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class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>An <b>optical coating</b> is one or more <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_optics" title="Thin-film optics">thin layers</a> of material deposited on an optical component such as a <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a>, which alters the way in which the optic <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">transmits</a> light. These coatings have become a key technology in the field of optics. One type of optical coating is an <a href="/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating" title="Anti-reflective coating">anti-reflective coating</a>, which reduces unwanted reflections from surfaces, and is commonly used on <a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">spectacle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">camera lenses</a>. Another type is the <b>high-reflector coating</b>, which can be used to produce mirrors that reflect greater than 99.99% of the light that falls on them. More complex optical coatings exhibit high reflection over some range of <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a>, and anti-reflection over another range, allowing the production of <a href="/wiki/Dichroism" title="Dichroism">dichroic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dichroic_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichroic filter">thin-film filters</a>. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Coating-Mirror-Lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Coating-Mirror-Lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="200"></a><figcaption>Optically coated mirrors and lenses</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Types_of_coating"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Types of coating</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Antireflection_coatings"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Antireflection coatings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#High-reflection_coatings"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">High-reflection coatings</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Extreme_ultraviolet_coatings"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Extreme ultraviolet coatings</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Transparent_conductive_coatings"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Transparent conductive coatings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Phase_correction_coatings"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Phase correction coatings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Fano-resonant_optical_coatings"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Fano-resonant optical coatings</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Types_of_coating">Types of coating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of coating" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Metal-reflectance.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Image-Metal-reflectance.png/350px-Image-Metal-reflectance.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="363"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 265px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Image-Metal-reflectance.png/350px-Image-Metal-reflectance.png" data-width="350" data-height="265" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Image-Metal-reflectance.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Reflectance vs. wavelength curves for aluminium (Al), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) metal mirrors at normal incidence</figcaption></figure> <p>The simplest optical coatings are thin layers of <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, which are deposited on glass substrates to make mirror surfaces, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Silvering" title="Silvering">silvering</a>. The metal used determines the reflection characteristics of the mirror; aluminium is the cheapest and most common coating, and yields a reflectivity of around 88%-92% over the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>. More expensive is <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, which has a reflectivity of 95%-99% even into the far <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, but suffers from decreasing reflectivity (<90%) in the blue and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> spectral regions. Most expensive is <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, which gives excellent (98%-99%) reflectivity throughout the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, but limited reflectivity at wavelengths shorter than 550 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>, resulting in the typical gold colour. </p><p>By controlling the thickness and density of metal coatings, it is possible to decrease the reflectivity and increase the transmission of the surface, resulting in a <i><a href="/wiki/Half-silvered_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-silvered mirror">half-silvered mirror</a></i>. These are sometimes used as "<a href="/wiki/One-way_mirror" title="One-way mirror">one-way mirrors</a>". </p><p>The other major type of optical coating is the <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> coating (i.e. using materials with a different refractive index to the substrate). These are constructed from thin layers of materials such as <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_fluoride" title="Magnesium fluoride">magnesium fluoride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_fluoride" title="Calcium fluoride">calcium fluoride</a>, and various metal oxides, which are deposited onto the optical substrate. By careful choice of the exact composition, thickness, and number of these layers, it is possible to tailor the reflectivity and transmitivity of the coating to produce almost any desired characteristic. Reflection coefficients of surfaces can be reduced to less than 0.2%, producing an <i>antireflection</i> (AR) coating. Conversely, the reflectivity can be increased to greater than 99.99%, producing a <i>high-reflector</i> (HR) coating. The level of reflectivity can also be tuned to any particular value, for instance to produce a mirror that reflects 90% and transmits 10% of the light that falls on it, over some range of wavelengths. Such mirrors are often used as <a href="/wiki/Beamsplitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Beamsplitter">beamsplitters</a>, and as <a href="/wiki/Output_coupler" title="Output coupler">output couplers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>. Alternatively, the coating can be designed such that the mirror reflects light only in a narrow band of wavelengths, producing an <a href="/wiki/Filter_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (optics)">optical filter</a>. </p><p>The versatility of dielectric coatings leads to their use in many scientific optical instruments (such as lasers, <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">optical microscopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescopes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interferometry" title="Interferometry">interferometers</a>) as well as consumer devices such as <a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">binoculars</a>, spectacles, and photographic lenses. </p><p>Dielectric layers are sometimes applied over top of metal films, either to provide a protective layer (as in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> over aluminium), or to enhance the reflectivity of the metal film.