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River</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%8E_%E1%88%BD%E1%8B%8C" title="ርዎ ሽዌ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ርዎ ሽዌ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="رو شویی چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رو شویی چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Жошуй – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жошуй" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo_Shui" title="Ruo Shui – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ruo Shui" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDo%C5%A1uj" title="Žošuj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žošuj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heihe_(Fluss)" title="Heihe (Fluss) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heihe (Fluss)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Ejin" title="Río Ejin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Ejin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo_Shui" title="Ruo Shui – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ruo Shui" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B9_%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Жошуй өзені – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жошуй өзені" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuo%C5%A1ujus" title="Žuošujus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žuošujus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%89" title="رو شوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رو شوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%83%8A%E5%B7%9D" title="エチナ川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エチナ川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo_Shui_daryosi" title="Ruo Shui daryosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ruo Shui daryosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Жошуй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жошуй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuo-%C5%A1uej" title="Žuo-šuej – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žuo-šuej" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo_Shui" title="Ruo Shui – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ruo Shui" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo_Shui" title="Ruo Shui – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ruo Shui" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Жошуй – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жошуй" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%9D%E6%B5%8E%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" title="额济纳河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="额济纳河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%9D%E6%B5%8E%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" title="额济纳河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="额济纳河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1048648#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ejin_River" title="View the content 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ejin_River&params=42_18_50_N_101_04_20_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°18′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">101°04′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.31389°N 101.07222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.31389; 101.07222</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River in Inner Mongolia, China</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Ejin River<br /><div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%">Heishui, Etsin-gol, Ruo He, Ruo Shui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">弱水</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>)</span>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taklimakan_%26_Badain_Jaran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Taklimakan_%26_Badain_Jaran.jpg/300px-Taklimakan_%26_Badain_Jaran.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Taklimakan_%26_Badain_Jaran.jpg/450px-Taklimakan_%26_Badain_Jaran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Taklimakan_%26_Badain_Jaran.jpg/600px-Taklimakan_%26_Badain_Jaran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="543" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Satellite view of the deserts of northern China. The Ruo River is visible as the faint green trace to the right of the image.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HeiHe_basin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HeiHe_basin.png/220px-HeiHe_basin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HeiHe_basin.png/330px-HeiHe_basin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HeiHe_basin.png/440px-HeiHe_basin.png 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2481" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data">Named for the seasonal flows in its lower course</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">额济纳河</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">China</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, Inner Mongolia</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data">Kan Chou and Hsü Chao springs</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qilian_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qilian Shan">Qilian Shan</a>, Gansu</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ejin_River&params=38_00_04_N_100_54_45_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°00′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">100°54′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.00111°N 100.91250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.00111; 100.91250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">3,650 m (11,980 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Badain Jaran Playa</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran Desert</a>, Inner Mongolia</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ejin_River&params=42_18_50_N_101_04_20_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°18′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">101°04′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.31389°N 101.07222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.31389; 101.07222</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">900 m (3,000 ft)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">630 km (390 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">78,600 km<sup>2</sup> (30,300 sq mi)approx.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Dang He, Beida He</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ejin River</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">额济纳河</span>), also <b>Etsin Gol</b>, <b>Ruo Shui</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">弱水</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'weak water', 'weak river') or <b>Ruo He</b> in ancient times, is a major river system of northern China. It flows approximately 630 kilometres (390 mi) from its headwaters on the northern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian Mountains</a> north-northeast into the <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ejin_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejin Basin">Ejin Basin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>. The river forms one of the largest inland <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">deltas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">alluvial fans</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-deserts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deserts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> covers about 78,600 square kilometres (30,300 sq mi) in parts of the Chinese provinces of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, which flows within the <a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a> area of Gansu; when it flows across <a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a> area, it was renamed as Ruo Shui; when it flows across <a href="/wiki/Alxa_League" title="Alxa League">Alxa League</a>, it is called Ejin River. