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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Fronda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Fronda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>La Fronda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Fronda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930_coup_d'état" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930_coup_d'état"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1930 coup d'état</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930_coup_d'état-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-peronist_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-peronist_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Inter-peronist years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-peronist_years-sublist" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Juan_Carulla_Genio_de_la_Argentina.jpg/220px-Juan_Carulla_Genio_de_la_Argentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Juan_Carulla_Genio_de_la_Argentina.jpg/330px-Juan_Carulla_Genio_de_la_Argentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Juan_Carulla_Genio_de_la_Argentina.jpg/440px-Juan_Carulla_Genio_de_la_Argentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <i>Genio de la Argentina</i> (1943) by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carulla" title="Juan Carulla">Juan Emiliano Carulla</a>, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Cabildo_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Cabildo of Buenos Aires">Cabildo of Buenos Aires</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><i>Maurrassisme</i> in Argentina</b> is a far-right political movement aimed at establishing an <a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">integral nationalist</a> authoritarian state in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> following the ideology of French thinker <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i> was, along with <a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">panhispanism</a>, the most important ideological precedent of the development of <i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">nacionalismo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201083_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201083-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acknowledging the lack of monarchist claims over the country, most of Argentine <i>maurrassistes</i> supported an authoritarian and anti-liberal traditionalist state similar to the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a> over the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201098_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201098-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Except for extremely rare cases, Latin American <i>maurrassistes</i> were intransigent defenders of the Catholic Church as the official and only religion of Hispanic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201098_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201098-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Maurras was condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, many relevant figures of early Argentine <i>maurrassisme</i> would drift towards <a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Catholic integralism</a>, what has been pointed out as evidence of the importance held by religion within the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaguado_Duca2006243_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaguado_Duca2006243-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Argentine thinkers identified the maurrasian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pays_r%C3%A9el&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pays réel (page does not exist)"><i>pays réel</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_r%C3%A9el" class="extiw" title="fr:Pays réel">fr</a>]</span> with the Catholic and militarist identity of the nation, in contrast to the fictional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pays_l%C3%A9gal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pays légal (page does not exist)"><i>pays légal</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_l%C3%A9gal" class="extiw" title="fr:Pays légal">fr</a>]</span> created by secular politicians that promoted "marxist atheism". The views of Argentine <i>maurrassisme</i> may have influenced <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Uriburu" title="José Félix Uriburu">José Félix Uriburu</a> religious policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005128_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005128-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools">Schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from strictly orthodox <i>maurrassistes</i> and those who can not be classified in any particular tradition, the Argentine variant of the movement can be roughly divided in two main schools or "genealogies" which adapted Maurras' ideas to the country's context using different selective readings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditionalist_school">Traditionalist school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditionalist school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom%C3%A1s_D_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tom%C3%A1s_D_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg/220px-Tom%C3%A1s_D_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tom%C3%A1s_D_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg/330px-Tom%C3%A1s_D_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tom%C3%A1s_D_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg/440px-Tom%C3%A1s_D_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Dar%C3%ADo_Casares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomás Darío Casares (page does not exist)">Tomás Darío Casares</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_D._Casares" class="extiw" title="es:Tomás D. Casares">es</a>]</span>, writer at <i>La Nueva República</i> and important figure of the first-generation traditionalist school (unknown date)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first of them was the "traditionalist" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Tradicionalista</i>), which was based on Maurras' most integralist views and aimed at organizing the whole of society on Catholic standards. Believing Roman Catholicism to be "the only and true religion", traditionalists wanted to build a theocratic state in which all spheres of public life were subordinated to religion. Particularly emphatic of maurrasian historiography, the movement stressed the decadence of the western civilization since the Reformation, a situation aggravated by the advent of the French and Russian revolutions. Staunch defenders of elitism and hierarchy, traditionalists did not accept any form of popular participation in the government and considered Catholicism to be utterly incompatible with any of the political developments of liberalism. Started by writers <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9sar_Pico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="César Pico (page does not exist)">César Pico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Pico" class="extiw" title="es:César Pico">es</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Dar%C3%ADo_Casares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomás Darío Casares (page does not exist)">Tomás Darío Casares</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_D._Casares" class="extiw" title="es:Tomás D. Casares">es</a>]</span>, the movement's emphasis in Maurras grew stronger after the papal ban on Action Française was lifted in 1939 and the author's conversion to Catholicism was made public. The second generation of traditionalism was impulsed by Catholic priest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Pinto_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Pinto (priest) (page does not exist)">Mario Pinto</a>, who considered Maurras "a guardian of the highest values of Christian civilization".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditionalist trend attempted to reconcile maurrasianism with <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-Thomism</a>. Pinto associated both methods by describing the "classical spirit of order" they shared and appealing to <a href="/wiki/Henri_Massis" title="Henri Massis">Henri Massis</a>' analysis of Maurras in <i>Maurras et notre temps</i>, while most cautious Catholic figures such as <a href="/wiki/Julio_Meinvielle" title="Julio Meinvielle">Julio Meinvielle</a> vindicated the maurrasian body of thought but subordinated it to Thomistic doctrine, considering the former to be incomplete. Other thinkers defended Maurras as an "ally" to Catholicism in combatting liberalism and socialism, and adopted his thought as a "third alternative" to the two poles of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017104_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017104-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Cordoban</a> publication <i>La Nueva Provincia</i>, closely related to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Thomas Molnar</a>, defended such ideological system as "the most brilliant synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditionalist</a> ideas in what has passed of this century". Traditionalist <i>maurrassisme</i> saw its popularity peak in the 1960s-1970s decades, as the papal ban had diminished its relevance in the interwar period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017105_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populist_school">Populist school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Populist school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement.svg/220px-Flag_of_Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement.svg/330px-Flag_of_Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement.svg/440px-Flag_of_Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of <a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">national-syndicalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a>, in which some traditionalist figures such as Julio Meinvielle were involved.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second school was the "populist" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Populista</i>), which vindicated Maurras' far-right nationalism and attempted to associate it to <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">peronism</a>. Despite most populist <i>maurrassistes</i> were Catholics, the role of religion was not as central as that of the nation, what has led to them being described as "better maurrasians" than the traditionalists. Their favourable views towards the populace and their lack of an idealized past, however, has been criticised as a significant ideological revision of the original system of thought. One of the most important exponents of the populist movement was Jacques-Marie de Mahieu, a post-war French exile in Argentina who, after drawing most of his political formation from <i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i> during his youth, tried to expand his ideas at his new country while working as a professor at the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Cuyo" title="National University of Cuyo">National University of Cuyo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Mahieu was close to the <a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">national-syndicalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a>, in which he developed a conflictive relationship with traditionalist Julio Meinvielle, who considered him to be a communist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017105–106_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017105–106-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Mahieu wrote the prologue to the <i>Prisoner's Soliloquy</i>, Maurras' first published work in Argentina, in which he praised his figure as a theorist of "national revolutions" who could be useful to the development of peronism. Populist <i>maurrassistes</i> would eagerly embrace maurrasian national syndicalism, a trend mostly related to the <a href="/wiki/Cercle_Proudhon" title="Cercle Proudhon">Cercle Proudhon</a> which attempted to fuse Maurras' reactionary criticism of modern capitalism with the ideas of Marxist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a> in order to create a third position between "liberal bourgeois individualism" and the "state collectivism of materialist socialism". De Mahieu considered Sorel a great complement to Maurras' ambiguous approach to the "proletarian problem": the synthesis of far-left and far-right criticisms of modern society was presented as a legitimation of Perón's third positionism, which could be supposedly traced back to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin_Chambly,_marquis_de_La_Charce" class="mw-redirect" title="François-René de La Tour du Pin Chambly, marquis de La Charce">René de la Tour du Pin</a> economic views. In his article "The contemporary counter-encyclopedia: Maurras and Sorel", De Mahieu defended maurrasian economics as a way towards the development of a "national socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017107_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017107-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_introducers">First introducers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First introducers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in other Latin American nations, <i>maurrassisme</i> was initially introduced into Argentina by upper-middle class students who were ideologically influenced by the movement's political elitism during their studies in Europe, particularly due to the widespread availability of Maurras' works in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009283_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009283-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such ideas had made their first appearance in Argentina in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>, but would not boom until the end of World War I, when the whole continent was experiencing the deep cultural changes associated with the abandonment of the liberal economic model and the emergence of cultural nationalism over elitist cosmopolitanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009286_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009286-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of the movement was also fostered by the process of re-<a href="/wiki/Catholicisation" title="Catholicisation">Catholicisation</a> of Latin American intellectual elites after a century of dominant <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009287_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009287-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maurrasian thought was brought to Argentina firstly through the figures of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carulla" title="Juan Carulla">Juan Emiliano Carulla</a> and of Alfonso de Laferrère. Among the first Argentines to come in contact with Maurras' works, Carulla would serve as director to the first <i>nacionalista</i> magazine of the country, <i>La Voz Nacional</i>, and later found his own press media, <i>Bandera Argentina</i>. He would later forsake <i>maurrassisme</i> and nationalism, embracing regular Argentine conservatism and adopting a <a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism" title="Pro-Americanism">pro-American</a> stance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201084_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201084-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike most Argentine followers of the French thinker, Carulla was favourable to monarchism in the 1930s decade. De Laferrère, who considered himself an "orthodox <i>maurrassiste</i>", would be central in the conversion to the movement of his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Roberto_de_Laferr%C3%A8re" title="Roberto de Laferrère">Roberto</a>, who would play an important role in the latter years of the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo201798_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo201798-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alfonso had been a staunch supported of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and had experienced his first ventures into journalism as a harsh critic of <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">radical</a> government. After travelling to Europe in 1920, he would develop an active interest in Maurras' thought, whom he would consider "his master", and commit to propagate his ideas among the Argentine nationalist right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrinchpun2014118_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrinchpun2014118-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, De Laferrère founded the <i>Política</i> magazine along with Julio Noé, in which, aside from attempted literary criticisms, he vindicated Maurras' integral nationalism for "his monarchist doctrine of unsurpassed vigor", "his criticism of romanticism, developed with surprising dialectical virtue" and "his classical conception of the City and of Beauty". The young thinker also railed against the figure of <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, in whom he saw a "disastrous apostle of the primacy of the economic and political".