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id="toc-Animal_manure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_manure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Animal manure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_manure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Compost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_manure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_manure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Green manure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_manure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animal_manure_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_manure_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Animal manure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_manure_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Livestock_antibiotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock_antibiotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.1</span> <span>Livestock antibiotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock_antibiotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manure</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%84" title="زبل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiemo" title="Fiemo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fiemo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27awa_wanu" title="Q'awa wanu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Q'awa wanu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyin" title="Peyin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Peyin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%AB" title="Тиреҫ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тиреҫ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_(%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Гной (угнаенне) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гной (угнаенне)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misthaufen" title="Misthaufen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Misthaufen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teil" title="Teil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Teil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fem" title="Fem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%95%D0%BA" title="Тислĕк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тислĕк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chl%C3%A9vsk%C3%BD_hn%C5%AFj" title="Chlévský hnůj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chlévský hnůj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail" title="Tail – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tail" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8g" title="Møg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Møg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischt" title="Mischt – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Mischt" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mist" title="Mist – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mist" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5nnik" title="Sõnnik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõnnik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Κοπριά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοπριά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esti%C3%A9rcol" title="Estiércol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estiércol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stala_sterko" title="Stala sterko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stala sterko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simaur" title="Simaur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Simaur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کود حیوانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کود حیوانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumier" title="Fumier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fumier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong" title="Dong – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dong" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoileach" title="Aoileach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aoileach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todhar" title="Todhar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Todhar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterco" title="Esterco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esterco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90%EC%97%84" title="두엄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="두엄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A2" title="Գոմաղբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոմաղբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="खाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterko" title="Sterko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sterko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nri_ns%E1%BB%8B" title="Nri nsị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nri nsị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupuk_kandang" title="Pupuk kandang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pupuk kandang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letame" title="Letame – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letame" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%91%D7%9C" title="זבל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabuk_kandhang" title="Rabuk kandhang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rabuk kandhang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0" title="ಗೊಬ್ಬರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೊಬ್ಬರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D2%A3" title="Көң – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көң" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadi" title="Samadi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Samadi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABtsm%C4%93sli" title="Kūtsmēsli – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kūtsmēsli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABscht" title="Mëscht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mëscht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%97%C5%A1las" title="Mėšlas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mėšlas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledamm" title="Ledamm – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ledamm" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zezi-pahitra" title="Zezi-pahitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zezi-pahitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_kandang" title="Baja kandang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baja kandang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mest" title="Mest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2" title="प्राङ्गारिक मल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राङ्गारिक मल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%A9%E8%82%A5" title="厩肥 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="厩肥" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjuks" title="Mjuks – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mjuks" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8kk" title="Møkk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Møkk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%CA%BBng" title="Goʻng – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Goʻng" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੂੜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂੜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87" title="حیواني سره یاعضوي سره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حیواني