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejin_River&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 2,000 years ago, the river was said to have a much more abundant flow than it does today and thus its perennial reaches stretched much farther out into the desert than it does today.<sup id="cite_ref-imhist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the river flow through the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a>, a valley which once formed a significant portion of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. The upper section of the river, also known as the <b>Heihe</b> (or 'Black River'), was first settled by the Chinese in about 100 B.C. Many outposts were created to protect Silk Road traders from the frequent attacks of <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>, as the water-abundant valley of the river in relation with the aridity of the surrounding terrain provided an easy route for <a href="/wiki/Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun">Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongols</a> to launch raids. Since then, the river valley has been intensely cultivated and logged. However, clearing of the landscape has caused increased erosion, leading to <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> of the region and a gradual reduction of the river flow.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lower part of the river was once confused to be the middle reach of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, which lies farther east but flows for a significant distance in the same direction paralleling the Ruo River. </p><p>The former <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Khara-Khoto" title="Khara-Khoto">Khara-Khoto</a>, now deserted, lies near the lower end of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Kychanov_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kychanov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legend, the city was abandoned after <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> forces diverted the river away from the city in 1372. </p><p>European explorers that visited the area include <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kuzmich_Kozlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov">Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov</a> (1907–1909) and <a href="/wiki/John_DeFrancis" title="John DeFrancis">John DeFrancis</a> (1935). </p><p>In the 20th century, China's main spaceport, the <a href="/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center">Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center</a> was constructed in the lower course of the Ruo Shui, with launch pads on both sides of the river. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basin_characterization">Basin characterization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejin_River&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basin characterization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basin subdivision reflects the different hydrological dynamics typical of the numerous natural contexts to be found within the basin. Most of the population is found in the midstream area, together with the oases and the agricultural consortia. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Upstream area</th> <th>Midstream area</th> <th>Downstream area </th></tr> <tr> <td>Area</td> <td>27,376 km<sup>2</sup> (10,570 sq mi)</td> <td>25,391 km<sup>2</sup> (9,804 sq mi)</td> <td>99,839 km<sup>2</sup> (38,548 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Population (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>3,169,747</td> <td>23,869,741</td> <td>4,053,878 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upstream_area">Upstream area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejin_River&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Upstream area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main course of the river starts in the Qilian mountains at an elevation of 3650 <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">m asl</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loamy</a> sediment load gives the waters a dark colour which, during time, has contributed to the river being described as <i>Hei</i> (黑), that is <i>Black</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Orography" title="Orography">orography</a> in this part is obviously quite steep, with elevation peaks up to 5544 m asl and vegetation mainly made up of wild shrubs. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> fallen annually over the basin is concentrated in this area, creating two main river courses that join just north of the <a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">hydrometric station</a> of Yingluo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midstream_area">Midstream area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejin_River&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Midstream area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The midstream area is characterized by the presence of wide ranges of cultivated fields, mainly in the oases that follow the principal route of the river. The city of <a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a>, main centre of the region, is located next to a wide north-west bend of the river. The high population (940 in/km<sup>2</sup> in 2015) and croplands density implies a high <a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">water demand</a>, estimated at 2,400,000 m<sup>3</sup> (85,000,000 cu ft)/year in the 2001–2012 time frame. This demand is mainly satisfied using the river (71%) and groundwater (29%). Notwithstanding the water influx from the rivers descending from the north-west side of the Qilian mountains, the total balance of the river in this part is negative (that is more water is lost than acquired). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downstream_area">Downstream area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejin_River&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Downstream area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the stream gauge at Zhengyi, the river describes a wide north-east <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">turn</a>, developing its last 400 km in the western fringe of the <a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deserts_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deserts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imhist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the physiological riparian vegetation, this last part of the hydrological basin is mainly desertic, and the water losses caused by both evaporation and deep percolation cause the water flux to weaken. This pattern has caused the river to be named <i>Ruo</i> (弱, <i>Weak</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-RS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Langxinshan stream gauge, the river splits into two entities: the <i>Dong He</i> (東河, <i>Eastern river</i>) and the <i>Xi He</i> (西河, <i>Western river</i>) that follow on in the desert for another 220 km before emptying into two terminal lakes, the <i>Sogo Nur</i> and the <i>Gaxun Nur</i>, respectively, collectively forming the <a href="/wiki/Juyan_Lake_Basin" title="Juyan Lake Basin">Juyan Lake Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-imhist_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RS_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The delta is made of the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">alluvial fan</a> of the river itself, crossed by hundreds of dry channels entrenched by the river during its frequent course changes. Because the climate of the area has followed a drying trend over the past 10,000 years or so, the delta is no longer considered active (i.e. deposits are not being built up significantly) and is slowly being eroded by wind and water action.