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrinchpun2014131–132_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrinchpun2014131–132-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfonso renounced his pro-Allied position during the interwar period and ranted against <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> whom, due to his "<a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">kantian</a> education", had supposedly planned an excessively idealistic solution to World War I and paved the way for a "repetition of the tragedy". Maurrasian influence made De Laferrère follow a <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">comtean</a> approach to politics over an idealistic one, espouse a contempt for economic interests despite defending private property, denounce the irrational character of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a> in favor of classicism, defend outward <a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">anglophobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">germanophobic</a> views, and criticize the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrinchpun2014133_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrinchpun2014133-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julio_Irazusta_j%C3%B3ven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Julio_Irazusta_j%C3%B3ven.jpg/220px-Julio_Irazusta_j%C3%B3ven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Julio_Irazusta_j%C3%B3ven.jpg/330px-Julio_Irazusta_j%C3%B3ven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Julio_Irazusta_j%C3%B3ven.jpg/440px-Julio_Irazusta_j%C3%B3ven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julio_Irazusta" title="Julio Irazusta">Julio Irazusta</a> as a young man (1899–1982)</figcaption></figure> <p>Two of the most relevant introducers of <i>maurrassisme</i> in Argentina were brothers <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Irazusta" title="Rodolfo Irazusta">Rodolfo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julio_Irazusta" title="Julio Irazusta">Julio Irazusta</a>. After a four-years trip to Europe in which they lived at Spain, Italy and France, they came into contact with Maurras and were fascinated with his system of thought. Previously followers of radicalism and supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a>, the impact of Maurras in their political formation was extensive. Julio would write numerous articles in praise of the French author on Argentine press media, considering him to be the restorer of the "eternal truths of politics" and the "most extraordinary journalist of all ages and places". Nevertheless, Irazusta did not follow Maurras' royalist ideals integrally, but aimed to adapt them to Argentina through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organizational_empiricism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organizational empiricism (page does not exist)">organizational empiricist</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirisme_organisateur" class="extiw" title="fr:Empirisme organisateur">fr</a>]</span> method of analysis devised by the philosopher. In 1952, after Maurras' death, Julio wrote an article vindicating his figure as "the first of citizens of his time" and organized a commemorative <i>in memoriam</i> event in 1972, to which renowned intellectual and political figures such as Julio Meinvielle or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_S%C3%A1nchez_Sorondo_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo (politician) (page does not exist)">Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_S%C3%A1nchez_Sorondo_(pol%C3%ADtico)" class="extiw" title="es:Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo (político)">es</a>]</span> attended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201084–85_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201084–85-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julio Irazusta was favorable to a monarchical form of government, while Rodolfo supported a non-democratic republicanism based on <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a> principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202043_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202043-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposing the "republic" to <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">ochlocratic</a> democracy (similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">aristotelian</a> view of politics), Rodolfo Irazusta would claim that "the Argentine state is Catholic in its origin and its constitution. Democracy is by nature anti-Catholic. Democracy is incompatible with argentine institutions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes_Codera202364–65_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes_Codera202364–65-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latter Argentine <i>maurrassistes</i> would promote an <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">illiberal republic</a>, supposedly based on classical politics expressed in <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De Re Publica</a></i>, using as a motto that "democracy is not in <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Constitution_of_1853" title="Argentine Constitution of 1853">the constitution</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESverdloff201952–53_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESverdloff201952–53-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decades later, Irazusta would translate to Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Mes_id%C3%A9es_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes idées politiques">Mes idées politiques</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Avenir_de_l%27intelligence" title="L'Avenir de l'intelligence">L'Avenir de l'intelligence</a></i> and publish them in Argentina in 1962 and 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017108_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017108-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_media_and_thought">Early media and thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early media and thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Nueva_República"><span id="La_Nueva_Rep.C3.BAblica"></span><i>La Nueva República</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: La Nueva República"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1927-12-16,_El_Liberal,_Ramiro_de_Maeztu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1927-12-16%2C_El_Liberal%2C_Ramiro_de_Maeztu.jpg/220px-1927-12-16%2C_El_Liberal%2C_Ramiro_de_Maeztu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/1927-12-16%2C_El_Liberal%2C_Ramiro_de_Maeztu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>1927 caricature of <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">Ramiro de Maeztu</a> at <i>El Liberal</i>, upon his appointment as ambassador to Argentina.</figcaption></figure> <p>Back to Argentina in 1927, the Irazusta brothers founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Nueva_Rep%C3%BAblica_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Nueva República (newspaper) (page does not exist)"><i>La Nueva República</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nueva_Rep%C3%BAblica_(peri%C3%B3dico)" class="extiw" title="es:La Nueva República (periódico)">es</a>]</span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The New Republic</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) newspaper, of which renowned figures of right-wing <a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine nationalism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Palacio_(writer)" title="Ernesto Palacio (writer)">Ernesto Palacio</a>, Tomás Darío Casares or Juan Emiliano Carulla himself would become frequent writers. Staunchly anti-liberal, the publication served as a means for Argentine far-right intellectuals to come into contact with Spanish Catholic intellectual and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">Ramiro de Maeztu</a>, who was staying in the country during his term as ambassador at Buenos Aires of the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a>. <i>La Nueva República</i> finished its activities in 1931, after president <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a> was overthrown by a <a href="/wiki/1930_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1930 Argentine coup d'état">military coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201085_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201085-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ramiro de Maeztu named Maurras among his intellectual precursors, along with other integral nationalist figures such as <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Sardinha" title="António Sardinha">António Sardinha</a> or Henri Massis, and Catholic thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>. After joining the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Spain)" title="Patriotic Union (Spain)">Patriotic Union</a> in 1927, the only party of the Spanish dictatorship, he was quickly assigned to the embassy in Argentina, what has been pointed out as a possible strategical maneuver by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a> in order to remove him from the country considering his extremely reactionary points of view.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202038_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202038-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Catholic integralist magazine <i>Criterio</i> welcomed his arrival as "the best gift that the Motherland has given us for a long time", while left-leaning media such as <i>El Día</i> or <i>Nosotros</i> criticized his designation. <i>La Nueva República</i> expressed great enthusiasm at his arrival, stating the dictatorship "could not have chosen better" a figure to foster relations between Spain and Hispanic America.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike virtually all Argentine <i>maurrassistes</i>, Maeztu would develop favourable views towards Hipólito Yrigoyen, with whom he held a cordial relationship. The Spanish author admired the president's political style, comparing it to that of Juan Manuel de Rosas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202039_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202039-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neo-republicans would regularly share meetings with Maeztu at the Spanish embassy, through which the Spanish author asserted a great influence over the young men's thought. The nationalist newspaper would be the first of most Argentine right-wing political groups to embrace the Basque thinker's ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202046_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202046-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Maeztu did not adhere to strictly maurrasian nationalism but to a <a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholic</a> view of such concept, in which religion functioned as a prevalent unifying force, his ideological positions were quickly incorporated to Argentine maurrasian thought. Julio Irazusta compared his panhispanist views to the "counter-revolutionary programme" of <i><a href="/wiki/Enqu%C3%AAte_sur_la_monarchie" title="Enquête sur la monarchie">Enquête sur la monarchie</a></i>, one of the most renowned works by Maurras. The prevalence of Maeztu's <a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">religious nationalism</a> over Maurras' <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnonationalism</a> was a central aspect of neo-republicanism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202048–49_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202048–49-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as expressed by Irazusta in 1931:</p><blockquote><p>For the Latin, and therefore Spanish, criterion, racial affinity does not derive only from blood. The races that form Latinity are nothing but the superposition of new ethnic layers that have come to build their identity through a bond much stronger than that of blood transfusion: through spiritual unity. [<i>If for the Spaniards</i>] race did not exist in blood but in baptism [<i>and</i>] what unites the Spaniards and the Americans more than blood and language is religion, [<i>the consequence is that</i>] those who commit themselves to destroying the religious sentiment of our people, mixed with all the patriotic feelings, they undertake to destroy the strongest and most noble bond that unites our society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202046_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202046-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Neo-republicans would subsequently reject accusations of fascism. As Federico Ibarguren stated in 1969</p><blockquote><p>we, young revolutionaries (anti-liberal, but with autonomous bases) of the 1930 generation of 'fascist' had very little, very little. We were, on the other hand, '<a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugonian</a>' to the bone in those distant times of <i>La Nueva República</i>. Being 'Lugonian' is different from being a 'fascist'. Evidently. Fascism as a theory was generated in a laboratory of intellectuals with the socialist sperm–totalitarian and secular–of the twentieth century; instead Argentine nationalism feeds on the ancient Hispanic cult of the personality, where the Catholic tradition sprouts like a well watered seed under the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202050_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202050-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The great influence asserted by Catholic traditionalism over the movement led to its description as a "tempered <i>maurrassisme</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo201799_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo201799-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the local archbishop <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Copello" title="Santiago Copello">Santiago Copello</a> would describe <i>La Nueva República</i> as the "Argentine <i>Action Française</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009292_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009292-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernesto_Palacio_(escritor).