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data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Besoek die Tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a 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vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Alpe" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Alpe" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Alpe" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Alpe" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klimaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Klimaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klimaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romeinse_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romeinse_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Romeinse tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romeinse_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Middeleeue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Middeleeue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Die Middeleeue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Middeleeue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_moderne_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_moderne_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Die moderne tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_moderne_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Demografie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antieke_tydperk_en_vroeë_Middeleeue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antieke_tydperk_en_vroeë_Middeleeue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Antieke tydperk en vroeë Middeleeue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antieke_tydperk_en_vroeë_Middeleeue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huidige_tendense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huidige_tendense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Huidige tendense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huidige_tendense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultuurgeskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultuurgeskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kultuurgeskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultuurgeskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Kultuurgeskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kultuurgeskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Veranderende_persepsies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veranderende_persepsies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Veranderende persepsies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veranderende_persepsies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voor-industriële_waarneming_–_montes_horribiles_of_vreeswekkende_berge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voor-industriële_waarneming_–_montes_horribiles_of_vreeswekkende_berge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Voor-industriële waarneming – <i>montes horribiles</i> of vreeswekkende berge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voor-industriële_waarneming_–_montes_horribiles_of_vreeswekkende_berge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontsluiting_van_die_bergwêreld_se_estetiese_waarde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontsluiting_van_die_bergwêreld_se_estetiese_waarde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Ontsluiting van die bergwêreld se estetiese waarde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontsluiting_van_die_bergwêreld_se_estetiese_waarde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kritiek_op_ekonomiese_ontsluiting_en_vryetydsbesteding_in_die_postmoderne_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kritiek_op_ekonomiese_ontsluiting_en_vryetydsbesteding_in_die_postmoderne_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Kritiek op ekonomiese ontsluiting en vryetydsbesteding in die postmoderne tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kritiek_op_ekonomiese_ontsluiting_en_vryetydsbesteding_in_die_postmoderne_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofie_en_literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofie_en_literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Filosofie en literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofie_en_literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_gevolge_van_aardverwarming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_gevolge_van_aardverwarming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Die gevolge van aardverwarming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_gevolge_van_aardverwarming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ekonomie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 176 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-176" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">176 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%95%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AE%E1%89%BD" title="አልፕስ ተራሮች – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልፕስ ተራሮች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpis" title="Alpis – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Alpis" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ऐल्प्स – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ऐल्प्स" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8" title="الألب – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الألب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="الب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9B" title="এল্পছ – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এল্পছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алпал – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Алпал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्प्स – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आल्प्स" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Alp dağları – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alp dağları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آلپ داغلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلپ داغلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Альп тауҙары – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Альп тауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oipn" title="Oipn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oipn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp%C4%97s" title="Alpės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alpės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Альпы – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альпы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Альпы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альпы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Алпи – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алпи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्प्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आल्प्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আল্পস পর্বতমালা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আল্পস পর্বতমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpo%C3%B9" title="Alpoù – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alpoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Альпа – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Альпа" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Альпаш – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Альпаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%BE" title="ئەڵپ – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alplar" title="Alplar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alplar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpau" title="Alpau – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alpau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alperne" title="Alperne – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alperne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Άλπεις – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλπεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lp" title="Èlp – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Èlp" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpoj" title="Alpoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alpoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpid" title="Alpid – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alpid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpeak" title="Alpeak – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alpeak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE" title="آلپ – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpit" title="Alpit – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alpit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpiq" title="Alpiq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Alpiq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpurnar" title="Alpurnar – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alpurnar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82rpes" title="Ârpes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ârpes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_hAlpa" title="Na hAlpa – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na hAlpa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿爾卑斯山 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="阿爾卑斯山" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp" title="Alp – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Alp" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Ailpeannan" title="Na h-Ailpeannan – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na h-Ailpeannan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ype" title="Áype – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Áype" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BE" title="આલ્પ્સ પર્વતમાળા – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આલ્પ્સ પર્વતમાળા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes_s%C3%A2n" title="Alpes sân – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Alpes sân" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAlepa" title="ʻAlepa – Hawais" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAlepa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הרי האלפים – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרי האלפים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ऐल्प्स पर्वतमाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐल्प्स पर्वतमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpok" title="Alpok – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alpok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալպեր – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալպեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալպեան լեռներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալպեան լեռներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpafj%C3%B6ll" title="Alpafjöll – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alpafjöll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="アルプス山脈 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルプス山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ალპები – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალპები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_tawlar%C4%B1" title="Alp tawları – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alp tawları" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idurar_n_Alp" title="Idurar n Alp – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Idurar n Alp" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C9%A9p%CA%8Awaa" title="Alɩpʊwaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alɩpʊwaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96" title="Альпі – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альпі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಲ್ಪ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಪ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="알프스산맥 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알프스산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Альпла – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Альпла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp" title="Alp – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alp" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpow" title="Alpow – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alpow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Альпы – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Альпы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpi" title="Arpi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Arpi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_(mont)" title="Alp (mont) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alp (mont)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%8C" title="ແອລປ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແອລປ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp%C4%97s" title="Alpės – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alpės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandavan-tendrombohitra_Alpa" title="Tandavan-tendrombohitra Alpa – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tandavan-tendrombohitra Alpa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF" title="Альп – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Альп" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Алпи – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алпи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ആൽപ്സ് – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽപ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Альпийн нуруу – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Альпийн нуруу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्प्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आल्प्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjaran_Alp" title="Banjaran Alp – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Banjaran Alp" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အယ်လ်ပ်တောင်တန်း – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လ်ပ်တောင်တန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpe" title="Arpe – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Arpe" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्प्स – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आल्प्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="एल्पस् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एल्पस्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpane" title="Alpane – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alpane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpene" title="Alpene – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alpene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%C3%A6%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Альпæтæ – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Альпæтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AA" title="ਐਲਪ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਲਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp" title="Alp – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alp" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="الپس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الپس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="آلپ غرونه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آلپ غرونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpikuna" title="Alpikuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alpikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Альпы – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альпы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Алпы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алпы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Альпа хайалара – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Альпа хайалара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="الپس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="الپس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lppat" title="Álppat – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Álppat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇල්ප්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇල්ප්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpet" title="Alpet – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alpet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Алпи – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алпи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alperna" title="Alperna – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alperna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆல்ப்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்ப்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఆల్ప్స్ పర్వతాలు – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆల్ప్స్ పర్వతాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF" title="Алп – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алп" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C" title="เทือกเขาแอลป์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทือกเขาแอลป์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alplar" title="Alplar – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alplar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi_bandon" title="Alpi bandon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Alpi bandon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpler" title="Alpler – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alpler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Альп таулары – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Альп таулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ئالپ تاغلىرى – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالپ تاغلىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Альпи – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альпи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="الپس – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الپس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alplar" title="Alplar – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alplar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27pad" title="Al'pad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Al'pad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anp%C6%A1" title="Anpơ – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anpơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpn" title="Alpn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Alpn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔卑斯山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IiAlps" title="IiAlps – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IiAlps" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ალპეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალპეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="אלפן – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלפן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔卑斯山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿爾卑斯山 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿爾卑斯山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1286#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alpe" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Alpe" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Alpe"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Alpe&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alps" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link 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href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Montblanc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Montblanc.jpg/220px-Montblanc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Montblanc.jpg/330px-Montblanc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Montblanc.jpg/440px-Montblanc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Mont Blanc, die hoogste bergpiek in die Alpe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Satellitenaufnahme_der_Alpen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Satellitenaufnahme_der_Alpen.jpg/220px-Satellitenaufnahme_der_Alpen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Satellitenaufnahme_der_Alpen.jpg/330px-Satellitenaufnahme_der_Alpen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Satellitenaufnahme_der_Alpen.jpg/440px-Satellitenaufnahme_der_Alpen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>Satellietfoto van die Alpe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Alpenrelief_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alpenrelief_02.jpg/220px-Alpenrelief_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alpenrelief_02.jpg/330px-Alpenrelief_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alpenrelief_02.jpg/440px-Alpenrelief_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>Topografiese kaart van die Alpe</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <b>Alpe</b> (<a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a>: <i>Alpen</i>; <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a>: <i>Alpes</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italiaans" title="Italiaans">Italiaans</a>: <i>Alpi</i>; <a href="/wiki/Romansch" title="Romansch">Romansch</a>: <i>Alps</i>; <a href="/wiki/Sloweens" title="Sloweens">Sloweens</a>: <i>Alpe</i>) is 'n magtige bergreeks in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> met 'n oppervlakte van meer as 200 000 vierkante kilometer, wat oor 'n afstand van 1 200 kilometer van <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a> in die weste tot <a href="/wiki/Oostenryk" title="Oostenryk">Oostenryk</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sloweni%C3%AB" title="Slowenië">Slowenië</a> in die ooste en van Suid-<a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> in die noorde tot <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a> in die suide strek. In die suidooste gaan die Alpe oor na die <a href="/wiki/Dinariese_Alpe" title="Dinariese Alpe">Dinariese Alpe</a>, in die noordooste na die <a href="/wiki/Karpate" title="Karpate">Karpate</a>. Die hoogste bergpiek, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> aan die Frans-Italiaanse grens, is 4 808 meter bo <a href="/wiki/Seevlak" title="Seevlak">seevlak</a>. Naas die genoemde lande strek die Alpe ook oor die staatsgebied van <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> in die suidweste en <a href="/wiki/Switserland" title="Switserland">Switserland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> in die noordweste. </p><p>Die Alpe word volgens geografiese kenmerke onderverdeel in die Wes-Alpe en Oos-Alpe, en ten opsigte van die hoogte bo seevlak in die Alpynse voetheuwels (<a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a>: <i>Voralpen</i>, tot by 1 500 meter), Middelalpe (tot by die sneeugrens) en die Hoogalpe (op 'n hoogte van meer as 3 000 meter). </p><p>Die Alpe het gedurende die <a href="/wiki/Tersi%C3%AAr" title="Tersiêr">tersiêre</a> geologiese tydperk ontstaan, toe die oorspronklike vasteland van <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> noordwaarts beweeg en die sedimentafsettings van die <a href="/wiki/Middellandse_See" title="Middellandse See">Middellandse See</a> sodoende eers saamgepers en daarna geplooi het. Hierdie geologiese aktiwiteite is nog steeds aan die gang en lei tot 'n klein, jaarlikse styging van die gebergte se hoogte. </p><p>Die oppervlakte is behalwe deur geologiese aktiwiteite ook deur klimaatsomstandighede gevorm. Veral gedurende die <a href="/wiki/Ystydperk" title="Ystydperk">Ystydperk</a> het <a href="/wiki/Gletser" title="Gletser">gletsers</a> die voorkoms van die gebergte verander en begin om groot valleie in te sny, terwyl die smeltwater in die randgebiede van die Alpe groot mere soos die <a href="/wiki/Bodenmeer" title="Bodenmeer">Bodenmeer</a> tussen Duitsland, Switserland en Oostenryk en die <a href="/wiki/Gardameer" title="Gardameer">Gardameer</a> in Noord-Italië laat ontstaan het. </p><p>As 'n waterskeiding en klimatologiese grensgebied skei die Alpe die stroomgebiede van die <a href="/wiki/Noordsee" title="Noordsee">Noordsee</a>, die Middellandse See en die <a href="/wiki/Swartsee" title="Swartsee">Swartsee</a> en die klimaatsones van die maritieme gebied in die weste, die kontinentale in die noorde en ooste en die gematigde Mediterreense gebied in die suide van mekaar. Die bergreeks is die brongebied van groot Europese riviere soos die <a href="/wiki/Adige" title="Adige">Adige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Po_(rivier)" title="Po (rivier)">Po</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryn" title="Ryn">Ryn</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eers nadat <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> die Alpe in 218 v.C. oorgesteek het, het die bergreeks die aandag van antieke skrywers getrek. So het Polybios noukeurige beskrywings van bergpasse gelewer.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benamings soos <i>Alpeis</i> (enkelvoud) en <i>Alpes</i> (meervoudsvorm) kom in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaeus">Ptolemaeus</a> se geografiese werk voor wat omstreeks 150 n.C. in Grieks geskryf is. </p><p>Volgens Isidorus van Sevilla se <i>Etymologiarum sive originum libri XX</i> het die Romeine die term <i>Alp</i> uit die taal van die Liguries-Keltiese bergbevolking as 'n topografiese term met die betekenis <i>hoog</i>, <i>berg</i> en <i>bergweiveld</i> ontleen. In die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a> is dié term, net soos die <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latynse</a> <i>mons</i> ("berg"), gebruik om onder meer na bergpasse en enkele bergpieke te verwys. Dit is in die Duitse taalgebied geleidelik deur <i>berg</i> vervang, maar eers vanaf die 18de eeu het dié term die betekenis van <i>bergpiek</i> gekry, terwyl die woord <i>Alpe</i> na die hele bergreeks begin verwys het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klimaat">Klimaat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Klimaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Klimaat"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lake_near_Sunnig_Grat_summit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lake_near_Sunnig_Grat_summit.JPG/220px-Lake_near_Sunnig_Grat_summit.