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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pogingen tot berechting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pogingen_tot_berechting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribunaal_gevormd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribunaal_gevormd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tribunaal gevormd</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tribunaal_gevormd-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Tribunaal gevormd-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tribunaal_gevormd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levenslange_gevangenisstraf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levenslange_gevangenisstraf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Levenslange gevangenisstraf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levenslange_gevangenisstraf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgave" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hissène Habré</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 46 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="حسين حبري – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حسين حبري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Хисен Хабре – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хисен Хабре" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AD" title="Χισέν Χαμπρέ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χισέν Χαμπρέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="حسین حبری – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حسین حبری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC" title="イッセン・ハブレ – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イッセン・ハブレ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="ჰისენ ჰაბრე – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰისენ ჰაბრე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%BC_%EC%95%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88" title="이센 아브레 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이센 아브레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="حسین حبری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="حسین حبری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5,_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хабре, Хиссен – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хабре, Хиссен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Гіссен Габре – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіссен Габре" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="ჰისენ ჰაბრე – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰისენ ჰაბრე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E8%B3%BD%E5%9B%A0%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7" title="侯賽因·哈布雷 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="侯賽因·哈布雷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hissène Habré" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#E6E6FA; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Hissène Habré </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:President_Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9_of_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hissène Habré" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/President_Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9_of_Chad.jpg/266px-President_Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9_of_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/President_Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9_of_Chad.jpg/399px-President_Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9_of_Chad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/President_Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9_of_Chad.jpg/532px-President_Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9_of_Chad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="836" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboren </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/13_augustus" title="13 augustus">13 augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Faya-Largeau" title="Faya-Largeau">Faya-Largeau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overleden </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/24_augustus" title="24 augustus">24 augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/2021" title="2021">2021</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Politieke partij </th> <td colspan="2">Front de libération nationale du Tchad (FROLINAT) </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#E6E6FA; color:inherit;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_presidenten_van_Tsjaad" title="Lijst van presidenten van Tsjaad">President van Tsjaad</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Aangetreden </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/7_juni" title="7 juni">7 juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Einde termijn </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1_december" title="1 december">1 december</a> <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voorganger </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Goukouni_Oueddei" title="Goukouni Oueddei">Goukouni Oueddei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:#E6E6FA; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Politiek" title="Portaal:Politiek">Politiek</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Hissène Habré</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabisch" title="Arabisch">Arabisch</a>: حسين حبري) (<a href="/wiki/Faya-Largeau" title="Faya-Largeau">Faya-Largeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/13_augustus" title="13 augustus">13 augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a> − <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/24_augustus" title="24 augustus">24 augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/2021" title="2021">2021</a>), ook bekend als Hissen Habré, was een dictator van <a href="/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad">Tsjaad</a>. Hij leefde in ballingschap in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> en was in eigen land ter dood