سره یاعضوي سره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess_(Bueree)" title="Mess (Bueree) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mess (Bueree)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obornik" title="Obornik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obornik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrume" title="Estrume – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrume" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanu" title="Wanu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wanu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Навоз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Навоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumeri" title="Fumeri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fumeri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manure" title="Manure – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manure" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxaro" title="Saxaro – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Saxaro" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Стајњак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стајњак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanta" title="Lanta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lanta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturg%C3%B6dsel" title="Naturgödsel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Naturgödsel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இயற்கை உரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்கை உரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="సేంద్రియ ఎరువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సేంద్రియ ఎరువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Пору – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пору" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvan_g%C3%BCbresi" title="Hayvan gübresi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayvan gübresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwum" title="Bwum – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Bwum" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_(%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Гній (добриво) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гній (добриво)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leame" title="Leame – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Leame" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%AFu_c%C6%A1" title="Phân hữu cơ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân hữu cơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansene" title="Ansene – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ansene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E8%82%A5" title="有机肥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="有机肥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie%C5%A1los" title="Miešlos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Miešlos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces, which can be used as fertilizer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about organic material used as soil fertilizer. For animal dung used for other purposes, see <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Compost</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Animal waste" redirects here. For other types of animal waste, see <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic waste</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hestem%C3%B8j.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hestem%C3%B8j.jpg/220px-Hestem%C3%B8j.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hestem%C3%B8j.jpg/330px-Hestem%C3%B8j.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hestem%C3%B8j.jpg/440px-Hestem%C3%B8j.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Animal manure is often a mixture of animal <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> and bedding straw, as in this example from a <a href="/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">stable</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Manure</b> is <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a> that is used as <a href="/wiki/Organic_fertilizer" title="Organic fertilizer">organic fertilizer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. Most manure consists of animal <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>; other sources include <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">green manure</a>. Manures contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility of soil</a> by adding organic matter and <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, that are utilised by <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, and other organisms in the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the <a href="/wiki/Soil_food_web" title="Soil food web">soil food web</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skatole_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Skatole_structure.svg/220px-Skatole_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Skatole_structure.svg/330px-Skatole_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Skatole_structure.svg/440px-Skatole_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skatole" title="Skatole">Skatole</a> is the source of the foul smelling odor of manure.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are in the 21st century three main classes of manures used in <a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">soil management</a>: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_manure">Animal manure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manure_pools_in_Haikou_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Manure_pools_in_Haikou_01.jpg/220px-Manure_pools_in_Haikou_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Manure_pools_in_Haikou_01.jpg/330px-Manure_pools_in_Haikou_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Manure_pools_in_Haikou_01.jpg/440px-Manure_pools_in_Haikou_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> reservoirs, one new, and one containing cow manure mixed with water. This is common in rural <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> Province, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most animal manure consists of <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>. Common forms of animal manure include farmyard manure (or farm slurry (<a href="/wiki/Liquid_manure" title="Liquid manure">liquid manure</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmyard manure also contains plant material (often straw), which has been used as bedding for animals and has absorbed the feces and <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. Agricultural manure in liquid form, known as <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a>, is produced by more intensive livestock rearing systems where concrete or slats are used instead of straw bedding. Manure from different animals has different qualities and requires different application rates when used as fertilizer. For example <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> from <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> all have different properties.