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lake_near_Sunnig_Grat_summit.JPG/330px-Lake_near_Sunnig_Grat_summit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lake_near_Sunnig_Grat_summit.JPG/440px-Lake_near_Sunnig_Grat_summit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Berglandskap in die Switserse kanton Uri</figcaption></figure> <p>Die grootste deel van die Alpe word deur die Middeleuropese klimaat geraak, en die belangrikste invloede is relatief warm en vogtige Atlantiese lugmassas, wat deur die westelike winde na die Alpegebied gelei word; koue lug uit die Noordpoolgebiede; droë kontinentale lugmassas uit die ooste (met warm lug in die somer en koue lug in die winter); en warm Mediterreense lugmassas uit die suide. </p><p>Die termiese besonderhede van groot dele van die noordelike Alpegebied stem ooreen met dié van die aangrensende vlaktes, alhoewel die gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur sowat 0,50 tot 0,65 °C per 100 meter hoogte bo seevlak afneem. Die meeste reënval kom in die somer voor, en die westelike randgebiede van die Alpebergreeks kry danksy die westelike winde dikwels tussen 2 000 en 3 000 millimeter reën per jaar. </p><p>Die suidelike Alpe word deur die Mediterreense klimaat beïnvloed; die somers is hier baie warm en die winters gematig. Die grootste reënval kom hier in die lente en somer voor. </p><p>Die valleie en bekkens binne die Alpegebied (waaronder Valais/Wallis, Vinschgau en <a href="/wiki/Karinti%C3%AB" title="Karintië">Karintië</a>) lê in die reënskadu en is gevolglik droë streke met dikwels minder as 800 millimeter reën per jaar. Tydperke van inversie is veral tydens die winter 'n tipiese weersverskynsel in die Alpebekkens soos Lungau en die Klagenfurtse Bekken in Oostenryk. Vanweë die windstilte vorm koue lugmassas in die laer geleë gebiede. 'n Ander bekende meteorologiese fenomeen is die föhn, 'n warm valwind. </p><p>Weens die laer digtheid van die atmosfeer word die Alpe deur 'n sterker regstreekse sonstraling gekenmerk, terwyl die diffuse straling swakker is. Die temperatuurverskil tussen die son- en skadusye van berghellings is dus taamlik groot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romeinse_tydperk">Romeinse tydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Romeinse tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Romeinse tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Martigny,_ville_romaine_et_moderne,_amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Martigny%2C_ville_romaine_et_moderne%2C_amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre.jpg/220px-Martigny%2C_ville_romaine_et_moderne%2C_amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Martigny%2C_ville_romaine_et_moderne%2C_amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre.jpg/330px-Martigny%2C_ville_romaine_et_moderne%2C_amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Martigny%2C_ville_romaine_et_moderne%2C_amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre.jpg/440px-Martigny%2C_ville_romaine_et_moderne%2C_amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Romeinse amfiteater in Forum Claudii Vallensium (tans <a href="/wiki/Martigny" title="Martigny">Martigny</a>, kanton Valais, Switserland), 'n nedersetting in 'n sterk geromaniseerde streek</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:R%C3%B6mische_Provinzen_im_Alpenraum_ca_150_n_Chr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/R%C3%B6mische_Provinzen_im_Alpenraum_ca_150_n_Chr.png/220px-R%C3%B6mische_Provinzen_im_Alpenraum_ca_150_n_Chr.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/R%C3%B6mische_Provinzen_im_Alpenraum_ca_150_n_Chr.png/330px-R%C3%B6mische_Provinzen_im_Alpenraum_ca_150_n_Chr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/R%C3%B6mische_Provinzen_im_Alpenraum_ca_150_n_Chr.png/440px-R%C3%B6mische_Provinzen_im_Alpenraum_ca_150_n_Chr.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>Romeinse provinsies en handelsroetes in die Alpegebied omstreeks 150 n.C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Julierpass_S%C3%A4ule2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Julierpass_S%C3%A4ule2.jpg/220px-Julierpass_S%C3%A4ule2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Julierpass_S%C3%A4ule2.jpg/330px-Julierpass_S%C3%A4ule2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Julierpass_S%C3%A4ule2.jpg/440px-Julierpass_S%C3%A4ule2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2582" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>'n Romeinse suil langs die pad oor die Julier-bergpas</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Romeine het aanvanklik min belang in die Alpegebied gestel. Na hierdie bergwêreld is dikwels as <i>montes horribiles</i> of "verskriklike berge" verwys,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> veral omdat hulle die Keltiese en Retiese bewoners as vyandig beskou en die roetes oor die bergpasse as baie gevaarlik geag is. Maar die feit dat Keltiese stamme die Alpe oorgesteek en hulle in Noord-Italië (die Romeinse <i>Gallia cisalpina</i>) gevestig het was bewys genoeg dat die bergreeks allesbehalwe onoorkombaar was. Toe die Romeine Noord-Italië in die 2de eeu v.C. verower het, het hulle nuwe versterkte nedersettings naby belangrike bergpasse gestig of bestaande nedersettings teen moontlike aanvalle beskerm. 'n Ander Romeinse strategie was om ooreenkomste met plaaslike heersers te sluit waarvolgens toegang tot die bergpasse gewaarborg is. Die <a href="/wiki/Groot_St._Bernardpas" title="Groot St. Bernardpas">Groot St. Bernardpas</a> het byvoorbeeld deel uitgemaak van die kortste roete tussen <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> en Brittanje en was van groot strategiese belang tydens die regering van keiser <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> wat 'n poging onderneem het om die eiland te verower. </p><p>Die beheer oor bergpasse en handelsroetes was die belangrikste rede vir die Romeinse verowering van die Alpegebied. So was die bergpasse die enigste geografiese punte in die bergreeks waaraan Kelte en Romeine name gegee het. By die passe is Romeinse doeanestasies opgerig waar 'n heffing van 2,5% op alle goedere, wat oor die Alpe vervoer is, betaal moes word – die sogenaamde <i>Quadragesima Galliarum</i>. Met die uitsondering van enkele troepe, wat paaie beskerm het of aan provinsiale administrasies ondergeskik was, is byvoorbeeld op die gebied van die huidige Switserland geen Romeinse magte in die Alpe gestasioneer nie. </p><p>Vir die Alpebewoners was die vervoer van persone en goedere, die onderhoud van paaie en militêre diens, <a href="/wiki/Graan" title="Graan">graanverbouing</a>, bye- en <a href="/wiki/Vee" title="Vee">veeteelt</a> asook die ontginning van natuurlike hulpbronne soos hout, <a href="/wiki/Silwer" title="Silwer">silwer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koper" title="Koper">koper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yster" title="Yster">yster</a>, marmer, kalk- en speksteen en bergkristalle die vernaamste bronne van inkomste. Alpynse hout is so ver as Rome vervoer, en Alpynse kaas het Romeinse fynproewers gaande gehad.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op kulturele en taalkundige gebied het die Romeine hul invloed veral langs die groot deurgangsroetes, op handelsplekke en by heiligdomme laat geld. Romeinse villas, landgoede, <i>mutationes</i> (plekke waar perde geruil kon word) en <i>mansiones</i> (gashuise) het ontstaan. Ander plekke is minder sterk deur romaniserende invloede geraak, al het Latyn die algemene verkeerstaal in die Alpegebied geword en was Romeinse goedere en muntstukke ook in afgeleë streke gewild. Een van die groot Romeinse paaie, die Via Claudia Augusta wat in 50 n.C. geopen is, het verkeerstrome tussen Italië en die gebied rondom die huidige <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> in Beiere oos van Graubünden (Grisons) oor die Reschen- en Fernpas laat loop voordat dit deur 'n nuwe roete oor die Brennerpas vervang is. In verderaf geleë streke soos Graubünden (tans in Oos-Switserland) het bewoners min voordeel uit handel met die Romeinse suide getrek en dikwels in dieselfde eenvoudige hutte gewoon soos hul voorvaders in die <a href="/wiki/Ystertydperk" title="Ystertydperk">Ystertydperk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Middeleeue">Die Middeleeue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Middeleeue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Die Middeleeue"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lauterbrunnen-valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lauterbrunnen-valley.jpg/220px-Lauterbrunnen-valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lauterbrunnen-valley.jpg/330px-Lauterbrunnen-valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lauterbrunnen-valley.jpg/440px-Lauterbrunnen-valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Lauterbrunnenvallei, Switserland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Brenner-Autobahn_mit_der_Europabr%C3%BCcke_bei_Patsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Brenner-Autobahn_mit_der_Europabr%C3%BCcke_bei_Patsch.jpg/220px-Brenner-Autobahn_mit_der_Europabr%C3%BCcke_bei_Patsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Brenner-Autobahn_mit_der_Europabr%C3%BCcke_bei_Patsch.jpg/330px-Brenner-Autobahn_mit_der_Europabr%C3%BCcke_bei_Patsch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Brenner-Autobahn_mit_der_Europabr%C3%BCcke_bei_Patsch.jpg/440px-Brenner-Autobahn_mit_der_Europabr%C3%BCcke_bei_Patsch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Snelweg