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrological_balance_components">Hydrological balance components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejin_River&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hydrological balance components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The analysis of the different components of the hydrological balance in the three main areas of the basin allows to distinguish the different geoclimatic mechanisms at work. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Data about the 2001–2012 period [km<sup>3</sup>/year]<sup id="cite_ref-li18_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-li18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Upstream area</th> <th>Midstream area</th> <th>Downstream area </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a> (rain and snow) <b>P</b> </td> <td>8.66</td> <td>2.48</td> <td>4.53 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Superficial inflow</a> <b>R<sub>in</sub></b> </td> <td>---</td> <td>2.59</td> <td>1.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subsurface inflow <b>G<sub>in</sub></b> </td> <td>---</td> <td>0.24</td> <td>0.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">Evapotranspiration</a> <b>ET</b> </td> <td>5.54</td> <td>4.28</td> <td>5.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superficial outflow <b>R<sub>out</sub></b> </td> <td>3.04</td> <td>1.10</td> <td>--- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subsurface outflow <b>G<sub>out</sub></b>- </td> <td>0.04</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>--- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Variation of the water content of the sub-basin <b>ΔW</b> </td> <td>+0.08</td> <td>−0.11</td> <td>+0.03 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The hydrological balance, in its most complete version and formulate for a generic sub-basin, is structured as follows: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta W=P+R_{in}+G_{in}-ET-R_{out}-G_{out}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>W</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta W=P+R_{in}+G_{in}-ET-R_{out}-G_{out}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e1f53eaaa46b929e4f16d18ebee6b780ad36cdff" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:42.709ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta W=P+R_{in}+G_{in}-ET-R_{out}-G_{out}}" /></span>. </p><p>Most of the precipitation is found in the upstream area, also showing a positive <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation</a> with elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-li18_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-li18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evapotranspiration volumes are almost the same notwithstanding the high area difference among the three areas because of the consistent vegetation presence in the upstream (wild shrubs) and midstream (croplands) areas. In the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ET}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ET}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1de0ba313205b0abbc915b3d313bc01cfc97a4fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.412ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ET}" /></span> term, when shifting from the vegetated (upstream and midstream) to the arid (downstream) areas, the <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> element decreases in importance in favour of the simple <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>. The volumetric balances, instead, show different signs: in the mountain area the input-over-output excess can be explained with the important precipitation volumes; in the midstream area the cultivations require a great amount of water that is extracted from the aquifers, increasing the water deficit; finally, in the downstream area the positive effects of the water replenishment programme of the Chinese government are visible in the increase of the stored water volume in the 2001–2012 period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrometry">Hydrometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejin_River&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hydrometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along the river course a series of stream gauges are located. For each, the following table states position and average of the (yearly cumulated) discharge.<sup id="cite_ref-zhang15_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stream_gauges_HeiHe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stream_gauges_HeiHe.png/220px-Stream_gauges_HeiHe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stream_gauges_HeiHe.png/330px-Stream_gauges_HeiHe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stream_gauges_HeiHe.png/440px-Stream_gauges_HeiHe.png 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>Map of the stream gauges along the HeiHe</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Station</th> <th>Code</th> <th>Lon [°E]</th> <th>Lat [°N]</th> <th>Volume [hm³/year]</th> <th>Temporal series</th> <th>Area </th></tr> <tr> <td>Qilian<sup id="cite_ref-zhang15_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>QL</td> <td>100.23</td> <td>38.20</td> <td>457</td> <td>1968–2010</td> <td rowspan="2">Upstream </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhamashenke<sup id="cite_ref-zhang15_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ZM</td> <td>99.98</td> <td>38.23</td> <td>716</td> <td>1957–2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yingluoxia<sup id="cite_ref-zhang15_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>YL</td> <td>100.18</td> <td>38.82</td> <td>1584</td> <td>1945–2012</td> <td><i>limit</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HeiHe Bridge<sup id="cite_ref-li18_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-li18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>HB</td> <td>100.38</td> <td>39.02</td> <td><i>n/a</i></td> <td><i>n/a</i></td> <td rowspan="3">Midstream </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gao'ai<sup id="cite_ref-zhang15_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>GA</td> <td>100.40</td> <td>39.13</td> <td>1034</td> <td>1977–2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pingchuan<sup id="cite_ref-li18_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-li18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>PC</td> <td>100.10</td> <td>39.99</td> <td><i>n/a</i></td> <td><i>n/a</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhengyixia<sup id="cite_ref-zhang15_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ZY</td> <td>99.42</td> <td>39.79</td> <td>1017</td> <td>1957–2012</td> <td><i>limit</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shaomaying<sup id="cite_ref-zhang15_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>SM</td> <td>99.96</td> <td>40.75</td> <td><i>n/a</i></td> <td><i>n/a</i></td> <td rowspan="3">Downstream </td></tr> <tr> <td>Langxinshan<sup id="cite_ref-zhang15_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>LX</td> <td>100.36</td> <td>41.08</td> <td><i>n/a</i></td> <td><i>n/a</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Juyan Lake<sup id="cite_ref-zhang15_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>JY</td> <td>101.11</td> <td>42.21</td> <td><i>n/a</i></td> <td><i>n/a</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the available <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a> data, a flow increase is present in the upstream area (up until Yingluoxia), followed by gradually decreasing values in the midstream area. This flow weakening is the result of the net balance between the tributaries descending from the north-east side of the Qilian Shan and the considerable derivations related to the cropfield area.