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<li id="toc-Definition_of_Hero_of_Alexandria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_Hero_of_Alexandria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Definition of Hero of Alexandria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_Hero_of_Alexandria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vitruvius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitruvius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vitruvius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitruvius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pinhole_gnomons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pinhole_gnomons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pinhole gnomons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pinhole_gnomons-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_computer_graphics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_computer_graphics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In computer graphics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_computer_graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="ميل المزولة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميل المزولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гноман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гноман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гномон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гномон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%B2mon" title="Gnòmon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gnòmon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%B3m%C3%B3n" title="Gnómón – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gnómón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gnomon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Γνώμονας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γνώμονας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gnomon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomono" title="Gnomono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gnomono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gnomon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1_(%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="اشاره‌گر (ابزار) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشاره‌گر (ابزار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gnomon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gnomon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%9C%ED%91%9C" title="규표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="규표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Գնոմոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գնոմոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="शंकुक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शंकुक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomono" title="Gnomono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gnomono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lsproti" title="Sólsproti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sólsproti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomone" title="Gnomone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gnomone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F" title="גנומון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנומון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გნომონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გნომონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%B3mon" title="Gnómon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gnómon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku_bayang" title="Paku bayang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paku bayang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon_(zonnewijzer)" title="Gnomon (zonnewijzer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gnomon (zonnewijzer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8E%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3" title="グノモン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グノモン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gnomon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gnomon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gnomon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%B4mon" title="Gnômon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gnômon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гномон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гномон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%B3mon" title="Gnómon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gnómon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gnomon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гномон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гномон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gnomon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon_(kuvioluvut)" title="Gnomon (kuvioluvut) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gnomon (kuvioluvut)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gnomon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Ишорагар (абзор) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ишорагар (абзор)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gnomon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гномон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гномон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%A6%8F" title="日規 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日規" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q236279#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gnomon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gnomon (disambiguation)">Gnomon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gnomon" title="Special:EditPage/Gnomon">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gnomon%22">"Gnomon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gnomon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gnomon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gnomon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gnomon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gnomon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sundial_Taganrog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sundial_Taganrog.jpg/220px-Sundial_Taganrog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sundial_Taganrog.jpg/330px-Sundial_Taganrog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sundial_Taganrog.jpg/440px-Sundial_Taganrog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>The gnomon is the <a href="/wiki/Triangular" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangular">triangular</a> blade in this sundial.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>gnomon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:γνώμων">γνώμων</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>gnṓmōn</i></span>)</i> 'one that knows or examines')<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the part of a <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a> that casts a <a href="/wiki/Shadow" title="Shadow">shadow</a>. The term is used for a variety of purposes in mathematics and other fields. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnomon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gnomon" title="Special:EditPage/Gnomon">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gnomon%22">"Gnomon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gnomon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gnomon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gnomon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gnomon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gnomon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnomon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gnomon.svg/220px-Gnomon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gnomon.svg/330px-Gnomon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gnomon.svg/440px-Gnomon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>A gnomon as in Euclid book II</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiocciola30s9m.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chiocciola30s9m.gif/220px-Chiocciola30s9m.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chiocciola30s9m.gif/330px-Chiocciola30s9m.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chiocciola30s9m.gif/440px-Chiocciola30s9m.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Invariant snail in the subtraction of gnomons (Hero's definition)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A painted stick dating from 2300 BC that was excavated at the archeological site of <a href="/wiki/Taosi" title="Taosi">Taosi</a> is the oldest gnomon known in China.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gnomon was widely used in ancient China from the second millennium BC onward in order to determine the changes in seasons, orientation, and geographical latitude. The ancient Chinese used shadow measurements for creating calendars that are mentioned in several ancient texts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the collection of Zhou Chinese poetic anthologies <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i>, one of the distant ancestors of <a href="/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou" title="King Wen of Zhou">King Wen of the Zhou dynasty</a> used to measure gnomon shadow lengths to determine the orientation around the 14th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anaximander#Gnomon" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> (610–546 BC) is credited with introducing this <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> instrument to the Ancient Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer <a href="/wiki/Oenopides#Geometry" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a> used the phrase <i>drawn gnomon-wise</i> to describe a line drawn perpendicular to another.