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ernesto_Palacio_%28escritor%29.png/220px-Ernesto_Palacio_%28escritor%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ernesto_Palacio_%28escritor%29.png/330px-Ernesto_Palacio_%28escritor%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ernesto_Palacio_%28escritor%29.png/440px-Ernesto_Palacio_%28escritor%29.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Palacio_(writer)" title="Ernesto Palacio (writer)">Ernesto Palacio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Editor-in-chief" title="Editor-in-chief">editor-in-chief</a> of <i>La Nueva República</i> (1900–1979)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ernesto Palacio, the editor-in-chief of <i>La Nueva República</i>, would become one of the main exponents of maurrasian thought in the country. After a youth of militant <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, Palacio converted to Roman Catholicism and became an enthusiast of <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> philosophy. An attendant to the 1972 event organized by Irazusta, Palacio elaborated his own nationalist political theory based on classicism and authoritarianism. His views were deeply critical of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, particularly against those he called "demagogic excesses" of <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Argentine radicalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201085_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201085-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palacio attacked the politicians of his time as motivated by "a systematic denigration of what is ours, of the national, for the benefit of what is foreign". The author, considering Argentine society to be deeply <a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">deviant</a>, subsequently attempted a meticulous study of history in order to find the country's "origin and destiny" which would lead to the formulation of his restorationist program.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palacio blamed the national <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadence</a> on the liberal notion of <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>, which had supposedly abolished the "religious strength and chivalric idealism" present in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_society" title="Traditional society">traditional societies</a>, and attacked the <a href="/wiki/May_Revolution" title="May Revolution">independentist revolution</a> as having dissolved traditional social coexistence in order to install an egalitarian and secular state in which capitalism, characterized as "the <a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">Golden Calf</a>", could thrive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlando202281_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlando202281-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Identically to French <i>maurrassistes</i>, <i>La Nueva República</i> blamed the implementation of democracy and capitalism on an alliance between protestans, freemasons and Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202042_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202042-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of foreigners to this triad composes the maurrassian doctrine of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-France (page does not exist)">Anti-France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-France" class="extiw" title="fr:Anti-France">fr</a>]</span>. </p><p> Palacio considered decadence to be fostered by the destruction of the old aristocracy and its replacement by the bourgeoisie, naturally unfit for authority and command due to its obsession with wealth. Individualism and economic liberalism, incarnated in the values of Romanticism and of the French Revolution, were portrayed as central factors of the moral crisis and as harmful to hierarchy, the natural order and the Catholic Church. After decades of "cultural barbarism" caused by the abandonment of the Latin and Christian civilization and the promotion of a vulgar and disordered worldview, the "spiritual counter-revolution" was to be carried out by an aristocratic nationalist elite with enough <a href="/wiki/Political_will" title="Political will">political will</a> to search for the common good. Palacio's model state would be based on a "natural political order, preexistent to any <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">political contract</a>" and composed of a <a href="/wiki/Personalismo" title="Personalismo"><i>personalista</i></a> leader and an aristocratic ruling class which would govern the country authoritatively while upkeeping "republican virtues and morals".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlando202284–85_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlando202284–85-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The specific function of the ruling class is to govern, that of the people is to comply. This implies a certain moral identification of the people with the ruling class...when the ruling class ceases to represent the community because it closes itself to its desires, because it does not renew itself at the pace of social progress, of natural changes in ideas and customs, because it rejects new values, and endangers the common destiny, the community stops recognizing itself in it and in its principles, that no longer mean anything, and seeks to express itself through other means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlando202285–86_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlando202285–86-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julio_Irazusta,_%22Rosas_Vida_Pol%C3%ADtica%22,_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Julio_Irazusta%2C_%22Rosas_Vida_Pol%C3%ADtica%22%2C_1953.jpg/220px-Julio_Irazusta%2C_%22Rosas_Vida_Pol%C3%ADtica%22%2C_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Julio_Irazusta%2C_%22Rosas_Vida_Pol%C3%ADtica%22%2C_1953.jpg/330px-Julio_Irazusta%2C_%22Rosas_Vida_Pol%C3%ADtica%22%2C_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Julio_Irazusta%2C_%22Rosas_Vida_Pol%C3%ADtica%22%2C_1953.jpg/440px-Julio_Irazusta%2C_%22Rosas_Vida_Pol%C3%ADtica%22%2C_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of dictator <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a>, archetype of the Argentine <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillo</a></i>, on the cover of <i>Political life of Juan Manuel de Rosas</i> by Julio Irazusta (1953)</figcaption></figure> <p>Palacio considered that an actually "democratic" leadership could not be achieved but through a <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillo</a></i> who, as an authentic "representative of the people", would "inspire confidence, respect and love". Political order would not be based on legalistic principles, but would emerge naturally out of a naturally ordered society. The ruling class was to be an educated political class, not an economic one, and would represent the community through its identification with traditional values, culture and customs, and by "responding to the predominant moral and intellectual influxes in the community". Palacio did not view Argentine nationalism as a modern ideology but as a restoration of the classical canons of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Hispanic political tradition</a> that had been betrayed in favor of "anglo-saxon liberalism". The revitalization of a system based on the common good, on "order, authority and hierarchy" and on elitism would restore traditional principles that liberal democracy had abandoned in order to establish industrial capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlando202286_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlando202286-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palacio praised <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a>'s analysis of the French Revolution and supported an integralist conception of lawmaking, stating that "men cannot dictate their own laws because their autonomous conscience threatens the Christian order". Calling democracy the "material ruin and spiritual death" of the country, Palacio asked all Catholics to "search the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Kingship_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Kingship of Christ">temporal kingship of Christ</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlando202287_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlando202287-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would deny his maurrasian beliefs during its period of condemnation by the Catholic Church, stating that "as Catholics, we could not adhere and did not adhere to a figure whose doctrine was condemned by the infallible head of the Church",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009293_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009293-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and return to the movement once the ban was lifted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Fronda">La Fronda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: La Fronda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Fronda_15_de_enero_de_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/La_Fronda_15_de_enero_de_1922.jpg/220px-La_Fronda_15_de_enero_de_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/La_Fronda_15_de_enero_de_1922.jpg/330px-La_Fronda_15_de_enero_de_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/La_Fronda_15_de_enero_de_1922.jpg/440px-La_Fronda_15_de_enero_de_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3597" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>15 January 1922 edition of <i>La Fronda</i>, before the far-right takeover of the newspaper.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>La Fronda</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Frond</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) was a conservative newspaper led by Francisco Uriburu, an anti-<a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Yrigoyenist</a> politician who had supported the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Personalist_Radical_Civic_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Personalist Radical Civic Union (page does not exist)">Anti-Personalist Radical Civic Union</a> and strived to create a "republican system" free "of the distortions" introduced by Yrigoyen.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the defeat of anti-personalism in the <a href="/wiki/1928_Argentine_general_election" title="1928 Argentine general election">1928 Argentine general election</a> and the comeback to power of Hipólito Yrigoyen, Uriburu decided to adopt a considerably more belligerent and combative style, and decided to grant space in his newspaper to other young anti-Yrigoyenist journalists. These new collaborators were recruited from maurrasian <i>La Nueva República</i> and Catholic integralist <i>Criterio</i>, some of which had already came into contact with the publication after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justo_Pallar%C3%A9s_Acebal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justo Pallarés Acebal (page does not exist)">Justo Pallarés Acebal</a> became its editor-in-chief in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005119–120_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005119–120-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neo-republicans Rodolfo Irazusta, Ernesto Palacio, Juan Carulla and Lisardo Zía were part of the former group, while other <i>maurrassistes</i> such as <a href="/wiki/Roberto_de_Laferr%C3%A8re" title="Roberto de Laferrère">Roberto de Laferrère</a> had already been collaborating with Uriburu for a long time. Despite Uriburu's political views differed greatly from those of his new partners, his staunch hatred for Yrigoyenism compelled him to allow the radicalization of his newspaper. After 1929, due to his prolonged absence during his long trips to Europe, the young <i>maurrassistes</i> took over <i>La Fronda</i>'s editorial direction and turned it into an explicitly anti-democratic and maurrasian publication, which would have a great influence in the country's future events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005121_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005121-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1930_coup_d'état"><span id="1930_coup_d.27.C3.A9tat"></span>1930 coup d'état</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1930 coup d'état"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gral.uriburu_delatorre_lugones_newells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gral.uriburu_delatorre_lugones_newells.jpg/220px-Gral.uriburu_delatorre_lugones_newells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gral.uriburu_delatorre_lugones_newells.jpg/330px-Gral.uriburu_delatorre_lugones_newells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gral.uriburu_delatorre_lugones_newells.jpg/440px-Gral.uriburu_delatorre_lugones_newells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Dictator <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Uriburu" title="José Félix Uriburu">José Félix Uriburu</a> watching a <a href="/wiki/Newell%27s_Old_Boys" title="Newell's Old Boys">Newell's Old Boys</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Santa_Fe" title="Unión de Santa Fe">Unión de Santa Fe</a> football match. <i>Maurrassiste</i> writer <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Leopoldo Lugones</a> can be seen on the right side of the picture.</figcaption></figure><p>In September 1929, the neo-republicans in charge of <i>La Fronda</i> founded the <a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Liga Republicana</i>), a violent organisation resembling the <a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo201798_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo201798-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the objective of carrying out anti-Yrigoyenist activism in the streets. Almost all collaborators of <i>La Fronda</i> were enlisted in the movement. Financed personally by Uriburu (despite not adhering to <i>maurrasisme</i>), the League was committed to fight "with their own methods" against the Radical Klan (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Klan Radical</i>), a violent urban militant group at the service of the Radical Civic Union. Despite Uriburu believed the League should have worked as a complementary force to partisan and parliamentary opposition, leaguists adopted an explicitly anti-democratic rhetoric and sought violent militant activities as a way of overcoming "obsolete" parliamentary politics. These extremist points of view would undermine the League's recruitment capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005121_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005121-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement explicitly claimed to follow the model of the 1905 <a href="/wiki/Ligue_d%27Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligue d'Action Française">Ligue d'Action Française</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009293_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009293-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Carl%C3%A9s_(1875-1946).