<sup id="cite_ref-zhang15_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejin_River&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">List of rivers of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shule_River" title="Shule River">Shule River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_River" title="Tarim River">Tarim River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_River_(mythology)" title="Weak River (mythology)">Weak River (mythology)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejin_River&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-deserts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deserts_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deserts_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlles,_David_L.2010" class="citation web cs1">Alles, David L., ed. 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href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Major rivers of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulan_Moron" title="Ulan Moron">Tuotuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangqu" title="Dangqu">Dangqu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chumar_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chumar River (page does not exist)">Chumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongtian_River" title="Tongtian River">Tongtian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinsha_River" title="Jinsha River">Jinsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalong_River" title="Yalong River">Yalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishui_River" title="Baishui River">Baishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_River_(Sichuan)" title="Min River (Sichuan)">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_River" title="Dadu River">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyi_River_(Sichuan)" title="Qingyi River (Sichuan)">Qingyi (Sichuan)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuo_River" title="Tuo River">Tuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_River_(tributary_of_Yangtze_River)" title="Qi River (tributary of Yangtze River)">Qi (Chongqing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jialing_River" title="Jialing River">Jialing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailong_River" title="Bailong River">Bailong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_River_(Sichuan)" title="Fu River (Sichuan)">Fu (Sichuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_River_(Jialing_River_tributary)" title="Qu River (Jialing River tributary)">Qu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_River_(Yangtze_tributary)" title="Wu River (Yangtze tributary)">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingshuihe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingshuihe River">Qingshui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Shaanxi_and_Hubei)" class="mw-redirect" title="Han River (Shaanxi and Hubei)">Hanshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_River" title="Muma River">Muma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_River_(Hanshui)" title="Chi River (Hanshui)">Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_River" title="Du River">Du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_River" title="Bao River">Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_River" title="Qing River">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishui_River" title="Chishui River">Chishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_River" title="Xiao River">Xiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_River" title="Lei River">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_River" title="Qi River">Qi (Hunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_River" title="Mi River">Mi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zi_River" title="Zi River">Zi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_River" title="Yuan River">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishui_River" title="Lishui River">Lishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miluo_River" title="Miluo River">Miluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_River" title="Gan River">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_River_(Jiangxi)" title="Fu River (Jiangxi)">Fu (Jiangxi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_River" title="Xin River">Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyi_River_(Anhui)" title="Qingyi River (Anhui)">Qingyi (Anhui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinhuai_River" title="Qinhuai River">Qinhuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitiao_River" title="Xitiao River">Xitiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangpu_River" title="Huangpu River">Huangpu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Creek" title="Suzhou Creek">Suzhou Creek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariqu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kariqu (page does not exist)">Kariqu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuegu_Zonglie_Qu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuegu Zonglie Qu (page does not exist)">Yuegu Zonglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxia_River" title="Daxia River">Daxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_River" title="Tao River">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshui_River" title="Huangshui River">Huangshui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datong_River" title="Datong River">Datong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuding_River" title="Wuding River">Wuding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen_River" title="Fen River">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jing_River" title="Jing River">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_River_(Shaanxi)" title="Luo River (Shaanxi)"> Luo (Shaanxi)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_River_(Henan)" title="Luo River (Henan)">Luo (Henan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_River_(Shanxi)" title="Qin River (Shanxi)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwen_River" title="Muwen River">Muwen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawen_River" title="Dawen River">Dawen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bei_River" title="Bei River">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_River_(China)" title="Dong River (China)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_River" title="Xi River">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiang_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yujiang River">Yujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_River_(Guangxi)" title="Yong River (Guangxi)">Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_River" title="Xun River">Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_River" title="Qian River">Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshui_River" title="Hongshui River">Hongshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanpan_River" title="Nanpan River">Nanpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipan_River" title="Beipan River">Beipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rong_River_(Guangxi)" title="Rong River (Guangxi)">Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_River_(Guangxi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li River (Guangxi)">Li (Guangxi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui_River" title="Gui River">Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_River" title="Liu River">Liu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Heilongjiang</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Songhua_River" title="Second Songhua River">2nd Songhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nen_River" title="Nen River">Nen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_River" title="Mudan River">Mudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussuri" title="Ussuri">Ussuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argun_(Amur)" title="Argun (Amur)">Argun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherlen_River" title="Kherlen River">Kherlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woken_River" title="Woken River">Woken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huifa_River" title="Huifa River">Huifa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guo_River" title="Guo River">Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_River" title="Ying River">Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiguan_River" title="Shiguan River">Shiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_River" title="Quan River">Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_River" title="Hui River">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_River_(Huai_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong River (Huai River)">Hong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hai_River" title="Hai River">Hai</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaobai_River" title="Chaobai River">Chaobai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongding_River" title="Yongding River">Yongding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutuo_River" title="Hutuo River">Hutuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziya_River" title="Ziya River">Ziya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daqing_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daqing River (page does not exist)">Daqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenyu_River" title="Wenyu River">Wenyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juma_River_(China)" title="Juma River (China)">Juma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggan_River" title="Sanggan River">Sanggan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuyang_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuyang River (page does not exist)">Fuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_River_(Shandong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wei River (Shandong)">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_River" title="Ju River">Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Canal_River" title="Ji Canal River">Jiyunhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hun_River_(Liao_River_tributary)" title="Hun River (Liao River tributary)">Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizi_River" title="Taizi River">Taizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xar_Moron_River" title="Xar Moron River">Xar Moron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinkai_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinkai River (page does not exist)">Xinkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiliao_River" title="Xiliao River">Western Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dongliao_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dongliao River (page does not exist)">Eastern Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other major rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_River" title="Tarim River">Tarim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ejin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatash_River" title="Karatash River">Karatash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shule_River" title="Shule River">Shule</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dang_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dang River (page does not exist)">Dang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_River" title="Tumen River">Tumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luan_River" title="Luan River">Luan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_River_(Fujian)" title="Min River (Fujian)">Minjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_River_(Fujian)" title="Long River (Fujian)">Longjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Lancang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilun_River" title="Beilun River">Beilun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salween_River" title="Salween River">Nujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Lion Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Elephant Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyang_River" title="Nyang River">Nyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subansiri_River" title="Subansiri River">Subansiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razdolnaya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Razdolnaya River">Suifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiantang_River" title="Qiantang River">Qiantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyang_River" title="Puyang River">Puyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_River_(Shandong)" title="Jiao River (Shandong)">Jiao (Shandong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_River_(Hebei)" title="Dai River (Hebei)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_River" title="Si River">Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_River" title="Shu River">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao%27e_River" title="Cao'e River">Cao'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_River_(Zhejiang)" title="Jiao River (Zhejiang)">Jiao (Zhejiang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ou_River_(Zhejiang)" title="Ou River (Zhejiang)">Ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulan_River" title="Mulan River">Mulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_River_(Fujian)" title="Jin River (Fujian)">Jin (Fujian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Guangdong)" title="Han River (Guangdong)">Han (Guangdong)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mei_River" title="Mei River">Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ting_River" title="Ting River">Ting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandu_River" title="Nandu River">Nandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanquan_River" title="Wanquan River">Wanquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taping_River" title="Taping River">Taping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoqing_River" title="Xiaoqing River">Xiaoqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_canals_in_China" title="History of canals in China">Major canals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingqu" title="Lingqu">Lingqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Jiangsu_Main_Irrigation_Canal" title="North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal">North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhejiang_Canal" title="Eastern Zhejiang Canal">Eastern Zhejiang Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_Canal" title="Red Flag Canal">Red Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengguo_Canal" title="Zhengguo Canal">Zhengguo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox508" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048648#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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