veroordeeld. </p><p>Hissène Habré werd geboren in een <a href="/wiki/Toeboe" title="Toeboe">Toeboestam</a> in het woestijngebied van Noordoost-<a href="/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad">Tsjaad</a>, toen een Franse kolonie. Na de onafhankelijkheid in 1960 werd hij regeringsambtenaar en studeerde vervolgens op een regeringsbeurs rechten en politieke wetenschappen aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Parijs" title="Universiteit van Parijs">Sorbonne</a> te Parijs. President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye" title="François Tombalbaye">François Tombalbaye</a> stuurde hem naar Libië om te onderhandelen met de verzetsbeweging Frolinat, maar Habré liep over en werd een van de leiders van het noordelijke verzet dat vanuit Libië opereerde. Later richtte hij zijn eigen militie 'Forces Armées du Nord' (FAN) op. </p><p>In 1978 sloot hij vrede met het militaire bewind dat de macht in <a href="/wiki/Ndjamena" title="Ndjamena">Ndjamena</a> had overgenomen en werd premier van Tsjaad. Maar de burgeroorlog ging door en Habré's rivaal Oueddei kwam aan de macht. Habré was nog een paar maanden minister van Defensie, maar kwam toen weer in verzet en greep in 1982 de macht in Tsjaad. </p><p>Doordat zijn land beschouwd werd als een belangrijke pion tegen het regime van <a href="/wiki/Moammar_al-Qadhafi" title="Moammar al-Qadhafi">Moammar al-Qadhafi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Libi%C3%AB" title="Libië">Libië</a>, kon Habré rekenen op de steun van de VS en Frankrijk. In 1990 werd hij op zijn beurt van de macht verdreven door de huidige president <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>. Hij vluchtte naar <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, waar hij in februari 2000 beschuldigd werd van <a href="/wiki/Misdaden_tegen_de_menselijkheid" title="Misdaden tegen de menselijkheid">misdaden tegen de menselijkheid</a>. Volgens zijn opvolger Idriss Déby zijn onder het bewind van Habré 40.000 tegenstanders van de regering om het leven gebracht. Het aantal gemartelden zou 200.000 zijn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pogingen_tot_berechting">Pogingen tot berechting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Pogingen tot berechting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Pogingen tot berechting"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Op 15 augustus 2008 kreeg Habré, bij verstek, de doodstraf opgelegd door een rechtbank in Tsjaad. Habré woonde nog in Senegal en er werd al sinds 2005 door België om zijn uitlevering gevraagd, aangezien veel vluchtelingen uit Tsjaad in België wonen. Senegal weigerde deze uitlevering steeds en heeft in 2000 zelf vervolging ingesteld, maar het Hooggerechtshof van Senegal verklaarde zich onbevoegd. België spande uiteindelijk in februari 2009 een procedure tegen Senegal aan bij het <a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Gerechtshof" title="Internationaal Gerechtshof">Internationaal Gerechtshof</a> in Den Haag op grond van het VN <i><a href="/wiki/Verdrag_tegen_foltering_en_andere_wrede,_onmenselijke_en_onterende_behandeling_of_bestraffing" title="Verdrag tegen foltering en andere wrede, onmenselijke en onterende behandeling of bestraffing">Verdrag tegen foltering en andere wrede, onmenselijke en onterende behandeling of bestraffing</a></i>. België vroeg het Hof om te oordelen dat Senegal krachtens dit Verdrag verplicht was, ofwel Habré zelf alsnog in vervolging te stellen, ofwel hem uit te leveren aan België (dit is het zgn. "<i>aut dedere aut iudicare</i>"-beginsel). </p><p>Op 20 juli 2012 stelde het Internationaal Gerechtshof België in het gelijk. Het Hof sprak uit dat Senegal, door Habré niet in vervolging te stellen, zijn verplichtingen krachtens het <a href="/wiki/Verdrag_tegen_foltering_en_andere_wrede,_onmenselijke_en_onterende_behandeling_of_bestraffing" title="Verdrag tegen foltering en andere wrede, onmenselijke en onterende behandeling of bestraffing">Verdrag tegen foltering en andere wrede, onmenselijke en onterende behandeling of bestraffing</a> geschonden heeft en dat het land, indien het Habré niet uitleverde, hem zonder verder uitstel in vervolging moest stellen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> noemde de uitspraak "een overwinning voor de slachtoffers van Habré".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Senegalese minister van Justitie, mw. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminata_Tour%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminata Touré (de pagina bestaat niet)">Aminata Touré</a>, voormalig hoofd van een VN-bureau voor de mensenrechten,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> verklaarde dat Senegal nota nam van de beslissing van het Internationaal Gerechtshof en vastbesloten was uiterlijk eind 2012 het proces tegen Habré te beleggen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribunaal_gevormd">Tribunaal gevormd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Tribunaal gevormd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Tribunaal gevormd"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In augustus 2012 sloot de regering van Senegal een verdrag met de <a href="/wiki/Afrikaanse_Unie" title="Afrikaanse Unie">Afrikaanse Unie</a> tot de oprichting van een Tsjaad-tribunaal ter berechting van Habré en andere hoofdverdachten in deze zaak. Dit tribunaal is op 8 februari 2013 geïnstalleerd onder de naam "Buitengewone Afrikaanse Kamers".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De vier buitengewone kamers zijn onderdeel van het Senegalese rechtsstelsel en de meeste rechters hebben de Senegalese nationaliteit, maar twee Kamers van Beroep hebben een president afkomstig uit een andere lidstaat van de Afrikaanse Unie. De kamers hebben krachtens hun statuut de bevoegdheid om <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misdaden_tegen_de_menselijkheid" title="Misdaden tegen de menselijkheid">misdaden tegen de menselijkheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oorlogsmisdrijf" title="Oorlogsmisdrijf">oorlogsmisdaden</a> en <a href="/wiki/Marteling" title="Marteling">marteling</a> te berechten voor zover dit gaat om feiten gepleegd tussen 7 juni 1982 en 1 december 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op 30 juni 2013 werd Habré in Dakar door de Senegalese politie gearresteerd. De mensenrechtenorganisatie <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> gaf als commentaar dat Habré's slachtoffers na 22 jaar eindelijk licht aan het eind van de tunnel konden zien.