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manuel_Carl%C3%A9s_%281875-1946%29.jpg/220px-Manuel_Carl%C3%A9s_%281875-1946%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manuel_Carl%C3%A9s_%281875-1946%29.jpg/330px-Manuel_Carl%C3%A9s_%281875-1946%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manuel_Carl%C3%A9s_%281875-1946%29.jpg/440px-Manuel_Carl%C3%A9s_%281875-1946%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Carl%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Carlés (page does not exist)">Manuel Carlés</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a>, whose candidacy Rodolfo Irazusta supported (1920s decade)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1930_Argentine_legislative_election" title="1930 Argentine legislative election">1930 Argentine legislative election</a>, most leaguists decided to support the main anti-Yrigoyenist candidates in their particular districts without attempting a common front. The failure of Rodolfo Irazusta's project to form a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Independent_Socialist_Party_(Argentina)" title="Independent Socialist Party (Argentina)">independent socialists</a> under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Carl%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Carlés (page does not exist)">Manuel Carlés</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Leopoldo Lugones</a> led to his eventual resignment from the Republican League.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005121_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005121-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the elections showed a certain decline of yrigoyenism, it was not enough to cause the expected changes in the country's political scenario, what caused Argentine nationalists to search for a different way of removing radicalism from power. Still in Europe, Uriburu started to look into the three political conspirations different sectors were developing in order to oust the president. His cousin José Félix Uriburu, an army general, wanted to overthrow Yrigoyen to a revolutionary nationalist coup d'état and take power by force. Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Mart%C3%ADnez_(politician)" title="Enrique Martínez (politician)">Enrique Martínez</a> entertained the possibility of causing Yrigoyen's resignment and taking power by constitutional succession, while general <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Pedro_Justo" title="Agustín Pedro Justo">Agustín Pedro Justo</a> devised a plan to take power with the support of anti-Yrigoyenist political parties. Francisco was closer to the latter initiative, but the neo-republicans of <i>La Fronda</i> supported José Félix, who finally became dictator on September 6, after the <a href="/wiki/1930_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1930 Argentine coup d'état">1930 Argentine coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005122_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005122-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> José Félix Uriburu was a subscriber of <i>La Nueva República.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202041_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202041-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg/220px-Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg/330px-Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg/440px-Juan_Per%C3%B3n_con_jos%C3%A9_Uriburu_-_Golpe_de_estado_de_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>José Félix Uriburu (September 1930), driving to take power, surrounded by his supporters. Future nationalist president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> can be seen on the left side of the picture.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>La Fronda</i> played a crucial role in the coup, both through actively calling civilians to revolt and through the violent actions of the Republican League and of the May Legion (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Legión de Mayo</i>), another civilian militia in which neo-republicans like Carulla, de Laferrère, Eduardo Muñiz or Héctor Bustamante took part. Unlike the Republican League, the Legion's connection to <i>La Fronda</i> was not so clear. An initiative suggested by Uriburu himself and formally founded by conservative deputy Alberto Viñas, the Legion had started its activities in 1930 in the context of the general's conspiracy, to whom it was subordinated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005122_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005122-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><i>La Fronda</i> celebrated the coup and praised the League for its collaboration. Once Yrigoyen was finally ousted, the newspaper became a zealous defender of the ephemeral dictatorship and abandoned definitively any liberal-conservative remainder in its ideology. Openly approving and vindicating Uriburu's suppression of constitutional rights, neo-republicans supported the dictator's desire to abolish <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a_Law" title="Sáenz Peña Law">universal suffrage in Argentina</a>. <i>La Fronda</i> had not promoted <a href="/wiki/Corporate_statism" title="Corporate statism">corporate statism</a> up to the coup, so the news of its implementation by the recently established regime were received cautiously. The newspaper had already proposed a reformation of voting rights through the implementation of restricted suffrage by "education and morals" and the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballots</a>. However, after the defeat of nationalism in Buenos Aires in the 1931 regional elections, <i>La Fronda</i> became a vocal supporter of corporatism and asked the government to ignore all electoral results until the new system was implemented. After the first results of the elections were published, the newspaper called to<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005122–123_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005122–123-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>[...] form a league of armed patriots, a holy brotherhood of decent people, willing to contain by whatever means appropriate the overwhelming advance of the horde of outlaws [...] yes to <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">batons</a>, no to votes!<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005123_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005123-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Few days later, the government created the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civic_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Civic Legion">Argentine Civic Legion</a> as a violent militant organization at the service of the government. The Legion attempted to absorb other nationalist associations, what caused a division in the Republican League: while Carulla accepted to be fused with the governmental group, de Laferrère wanted to remain independent. <i>La Fronda</i>, institutionally, supported the creation of two new militant organizations aimed at supporting the Uriburu administration and impeding the dictatorship to "deviate from its original course".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005123_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005123-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of them was <i>Reacción Nacional</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">National Reaction</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), to which Ernesto Palacio, Justo Pallarés Acebal, Lisardo Zía and other relevant figures quickly adhered. The second was <i>Acción Republicana</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Republican Action</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), based upon a manifesto written by Leopoldo Lugones and signed by the Irazusta brothers, César Pico, Mario Lassaga and all the above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005123–124_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005123–124-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of the nationalists' efforts, the dictator disregarded their proposals and called to a new election. After Francisco Uriburu returned from Europe, he reorganized <i>La Fronda</i> in order to support the liberal-conservative candidacy of Agustín Justo and <a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Pascual_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Pascual Roca">Julio Argentino P. Roca</a>. Francisco Uriburu did not think the revolution had failed, and actively collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decade" title="Infamous Decade">Infamous Decade</a> regime, even becoming a deputy by the conservatives. His nationalist collaborators, on the other hand, considered José Félix Uriburu had failed in destroying liberal democratic institutions, and withdrew their support for the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005124_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005124-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inter-peronist_years">Inter-peronist years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inter-peronist years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora,_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora%2C_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg/220px-Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora%2C_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora%2C_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg/330px-Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora%2C_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora%2C_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg/440px-Portada_de_la_revista_Ahora%2C_tras_el_golpe_de_Estado_de_1955_de_Argentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lonardi" title="Eduardo Lonardi">Eduardo Lonardi</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">1955 Argentine coup d'état</a>. The cover of the magazine reads "The whole people acclaimed Lonardi/We are entering the age of freedom".</figcaption></figure><p>After the ousting of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Liberating Revolution</a>, <i>maurrassisme</i> found its place among the nationalist sectors of the coup that had supported <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lonardi" title="Eduardo Lonardi">Eduardo Lonardi</a>, the general who would subsequently assume power for a few months up November 1955, when he was supplanted by the liberal-conservative <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Eugenio_Aramburu" title="Pedro Eugenio Aramburu">Pedro Eugenio Aramburu</a>. One of the main nationalist media that incorporated maurrasian style and terminology was <i>Azul y Blanco</i>, directed by Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo, that repeatedly denied its <i>maurrassiste</i> character due to the great discredit suffered by the movement, and preferred to identify with the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a>. <i>Azul y Blanco</i> reinstated the <i>pays réel</i>-<i>pays légal</i> dichotomy on religious grounds, and counted with the contributions of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Az%C3%A9ma" title="Jean-Henri Azéma">Jean-Henri Azéma</a>, an old member of <i>Action Française</i> exiled in Buenos Aires due to his nazi collaborationism. The influence of Maurras was evident in the newspaper's ideological claims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017101_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017101-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Azul y Blanco</i> was closed by the government during its popularity peak due to its aggressive criticism of president <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a>, whom it labeled as communist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017102_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017102-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most intransigent faction of <i>Azul y Blanco</i> restarted the publication in 1966, year in which general <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a> would launch the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a> and depose president <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia">Umberto Illia</a>. The journalists were initially welcoming of the coup and defended it enthusiastically, despite their gradual disillusionment was made evident by 1967, when criticism of the government became the main topic of the medium. A faction led by Sánchez Sorondo, of which <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Abal_Medina" title="Juan Manuel Abal Medina">Juan Manuel Abal Medina</a> and the son of Ernesto Palacio were members, created the <i>Movimiento de la Revolución Nacional</i> in order to negotiate their agenda with prominent politicians, while the most radical members of the staff abandoned <i>Azul y Blanco</i> and founded the <i>Junta Coordinadora Nacionalista</i>, which adopted a traditionalist ideology. After Perón returned to Argentina relations between both groups grew particularly hostile, specially after the moderates decided to join the <a href="/wiki/FREJULI" class="mw-redirect" title="FREJULI">FREJULI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017102_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017102-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julioirazusta1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Julioirazusta1.jpg/220px-Julioirazusta1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Julioirazusta1.jpg/330px-Julioirazusta1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Julioirazusta1.jpg/440px-Julioirazusta1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Julio Irazusta as an old man (June 1976)</figcaption></figure> <p>In spite of their political differences, most influential Argentine maurrasian figures gathered together in the 1972 "Argentine Commission of Tribute to Charles Maurras on the XXth anniversary of his death" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Comisión Argentina de Homenaje a Charles Maurras en el XX aniversario de su muerte</i>). Led by Julio Irazusta and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Falcionelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto Falcionelli (page does not exist)">Alberto Falcionelli</a>, the commission was composed of extremely heterogeneous figures and counted with the membership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Zuleta_%C3%81lvarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Zuleta Álvarez (page does not exist)">Enrique Zuleta Álvarez</a>, Ernesto Palacio and his son Juan Manuel, Jean-Henri Azéma, Julio Meinvielle, Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ezcurra_Medrano" title="Alberto Ezcurra Medrano">Alberto Ezcurra Medrano</a> and other renowned thinkers<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from all three schools of Argentine <i>maurrassisme</i>, but most particularly from the traditionalist one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commemoration featured a series of conferences by renowned maurrasian authors between November 13 and 17, and a Catholic mass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo201796_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo201796-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_late_maurrasian_thinkers">Other late maurrasian thinkers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other late maurrasian thinkers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alberto_Falcionelli">Alberto Falcionelli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alberto Falcionelli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alberto Falcionelli (1910–1995) was a French <a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">legitimist</a> monarchist and <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">traditionalist Catholic</a> who, after receiving most of his political formation in interwar Europe, travelled to Argentina once World War II had ended and served as professor at the University of Cuyo from 1947 to early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201687_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201687-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An influential figure of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_integralism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic integralism in Argentina (page does not exist)">Catholic integralism in Argentina</a>, Falcionelli taught Contemporary History and French Literature, and had the Soviet Union as his main academic interest. Unlike other anti-communist thinkers, who criticized marxism by defending capitalism, Falcionelli's criticism of communism was centered in his rejection of rationalism and of the Age of Enlightenment values.