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, sheep manure is high in nitrogen and potash, while pig manure is relatively low in both. Horses mainly eat grass and a few weeds, so horse manure can contain grass and weed seeds, because horses do not digest seeds as cattle do. Cattle manure is a good source of nitrogen as well as organic carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernal_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicken litter, coming from a bird, is very concentrated in nitrogen and phosphate and is prized for both properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernal_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lustosa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lustosa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animal manures may be adulterated or contaminated with other animal products, such as <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shoddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoddy">shoddy</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>), <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>. Livestock feed can be mixed with the manure due to spillage. For example, chickens are often fed <a href="/wiki/Meat_and_bone_meal" title="Meat and bone meal">meat and bone meal</a>, an animal product, which can end up becoming mixed with chicken litter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compost">Compost</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Compost</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NRCSAR02028_-_Arkansas_(239)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/NRCSAR02028_-_Arkansas_%28239%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/250px-NRCSAR02028_-_Arkansas_%28239%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/NRCSAR02028_-_Arkansas_%28239%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/330px-NRCSAR02028_-_Arkansas_%28239%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/NRCSAR02028_-_Arkansas_%28239%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/500px-NRCSAR02028_-_Arkansas_%28239%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Compost containing turkey manure and wood chips from bedding material is dried and then applied to pastures for fertilizer.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Compost</a> is the decomposed remnants of organic materials. It is usually of plant origin, but often includes some animal dung or bedding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_manure">Green manure</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">Green manures</a> are crops grown for the express purpose of <a href="/wiki/Plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Plow">plowing</a> them in, thus increasing fertility through the incorporation of nutrients and organic matter into the soil. <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">Leguminous plants</a> such as clover are often used for this, as they <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen fixing">fix nitrogen</a> using <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizobia" title="Rhizobia">Rhizobia</a></i> bacteria in specialized <a href="/wiki/Root_nodule" title="Root nodule">nodes in the root structure</a>. </p><p>Other types of plant matter used as manure include the contents of the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumens</a> of slaughtered <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spent_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Spent grain">spent grain</a> (left over from <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a> <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>Focuses on the classical definition of animal manure. Reasonable as the use of other, expanded-definition "manures" is quite trivial, but the resultant lopsided structure may warrant a restructuring of the article. Or we can just hollow this out and merge to <a href="/wiki/Feces#Uses_of_animal_feces" title="Feces">Feces#Uses of animal feces</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Manure" title="Special:EditPage/Manure">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_manure_2">Animal manure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misthaufen16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Misthaufen16.JPG/170px-Misthaufen16.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Misthaufen16.JPG/255px-Misthaufen16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Misthaufen16.JPG/340px-Misthaufen16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Pile of animal manure on a wall</figcaption></figure> <p>Animal manure, such as <a href="/wiki/Chicken_manure" title="Chicken manure">chicken manure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cow_dung" title="Cow dung">cow dung</a>, has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a>. It can improve the soil structure (aggregation) so that the soil holds more nutrients and water, and therefore becomes more fertile. Animal manure also encourages soil microbial activity which promotes the soil's trace mineral supply, improving plant nutrition. It also contains some nitrogen and other nutrients that assist the growth of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odor is an obvious and major issue with animal manure. Components in swine manure include low molecular weight carboxylic acids, <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propionic_acid" title="Propionic acid">propionic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">butyric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valeric_acid" title="Valeric acid">valeric acids</a>. Other components include <a href="/wiki/Skatole" title="Skatole">skatole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trimethyl_amine" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimethyl amine">trimethyl amine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animal manures with a particularly <a href="/wiki/Unpleasant_odor" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpleasant odor">unpleasant odor</a> (such as slurries from <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive pig farming</a>) are usually knifed (injected) directly into the soil to reduce release of the odor. Manure from pigs and cattle is usually spread on fields using a <a href="/wiki/Manure_spreader" title="Manure spreader">manure spreader</a>. Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in vegetable matter, <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivore</a> manure has a milder smell than the dung of <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> or <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>. However, herbivore slurry that has undergone anaerobic <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">fermentation</a> may develop more unpleasant odors, and this can be a problem in some agricultural regions. Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh, but after a period of <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">composting</a> are valuable fertilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manure is also commercially composted and bagged and sold as a soil amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, Austrian scientists offered a method of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> production from <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> and cow manure.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dry_dung_fuel" title="Dry dung fuel">Dry animal dung</a> is used as a fuel in many countries around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Issues">Issues</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_W.E.A._van_Beek_Collection_-_Dogon_agriculture_05_-_The_women_of_a_neighborhood_ward_with_manure_on_their_way_to_the_field_of_one_of_them,_Tireli,_Mali_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/ASC_Leiden_-_W.E.A._van_Beek_Collection_-_Dogon_agriculture_05_-_The_women_of_a_neighborhood_ward_with_manure_on_their_way_to_the_field_of_one_of_them%2C_Tireli%2C_Mali_1990.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/ASC_Leiden_-_W.E.A._van_Beek_Collection_-_Dogon_agriculture_05_-_The_women_of_a_neighborhood_ward_with_manure_on_their_way_to_the_field_of_one_of_them%2C_Tireli%2C_Mali_1990.