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metal and dielectric combinations are also used to make advanced coatings that cannot be made any other way. One example is the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Perfect_mirror" title="Perfect mirror">perfect mirror</a>", which exhibits high (but not perfect) reflection, with unusually low sensitivity to wavelength, angle, and <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antireflection_coatings">Antireflection coatings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antireflection coatings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating" title="Anti-reflective coating">Anti-reflective coating</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-reflective_coating_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anti-reflective_coating_comparison.jpg/150px-Anti-reflective_coating_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1575"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 205px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anti-reflective_coating_comparison.jpg/150px-Anti-reflective_coating_comparison.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="205" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anti-reflective_coating_comparison.jpg/225px-Anti-reflective_coating_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anti-reflective_coating_comparison.jpg/300px-Anti-reflective_coating_comparison.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Comparison of uncoated glasses (top) and glasses with an anti-reflective coating (bottom).</figcaption></figure> <p>Antireflection coatings are used to reduce reflection from surfaces. Whenever a <a href="/wiki/Ray_(optics)" title="Ray (optics)">ray</a> of light moves from one <a href="/wiki/Medium_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium (optics)">medium</a> to another (such as when light enters a sheet of <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> after travelling through <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>), some portion of the light is reflected from the surface (known as the <i>interface</i>) between the two media. </p><p>A number of different effects are used to reduce reflection. The simplest is to use a thin layer of material at the interface, with an index of refraction between those of the two media. The reflection is minimized when </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}={\sqrt {n_{0}n_{S}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}={\sqrt {n_{0}n_{S}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3355f73975d979e5be4a883c60f26130eae10fd1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:12.619ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}={\sqrt {n_{0}n_{S}}}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12.619ex;height: 3.009ex;vertical-align: -1.171ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3355f73975d979e5be4a883c60f26130eae10fd1" data-alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}={\sqrt {n_{0}n_{S}}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span>,</dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee784b70e772f55ede5e6e0bdc929994bff63413" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.449ex;height: 2.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee784b70e772f55ede5e6e0bdc929994bff63413" data-alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> is the index of the thin layer, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63584d203ecb012a7bcb90f422408bbfe4018956" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{0}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.449ex;height: 2.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63584d203ecb012a7bcb90f422408bbfe4018956" data-alt="{\displaystyle n_{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{S}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{S}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef0b01901c8174ac451dfc68b1bc2052ecbf5ca8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.687ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{S}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.687ex;height: 2.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef0b01901c8174ac451dfc68b1bc2052ecbf5ca8" data-alt="{\displaystyle n_{S}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> are the indices of the two media. The optimum refractive indices for multiple coating layers at angles of incidence other than 0° is given by Moreno et al. (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such coatings can reduce the reflection for ordinary glass from about 4% per surface to around 2%. These were the first type of antireflection coating known, having been discovered by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> in 1886. He found that old, slightly tarnished pieces of glass transmitted more light than new, clean pieces due to this effect. </p><p>Practical antireflection coatings rely on an intermediate layer not only for its direct reduction of reflection coefficient, but also use the <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference</a> effect of a thin layer. If the layer's thickness is controlled precisely such that it is exactly one-quarter of the wavelength of the light in the layer (a <i>quarter-wave coating</i>), the reflections from the front and back sides of the thin layer will destructively interfere and cancel each other. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical-coating-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Optical-coating-2.svg/220px-Optical-coating-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="390"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Optical-coating-2.svg/220px-Optical-coating-2.