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201689_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201689-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Son to one of Maurras' secretaries and founding members of <i>Action Française</i>, Falcionelli would join both the political movement and the <i>Camelots du Roi</i> as a young man. Alberto considered Maurras to be the modern equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, and held a close relationship with the Eastern Orthodox community of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Paris" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Paris">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a>, mostly composed of exiles from the White Army, in which he started to develop his interest about Russia. Alberto considered Maurras his <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtre_%C3%A0_penser" title="Maître à penser">maître à penser</a> from the age of 17 and never repudiated his ideas, to the point that during the papal ban on <i>Action Française</i>, both him and his father attended church services with the orthodox community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201690_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201690-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falcionelli had at first fled to Spain, fearing reprisals against those who had sympathized with the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy Regime</a>, and finally reached Argentina during Juan Perón's administration, which, due to his third positionist views, had become a popular destination for World War II French collaborationists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201694_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201694-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Described as a member of the "reactionary French far-right", Falcionelli held <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">tsarist</a> positions and desired a restoration of the Romanov dynasty to power in Russia. Despite stating Perón had committed "a truly impressive cumulus of errors", he praised the president for "knowing how to keep the proletariat out of communist snares", acknowledging the relevance acquired by marxism in the Argentine intelligentsia after the 1955 coup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201699_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201699-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enrique_Zuleta_Álvarez"><span id="Enrique_Zuleta_.C3.81lvarez"></span>Enrique Zuleta Álvarez</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Enrique Zuleta Álvarez"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrique_Zuleta_%C3%81lvarez.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Enrique_Zuleta_%C3%81lvarez.png/220px-Enrique_Zuleta_%C3%81lvarez.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Enrique_Zuleta_%C3%81lvarez.png/330px-Enrique_Zuleta_%C3%81lvarez.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Enrique_Zuleta_%C3%81lvarez.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Zuleta_%C3%81lvarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Zuleta Álvarez (page does not exist)">Enrique Zuleta Álvarez</a> (1965)</figcaption></figure><p>Described as "the last of the maurrasians", <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Zuleta_%C3%81lvarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Zuleta Álvarez (page does not exist)">Enrique Zuleta Álvarez</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Zuleta_%C3%81lvarez" class="extiw" title="es:Enrique Zuleta Álvarez">es</a>]</span> was born in 1923 and died in 2015. A follower of Maurras, he also came into contact with <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">carlist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascist</a> figures during his frequent trips around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019237_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019237-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His father, Enrique Manuel, was an yrigoyenist radical politician. Zuleta became a <i>maurrassiste</i> while still a highschool student through the works of brothers Irazusta. Younger than both, he would get acquainted with them and visit their home along with one of his classmates, where they would receive their first lessons of political philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019240_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019240-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> problems, he moved from Buenos Aires to Mendoza around 1943, where he became a student and then a professor at the National University of Cuyo. During his study years, he became an active promoter of <i>maurrassisme</i> among his classmates, achieving the conversion to the movement of many of them. Among those was the future Catholic philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rub%C3%A9n_Calder%C3%B3n_Bouchet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubén Calderón Bouchet (page does not exist)">Rubén Calderón Bouchet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Calder%C3%B3n_Bouchet" class="extiw" title="es:Rubén Calderón Bouchet">es</a>]</span>, with whom he started a close friendship which was later broken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019241_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019241-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zuleta's maurrasian beliefs were supported by the arrival at the university of Falcionelli and De Mahieu, recently exiled from post-war France, both of whom helped greatly to popularize <i>maurrassisme</i> in the country. The former would be particularly influential over Zuleta's historiographical thought, while the latter's relevance at Mendoza was mild, particularly considering his conflictive relations with Falcionelli and his latter academic fall in disgrace after the 1955 anti-peronist revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019241_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019241-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his father joined the peronist movement, Zuleta's anti-peronism became a motive of conflict in his family. Despite Manuel tried to convince his son to support the new government, Enrique was firm in his irazustian views and rejected the regime. He could not take part in the 1955 revolution, nevertheless, due to a long trip to <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> he had started the previous year. During his stay in Europe, he came into contact both with francoism and with its growing ideological opponents. After returning to Argentina, he supported the maurrasian <i>Unión Republicana</i> political association created by brothers Irazusta, a decision he would later regret.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019242_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019242-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rejecting any partisan political activity on the ground of his maurrasian beliefs, Zuleta collaborated as an independent politician with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Argentina)">Ministry of Education</a> during the government of Arturo Frondizi. Despite considering his decision to be essentially pragmatic, the great hostility towards Frondizi by far-right Argentine nationalists led to clashes with other intellectual figures. He developed a friendly relationship with author <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> during such years, and met fellow <i>maurrassistes</i> Manuel Vega (Chilean) and Luis Alberto Cabrales (Nicaraguan) during his travels around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019243_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019243-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zuleta became closer to the French far-right while writing his 1965 book "Introduction to Maurras", in which he continued exploring the texts and philosophers of the royalist tradition with the help of the Irazusta brothers. The Argentine thinker would become acquainted with the <a href="/wiki/Cahiers_Charles_Maurras" title="Cahiers Charles Maurras"><i>Cahiers Charles Maurras</i></a> and with fellow <i>maurrassiste</i> and university dean <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Natter" title="François Natter">François Natter</a>. His enquiries drove him close to the restored <i>Action Française</i>, mostly through its publishing houses. Zuleta had already took part in a far-right congress in Europe, in which he had engaged in conflicts with carlist representatives and met relevant French figures such as <a href="/wiki/Roland_Gaucher" title="Roland Gaucher">Roland Gaucher</a>. After finishing his travels around Europe, Zuleta became <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> of the University of Cuyo in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019244–245_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019244–245-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19450127_Le_commissaire_du_gouvernement_requiert_la_peine_de_mort_pour_Charles_Maurras_dans_Lib%C3%A9ration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/19450127_Le_commissaire_du_gouvernement_requiert_la_peine_de_mort_pour_Charles_Maurras_dans_Lib%C3%A9ration.jpg/220px-19450127_Le_commissaire_du_gouvernement_requiert_la_peine_de_mort_pour_Charles_Maurras_dans_Lib%C3%A9ration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/19450127_Le_commissaire_du_gouvernement_requiert_la_peine_de_mort_pour_Charles_Maurras_dans_Lib%C3%A9ration.jpg/330px-19450127_Le_commissaire_du_gouvernement_requiert_la_peine_de_mort_pour_Charles_Maurras_dans_Lib%C3%A9ration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/19450127_Le_commissaire_du_gouvernement_requiert_la_peine_de_mort_pour_Charles_Maurras_dans_Lib%C3%A9ration.jpg/440px-19450127_Le_commissaire_du_gouvernement_requiert_la_peine_de_mort_pour_Charles_Maurras_dans_Lib%C3%A9ration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>1945 newspaper showing Maurras during his trial and reporting the death penalty petition by his accusers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zuleta praised Maurras continuously, describing him as his intellectual "father", as the "most important political thinker arousen in France in the last two centuries, and one of the greatest figures of western literature and thought of all ages". The Argentine author applauded him as playing an "almost prophetic" role, idealizing his views and being particularly emphatic on the "<i>notre force est d'avoir raison</i>" ("our strength is to be right") maurrasian principle. As other Argentine <i>maurrassistes</i>, Zuleta considered an authoritarian republican regime to be the most fit to the country's context through the organizational empiricist method, and described himself as a "republican nationalist" in order to distinguish his ideas from rather intransigent figures such as Julio Meinvielle. Zuleta also attempted to give his ideas a Hispanic framework as an answer to a common criticism faced by the Irazusta brothers which portrayed them as <i><a href="/wiki/Afrancesado" title="Afrancesado">afrancesado</a></i> and hypocritical nationalists. The defense of hispanidad and of the Roman Catholic religion as a unifying factor of Argentine society became a central aspect of his body of thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019246–248_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019246–248-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On a 2010 interview, soon before his death, Zuleta praised the French thinker by stating that<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>...I used to read <i>Aspects de la France</i>, I used to read Maurras; I was informed about the world by Maurras until the day he died. The day he died, for me it was as if a father, a grandfather, had died; I was devastated that day because he was my great intellectual guide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Regarding Maurras' relationship with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">house of Orléans</a>, in line with his republican sympathies, Zuleta would then say:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>...such was Maurras' tragedy because Maurras, in the end, concluded that he was working to return the Pretender to the throne and we know very well that the Pretender was a poor man, almost non-existent. So, all this enormous fuss [<i>had been undertaken</i>] for this wretched man to come to rule the Capetian throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Mexico" title="Monarchism in Mexico">Monarchism in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Monarchism in Uruguay">Monarchism in Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Nazism in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Pan-Latinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The National University of Cuyo, founded in the late 1930s, became an ideological center of Catholic nationalism and traditionalist <i>maurrassisme</i> after the <a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Argentine coup d'état">1943 Argentine coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017106_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017106-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maeztu was the author of <i>Defensa de la Hispanidad</i>, considered one of the founding texts of <a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">panhispanism</a>. He greatly helped to popularize the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a></i> and asserted a considerable influence over the Latin-American far right.