oor die Brenner-bergpas in Oostenryk</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Alpynse bergwêreld is sedert antieke tye as 'n onherbergsame gebied beskou waar slegs minder beskaafde mense 'n uiters primitiewe bestaan kon voer. Hierdie sienswyse het eeue lank onveranderd gebly, maar as gevolg van die groter bevolkingsdigtheid het mense in die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a> langsamerhand ook belang in die Alpe en hul ekonomiese potensiaal begin stel. So het nuwe nedersettings in Alpynse valleie ontstaan, en die bergpasse het as deel van handelsroetes al hoe belangriker geword. Die berge self is egter nog steeds as gevaarlike en selfs angswekkende, mitiese plekke beskou en het die aanleiding gegee tot allerhande bygelowe. Die Middeleeuse berigte oor die sogenaamde "Heksesabbat" het hulle oorsprong in vroeë <a href="/wiki/15de_eeu" title="15de eeu">15de eeuse</a> oorlewerings uit die gebiede van Valais en Dauphiné in die Wes-Alpe. </p><p>As reaksie op die volksgeloof, wat na die bergwêreld as 'n tuiste van demone verwys het, het die kerklike owerhede orals in die Alpe gebedsplekke en heiligebeelde ter ere van die <a href="/wiki/Beskermheilige" title="Beskermheilige">beskermheiliges</a> soos Sint Bernard en Sint Niklaas opgerig. </p><p>Eers in die renaissance-tydperk het mense werklik in die bergwêreld begin belangstel, en in <a href="/wiki/1387" title="1387">1387</a> het die monnik Niklaus Bruder († 1417) uit die Switserse stad <a href="/wiki/Luzern" title="Luzern">Luzern</a> met vyf geestelike metgeselle die verbod om die bergwêreld te betree gebreek en vir die eerste keer die bergpiek Pilatus beklim. Hy het sodoende die bewys gelewer dat mense die berge sonder vrees kon aandurf. Nogtans is hy en sy begeleiers deur die owerheid gestraf en in die tronk opgesluit.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_moderne_tydperk">Die moderne tydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Die moderne tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Die moderne tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Schloss_Sargans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Schloss_Sargans.jpg/220px-Schloss_Sargans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Schloss_Sargans.jpg/330px-Schloss_Sargans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Schloss_Sargans.jpg/440px-Schloss_Sargans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>Die kasteel van <a href="/wiki/Sargans" title="Sargans">Sargans</a>, kanton St. Gallen, Switserland</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Switserse humaniste van die 16de eeu het hierdie proses van ontmitologisering van die bergwêreld op 'n wetenskaplike basis voortgesit. Mense het vir die eerste keer die majestueuse landskap in sy mooiheid ervaar en die berge se geografiese betekenis as 'n natuurlike grens tussen Noord-Europa en Italië, maar ook as 'n oorgangsgebied met bergpasse en 'n landskap met landboupotensiaal danksy sy weivelde besef. </p><p>Sedert die laat 17de eeu het geleerdes die Alpe in hul werke vanuit 'n natuurkundige en teologiese standpunt begin behandel, en die ontmitologisering van die berge is nou ook deur die begin van die alpinisme bevorder. Moeilike bergpieke soos die Mont Blanc is deur geleerdes beklim, en hulle berigte het vinnig die eerste welgestelde toeriste, onder meer uit <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a>, gelok. Stede soos <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Genève">Genève</a> het die vertrekpunt van talle reisgroepe op pad na die "yswêreld" van berge en <a href="/wiki/Gletser" title="Gletser">gletsers</a> geword. Mense het die grootsheid van die Alpewêreld bewonder en die lewe van sy bewoners, veral herders, begin idealiseer en romantiseer. </p><p>Sedert die dertigerjare van die 19de eeu lok die eerste grootpaaie oor die bergpasse as vernuftige prestasies van die destydse ingenieurskuns die bewondering van mense uit, en ook talle kunstenaars het die wisselwerking tussen natuur en tegniek as 'n nuwe motief ontdek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Demografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Demografie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antieke_tydperk_en_vroeë_Middeleeue"><span id="Antieke_tydperk_en_vroe.C3.AB_Middeleeue"></span>Antieke tydperk en vroeë Middeleeue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Antieke tydperk en vroeë Middeleeue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Antieke tydperk en vroeë Middeleeue"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Mittlist_Gfaell_02_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mittlist_Gfaell_02_edit.jpg/220px-Mittlist_Gfaell_02_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mittlist_Gfaell_02_edit.jpg/330px-Mittlist_Gfaell_02_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mittlist_Gfaell_02_edit.jpg/440px-Mittlist_Gfaell_02_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1463" /></a><figcaption>Sedert die hoë Middeleeue het mense die hoër geleë Alpynse streke gekoloniseer wat voorheen as ontoeganklik beskou is. Die foto wys 'n bergweiveld in die Entlebuch-streek van die Switserse kanton Luzern</figcaption></figure> <p>Vanaf die 4de eeu n.C. was die noordelike Alperandgebied in die huidige Switserland en Oostenryk 'n toevlugsoord vir die Gallo-Romeinse bevolking wat onder die druk van Germaniese Alemanne uit die noorde moes swig. Romaanssprekende gebiede het hier nog eeue lank voortbestaan. Langobardiese setlaars, wat vanaf die laat 6de eeu valleie in die Suid-Alpe binnegedring het, is geleidelik geromaniseer. Die Sentraal-Alpe van Switserland is vanaf die 7de eeu deur Alemanne gekoloniseer, terwyl die Germaanse invloed ander gebiede soos Retië in die ooste eers vanaf die 11de eeu merkbaar toegeneem het. </p><p>Alemanniese setlaars het in dié tydperk in die droë streke van die huidige kanton Wallis in berggebiede binnegedring wat sowat 1 500 m bo seevlak geleë was. Van hier is later, in die 12de eeu, ook hoër geleë valleie in die Suid-Alpe en in Graubünden ontsluit. </p><p>In die 11de eeu het die Alpegebied 'n bloeitydperk van landbou en kultuur beleef wat deur 'n lang periode van politieke stabiliteit opgevolg is. Die agrariese stelsel, wat in dié periode gevestig is, het tot in die 20ste eeu voortbestaan. Die florerende Middeleeuse landbou kon voordeel trek uit 'n <a href="/wiki/Klimaatverandering" class="mw-redirect" title="Klimaatverandering">klimaatsverandering</a> wat tot 'n merkbare verwarming gelei het. In die Wes- en later ook Oos-Alpe is uitgestrekte bosgebiede afgekap om nuwe landbougrond te ontsluit. Vooruitgang in die landbousektor het die groei van nie-agrariese ambagte bevorder, terwyl markte ontstaan het waarop boere die oorskot van hul produkte – veral kaas, groente en vleis – kon verkoop.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huidige_tendense">Huidige tendense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Huidige tendense" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Huidige tendense"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Alpe huisves tans 'n bevolking van sowat 13 miljoen. Sterk bevolkingsgroei word byna uitsluitlik in verstedelikte gebiede aangeteken, terwyl nedersettings in meer afgeleë streke deur ontvolking en veroudering bedreig word. Meer as sestig persent van Alpynse munisipaliteite word intussen as verouder beskou. Tradisionele bedrywe soos akkerbou en veeteelt kom hier geleidelik tot stilstand.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultuurgeskiedenis">Kultuurgeskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Kultuurgeskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Kultuurgeskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veranderende_persepsies">Veranderende persepsies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Veranderende persepsies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Veranderende persepsies"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voor-industriële_waarneming_–_montes_horribiles_of_vreeswekkende_berge"><span id="Voor-industri.C3.ABle_waarneming_.E2.80.93_montes_horribiles_of_vreeswekkende_berge"></span>Voor-industriële waarneming – <i>montes horribiles</i> of vreeswekkende berge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Voor-industriële waarneming – montes horribiles of vreeswekkende berge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Voor-industriële waarneming – montes horribiles of vreeswekkende berge"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Matterhorn_and_Dent_d%27H%C3%A9rens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Matterhorn_and_Dent_d%27H%C3%A9rens.jpg/220px-Matterhorn_and_Dent_d%27H%C3%A9rens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Matterhorn_and_Dent_d%27H%C3%A9rens.jpg/330px-Matterhorn_and_Dent_d%27H%C3%A9rens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Matterhorn_and_Dent_d%27H%C3%A9rens.jpg/440px-Matterhorn_and_Dent_d%27H%C3%A9rens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Eers