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/ASC_Leiden_-_W.E.A._van_Beek_Collection_-_Dogon_agriculture_05_-_The_women_of_a_neighborhood_ward_with_manure_on_their_way_to_the_field_of_one_of_them%2C_Tireli%2C_Mali_1990.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>The women of a neighborhood ward with manure on their way to the field of one of them, Tireli, Mali 1990</figcaption></figure> <p>Any quantity of animal manure may be a source of <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> or food spoilage organisms which may be carried by <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, or a range of other vector organisms and cause disease or put food safety at risk. </p><p>In intensive agricultural land use, animal manure is often not used as targeted as mineral fertilizers, and thus, the nitrogen utilization efficiency is poor. Animal manure can become a problem in terms of excessive use in areas of intensive agriculture with high numbers of livestock and too little available farmland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Manure can emit the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, contributing to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Livestock_antibiotics">Livestock antibiotics</h5></div> <p>In 2007, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> study<sup id="cite_ref-UMinn_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMinn-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dolliver-2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolliver-2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicated that foods such as corn, lettuce, and potatoes have been found to accumulate <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">antibiotics</a> from soils spread with animal manure that <a href="/wiki/Environmental_persistent_pharmaceutical_pollutant" title="Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant">contains these drugs</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">Organic foods</a> may be much more or much less likely to contain antibiotics, depending on their sources and treatment of manure. For instance, by <a href="/wiki/Soil_Association" title="Soil Association">Soil Association</a> Standard 4.7.38, most organic <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">arable farmers</a> either have their own supply of manure (which would, therefore, not normally contain drug residues) or else rely on green manure crops for the extra fertility (if any nonorganic manure is used by organic farmers, then it usually has to be rotted or composted to degrade any <a href="/wiki/Environmental_persistent_pharmaceutical_pollutant" title="Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant">residues of drugs</a> and eliminate any pathogenic bacteria—Standard 4.7.38, Soil Association organic farming standards). On the other hand, as found in the University of Minnesota study, the non-usage of artificial fertilizers, and resulting exclusive use of manure as fertilizer, by organic farmers can result in significantly greater accumulations of antibiotics in organic foods.<sup id="cite_ref-UMinn_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMinn-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_graecum" title="Album graecum">Album graecum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_cleaner" title="Barn cleaner">Barn cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_manure" title="Chicken manure">Chicken manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprophilous_fungus" title="Coprophilous fungus">Coprophilous fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_dung" title="Cow dung">Cow dung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dung_fuel" title="Dry dung fuel">Dry dung fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthen_manure_storage" title="Earthen manure storage">Earthen manure storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_manure" title="Liquid manure">Liquid manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_spreader" title="Manure spreader">Manure spreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elephant+and+cow+manure+for+making+paper+sustainably&rft.pub=Science+Daily&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2018%2F03%2F180321090944.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/climate-change/managing-manure-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions">"Managing manure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions"</a>. <i>agric.wa.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=agric.wa.gov.au&rft.atitle=Managing+manure+to+reduce+greenhouse+gas+emissions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agric.wa.gov.au%2Fclimate-change%2Fmanaging-manure-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMinn-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UMinn_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UMinn_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2007" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2007-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916092217/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2007/2007-07-12-01.asp">"Livestock Antibiotics Can End Up in Human Foods"</a>. ENS Newswire. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2007/2007-07-12-01.asp">the original</a> on 2007-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livestock+Antibiotics+Can+End+Up+in+Human+Foods&rft.pub=ENS+Newswire&rft.date=2007-07-12&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ens-newswire.com%2Fens%2Fjul2007%2F2007-07-12-01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dolliver-2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dolliver-2007_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDolliverKumarGupta2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dolliver, Holly; Kumar, Kuldip; Gupta, Satish (July 2007). "Sulfamethazine Uptake by Plants from Manure-Amended Soil". <i>Journal of Environmental Quality</i>. <b>36</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1224–</span>1230. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JEnvQ..36.1224D">2007JEnvQ..36.1224D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fjeq2006.0266">10.2134/jeq2006.0266</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17596632">17596632</a>.</cite><span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manure" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Manure">Manure</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13765-013-3184-8">Application and environmental risks of livestock manure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manureexpo.org">North American Manure Expo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manuremanagement.cornell.edu/">Cornell Manure Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo38641">County-Level Estimates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Animal Manure for the Conterminous United States, 2002</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906145821/http://wqic.nal.usda.gov/agricultural-environmental-management/manure-management">Manure Management, Water Quality Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227124550/http://www.extension.org/animal+manure+management">Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Center</a>, an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.org">eXtension</a> community of practice about animal manure management</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100403100643/http://www.extension.org/pages/Antibiotics_and_Hormones_in_Animal_Manure_Webcast">Antibiotics and Hormones in Animal Manure (Webcast)</a>: A two part webcast series about the science available on potential risks and best management practices related to antibiotics and hormones from animal manure</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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