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruim twee jaar later, op 20 juli 2015, begon het proces. Verwacht werd dat er honderd getuigen zouden worden gehoord. </p><p>Op 25 maart 2015 waren al twintig hoge veiligheidsmedewerkers van het bewind-Habré door een rechtbank in Tsjaad veroordeeld wegens moord en marteling.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levenslange_gevangenisstraf">Levenslange gevangenisstraf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Levenslange gevangenisstraf" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Levenslange gevangenisstraf"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het tribunaal kwam op 30 mei 2016 tot een uitspraak. Habré werd schuldig bevonden aan misdaden tegen de menselijkheid: verkrachting, gedwongen slavernij en ontvoering. Hij werd veroordeeld tot een levenslange gevangenisstraf. Reed Brody, een jurist van Human Rights Watch, die er samen met overlevende slachtoffers vijftien jaar aan gewerkt had Habré voor de rechter te brengen, gaf als commentaar dat dit proces bewijst dat volhardende slachtoffers hun dictator uiteindelijk berecht kunnen krijgen. Hij zei te hopen dat anderen hierdoor geïnspireerd zouden worden tot soortgelijke stappen.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habré overleed na een ziekte op 79-jarige leeftijd.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813005833/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/144/17084.pdf"><i>Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal)</i></a> persbericht Internationaal Gerechtshof, 20 juli 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/icj-ex-chad-leader-habr-s-victims-long-wait-justice-2012-07-20">ICJ: <i>Ex-Chad leader Habré’s victims’ long wait for justice</i></a> website Amnesty International, 20 juli 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916020605/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/icj-ex-chad-leader-habr-s-victims-long-wait-justice-2012-07-20">Gearchiveerd</a> op 16 september 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225124958/http://www.lequotidien.sn/index.php/politique/item/9671-profil-aminata-toure-ministre-de-la-justice--leconomiste-juriste-pour-oublier-cheikh-tidiane-sy"><i>PROFIL - Aminata Touré, ministre de la Justice</i></a> le quotidien.sn</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134717/http://www.rewmi.com/affaire-habre-dakar-reaffirme-la-tenue-du-proces-avant-fin-2012_a64927.html"><i>Affaire Habré : Dakar réaffirme la tenue du procès avant fin 2012</i></a> rewmi.com, 21 juli 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/02/08/senegal-hissene-habre-court-opens"><i>Senegal: Hissène Habré Court Opens</i></a> website Human Rights Watch, 8 februari 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202142804/https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/02/08/senegal-hissene-habre-court-opens">Gearchiveerd</a> op 2 februari 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2013/01/30/statut-des-chambres-africaines-extraordinaires"><i>Statut des Chambres africaines extraordinaires</i></a> website Human Rights Watch, 30 januari 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609090006/https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2013/01/30/statut-des-chambres-africaines-extraordinaires">Gearchiveerd</a> op 9 juni 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/world/africa/senegal-detains-ex-president-of-chad.html?smid=tw-share&_r=0"><i>Senegal Detains Ex-President of Chad, Accused in the Deaths of Opponents</i></a> New York Times, 30 juni 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/07/17/senegal-trial-chad-ex-dictator-begins"><i>Senegal: Trial of Chad Ex-Dictator Begins</i></a> website Human Rights Watch, 17 juli 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331153747/https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/07/17/senegal-trial-chad-ex-dictator-begins">Gearchiveerd</a> op 31 maart 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/chad-ruler-hissene-habre-convicted-rape-160530112700197.html"><i>Chad's Hissene Habre jailed for crimes against humanity</i></a> aljazeera.com, 30 mei 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808220505/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/chad-ruler-hissene-habre-convicted-rape-160530112700197.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op 8 augustus 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chads-former-president-habre-convicted-war-crimes-dies-senegal-2021-08-24/">Chad's former President Habre, convicted of war crimes, dies in Senegal</a>. <i>Reuters</i> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-08-24">24 augustus 2021</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406223637/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chads-former-president-habre-convicted-war-crimes-dies-senegal-2021-08-24/">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-04-06">6 april 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <table class="toccolours opvolging" style="text-align:center; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:-0.5em; width:100%; clear:both; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="voorganger" width="30%"><b>Voorganger:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Goukouni_Oueddei" title="Goukouni Oueddei">Goukouni Oueddei</a> </td> <td class="lijst" width="40%"><b><a href="/wiki/Presidenten_van_Tsjaad" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidenten van Tsjaad">President van Tsjaad</a><br />7 juni 1982 – 1 december 1990</b> </td> <td class="volgende" width="30%"><b>Opvolger:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hissène_Habré&oldid=69032707">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hissène_Habré&oldid=69032707</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:President_van_Tsjaad" title="Categorie:President van 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