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The careful analysis of history in order to determine the most convenient political actions and elaborate an ideology that fits a nation's identity is a pillar of maurrasian positivist thought. This process was also mentioned previously regarding Irazusta's views.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Uriburu" title="Francisco Uriburu">Francisco Uriburu</a>, who had died in 1906.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despite its name and rhetoric, the Independent Socialist Party was rather liberal-conservative ideologically.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cersósimo lists Julio Irazusta, Alberto Falcionelli, Federico and Vicente Massot, Julio Meinvielle, Hervé Le Lay, Mario Pinto, Raúl Sánchez Abelenda, Juan Carlos Goyeneche, Jean Azéma, Mario Amadeo, Carlos F. Ibarguren, Federico Ibarguren, Enrique Zuleta Puceiro, Enrique Zuleta Álvarez, Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo, Ernesto Palacio, Juan Manuel Palacio, Fermín Chávez, Nimio de Anquín, Carlos M. Dardan, Fernando de Estrada, Ignacio Anzoátegui, Roque Raúl Aragón, Luis Alberto Barnada, Francisco Bosch, Héctor Bernardo, Rubén Calderón Bouchet, Alberto Ezcurra Medrano, Rodolfo Follari, César Augusto Falciola, Maurice Lariviere, Bonifacio Lastra, Andre Laxague, Bernardino Montejano, Roberto Murga, Héctor Obligado, Ignacio Pirovano, Albert Paillard, Juan Manuel Medrano, Jean du Mazeau, Augusto Padilla, Antonio Rego, Alejandro Sáez Germain, Belisario Tello, Juan Carlos Villagra, Guillermo Zorraquín, Raúl Torres de Tolosa, Francisco Bellouard Ezcurra, Clodomiro Ledesma and Juan Antonio Urrestarazu Pizarro as all the known members, acknowledging the non-exhaustive nature of the study.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of French names and surnames is notable.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201083-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201083_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDíaz_Nieva2010">Díaz Nieva 2010</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201098-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201098_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201098_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDíaz_Nieva2010">Díaz Nieva 2010</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaguado_Duca2006243-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaguado_Duca2006243_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaguado_Duca2006">Laguado Duca 2006</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005128-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005128_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTato2005">Tato 2005</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017103_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCersósimo2017">Cersósimo 2017</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017104-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017104_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCersósimo2017">Cersósimo 2017</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017105-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017105_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCersósimo2017">Cersósimo 2017</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017106-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017106_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCersósimo2017">Cersósimo 2017</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017105–106-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017105–106_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCersósimo2017">Cersósimo 2017</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017107-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017107_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCersósimo2017">Cersósimo 2017</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009283-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009283_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompagnon2009">Compagnon 2009</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009286-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009286_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompagnon2009">Compagnon 2009</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009287-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009287_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompagnon2009">Compagnon 2009</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201084-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201084_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDíaz_Nieva2010">Díaz Nieva 2010</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo201798-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo201798_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo201798_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCersósimo2017">Cersósimo 2017</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrinchpun2014118-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrinchpun2014118_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrinchpun2014">Grinchpun 2014</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrinchpun2014131–132-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrinchpun2014131–132_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrinchpun2014">Grinchpun 2014</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrinchpun2014133-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrinchpun2014133_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrinchpun2014">Grinchpun 2014</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201084–85-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201084–85_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDíaz_Nieva2010">Díaz Nieva 2010</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202043-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202043_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBottiLvovich2020">Botti & Lvovich 2020</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes_Codera202364–65-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes_Codera202364–65_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuentes_Codera2023">Fuentes Codera 2023</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESverdloff201952–53-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESverdloff201952–53_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSverdloff2019">Sverdloff 2019</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017108-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017108_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCersósimo2017">Cersósimo 2017</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201085-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201085_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Nieva201085_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDíaz_Nieva2010">Díaz Nieva 2010</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202038-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202038_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBottiLvovich2020">Botti & Lvovich 2020</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202039-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202039_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBottiLvovich2020">Botti & Lvovich 2020</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202046-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202046_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202046_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBottiLvovich2020">Botti & Lvovich 2020</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202048–49-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202048–49_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBottiLvovich2020">Botti & Lvovich 2020</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202050-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202050_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBottiLvovich2020">Botti & Lvovich 2020</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo201799-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo201799_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCersósimo2017">Cersósimo 2017</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009292-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009292_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompagnon2009">Compagnon 2009</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlando202281-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlando202281_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrlando2022">Orlando 2022</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202042-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202042_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBottiLvovich2020">Botti & Lvovich 2020</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlando202284–85-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlando202284–85_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrlando2022">Orlando 2022</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlando202285–86-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlando202285–86_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrlando2022">Orlando 2022</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlando202286-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlando202286_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrlando2022">Orlando 2022</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlando202287-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlando202287_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrlando2022">Orlando 2022</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009293-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009293_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompagnon2009293_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompagnon2009">Compagnon 2009</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005119–120-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005119–120_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTato2005">Tato 2005</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005121-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005121_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005121_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005121_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTato2005">Tato 2005</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005122-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005122_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005122_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTato2005">Tato 2005</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202041-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottiLvovich202041_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBottiLvovich2020">Botti & Lvovich 2020</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005122–123-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005122–123_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTato2005">Tato 2005</a>, pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005123-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005123_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005123_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTato2005">Tato 2005</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005123–124-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005123–124_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTato2005">Tato 2005</a>, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETato2005124-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETato2005124_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTato2005">Tato 2005</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017101-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017101_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCersósimo2017">Cersósimo 2017</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017102-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017102_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo2017102_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCersósimo2017">Cersósimo 2017</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECersósimo201796-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECersósimo201796_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCersósimo2017">Cersósimo 2017</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201687-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201687_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesanaFantino2016">Cesana & Fantino 2016</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201689-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201689_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesanaFantino2016">Cesana & Fantino 2016</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201690-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201690_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesanaFantino2016">Cesana & Fantino 2016</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201694-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201694_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesanaFantino2016">Cesana & Fantino 2016</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201699-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesanaFantino201699_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesanaFantino2016">Cesana & Fantino 2016</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019237-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019237_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCucchetti2019">Cucchetti 2019</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019240-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019240_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCucchetti2019">Cucchetti 2019</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019241-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019241_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019241_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCucchetti2019">Cucchetti 2019</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019242-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019242_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCucchetti2019">Cucchetti 2019</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019243-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019243_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCucchetti2019">Cucchetti 2019</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019244–245-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019244–245_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCucchetti2019">Cucchetti 2019</a>, pp. 244–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019246–248-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019246–248_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCucchetti2019">Cucchetti 2019</a>, pp. 246–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECucchetti2019248_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCucchetti2019">Cucchetti 2019</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBottiLvovich2020" class="citation book cs1">Botti, Alfonso; Lvovich, Daniel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.unimore.it/bitstream/11380/1238677/1/%282020%29%20Botti_Lvovich%20pre-print_GB.pdf">"Ramiro de Maeztu between Spanish and 