met die opkoms van moderne natuurwetenskappe is die natuur nie meer as 'n bedreiging ervaar nie: die bergpieke <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> en Dent d'Hérens, soos gesien vanaf die bergpiek Dom, kanton Valais/Wallis, Switserland</figcaption></figure> <p>Die tradisionele voor-industriële persepsie van die Alpynse bergwêreld berus op die beskrywings van Romeinse outeurs wat vir lesers die beeld van vreeswekkende berge of <i>montes horribiles</i> gewek het, 'n ruwe landskap wat as onbewoonbaar beskou moes word of wat net aan barbare 'n uiters primitiewe bestaan kon bied. Dié antieke assosiasies het die Europese kultuurgeskiedenis nog tot in die laat 18de eeu oorheers. Mense het die Alpynse bergwêreld vermy wat – volgens legendes – as die setel van demone beskou is. </p><p>Die vereenvoudigde Romeinse sienswyse het voortgespruit uit die denkwêreld van beskaafde stedelinge wat alle gerieflikhede kon geniet en was hoofsaaklik gegrond op die gevare wat aan die oorsteek van die Alpereeks of 'n lewe te midde van die bergpieke verbonde was, die beperkings wat op boerdery-aktiwiteite geplaas is en die gebrek aan kulturele sentra. Maar reeds in die antieke tydperk is die teendeel bewys en het nuwe Romeinse paaie 'n betreklik vinnige en veilige reis deur die Alpe moontlik gemaak, was Alpynse landbouprodukte soos <a href="/wiki/Kaas" title="Kaas">kaas</a> uiters gewild in stedelike nedersettings en kon die vaardighede van mense, wat in die bergwêreld 'n bestaan vir hulself verseker het, wél as 'n kulturele prestasie beskou word.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ontsluiting_van_die_bergwêreld_se_estetiese_waarde"><span id="Ontsluiting_van_die_bergw.C3.AAreld_se_estetiese_waarde"></span>Ontsluiting van die bergwêreld se estetiese waarde</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Ontsluiting van die bergwêreld se estetiese waarde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Ontsluiting van die bergwêreld se estetiese waarde"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Middeleeuse Italiaanse skrywer, digter en geskiedskrywer <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Petrarca" title="Francesco Petrarca">Francesco Petrarca</a> (1304–1374) was een van die eerste waarnemers wat die oorgelewerde sienswyse uitgedaag het en onder die indruk van die Alpelandskap se skoonheid en majesteit gekom het. Sy persepsie is gedurende die Renaissance- en Verligtingstydperk toenemend gedeel deur ander beskouers wat, onder die invloed van humanistiese gedagtes, en vry van kerklike bande, die bestyging van berge as liggaamlike oefening en geestelike genot beskryf het. </p> <table class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#e0e8ff; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"Ek het vas besluit om elke jaar enkele bergpieke of ten minste een te beklim (…) om sowel die bergflora te bestudeer asook om vir my liggaam 'n edele oefening en vir my gees 'n genot te verskaf." </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><i>Konrad Gessner (1515−1565), geneeskundige en professor in natuurgeskiedenis, in sy werk "De admiratione Montium" ("Oor die bewondering van die berge", 1541)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Die Verligting het belangstelling in natuurwetenskaplike onderwerpe gewek, terwyl die Romantiese beweging met sy intense emosionele natuurervaring vanaf die 18de eeu reise na bergbestemmings aantreklik gemaak het. Die Alpynse bergwêreld se herwaardering word tussen 1760 en 1780 algemeen aanvaar in Europa, onder meer danksy die invloed van Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) se briefroman <i>Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse</i> oor 'n liefdespaar wat in 'n stadjie in die Alpynse voetheuwels afspeel en in 1761 gepubliseer is. Hierdie roman, wat oorspronklik onder die titel <i>Lettres de deux amans, Habitans d'une petite ville au pied des Alpes</i> ("Briewe van twee verliefdes, bewoners van 'n klein dorpie aan die voet van die Alpe") verskyn het en waarin Rousseau die gesofistikeerde <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Paryse</a> lewe verwerp ten gunste van streng morele waardes en Romeinse burgerdeugde,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> word tans onder die belangrikste werke van die wêreldliteratuur gereken. </p> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:200px; float:right; clear:right; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:1em;"> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:George_Gordon_Byron,_6th_Baron_Byron_by_Richard_Westall_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_Gordon_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron_by_Richard_Westall_%282%29.jpg/200px-George_Gordon_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron_by_Richard_Westall_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_Gordon_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron_by_Richard_Westall_%282%29.jpg/300px-George_Gordon_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron_by_Richard_Westall_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_Gordon_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron_by_Richard_Westall_%282%29.jpg/400px-George_Gordon_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron_by_Richard_Westall_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3138" /></a></span></div> <div class="thumbcaption"></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Eiger_%5E_Jungfrau_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eiger_%5E_Jungfrau_-_panoramio.jpg/200px-Eiger_%5E_Jungfrau_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eiger_%5E_Jungfrau_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Eiger_%5E_Jungfrau_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eiger_%5E_Jungfrau_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-Eiger_%5E_Jungfrau_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="thumbcaption"></div><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_(1837).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg/200px-John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg/300px-John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg/400px-John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></div> <div class="thumbcaption">'n Toer deur die Bernse Alpe in Switserland het Engeland se <a href="/wiki/Romantiek" title="Romantiek">laat-Romantiese</a> meesterdigter <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> geïnspireer tot sy dramatiese gedig <i>Manfred</i> (1817)</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:CH-NB_-_Genf_mit_Mont_Blanc_von_Nordwesten_-_Collection_Gugelmann_-_GS-GUGE-HACKERT-A-1.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CH-NB_-_Genf_mit_Mont_Blanc_von_Nordwesten_-_Collection_Gugelmann_-_GS-GUGE-HACKERT-A-1.tif/lossy-page1-220px-CH-NB_-_Genf_mit_Mont_Blanc_von_Nordwesten_-_Collection_Gugelmann_-_GS-GUGE-HACKERT-A-1.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CH-NB_-_Genf_mit_Mont_Blanc_von_Nordwesten_-_Collection_Gugelmann_-_GS-GUGE-HACKERT-A-1.tif/lossy-page1-330px-CH-NB_-_Genf_mit_Mont_Blanc_von_Nordwesten_-_Collection_Gugelmann_-_GS-GUGE-HACKERT-A-1.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CH-NB_-_Genf_mit_Mont_Blanc_von_Nordwesten_-_Collection_Gugelmann_-_GS-GUGE-HACKERT-A-1.tif/lossy-page1-440px-CH-NB_-_Genf_mit_Mont_Blanc_von_Nordwesten_-_Collection_Gugelmann_-_GS-GUGE-HACKERT-A-1.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6378" data-file-height="4195" /></a><figcaption>Genève met Mont Blanc in die agtergrond, soos gesien vanuit die noordweste<br /><small>Ets deur Carl Ludwig Hackert (1740–1796) <br />Switserse Nasionale Biblioteek, GS-GUGE-HACKERT-A-1</small></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Reedsee_PB100060_%5E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reedsee_PB100060_%5E.jpg/220px-Reedsee_PB100060_%5E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reedsee_PB100060_%5E.jpg/330px-Reedsee_PB100060_%5E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reedsee_PB100060_%5E.jpg/440px-Reedsee_PB100060_%5E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Reedmeer teen die agtergrond van die Hohe Tauern-reeks, deelstaat Salzburg, Oostenryk</figcaption></figure> <p>Die opkoms van moderne natuurwetenskappe en die rasionele wêreldbeskouing, wat daaruit voortgespruit het, het vir mense vir die eerste keer die estetiese waarde van kus- en berggebiede ontsluit en vroeëre waarnemings verdring wat beperk was tot 'n fragmentariese sienswyse van landskapstonele, meestal gegrond op hul ekonomiese waarde en vrugbaarheid as landbougrond, en die gevare, wat die natuur kon inhou, oorbeklemtoon het. </p><p>Die nuwe estetiese waarde van Alpynse bergtonele het berus op die teenstelling tussen aantreklike voorgronde – 'n soort idille met boerehuise, persone in tradisionele kleredrag, weivelde en diere wat geborgenheid en veiligheid versinnebeeld het – en agtergronde wat as 'n bedreiging ervaar moes word, met steil bergwande of gletsers wat die ruwe en oorweldigende elemente van die natuur gesimboliseer het.