CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91354c9058a05859',cH: 'IcV03BljCYkPqdAuGJMOthu5gv0D8SGl.fJ5pN11VAc-1739790292-1.2.1.1-rBA8u9e.FlSScNmnkICQYSIPAb.vXJkz1ykbzHQ3qLv9P1Ya.vcQfn.VDLLnuYzf',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=stannous%20oxide&__cf_chl_tk=BHAUyMW_tFt6_SA7irGA66nOCP0jGWheL6JIi7kKMU0-1739790292-1.0.1.1-eQfJtyG_Wys8jwzujRPmvOJRMyXrunRSRyYyrTUse0g",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790292',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=stannous%20oxide&__cf_chl_f_tk=BHAUyMW_tFt6_SA7irGA66nOCP0jGWheL6JIi7kKMU0-1739790292-1.0.1.1-eQfJtyG_Wys8jwzujRPmvOJRMyXrunRSRyYyrTUse0g",md: "JDd.GPE8F490457fpaLeJuHpavqzStTXwfAbNrPekMA-1739790292-1.2.1.1-orCdhbZ8sv0iTROC7dBKo52x.rXcj18DNvIRI7K3LQ2bO_PK0PDzbEGyKTq4wk3KcVgS8c52LprC.6ASuWWbdL7Xmwh5KpLNoszYDW.savzoprZTPhI4b0PtlyFxn.F7yaAwHSdUwcwKaVf3sjcwLJvWMCuN5Tr824.FTB1g0HbVII.CaDMz1lXaf7e7zGGi1qZwC.Waw0Sch7dZAdof52if.8rW_ydqbqU9RMr9eCA_6vFrxJTWcwGU7ep7K6lnnUm_y0q_W5xA3ACzGtvxIXdtzs2_mHY2nkhkqXmXizsU00pOql8N8Cqi.Ftm4w03zxB8ix9KHS4GMPRJLa5gDpbwOrA28avcwv0vhMYDFJ7SSXclpLlVvo0tBxlWeeB.g8ovRL5mVykvk4gROBI98T9zYbKr.A7Br0KZCC_pZwTHl6T.K5hsUUyDVYIJM5yD6WguI0ITk4MmrZRwmxi6wXwaXCitWDdZ1Ln4TNK2XNFF7OR_6GtYax050H1VYJYSNF91LVcoouaY8TnIOS1.oVD0.DE7iVK_zg9Jh3eMPIW2A1imNuLWkda4npb.XRX7Ci5s6760dvvUsiZzt2HzuA5M92nCp4hDa64xnkh2ZkdDFyvNslZNF0impbBGG.euwRPYVU..5TRjcKgwlAUisqUcZiyUQi_i7tfoItGnsmRZ2NtIKgJpCmi5qQX0Eopo6iKeJuC34EjnVr3qB8FmCz87Gr16ps0oli9C0StER7tD6F5CwMcergNCBeH6eb5wBv8G1gqcQ9LoQwBSbsGRiBDdROA9zYZlv6iKKZST8qWMG_RH0xSHIl1z2Th.l7ZoAFJHwHBDAJtiEgdg_GqmtecpuAR45Owqsqd40wTfZg6dta3EwGaNHJB1fpDV72yW5pAywOkIHbmRHlHyKCVF6.ZJYmacAYuMPACadSQpQQ_13.AarGa8Ck4AdVOb0_Wf0TCgTmzYe7LkYkRLSrBkw6zlYGQ3QhOgnaITB64w1NeIXPUSpfd5Zj_S47gfZR6Abrv_1lpuPyr.vFj_TyLsVtW.czJ7PbYDGn.jxVr6gq1CgizkiB1C9fgprpMIcZq6PQ9QfQI7BeaohpfdkD0EMZnwdwg4vMxoXRu2vKYK6AQjGR6JqY1_tmGILMq82ns3htuAcYxqVu9QkadS.hPa0sAcB4lPBP5Pn08lLfgdmAax_0jtuAwr9a5r6zFK7qEWfqebn58j01sL1mLin58.aW9SB7pp8RmlZNohWO9pv3iva4pROnxiJ1SAoAcw5Vj7YnQst_gd7zVx8ZfmVIoPSLyyk8Go2GaKV2SeekCJewHnE_yZAZul8gP_skDEAlVX4nn9_dhEeyiMIzsYnWrNt9hmZ0GFQPCV6a9ZSSQh7634AHDiAkzwZuikcPPDn0iY662f8xrZa1E0vkigtL2TwodLuQrOgBV5IFGqFaYW_O_.9Hpxv0h7XoMu._zn3iu02uG.GCNMMa0nrBag8jtVPlwlUf5RR8SueG1wc_4kzqZyUYstWuiltuLcqJXFPjaNfzOi.3Yck7sP6uj3bvzZMMCAN3O8wE3lHin64IvWFS_yL2z8SzlfJz8ujDo2_93DpLbaIZv2UtIja5meDrwdWrxpRP.g1kNBTpVfLP4aRjqZcxSn6QzEuiBlsPqIebCal_ZubLIYhkf91jbuFM9BfOwO201sE8TiS0aHs.9fqWu9uWV81d4E_XME5GMSA3vRRLKFQOvhS3PIChZ690gRMVMw.BPsqwYzvLh5slrUPu5np2raPXb2wW_sr3.8VumLcWTZe8VlRMhmKOpEnt1fW2..Q4rXlCvLxwHql6vhAQ2lH55LzrE5TJsBecFlidTs31y6v.cPj4_HZou1yPfr_R4F4YySrAWi39R.xfQz3ner6QMM60iup7TrBfyAgvjpQgltr6r0zr4dqhxbzZkyQ9F9Wm0pXW3ZGuLdjrVwYfM",mdrd: "alYI8iuXRjVviDJmUU.xu7nok1tEqHMVs1O0BRLXGzw-1739790292-1.2.1.1-5xDMDLf4ufRrui0kS11JRPf9yCcUWouWyTfFoPFtHVY0cZvk9mTLz6Bc0.rcFTRyIZhQDjIR9YEMAdM3HVC4byMJmJlYgyXYRBU1dqFDAbqUnx.PEgGcGG8DwQeuAhgA9nYJpz4tMupIxiV713ttbqnl27jyGc6VWuTVxRdBSp2OmKHKshXhP3.lK8.D.RiEomXX8o8y2087P7nmFU9j_aiStEHr_IpneJqd1pbZQOFrl2PFJHN2Sb6.g25MDGUZaHZwa2edpMSKavNbBgkJUyqA2KXexch_iZf3P0qAnGOMaFRIxquglS5SE9HFiswI0DAUfA0R1rgp37H9cwiYkCAVjt.Nz0hSGRreyGGEo_6qNcXemo_iu2XC4p7L4NmYxQJNTWXOQ2N9deoqXlkC95FaZn2HAvemIoXmT5mUD1f7KcEjxVeDl5_rFVEYr.EO9geleZGFxncVmYFH0nUyTVOeW_QmNWdlF3PrYpYT4ElRorzKu.F7dFVHsLKvmEFB2fzc.b_lQLW1TmYc1okQ9awnXUPmmzod12y7_OuafPEHudzqUOeZ4fwDcGFRJzi66Nym4OtKMZfZ_sg58AfKNODGuSaW4XTr_5kGVlmg2X0rIw6Uxx3aKdU63y9gcLNSV3Pd1n5VxsWChRSTHhjJuAxCqM_OQHsv6goVl.ELz1NsbHbzBGKNAu37SpIVLPOZ_bI3TGCOZNA24JBDersJhYhdwgEOVa23eXN3mh3heNC4r3H_mWP94t2mUznzusV6fSux8qzJoLyseyllCVNh1wtn.y54PmnU2rtE0QGNtyKct.H71xUVxk8N9USjcoKqK7cMV6vy7sTrpk5c7AlXTa.c9GcW2NoZxsZ_8dFRAHNU8fqwnvdsS8Gi8x1dqodNd_ofxJy3sKVBDTdLRF9zMaIXAUsRY7wOVmeSeUlS9db1WaEsUWMTgaD2Eu0QCip.LjmaFDpod3ycR2gOusIVIyqRCact8hBV4HxvLVhbzRg5cjVCBpP2bfmHcKZlQHFx0GFXNCeXXqUmLiGxKFaZejblo7718INnq94lH_ul7JWH8HSMqw8x22R1kaGqbmlx.Ivg6tLIXvqAJoKCdoNQCNvaJ3pOf5lrNFIWVADGIPDFQY_RGp_3KbYpt6AsWBZDeqBM6vIFoMwx_srAZBQ3MlqxA8THOWobMfyuFLyRcBOcDJ1P__bkI7e2YyH4g9gUeNi7i4C.wlY3fjEubQKLMRrH70QG1zrkKzBuQx6MjMJI4gqV9CnsYPvRzstETaLq7WUjplenYZjH3OxpBeoR48i7e7qJJ3EhHWf8F7ZIPZmAy5GcoM.VG7l1qbcu2XxbqAeFizD4.iufQTpp1fmoJ3oXZ2Los9Kib_7_gKijkgncucv9ck4f_woqr4ApgzSGNI5074f5LtAFtywPUE3LM5pKj3vOzirSan2kRPSlHOxSZUd7X80p8WCRNX35SGj1p190m58AOYCCO1npJXhmIlEiSvVOa84Y2_AoKW8X5QXe_uIOOY0N8SzGu8ealLy7ddPpEd6ty9gWgs_48YIxWxLcxfupFHO1VWp7nxidNiHNq133vEAH.Mp9sfxqF9.FmtuGMf4h0xFP2f05wA15EAE3DFldXca_FpwWmkaCNjIf7kbd.pN51tuUQ36k2_fZlEN1MgpZ3M7wwsfmnoEWuJ7UuGQM.UOp2IoyLROVJhthaqjGnH2tl5qYS_iroK25oUUzfsrn5pDdiyT0dtcpehpUgjvopz_qx7jfQjhkBAfeTgmsjM4L7sdxrASLey5Ewam4nPgSVB3ATsSLdJaQBuJQ9VB1hbZWxZCJeWUv.6LFhgOrQL7dfGfABQAdvQ9btkXpGPW3j5Hp2gDkRwxuek3VR0Lvppsso29sE2nqKFwvvuzlAcUmksGMmeq9MEpr2DbK18onWcMq1bOdilHXenI8NgRx5ftWFm10rXGIbQM4QWMx3dU0fLL8_E8ZSqip"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91354c9058a05859';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=stannous%20oxide&__cf_chl_rt_tk=BHAUyMW_tFt6_SA7irGA66nOCP0jGWheL6JIi7kKMU0-1739790292-1.0.1.1-eQfJtyG_Wys8jwzujRPmvOJRMyXrunRSRyYyrTUse0g" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>