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observatorio+Latinoamericano+y+Caribe%C3%B1o&rft.atitle=Aristocracia+espiritual%2C+elitismo+republicano+y+nacionalismo%3A+Ernesto+Palacio+en+La+Nueva+Rep%C3%BAblica%2C+N%C3%BAmero+y+Nuevo+Orden&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=1853-2713&rft.aulast=Orlando&rft.aufirst=Diego+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicaciones.sociales.uba.ar%2Findex.php%2Fobservatoriolatinoamericano%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurrassisme+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSverdloff2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sverdloff, Mariano (2019-11-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fh.mdp.edu.ar/revistas/index.php/etl/article/view/3779">"Antimodernos periféricos: traducción, importación y tradición clásica en La Nueva República"</a>. <i>Estudios de Teoría Literaria - Revista digital: Artes, letras y humanidades</i> (in Spanish). <b>8</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2313-9676">2313-9676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+de+Teor%C3%ADa+Literaria+-+Revista+digital%3A+Artes%2C+letras+y+humanidades&rft.atitle=Antimodernos+perif%C3%A9ricos%3A+traducci%C3%B3n%2C+importaci%C3%B3n+y+tradici%C3%B3n+cl%C3%A1sica+en+La+Nueva+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft.issn=2313-9676&rft.aulast=Sverdloff&rft.aufirst=Mariano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffh.mdp.edu.ar%2Frevistas%2Findex.php%2Fetl%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurrassisme+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTato2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tato, María Inés (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.claeh.edu.uy/publicaciones/index.php/cclaeh/article/view/99">"¿Alianzas estratégicas o confluencias ideológicas?: conservadores y nacionalistas en la Argentina de los años treinta"</a>. <i>Cuadernos del Claeh</i> (in Spanish). <b>28</b> (91): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2393-5979">2393-5979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+del+Claeh&rft.atitle=%C2%BFAlianzas+estrat%C3%A9gicas+o+confluencias+ideol%C3%B3gicas%3F%3A+conservadores+y+nacionalistas+en+la+Argentina+de+los+a%C3%B1os+treinta&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=91&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=2393-5979&rft.aulast=Tato&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+In%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.claeh.edu.uy%2Fpublicaciones%2Findex.php%2Fcclaeh%2Farticle%2Fview%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurrassisme+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassisme_in_Argentina&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #e30202; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Integralism" title="Category:Integralism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vendéen Sacred Heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/50px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/75px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/100px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #e30202;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">Fueros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Medieval Church-State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Estamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Medieval Communalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_swords" title="Doctrine of the two swords">Doctrine of the two swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperativism">Cooperativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guildism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">By the Grace of God</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deposing_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposing power">Deposing power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Ecclesiastical court</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Error_has_no_rights" title="Error has no rights">Error has no rights</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Gelasian Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Education" title="Integral Education">Integral Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_state" title="Integral state">Integral state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Accidentalism_and_catastrophism" title="Accidentalism and catastrophism">Accidentalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Political traditionalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica_Christiana" title="Res publica Christiana">Res publica Christiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_Moon_allegory" title="Sun and Moon allegory">Sun and Moon allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Social Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #e30202;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-integralism">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#Catholic_integralism" title="Integralism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Spanish</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #e30202;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Billot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Castellani" title="Leonardo Castellani">Castellani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Cuesta_y_S%C3%A1inz" title="Antonio de la Cuesta y Sáinz">Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Delassus" title="Henri Delassus">Delassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Donoso Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Eyzaguirre" title="Jaime Eyzaguirre">Eyzaguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ezcurra_Medrano" title="Alberto Ezcurra Medrano">Ezcurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Feser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Fita" title="Fidel Fita">Fita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Fontcuberta" title="Benito Fontcuberta">Fontcuberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mateos_Gago" title="Francisco Mateos Gago">Gago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Gaume" title="Jean-Joseph Gaume">Gaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n_Bruno_Genta" title="Jordán Bruno Genta">Genta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Davila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Amez%C3%BAa_y_Mayo" title="Agustín González de Amezúa y Mayo">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">Maeztu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Meinvielle" title="Julio Meinvielle">Meinvielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez y Pelayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">Pemán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hip%C3%B3lito_Raposo" title="José Hipólito Raposo">Raposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Reale" title="Miguel Reale">Reale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany" title="Félix Sardà y Salvany">Salvany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Sardinha" title="António Sardinha">Sardinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcial_Solana_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="Marcial Solana González-Camino">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Urquiza" title="José Antonio Urquiza">Urquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Valent%C3%ADn_Valdivieso" title="Rafael Valentín Valdivieso">Valdivieso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Vázquez de Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Veuillot" title="Louis Veuillot">Veuillot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #e30202;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Barroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Clavarana" title="Adolfo Clavarana">Clavarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Est%C3%A9vanez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Francisco Estévanez Rodríguez">Estévanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Velasco" title="Fernando Fernández de Velasco">Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Verde" title="José María García Verde">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomar_de_las_Infantas" title="Mariano Gomar de las Infantas">Gomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac_y_Colina" title="José María Lamamié de Clairac y Colina">Lamamié (José)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac" title="Juan Lamamié de Clairac">Lamamié (Juan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Larra%C3%ADn_Gandarillas" title="Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas">Larraín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_Moreno" title="Gabriel García Moreno">Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nocedal_Romea" title="Ramón Nocedal Romea">Nocedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Olaz%C3%A1bal_Ramery" title="Juan Olazábal Ramery">Olazábal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin_Chambly,_marquis_de_La_Charce" class="mw-redirect" title="François-René de La Tour du Pin Chambly, marquis de La Charce">du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facundo_Quiroga" title="Facundo Quiroga">Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rocamora_y_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Pedro Rocamora y García">Rocamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_Marco" title="José Sánchez Marco">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. Santamaria">Santamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Senante" title="Manuel Senante">Senante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #e30202;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De regno, ad regem Cypri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_is_a_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism is a Sin">El liberalismo es pecado</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Encyclicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Encyclicals">Papal documents</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Famuli vestrae pietatis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirari_Vos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirari Vos">Mirari Vos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quanta_Cura" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanta Cura">Quanta Cura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immortale_Dei" title="Immortale Dei">Immortale Dei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_Gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascendi Dominici Gregis">Pascendi Dominici Gregis</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Siglo_Futuro" title="El Siglo Futuro">El Siglo Futuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mes_id%C3%A9es_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes idées politiques">Mes idées politiques</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">O que é o Integralismo</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #e30202;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Acción Española">Acción Española</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Patrianovist_Imperial_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action">Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Patriotic_Movement" title="Catalan Patriotic Movement">Catalan Patriotic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Catholic and Royal Army</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cristeros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristeros">Cristeros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrist Party">Integrist Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%ADcia_Catalana" title="Milícia Catalana">Milícia Catalana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Pius X">Society of St. Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_TECOS" title="Los TECOS">Los TECOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Yunque_(organization)" title="El Yunque (organization)">El Yunque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanfedisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanfedisti">Sanfedisti</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #e30202;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism 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Novo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacuara">Tacuara</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_constitutionalism" title="Common good constitutionalism">Common good constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Integralism" title="Template:Integralism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Integralism" title="Template talk:Integralism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesoky2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Besoky, Juan Luis (2019). "De Maurras a Perón: A trajetória intelectual de Jaime María de Mahieu e sua influência no nacionalismo argentino". In Bahoslavsky, Ernesto; Motta, Rodrigo Patto Sá; Boisard, Stéphane (eds.). <i>Pensar as direitas na América Latina</i> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Alameda. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7939-602-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7939-602-1"><bdi>978-85-7939-602-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Maurras+a+Per%C3%B3n%3A+A+trajet%C3%B3ria+intelectual+de+Jaime+Mar%C3%ADa+de+Mahieu+e+sua+influ%C3%AAncia+no+nacionalismo+argentino&rft.btitle=Pensar+as+direitas+na+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Alameda&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-85-7939-602-1&rft.aulast=Besoky&rft.aufirst=Juan+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurrassisme+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardinetti2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gardinetti, Juan P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/20725">"El golpe de estado de 1930 y las ideas corporativistas"</a>. <i>Anales de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales</i> (in Spanish). <b>8</b> (41). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-7411">0075-7411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anales+de+la+Facultad+de+Ciencias+Jur%C3%ADdicas+y+Sociales&rft.atitle=El+golpe+de+estado+de+1930+y+las+ideas+corporativistas&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=41&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0075-7411&rft.aulast=Gardinetti&rft.aufirst=Juan+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsedici.unlp.edu.ar%2Fhandle%2F10915%2F20725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurrassisme+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrinchpun2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grinchpun, Boris Matías (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1851-28792018000100002&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es">"Nacionalistas, liberales, demócratas: Alfonso de Laferrère y la revista Política (1923-1924)"</a>. <i>Quinto Sol</i> (in Spanish). <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19137%2Fqs.v22i1.1190">10.19137/qs.v22i1.1190</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F183209">11336/183209</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1851-2879">1851-2879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quinto+Sol&rft.atitle=Nacionalistas%2C+liberales%2C+dem%C3%B3cratas%3A+Alfonso+de+Laferr%C3%A8re+y+la+revista+Pol%C3%ADtica+%281923-1924%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F183209&rft.issn=1851-2879&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19137%2Fqs.v22i1.1190&rft.aulast=Grinchpun&rft.aufirst=Boris+Mat%C3%ADas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.ar%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_abstract%26pid%3DS1851-28792018000100002%26lng%3Des%26nrm%3Diso%26tlng%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurrassisme+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiñeiro_de_Salaverri1996" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piñeiro de Salaverri, Elena T. Piñeiro (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-revistas.uca.edu.ar/index.php/COLEC/article/viewFile/565/536">"La tradición nacionalista ante el peronismo"</a>. <i>Colección</i> (in Spanish) (3): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colecci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=La+tradici%C3%B3n+nacionalista+ante+el+peronismo&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Pi%C3%B1eiro+de+Salaverri&rft.aufirst=Elena+T.