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Optical-coating-2.svg/330px-Optical-coating-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Optical-coating-2.svg/440px-Optical-coating-2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Interference in a quarter-wave antireflection coating</figcaption></figure> <p>In practice, the performance of a simple one-layer interference coating is limited by the fact that the reflections only exactly cancel for one wavelength of light at one angle, and by difficulties finding suitable materials. For ordinary glass (<i>n</i>≈1.5), the optimum coating index is <i>n</i>≈1.23. Few useful substances have the required refractive index. <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_fluoride" title="Magnesium fluoride">Magnesium fluoride</a> (MgF<sub>2</sub>) is often used, since it is hard-wearing and can be easily applied to substrates using <a href="/wiki/Physical_vapor_deposition" title="Physical vapor deposition">physical vapour deposition</a>, even though its index is higher than desirable (n=1.38). With such coatings, reflection as low as 1% can be achieved on common glass, and better results can be obtained on higher index media. </p><p>Further reduction is possible by using multiple coating layers, designed such that reflections from the surfaces undergo maximum destructive interference. By using two or more layers, broadband antireflection coatings which cover the visible range (400-700 nm) with maximum reflectivities of less than 0.5% are commonly achievable. Reflection in narrower wavelength bands can be as low as 0.1%. Alternatively, a series of layers with small differences in refractive index can be used to create a broadband antireflective coating by means of a <a href="/wiki/Gradient-index_optics" title="Gradient-index optics">refractive index gradient</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-reflection_coatings">High-reflection coatings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: High-reflection coatings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_mirror" title="Dielectric mirror">Dielectric mirror</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_wearing_reflective_sunglasses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Woman_wearing_reflective_sunglasses.jpg/220px-Woman_wearing_reflective_sunglasses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Woman_wearing_reflective_sunglasses.jpg/220px-Woman_wearing_reflective_sunglasses.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Woman_wearing_reflective_sunglasses.jpg/330px-Woman_wearing_reflective_sunglasses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Woman_wearing_reflective_sunglasses.jpg/440px-Woman_wearing_reflective_sunglasses.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A woman wears sunglasses featuring a highly reflective optical coating</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg/220px-Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg/220px-Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg/330px-Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg/440px-Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Diagram of a dielectric mirror. Thin layers with a high refractive index <i>n</i><sub>1</sub> are interleaved with thicker layers with a lower refractive index <i>n</i><sub>2</sub>. The path lengths <i>l</i><sub>A</sub> and <i>l</i><sub>B</sub> differ by exactly one wavelength, which leads to constructive interference.</figcaption></figure> <p>High-reflection (HR) coatings work the opposite way to antireflection coatings. The general idea is usually based on the periodic layer system composed from two materials, one with a high index, such as <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">zinc sulfide</a> (<i>n</i>=2.32) or <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a> (<i>n</i>=2.4), and one with a low index, such as <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_fluoride" title="Magnesium fluoride">magnesium fluoride</a> (<i>n</i>=1.38) or <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> (<i>n</i>=1.49). This periodic system significantly enhances the reflectivity of the surface in the certain wavelength range called <a href="/wiki/Band-stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Band-stop">band-stop</a>, whose width is determined by the ratio of the two used indices only (for quarter-wave systems), while the maximum reflectivity increases up to almost 100% with a number of layers in the <i>stack</i>. The thicknesses of the layers are generally quarter-wave (then they yield to the broadest high reflection band in comparison to the non-quarter-wave systems composed from the same materials), this time designed such that reflected beams <i>constructively</i> interfere with one another to maximize reflection and minimize transmission. The best of these coatings built-up from deposited dielectric lossless materials on perfectly smooth surfaces can reach reflectivities greater than 99.999% (over a fairly narrow range of wavelengths). Common HR coatings can achieve 99.9% reflectivity over a broad wavelength range (tens of nanometers in the visible spectrum range). </p><p>As for AR coatings, HR coatings are affected by the incidence angle of the light. When used away from normal incidence, the reflective range shifts to shorter wavelengths, and becomes polarization dependent. This effect can be exploited to produce coatings that polarize a light beam. </p><p>By manipulating the exact thickness and composition of the layers in the reflective stack, the reflection characteristics can be tuned to a particular application, and may incorporate both high-reflective and anti-reflective wavelength regions. The coating can be designed as a long- or short-pass filter, a bandpass or notch filter, or a mirror with a specific reflectivity (useful in lasers). For example, the <a href="/wiki/Dichroic_prism" title="Dichroic prism">dichroic prism</a> assembly used in some <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">cameras</a> requires two dielectric coatings, one long-wavelength pass filter reflecting light below 500 nm (to separate the blue component of the light), and one short-pass filter to reflect red light, above 600 nm wavelength. The remaining transmitted light is the green component. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extreme_ultraviolet_coatings">Extreme ultraviolet coatings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extreme ultraviolet coatings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">EUV</a> portion of the spectrum (wavelengths shorter than about 30 nm) nearly all materials absorb strongly, making it difficult to focus or otherwise manipulate light in this wavelength range. Telescopes such as <a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a> or <a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet_Imaging_Telescope" title="Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope">EIT</a> that form images with EUV light use multilayer mirrors that are constructed of hundreds of alternating layers of a high-mass metal such as <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, and a low-mass spacer such as <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_deposition" title="Vacuum deposition">vacuum deposited</a> onto a substrate such as <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>. Each layer pair is designed to have a thickness equal to half the wavelength of light to be reflected. <a href="/wiki/Constructive_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructive interference">Constructive interference</a> between scattered light from each layer causes the mirror to reflect EUV light of the desired wavelength as would a normal metal mirror in visible light. Using multilayer optics it is possible to reflect up to 70% of incident EUV light (at a particular wavelength chosen when the mirror is constructed). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparent_conductive_coatings">Transparent conductive coatings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transparent conductive coatings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Transparent <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction">conductive</a> coatings are used in applications where it is important that the coating conduct electricity or dissipate <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static charge</a>. Conductive coatings are used to protect the aperture from <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a>, while dissipative coatings are used to prevent the build-up of <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a>. Transparent conductive coatings are also used extensively to provide electrodes in situations where light is required to pass, for example in <a href="/wiki/Flat_panel_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat panel display">flat panel display</a> technologies and in many <a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">photoelectrochemical</a> experiments. A common substance used in transparent conductive coatings is <a href="/wiki/Indium_tin_oxide" title="Indium tin oxide">indium tin oxide</a> (ITO). ITO is not very optically transparent, however. The layers must be thin to provide substantial transparency, particularly at the blue end of the spectrum. Using ITO, <a href="/wiki/Sheet_resistance" title="Sheet resistance">sheet resistances</a> of 20 to 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Ohms_per_square" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohms per square">ohms per square</a> can be achieved. An ITO coating may be combined with an antireflective coating to further improve <a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">transmittance</a>. Other TCOs (Transparent Conductive Oxides) include AZO (Aluminium doped Zinc Oxide), which offers much better UV transmission than ITO. A special class of transparent conductive coatings applies to infrared films for theater-air military optics where IR transparent windows need to have (<a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a>) stealth (<a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a>) properties. These are known as RAITs (Radar Attenuating / Infrared Transmitting) and include materials such as boron doped DLC (<a href="/wiki/Diamond-like_carbon" title="Diamond-like carbon">Diamond-like carbon</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_correction_coatings">Phase correction coatings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phase correction coatings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasenkorrekturbeschichtung" class="extiw" title="de:Phasenkorrekturbeschichtung">the corresponding article</a> in German</b>. <i><small>(September 2022)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhasenkorrekturbeschichtung&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the German article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_German#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand German">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 2,341 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_German_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Phasenkorrekturbeschichtung]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|de|Phasenkorrekturbeschichtung}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Optical_coating" title="Talk:Optical coating">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-belag.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/P-belag.png/220px-P-belag.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/P-belag.png/220px-P-belag.png" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/P-belag.png/330px-P-belag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/P-belag.png/440px-P-belag.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Beam path at the roof edge (cross-section); the P-coating layer is on both roof surfaces</figcaption></figure> <p>The multiple internal reflections in <a href="/wiki/Roof_prism" title="Roof prism">roof prisms</a> cause a <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a>-dependent phase-lag of the transmitted light, in a manner similar to a <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_rhomb" title="Fresnel rhomb">Fresnel rhomb</a>. This must be suppressed by multilayer <i>phase-correction coatings</i> applied to one of the roof surfaces to avoid unwanted <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference</a> effects and a loss of contrast in the image. Dielectric phase-correction prism coatings are applied in a vacuum chamber with maybe 30 different superimposed vapor coating layers deposits, making it a complex production process. </p><p>In a roof prism without a phase-correcting coating, s-polarized and p-polarized light each acquire a different <a href="/wiki/Geometric_phase" title="Geometric phase">geometric phase</a> as they pass through the upper prism. When the two polarized components are recombined, <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference</a> between the s-polarized and p-polarized light results in a different intensity distribution perpendicular to the roof edge as compared to that along the roof edge. This effect reduces contrast and resolution in the image perpendicular to the roof edge, producing an inferior image compared to that from a <a href="/wiki/Porro_prism" title="Porro prism">porro prism</a> erecting system. This roof edge diffraction effect may also be seen as a <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_spike" title="Diffraction spike">diffraction spike</a> perpendicular to the roof edge generated by bright points in the image. In technical optics, such a <a href="/wiki/Geometric_phase" title="Geometric phase">phase</a> is also known as the <a href="/wiki/S._Pancharatnam" title="S. Pancharatnam">Pancharatnam phase</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in quantum physics an equivalent phenomenon is known as the <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry_(physicist)" title="Michael Berry (physicist)">Berry phase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This effect can be seen in the elongation of the <a href="/wiki/Airy_disk" title="Airy disk">Airy disk</a> in the direction perpendicular to the crest of the roof as this is a <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> from the discontinuity at the roof crest. </p><p>The unwanted interference effects are suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">vapour-depositing</a> a special <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_coating" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric coating">dielectric coating</a> known as a phase-compensating coating on the roof surfaces of the roof prism. These <i>phase-correction coating</i> or <i>P-coating</i> on the roof surfaces was developed in 1988 by Adolf Weyrauch at <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Zeiss (company)">Carl Zeiss</a><sup id="cite_ref-Weyrauch_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weyrauch-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other manufacturers followed soon, and since then phase-correction coatings are used across the board in medium and high-quality roof prism <a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">binoculars</a>. This coating corrects for the difference in geometric phase between s- and p-polarized light so both have effectively the same phase shift, preventing image-degrading interference.