><abbr title="Discuss this 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ida%CA%BCan_language" title="Idaʼan language">Idaʼan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Southwest Sabah</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater<br />Dusunic *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bisaya–Lotud</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dusunic_languages" title="Dusunic languages">Dusunic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kadazandusun <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Central Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Rungus / Momogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paitanic_languages" title="Paitanic languages">Paitanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Abai Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater<br />Murutic *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Tatana</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murutic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Baukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesayap_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesayap Tidong language">Sesayap Tidong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawak</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Kenyah / Bakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahau_Kenyah_language" title="Wahau Kenyah language">Wahau Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lundayeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BCban_language" title="Saʼban language">Saʼban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutong_language" title="Tutong language">Tutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Central Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit–Tanjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language" title="Sajau Basap language">Sajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakati%CA%BC_language" title="Bakatiʼ language">Bakatiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Bakati%CA%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sara Bakatiʼ language">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language" title="Laraʼ language">Laraʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyadu%CA%BC_language" title="Nyaduʼ language">Benyaduʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malayo–Chamic *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Aceh–Chamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iban–Malayan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ibanic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ibanic_languages" title="Ibanic languages">Ibanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berau Malay language">Berau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan / Selako</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutainese_language" title="Kutainese language">Kutai Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Orang Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%CA%BC_language" title="Urak Lawoiʼ language">Urak Lawoiʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sundanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_language" title="Old Sundanese language">Old Sundanese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantenese language">Bantenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_Sundanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese Sundanese language">Cirebonese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rejang ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct 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