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daardie soort spesifieke landskapstonele kon egter slegs vanuit bepaalde punte af waargeneem word – en dié was dun gesaai. Die baanbrekers van vroeë Alpynse toerisme, wat deur estetiese ontdekkings aangetrokke gevoel het, het hulself ten doel gestel om sodanige punte op te spoor en bekend te maak sodat ander dieselfde genot daaruit kon put. </p><p>Die vroegste estetiese waarnemingspunte was nog buite die Alpynse bergwêreld geleë. So het Jean Jacques Rousseau bekendheid verskaf aan die uitsig oor die bergpiek Mont Blanc soos dit vanuit die noordoewer van die <a href="/wiki/Meer_van_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Meer van Genève">Meer van Genève</a> waargeneem kon word.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maar geleidelik is hierdie punte nader aan die Alpereeks en uiteindelik tot sy sentrum en in steeds groter hoogtes verskuif. Nuwe en verhoogde spanning word geskep deur die dreigende bergwêreld en sy pieke van nader te beskou. </p><p>Interessant genoeg het hierdie nuwe waarneming van die Alpewêreld gepaard gegaan met die <a href="/wiki/Nywerheidsomwenteling" class="mw-redirect" title="Nywerheidsomwenteling">nywerheidsomwenteling</a> en modernisering in Europa, en het dus nie vanuit die berggebiede self gekom nie. Voor 1760 was dit hoofsaaklik geleerdes uit stedelike nedersettings buite die Alpe wat oor die bergtonele opgewonde geraak het. Die tweede tydperk, die baanbrekerstyd tussen 1760 en 1880, word oorheers deur toeriste (en bergklimmers) uit Engeland, die bakermat van die nywerheidsomwenteling. So is die eerste bergklimklub ter wêreld, die <i>Alpine Club</i>, in 1857 in Londen gestig.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanaf 1880 wek die Alpe die belangstelling van moderne toeriste uit Europa se nywerheidstede – ter verbasing van die inheemses wat die Alpe-geesdriftiges aanvanklik as "mal" beskou, maar kort voor lank as 'n welkome nuwe bron van inkomste begin waardeer en hul dienste aanbied as toergidse en kamerverhuurders.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die romantiese toeristiese ideaal berus op die selektiewe waarneming van buitestaanders en stedelinge wat op soek is na estetiese ontspanning in 'n ongerepte natuurwêreld waar die mens nog nie sy merk gelaat het nie, of waar ten minste 'n paradysagtige wêreld aangetref word waar onbedorwe bewoners in harmonie met hul natuurlike omgewing en in vryheid lewe (in teenstelling met die toeris se eie leefwêreld binne die destydse min of meer absolutistiese bedelings), al voldoen die bergwêreld nie oral aan dié ideaal nie en word die Alpereeks se ekonomiese geleenthede al eeue lank benut en ontsluit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kritiek_op_ekonomiese_ontsluiting_en_vryetydsbesteding_in_die_postmoderne_tydperk">Kritiek op ekonomiese ontsluiting en vryetydsbesteding in die postmoderne tydperk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Kritiek op ekonomiese ontsluiting en vryetydsbesteding in die postmoderne tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kritiek op ekonomiese ontsluiting en vryetydsbesteding in die postmoderne tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vanaf die vroeë 1970's het omgewingsbewaringsgroepe hul stem laat geld met 'n nuwe waarneming van die Alpe waarin omgewingsvraagstukke sentraal gestaan het. Interessant genoeg het hulle die tradisionele romantiese Alpebeeld as uitgangspunt en maatstaf geneem het vir die felle kritiek wat hulle op moderne verskynsels soos die bergreeks se stelselmatige ontsluiting vir vervoer, verstedeliking en massatoerisme gelewer het.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hul selektiewe waarneming projekteer dikwels 'n Alpebeeld waaruit ekonomiese aktiwiteite summier verban word. </p><p>Westerse samelewings se oorgang van nywerheids- tot dienste-ekonomieë, wat in die tydperk tussen 1965 en 1985 voltrek is, het inderdaad ook gepaard gegaan met sosiale en kulturele veranderinge waardeur die toeristiese publiek se waarneming van die Alpe geraak is. Vryetydsbesteding het sinoniem geword met aktiewe ontspanning en deelname aan skisport. Hoe meer Alpebesoekers genot vind by liggaamlike sensasies, hoe meer word natuur beperk tot die materiële basis en visuele agtergrond vir dié aktiwiteite wat as aangenaam ervaar kan word, maar nie lewensnoodsaaklik daarvoor is nie. Die koop van 'n skihyserkaart het die fisiese uitdagings en ervarings van bergklim maklik vervang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filosofie_en_literatuur">Filosofie en literatuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Filosofie en literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Filosofie en literatuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/220px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/330px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/440px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2327" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption>Caspar David Friedrich: <i>Wandelaar bo die see van mis</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Rousseau se <i>Briewe van twee verliefdes uit 'n klein nedersetting aan die voet van die Alpe</i> was minstens in twee opsigte 'n rewolusionêre boek. Baie van die Franse rewolusionêres, wat die ou bewind en orde in 1789 omvergewerp het, het daarmee grootgeword. In 'n tyd, toe die tradisionele godsdiens saam met die ou wêreldlike orde bevraagteken moes word, het die Alpynse bergwêreld self 'n voorwerp van aanbidding geword – as 'n beskermende wal teen kultuur en beskawing, 'n toevlugsoord waar die oorspronklike natuurlike wêreld in al sy harmonie en geluksaligheid bewaar gebly het. Mense, wat staptoere in die Alpe onderneem het, het Rousseau se boek saamgeneem as die eerste staptoergids ter wêreld.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'n Tweede, latere werk van Rousseau wat in sy laaste lewensjare tussen 1776 en 1778 ontstaan het, met sterk outobiografiese trekke, het die sleutelwoorde vir 'n nuwe religieus-filosofiese stroming gelewer. In <i>Les rêveries du promeneur solitaire</i> ("Die dromerye van 'n eensame wandelaar") skep die filosoof die ideaal van die eensame wandelaar wat gedurende sy staptoere deur die bergwêreld op soek is na die weerspieëling van sy eie gemoedslewe. Sodoende word natuur 'n <a href="/wiki/Metafoor" title="Metafoor">metafoor</a> vir die menslike siel.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_gevolge_van_aardverwarming">Die gevolge van aardverwarming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Die gevolge van aardverwarming" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Die gevolge van aardverwarming"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Gletscherschmelze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gletscherschmelze.jpg/220px-Gletscherschmelze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gletscherschmelze.jpg/330px-Gletscherschmelze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gletscherschmelze.jpg/440px-Gletscherschmelze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Die Groot Aletsch-gletser in 1979 (links), 1991 (middel) en 2002 (regs)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aardverwarming" title="Aardverwarming">Aardverwarming</a> hou 'n groot bedreiging vir die Alpe se damme, kragsentrales, landbou en toerisme in. Die drie eersgenoemdes is aangewese op bepaalde neerslae en sal waarskynlik deur skommelinge in die jaarlikse reënval geraak word. Hierdie skommelinge is een van die effekte van die temperatuurstyging in die Alpegebied wat in die honderd jaar tussen die vroeë 20ste en 21ste eeu 1,5 °C beloop het en dus twee keer so hoog was soos die wêreldwye gemiddelde.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Duitse deelstaat <a href="/wiki/Beiere" title="Beiere">Beiere</a> koördineer tans die navorsingsprojek "Climate Change Impacts and Adaption Strategies in the Alpine Space" wat die gevolge van klimaatsverandering in die Alpegebied ondersoek en probeer om aanpassingstrategieë te ontwikkel. </p><p>Die Alpegletsers se smeltproses is een van die eerste dramatiese effekte wat reeds besigtig kan word – talle gletsertonge het in die laaste dekades oor 'n afstand van honderde meter teruggetrek. Die Switserse gletsers het volgens nuwe metings tussen 1985 en 2000 twintig persent van hulle oppervlak en 'n kwart van hul volume verloor. Die verlies aan oppervlak het in die tydperk tussen 1973 en 1985 slegs sowat een persent beloop.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 is die jaarlikse verlies aan gletserys op twee kubieke kilometer beraam.