<sup id="cite_ref-Heath_78-79_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath_78-79-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the term was used for an <b>L</b>-shaped instrument like a <a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">steel square</a> used to draw right angles. This shape may explain its use to describe a shape formed by cutting a smaller square from a larger one. <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Euclid</a> extended the term to the plane figure formed by removing a <a href="/wiki/Similarity_(geometry)" title="Similarity (geometry)">similar</a> <a href="/wiki/Parallelogram" title="Parallelogram">parallelogram</a> from a corner of a larger parallelogram. Indeed, the gnomon is the increment between two successive <a href="/wiki/Figurate_number#Gnomon" title="Figurate number">figurate numbers</a>, including square and triangular numbers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_of_Hero_of_Alexandria">Definition of Hero of Alexandria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnomon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition of Hero of Alexandria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient Greek mathematician and engineer <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a> defined a gnomon as that which, when added or subtracted to an entity (number or shape), makes a new entity similar to the starting entity. In this sense <a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a> used it to describe a number which added to a <a href="/wiki/Polygonal_number" title="Polygonal number">polygonal number</a> produces the next one of the same type. The most common use in this sense is an odd integer especially when seen as a <a href="/wiki/Figurate_number" title="Figurate number">figurate number</a> between <a href="/wiki/Square_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Square numbers">square numbers</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnomon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vitruvius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vitruvius_Pollio" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Vitruvius Pollio">Vitruvius</a> mentions the gnomon as "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">gnonomice</i></span>" in the first sentence of chapter 3 in volume 1 of his book <i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius#De_architectura" title="Vitruvius">De Architectura</a></i>. That Latin term "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">gnonomice</i></span>" leaves room for interpretation. Despite its similarity to "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γνωμονικός</span></span>" (or its feminine form "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γνωμονική</span></span>"), it appears unlikely that Vitruvius refers to judgement on the one hand or to the design of sundials on the other. It appears to be more appropriate to assume that he refers to geometry, a science upon which gnomons rely heavily. In those days, calculations were carried out geometrically, in contrast to the algebraic methods in use today. Thus, it seems that he indirectly refers to mathematics and <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pinhole_gnomons">Pinhole gnomons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnomon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pinhole gnomons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12,_fi,_20.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12%2C_fi%2C_20.JPG/220px-Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12%2C_fi%2C_20.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12%2C_fi%2C_20.JPG/330px-Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12%2C_fi%2C_20.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12%2C_fi%2C_20.JPG/440px-Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12%2C_fi%2C_20.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The gnomon projection on the floor of the Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral during the solstice on 21 June 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Perforated gnomons projecting a pinhole image of the Sun whose location can be measured to tell the time of day and year were described in the Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/Zhoubi_Suanjing" title="Zhoubi Suanjing">Zhoubi Suanjing</a></i>, possibly dating as early as the early <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> (11th century BC) but surviving only in forms dating to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a> (3rd century).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle East and Europe, it was separately credited to the Egyptian astronomer and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Yunus" title="Ibn Yunus">Ibn Yunus</a> around AD 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian astronomer, mathematician and cosmographer <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Toscanelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Paolo Toscanelli">Paolo Toscanelli</a> is associated with the 1475 placement of a bronze plate with a round hole in the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence to project an image of the Sun on the cathedral's floor. With markings on the floor it tells the exact time of each midday (reportedly to within half a second) as well as the date of the summer solstice. Italian mathematician, engineer, astronomer and geographer <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Ximenes" title="Leonardo Ximenes">Leonardo Ximenes</a> reconstructed the gnomon according to his new measurements in 1756.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orientation">Orientation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnomon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnomon_normalized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gnomon_normalized.jpg/220px-Gnomon_normalized.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gnomon_normalized.jpg/330px-Gnomon_normalized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gnomon_normalized.jpg/440px-Gnomon_normalized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Gnomon situated on the wall of a building facing Tiradentes Square, <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polar_alignment" title="Polar alignment">Polar alignment</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, the shadow-casting edge of a sundial gnomon is normally oriented so that it points due <a href="/wiki/True_north" title="True north">northward</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)" title="Parallel (geometry)">parallel</a> to the rotational axis of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. That is, it is <a href="/wiki/Polar_alignment" title="Polar alignment">inclined</a> to the northern horizon at an <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angle</a> that equals the <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> of the sundial's location. At present, such a gnomon should thus point almost precisely at <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a>, as this is within 1° of the north <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">celestial pole</a>. </p><p>On some sundials, the gnomon is vertical. These were usually used in former times for observing the <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, especially when on the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="style">style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnomon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>style</i> is the part of the gnomon that casts the shadow. This can change as the Sun moves. For example, the upper west edge of the gnomon might be the style in the morning and the upper east edge might be the style in the afternoon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_uses">Modern uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnomon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gnomons have been used in space missions to the Moon and Mars. The gnomon used by the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> astronauts was a gimballed stadia rod mounted on a tripod. While the rod's shadow indicated the direction of the Sun, the grayscale paints of varying reflectivity and the red, green and blue patches facilitated proper photography on the surface on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MarsDial" title="MarsDial">MarsDials</a> have been used on <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_computer_graphics">In computer graphics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnomon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In computer graphics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3DGraphicsGnomon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/3DGraphicsGnomon.