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The combination of {{mvar|A}} and {{mvar|B}} (or {{mvar|b}} and {{mvar|a}}) alleles, termed ''mating type'', determine the "specificity" or sexual identity of the individual harboring them. Only individuals with different mating types are compatible with each other and therefore able to start the mating event. A successful mating interaction begins with nuclear exchange and nuclear migration resulting in the formation of [[dikaryotic]] hyphae (containing separate haploid nuclei from both initial parents). Dikaryotic hyphae, under the appropriate environmental conditions will give rise to the fruiting body which contains the [[basidia]] – specialized cells in which sexual recombination via karyogamy and meiosis occurs. This dikaryotic condition in Basidiomycota is often maintained by a specialized hyphal structure called a [[clamp connection]]. The formation of clamp connections is regulated by both mating loci. Examples of tetrapolar organisms are the smuts ''[[Ustilago maydis]]'' and ''U. longissima'',<ref name="Bakkeren 1996 1601–1613">{{cite journal |last1=Bakkeren |first1=G. |last2=Kronstad |first2=J.W. |year=1996 |title=The pheromone cell signaling components of the Ustilago a mating-type loci determine intercompatibility between species |journal=Genetics |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=1601–1613 |doi=10.1093/genetics/143.4.1601 |pmc=1207424 |pmid=8844149}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Schulz, B. |author2=Banuett, F. |author3=Dahl, M. |author4=Schlesinger, R. |author5=Schäfer, W. |author6=Martin, T. |author7=Herskowitz, I. |author8=Kahmann, R. |year=1990 |title=The b alleles of U. maydis, whose combinations program pathogenic development, code for polypeptides containing a homeodomain-related motif |journal=Cell |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=295–306 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(90)90744-y |doi-access=free |pmid=1967554}}</ref> and the mushrooms ''[[Coprinopsis cinerea]]'', ''[[Schizophyllum commune]]'', ''[[Pleurotus djamor]]'' and ''[[Laccaria bicolor]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raudaskoski |first1=M. |last2=Kothe |first2=E. |year=2010 |title=Basidiomycete mating type genes and pheromone signaling|journal=Eukaryotic Cell |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=847–859 |doi=10.1128/ec.00319-09 |pmid=20190072 |pmc=2901643}}</ref> It is believed that multi-allelic systems favor [[outcrossing]] in Basidiomycota. For example, in the case of ''U.&nbsp;maydis'', which bears more than 25&nbsp;{{mvar|b}} but only 2&nbsp;{{mvar|a}} mating types, an individual has an approximately 50% chance to encounter a compatible mate in nature.<ref name="Hsueh 2008 517–524">{{cite journal |last1=Hsueh |first1=Y.P. |last2=Heitman |first2=J. |year=2008 |title=Orchestration of sexual reproduction and virulence by the fungal mating-type locus |journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=517–524 |doi=10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.014 |pmid=18935978 |pmc=2622727}}</ref> However, species such as ''C.&nbsp;cinerea'', which has more than 240&nbsp;{{mvar|A}} and {{mvar|B}} mating types, each, and ''S.&nbsp;commune'', which has more than 339&nbsp;{{mvar|A}} mating types and 64&nbsp;{{mvar|B}} mating types, approach close to 100% chance of encountering a compatible partner in nature, due to the huge number of mating types generated by these systems.<ref name="Casselton 2007 283–300">{{cite book |author1=Casselton, L.A. |author2=Kües, U. |year=2007 |chapter=The origin of multiple mating types in the model mushrooms ''Coprinopsis cinerea'' and ''Schizophyllum commune'' |editor1=Heitman, J. |editor2=Kronstad, J.W. |editor3=Taylor, J.W. |editor4=Casselton, L.A. |title=Sex in Fungi: Molecular determination and evolutionary implications |publisher=ASM Press |location=Washington, DC |pages=283–300}}</ref> In contrast, bipolar mating systems are ruled by a single allelic mating locus, termed either {{mvar|A}} or {{mvar|b}}. In Agaricomycotina, bipolar organisms mostly have multiple alleles for their {{mvar|A}} mating locus; however, in Ustilaginomycotina and Pucciniomycotina, the {{mvar|b}} mating locus is predominantly diallelic, which reduces the occurrence of outcrossing within these [[species]].<ref name="Bakkeren 1996 1601–1613"/> Bipolarity likely arose via one of two potential routes: # During evolution the {{mvar|B}} or {{mvar|a}} locus lost functionality in determining mating type, as has occurred in the mushroom ''[[Coprinellus disseminatus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=James, T.Y. |author2=Srivilai, P. |author3=Kües, U. |author4=Vilgalys, R. |year=2006 |title=Evolution of the bipolar mating system of the mushroom Coprinellus disseminatus from its tetrapolar ancestors involves loss of mating-type-specific pheromone receptor function |journal=Genetics |volume=172|issue=3 |pages=1877–1891 |doi=10.1534/genetics.105.051128 |pmid=16461425 |pmc=1456265}}</ref> # Both mating loci have become physically linked such that they now act as a single locus; this has occurred in the [[smut (fungus)|smut]] plant pathogen ''U. hordei''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bakkeren, G. |author2=Kronstad, J.W. |year=1994 |title=Linkage of mating-type loci distinguishes bipolar from tetrapolar mating in basidiomycetous smut fungi |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=91 |issue=15 |pages=7085–7089 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.15.7085 |doi-access=free |pmid=7913746 |pmc=44343 |bibcode=1994PNAS...91.7085B}}</ref> and in the human pathogen ''[[Cryptococcus neoformans]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lengeler, K.B. |author2=Fox, D.S. |author3=Fraser, J.A. |author4=Forrester, K. |author5=Dietrich, F.S. |author6=Heitman, J. |display-authors=etal |year=2002 |title=Mating-type locus of ''Cryptococcus neoformans'': A step in the evolution of sex chromosomes |journal=Eukaryotic Cell |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=704–718 |pmid=12455690 |pmc=126754 |doi=10.1128/ec.1.5.704-718.2002}}</ref> Virulence success in these two pathogens is highly associated with mating and their mating type locus.<ref name="Hsueh 2008 517–524"/> Other bipolar species include the white rot fungus ''[[Phanerochaete chrysosporium]]''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=James, T.Y. |author2=Lee, M. |author3=van&nbsp;Diepen, L.T.A. |year=2011 |title=A single mating-type locus composed of homeodomain genes promotes nuclear migration and heterokaryosis in the white-rot fungus ''Phanerochaete chrysosporium'' |journal=Eukaryotic Cell |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=249–261 |doi=10.1128/ec.00212-10 |pmid=21131435 |pmc=3067404}}</ref> and the edible mushroom ''[[Pholiota nameko]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Aimi, T. |author2=Yoshida, R. |author3=Ishikawa, M. |author4=Bao, D. |author5=Kitamoto, Y. |year=2005 |title=Identification and linkage mapping of the genes for the putative homeodomain protein (hox1) and the putative pheromone receptor protein homologue (rcb1) in a bipolar basidiomycete, ''Pholiota nameko'' |journal=Current Genetics |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=184–194 |doi=10.1007/s00294-005-0012-7 |pmid=16096791|s2cid=25670803 }}</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Mating_in_fungi" title="Mating in fungi">Mating in fungi</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating_in_fungi">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating_in_fungi</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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