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a technical point of view, the phase-correction coating layer does not correct the actual phase shift, but rather the partial polarization of the light that results from total reflection. Such a correction can always only be made for a selected wavelength and for a specific <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)" title="Angle of incidence (optics)">angle of incidence</a>; however, it is possible to approximately correct a roof prism for polychromatic light by superimposing several layers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, since the 1990s, roof prism binoculars have also achieved resolution values that were previously only achievable with porro prisms.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of a phase-correction coating can be checked on unopened binoculars using two polarization filters.<sup id="cite_ref-Weyrauch_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weyrauch-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fano-resonant_optical_coatings">Fano-resonant optical coatings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fano-resonant optical coatings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Fano-resonant optical coatings (FROCs) represent a new category of optical coatings.<sup id="cite_ref-elkabbash2021fano_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elkabbash2021fano-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FROCs exhibit the photonic <a href="/wiki/Fano_resonance" title="Fano resonance">Fano resonance</a> by coupling a broadband nanocavity, which serves as the continuum, with a narrowband Fabry–Perot nanocavity, representing the discrete state. The <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference</a> between these two resonances manifests as an asymmetric Fano-resonance line-shape. FROCs are considered a separate category of optical coatings because they enjoy optical properties that cannot be reproduced using other optical coatings. Mainly, semi-transparent FROCs act as a beam splitting filter that reflects and transmits the same color, a property that cannot be achieved with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(optics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transmission (optics) (page does not exist)">transmission filters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_mirror" title="Dielectric mirror">dielectric mirrors</a>, or semi-transparent metals. </p><p>FROCs enjoy remarkable <a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">structural coloring</a> properties, as they can produce colors across a wide color gamut with both high brightness and high purity.<sup id="cite_ref-elkabbash2023fano_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elkabbash2023fano-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the dependence of color on the angle of incident light can be controlled through the dielectric cavity material, making FROCs adaptable for applications requiring either angle-independent or angle-dependent coloring. This includes decorative purposes and anti-counterfeit measures. </p><p>FROCs were used as both monolithic spectrum splitters and selective solar absorbers, which makes them suitable for hybrid solar-thermal energy generation.<sup id="cite_ref-elkabbash2021fano_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elkabbash2021fano-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be designed to reflect specific wavelength ranges, aligning with the energy band gap of photovoltaic cells, while absorbing the remaining solar spectrum. This enables higher photovoltaic efficiency at elevated optical concentrations by reducing the photovoltaic's cell temperature. The reduced temperature also increases the cell's lifetime. Additionally, their low infrared emissivity minimizes thermal losses, increasing the system's overall optothermal efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-elkabbash2021fano_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elkabbash2021fano-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul><li>Hecht, Eugene. Chapter 9, <i>Optics</i>, 2nd ed. (1990), Addison Wesley. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-11609-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-11609-X">0-201-11609-X</a>.</li> <li>I. Moreno, et al., "Thin-film spatial filters", <i>Optics Letters</i>, 30, 914–916 (2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOL.30.000914">10.1364/OL.30.000914</a>.</li> <li>C. Clark, et al., "Two-color Mach 3 IR coating for TAMD systems", Proc. SPIE, vol. 4375, p. 307–314 (2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.439189">10.1117/12.439189</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen" class="citation web cs1">Green, Julissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sputtertargets.net/blog/pvd-thin-film-deposition-materials-list.html">"Introduction to PVD Coating Technologies"</a>. <i>Sputter Targets</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Aug 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sputter+Targets&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+PVD+Coating+Technologies&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Julissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sputtertargets.net%2Fblog%2Fpvd-thin-film-deposition-materials-list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+coating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsoffice.mit.edu/1998/mirror-1209">"MIT researchers create a 'perfect mirror'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>MIT press release</i>. 1998-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+press+release&rft.atitle=MIT+researchers+create+a+%27perfect+mirror%27&rft.date=1998-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsoffice.mit.edu%2F1998%2Fmirror-1209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+coating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219185627/http://planck.reduaz.mx/~imoreno/Publicaciones/OptLett2005.pdf">"<i>Thin-film spatial filters</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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id="cite_note-elkabbash2023fano-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elkabbash2023fano_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ElKabbash, Mohamed, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-39602-2">"Fano resonant optical coatings platform for full gamut and high purity structural colors"</a>, Nature Communications, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 3960, 2023, Nature Publishing Group UK London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-023-39602-2">10.1038/s41467-023-39602-2</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span 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