+Pi%C3%B1eiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-revistas.uca.edu.ar%2Findex.php%2FCOLEC%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F565%2F536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurrassisme+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRock1995" class="citation book cs1">Rock, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O7cwDwAAQBAJ&dq=maurras+argentina&pg=PR11"><i>Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20352-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20352-5"><bdi>978-0-520-20352-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authoritarian+Argentina%3A+The+Nationalist+Movement%2C+Its+History+and+Its+Impact&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20352-5&rft.aulast=Rock&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO7cwDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmaurras%2Bargentina%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurrassisme+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheer2020" class="citation thesis cs1">Scheer, Nathan (8 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43362407"><i>The French Connection: Catholic Nationalism, French Imperialism, and Argentina's Dirty War</i></a> (Master of Arts thesis). University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+French+Connection%3A+Catholic+Nationalism%2C+French+Imperialism%2C+and+Argentina%27s+Dirty+War&rft.degree=Master+of+Arts&rft.inst=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft.aulast=Scheer&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43362407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurrassisme+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegovia1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Segovia, Juan Fernando (1992). <i>Julio Irazusta: conservatismo y nacionalismo en la Argentina</i> (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Mendoza: Ed. Idearium de la Univ. de Mendoza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-624-036-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-950-624-036-3"><bdi>978-950-624-036-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julio+Irazusta%3A+conservatismo+y+nacionalismo+en+la+Argentina&rft.place=Mendoza&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ed.+Idearium+de+la+Univ.+de+Mendoza&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-950-624-036-3&rft.aulast=Segovia&rft.aufirst=Juan+Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurrassisme+in+Argentina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_Maurras277" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_Maurras" title="Template:Charles Maurras"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_Maurras" title="Template talk:Charles Maurras"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_Maurras" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles Maurras"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Maurras277" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maurrassian_terminology" title="Category:Maurrassian terminology">Main concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antis%C3%A9mitisme_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Antisémitisme d'État">Antisémitisme d'État</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromis_nationaliste" title="Compromis nationaliste">Compromis nationaliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_surprise" title="Divine surprise">Divine surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cologie_int%C3%A9grale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Écologie intégrale (page does not exist)">Écologie intégrale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirisme_organisateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirisme organisateur">Empirisme organisateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Seule_France" title="La Seule France">France seule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pays_r%C3%A9el&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pays réel (page does not exist)">Pays réel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pays_r%C3%A9el&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pays réel (page does not exist)">Pays légal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politique_d%27abord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politique d'abord (page does not exist)">Politique d'abord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Politique_naturelle" title="La Politique naturelle">Politique naturelle</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MaurrasIcon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/MaurrasIcon.png/85px-MaurrasIcon.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/MaurrasIcon.png/128px-MaurrasIcon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/MaurrasIcon.png/170px-MaurrasIcon.png 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_Charles_Maurras" title="Category:Books by Charles Maurras">Political texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Id%C3%A9e_de_la_d%C3%A9centralisation" title="L'Idée de la décentralisation">L'Idée de la décentralisation</a></i> <small>(1898)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trois_id%C3%A9es_politiques_:_Chateaubriand,_Michelet,_Sainte-Beuve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trois idées politiques : Chateaubriand, Michelet, Sainte-Beuve (page does not exist)">Trois idées politiques</a></i> <small>(1898)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enqu%C3%AAte_sur_la_monarchie" title="Enquête sur la monarchie">Enquête sur la monarchie</a></i> <small>(1900)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Comte_(ouvrage)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste Comte (ouvrage) (page does not exist)">Auguste Comte</a></i> <small>(1905)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Avenir_de_l%27intelligence" title="L'Avenir de l'intelligence">L'Avenir de l'intelligence</a></i> <small>(1905)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Dilemme_de_Marc_Sangnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Dilemme de Marc Sangnier (page does not exist)">Le Dilemme de Marc Sangnier</a></i> <small>(1906)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiel_et_Tanger" title="Kiel et Tanger">Kiel et Tanger</a></i> <small>(1910)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Si_le_coup_de_force_est_possible" title="Si le coup de force est possible">Si le coup de force est possible</a></i> <small>(1910)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Politique_religieuse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Politique religieuse (page does not exist)">La Politique religieuse</a></i> <small>(1912)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Action_fran%C3%A7aise_et_la_Religion_catholique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Action française et la Religion catholique (page does not exist)">L'Action française et la Religion catholique</a></i> <small>(1913)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mademoiselle_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mademoiselle Monk (page does not exist)">Mademoiselle Monk</a></i> <small>(1923)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Action_fran%C3%A7aise_et_le_Vatican" title="L'Action française et le Vatican">L'Action française et le Vatican</a></i> <small>(1927)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Lettre_%C3%A0_Schrameck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Lettre à Schrameck (page does not exist)">La Lettre à Schrameck</a></i> <small>(1929)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napol%C3%A9on,_avec_la_France_ou_contre_la_France_%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoléon, avec la France ou contre la France ? (page does not exist)">Napoléon, avec la France ou contre la France ?</a></i> <small>(1929)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ditation_sur_la_politique_de_Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Méditation sur la politique de Jeanne d'Arc">Méditation sur la politique de Jeanne d'Arc</a></i> <small>(1931)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devant_l%27Allemagne_%C3%A9ternelle" title="Devant l'Allemagne éternelle">Devant l'Allemagne éternelle</a></i> <small>(1937)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mes_id%C3%A9es_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes idées politiques">Mes idées politiques</a></i> <small>(1937)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Seule_France" title="La Seule France">La Seule France</a></i> <small>(1941)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vers_l%27Espagne_de_Franco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vers l'Espagne de Franco (page does not exist)">Vers l'Espagne de Franco</a></i> <small>(1943)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Allemagne_et_nous" title="L'Allemagne et nous">L'Allemagne et nous</a></i> <small>(1945)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Votre_bel_aujourd%27hui" title="Votre bel aujourd'hui">Votre bel aujourd'hui</a></i> <small>(1953)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_Charles_Maurras" title="Category:Books by Charles Maurras">Novels, collections and travelogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Chemin_de_Paradis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Chemin de Paradis (page does not exist)">Le Chemin de Paradis</a></i> <small>(1895)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lettres_des_Jeux_olympiques" title="Lettres des Jeux olympiques">Lettres des Jeux olympiques</a></i> <small>(1896)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthin%C3%A9a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthinéa (page does not exist)">Anthinéa</a></i> <small>(1901)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Amants_de_Venise_(Maurras)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Amants de Venise (Maurras) (page does not exist)">Les Amants de Venise</a></i> <small>(1902)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Musique_int%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Musique intérieure (page does not exist)">La Musique intérieure</a></i> <small>(1925)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quatre_Nuits_de_Provence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quatre Nuits de Provence (page does not exist)">Quatre Nuits de Provence</a></i> <small>(1930)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Mont_de_Saturne" title="Le Mont de Saturne">Le Mont de Saturne</a></i> <small>(1950)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Balance_int%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Balance intérieure (page does not exist)">La Balance intérieure</a></i> <small>(1952)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iconic places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maison_du_chemin_de_Paradis" title="Maison du chemin de Paradis">Maison du chemin de Paradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martigues" title="Martigues">Martigues</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_de_la_Victoire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument de la Victoire (page does not exist)">Monument de la Victoire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurrassians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurrassians (page does not exist)">Maurrassians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boutang" title="Pierre Boutang">Pierre Boutang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Debray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Debray (page does not exist)">Pierre Debray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Leclerc_(essayist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gérard Leclerc (essayist) (page does not exist)">Gérard Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Nguyen (page does not exist)">Victor Nguyen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_Charles_Maurras" title="Category:Works about Charles Maurras">See also</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_Charles_Maurras" title="Cahiers Charles Maurras">Cahiers Charles Maurras</a></i> <small>(1960-1978)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise,_Royalism_and_Reaction_in_Twentieth-Century_France" title="Action Française, Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth-Century France">Action Française, Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth-Century France</a></i> <small>(1962)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mao_ou_Maurras_%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao ou Maurras ?">Mao ou Maurras ?</a></i> <small>(1970)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%82ge_d%27or_du_maurrassisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Âge d'or du maurrassisme (page does not exist)">L'Âge d'or du maurrassisme</a></i> <small>(1971)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tudes_maurrassiennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Études maurrassiennes (page does not exist)">Études maurrassiennes</a></i> <small>(1972-1986)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras,_l%27Action_fran%C3%A7aise_et_la_question_sociale" title="Charles Maurras, l'Action française et la question sociale">Charles Maurras, l'Action française et la question sociale</a></i> <small>(1983)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurras,_la_destin%C3%A9e_et_l%E2%80%99%C5%93uvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurras, la destinée et l’œuvre">Maurras, la destinée et l’œuvre</a></i> <small>(1984)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aux_origines_de_l%27Action_fran%C3%A7aise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aux origines de l'Action française (page does not exist)">Aux origines de l'Action française</a></i> <small>(1991)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras_:_le_chaos_et_l%27ordre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Maurras : le chaos et l'ordre (page does not exist)">Charles Maurras : le chaos et l'ordre</a></i> <small>(2006)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Action_fran%C3%A7aise_:_culture,_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9,_politique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Action française : culture, société, politique (page does not exist)">L'Action française : culture, société, politique</a></i> <small>(2008-2012)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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