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die smeltproses by die Schneeferner-gletser van Duitsland se hoogste bergpiek, die Zugspitze (2 962 meter), het die plaaslike owerhede genoodsaak om rotsheuwels te verwyder wat andersins 'n bedreiging vir skitoeriste sou inhou. Die gletser verloor op 'n warm dag tans tien sentimeter en produseer daagliks 35 miljoen liter se smeltwater. Met die gletsers raak die Alpebewoners 'n belangrike bron van <a href="/wiki/Drinkwater" title="Drinkwater">drinkwater</a> kwyt, terwyl stap- en skitoeriste deur rotsstortings bedreig word. Navorsers vrees dat die Beierse gletsers binne twintig jaar sal kan verdwyn, terwyl daar moontlik palms in die gebied van die Beierse mere sal aard. </p><p>Stygende wintertemperature en veranderde neerslagpatrone dra daartoe by dat in baie tradisionele skigebiede minder sneeuval aangeteken word. In Duitsland, Oostenryk en Switserland moet sogenaamde sneeukanonne ingespan word om skihellings met kunssneeu te bedek. Tussen Oktober en <a href="/wiki/Paasfees" title="Paasfees">Pase</a> is orals in die Alpe altesaam 40 000 sneeukanonne in bedryf.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_between_Lagalb_and_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_between_Lagalb_and_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg/220px-RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_between_Lagalb_and_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_between_Lagalb_and_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg/330px-RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_between_Lagalb_and_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_between_Lagalb_and_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg/440px-RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_between_Lagalb_and_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4517" data-file-height="3011" /></a><figcaption>'n ABe 8-12-Allegra-treinstel van die Switserse spoorwegmaatskappy <i>Rhätische Bahn</i> op pad na Tirano, Italië</figcaption></figure> <p>Geografiese en klimatologiese omstandighede bepaal die ekonomiese basis van die verskillende gebiede. Die noordelike Vooralpegebied word deur 'n moderne landbousektor met melkboerdery en veeteelt gekenmerk, terwyl die bosgebiede 'n aantal werksgeleenthede in die houtbedryf skep. Die gematigde klimaat in die valleie van die suidelike Alpe is uiters geskik vir die wynbou en vrugteverbouing, terwyl in die oostelike gebiede sout en ertse gemyn word. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hidro%C3%ABlektrisiteit" title="Hidroëlektrisiteit">Hidroëlektriese</a> kragopwekking voorsien in die elektrisiteitsbehoeftes van baie Alpegebiede. </p><p>Die alpiene sportbedryf is 'n belangrike bron van inkomste in alle gebiede, alhoewel die massatoerisme negatiewe uitwerkings op die sensitiewe omgewing en mikroklimaat van die gebergte het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpegloei" title="Alpegloei">Alpegloei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_ferrata" title="Via ferrata">Via ferrata</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> O. Cuntz: <i>Die Geographie des Ptolemäus</i>. Berlyn 1923</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Werner Bätzing: <i>Die Alpen. Geschichte und Zukunft einer europäischen Kulturlandschaft</i>. 3de uitgawe. München: C.H. Beck 2005, bl. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <i>Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz: Alpen – Die Römerzeit</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mobile.hls-dhs-dss.ch/m.php?article=D16338.php"><i>Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz mobil: Alpinismus. Besoek op 11 Desember 2017</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planet-wissen.de/natur/gebirge/der_mensch_in_den_alpen/pwielandwirtschaftindenalpen100.html"><i>Planet Wissen: Landwirtschaft in den Alpen. Besoek op 11 Desember 2017</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907011357/http://www.planet-wissen.de/natur/gebirge/der_mensch_in_den_alpen/pwielandwirtschaftindenalpen100.html">Geargiveer</a> 7 September 2017 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/makro/magazin/uebersicht/195019/index.html"><i>www.3sat.de: Umbau der Alpen – Die Grenzen des Wachstums. Besoek op 11 Desember 2017</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Werner Bätzing: <i>Die Alpen. Geschichte und Zukunft einer europäischen Kulturlandschaft</i>. München: C.H. Beck 2015, bl. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Angela Easterhammer, Diane Piccitto en Patrick Vincent (reds.): <i>Romanticism, Rousseau, Switzerland. New Prospects</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2015, bl. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Bätzing (2015), bl. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Bätzing (2015), bl. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/ac2/about-the-ac/mission"><i>Alpine Club: Mission. Besoek op 24 Mei 2017</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703124044/http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/ac2/about-the-ac/mission">Geargiveer</a> 3 Julie 2017 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Bätzing (2015), bl. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Bätzing (2015), bl. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Michail Schischkin: <i>Auf den Spuren von Byron und Tolstoi. Eine literarische Wanderung von Montreux nach Meiringen</i>. Zürich: Rotpunktverlag 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Schischkin (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/makro/magazin/uebersicht/195019/index.html"><i>www.3sat.de: Umbau der Alpen – Die Grenzen des Wachstums. Besoek op 11 Desember 2017</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <i>Globale Erwärmung: Gletscherschwund weltweit beschleunigt</i>. In: Der Fischer Weltalmanach 2006. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag 2005, bl. 684</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/makro/magazin/uebersicht/195019/index.html"><i>www.3sat.de: Umbau der Alpen – Die Grenzen des Wachstums. Besoek op 11 Desember 2017</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/makro/magazin/uebersicht/195019/index.html"><i>www.3sat.de: Umbau der Alpen – Die Grenzen des Wachstums. Besoek op 11 Desember 2017</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Kultuurgeskiedenis</dt></dl> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Frans">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">fr</span>) </span> <i>Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse</i>. Boekdeel I. Hauterive: Editions Gilles Attinger 2002</li></ul> <dl><dt>Klimaatsverandering</dt></dl> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <i>Alpen-Klima: Das Eis geht, die Palmen kommen</i>. Der SPIEGEL Online, 3 Augustus 2006: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/0,1518,430007,00.html">spiegel.de</a> – Besoek op 1 Oktober 2007</li></ul> <dl><dt>Ensiklopedieë</dt></dl> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <i>Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz</i>. Aanlyn beskikbaar: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8569.php"><i>Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz – Die Alpen</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alps">Alpe</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Toerisme-inligting oor <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Alps">Alpe</a> op <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Alps">"Alps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alps&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAlps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1286&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1286&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1286" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451467">XX451467</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934036f">cb11934036f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934036f">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001328-5">4001328-5</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008569">008569</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85003839">sh85003839</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045350">10045350</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128379&CON_LNG=ENG">ge128379</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24423804" class="extiw" title="d:Q24423804">Pleiades</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/783">783</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027259285">027259285</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148144928888154441142">148144928888154441142</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/148144928888154441142">148144928888154441142</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="featured-star"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorbladartikel" title="Hierdie artikel is gekies as 'n voorbladartikel. 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