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption>A gnomon in computer graphics</figcaption></figure> <p>A three-dimensional gnomon is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a> as an aid to positioning objects in the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a>. By convention, the <i>x</i>-axis direction is colored red, the <i>y</i>-axis green and the <i>z</i>-axis blue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnomon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gnomon_of_Saint-Sulpice" title="Gnomon of Saint-Sulpice">Gnomon of Saint-Sulpice</a> inside the Parisian church, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Sulpice (Paris)">Église Saint-Sulpice</a>, built to assist in determining the date of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, was fictionalized as a "<a href="/wiki/Rose_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Line">Rose Line</a>" in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code">The Da Vinci Code</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnomon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=gnw/mwn"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γνώμων</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=gnomon">"gnomon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=gnomon&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dgnomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnomon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietrocola2005" class="citation web cs1">Pietrocola, Giorgio (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maecla.it/tartapelago/museo/gnomoni/index.htm">"gnomon collection"</a>. <i>Maecla</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maecla&rft.atitle=gnomon+collection&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pietrocola&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maecla.it%2Ftartapelago%2Fmuseo%2Fgnomoni%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnomon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2014" class="citation book cs1">Li, Geng (2014). "Gnomons in Ancient China". In Ruggles, Clive (ed.). <i>Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy</i>. Springer New York (published July 7, 2014). p. 2095. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6141-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6141-8"><bdi>978-1-4614-6141-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnomons+in+Ancient+China&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Archaeoastronomy+and+Ethnoastronomy&rft.pages=2095&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6141-8&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Geng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnomon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2017" class="citation book cs1">Li, Geng (9 July 2017). "Gnomons in Ancient China". <i>Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy</i>. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 2095–2104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015hae..book.2095L">2015hae..book.2095L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6141-8_219">10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_219</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6140-1"><bdi>978-1-4614-6140-1</bdi></a> – via NASA ADS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnomons+in+Ancient+China&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Archaeoastronomy+and+Ethnoastronomy&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=2095-2104&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-07-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6141-8_219&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015hae..book.2095L&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6140-1&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Geng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnomon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2014" class="citation book cs1">Li, Geng (2014). "Gnomons in Ancient China". In Ruggles, Clive (ed.). <i>Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy</i>. Springer New York (published July 7, 2014). pp. 2095–2096. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6141-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6141-8"><bdi>978-1-4614-6141-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnomons+in+Ancient+China&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Archaeoastronomy+and+Ethnoastronomy&rft.pages=2095-2096&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6141-8&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Geng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnomon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2nd-century Chinese book <i><a href="/wiki/Nine_Chapters_on_the_Mathematical_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art">Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art</a></i> claims gnomons were used by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke of Zhou</a> (11th century BC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/dlanaximander.htm">Laërtius, Diogenes. "Life of Anaximander".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426191654/http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/dlanaximander.htm">Archived</a> 2017-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath_78-79-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heath_78-79_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heath (1981) pp. 78-79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CyssAQAAIAAJ&q=%22pierced+gnomon%22"><i>The Asiatic Review</i></a>. 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asiatic+Review&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCyssAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522pierced%2Bgnomon%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnomon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohr2012" class="citation book cs1">Rohr, René R.J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=msaqctAH8OkC&q=perforated&pg=PA6"><i>Sundials: History, Theory, and Practice</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486151700" title="Special:BookSources/9780486151700"><bdi>9780486151700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sundials%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+and+Practice&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780486151700&rft.aulast=Rohr&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9+R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmsaqctAH8OkC%26q%3Dperforated%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnomon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuter1964" class="citation news cs1">Suter, Rufus (1964). "Leonardo Ximenes and the Gnomon at the Cathedral of Florence". <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/227759">227759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leonardo+Ximenes+and+the+Gnomon+at+the+Cathedral+of+Florence&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F227759%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Suter&rft.aufirst=Rufus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnomon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/gnomon-lunar-apollo/nasm_A19810890000">"Gnomon, Lunar, Apollo"</a>. The Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gnomon%2C+Lunar%2C+Apollo&rft.pub=The+Smithsonian+Institution%2C+National+Air+and+Space+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fcollection-objects%2Fgnomon-lunar-apollo%2Fnasm_A19810890000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnomon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sharan_Newman" title="Sharan Newman">Sharan Newman</a>, <i>The Real History Behind The Da Vinci Code</i> (Berkley Publishing Group, 2005, p. 268).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnomon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midhat_J._Gazal%C3%A9" title="Midhat J. Gazalé">Gazalé, Midhat J.</a> <i>Gnomons, from Pharaohs to Fractals</i>, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00514-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00514-1">0-691-00514-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/T._L._Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="T. L. Heath">Heath, Thomas Little</a> (1981), <i>A History of Greek Mathematics</i>, Dover publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486240732" title="Special:BookSources/9780486240732"><bdi>9780486240732</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Mathematics&rft.pub=Dover+publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780486240732&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Little&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnomon" class="Z3988"></span> (first published 1921).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a>, <i>The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers</i>, trans. C.D. Yonge. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853.</li> <li>Mayall, R. Newton; <a href="/wiki/Margaret_W._Mayall" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret W. Mayall">Mayall, Margaret W.</a>, <i>Sundials: Their Construction and Use</i>, Dover Publications, Inc., 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-41146-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-41146-X">0-486-41146-X</a></li> <li>Waugh, Albert E., <i>Sundials: Their Theory and Construction</i>, Dover Publications, Inc., 1973, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-22947-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-22947-5">0-486-22947-5</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gnomons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gnomons">Gnomons</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/gnomon" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/gnomon">gnomon</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Agrippa_(astronomer)" title="Agrippa (astronomer)">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Cyrrhus" title="Andronicus of Cyrrhus">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristyllus" title="Aristyllus">Aristyllus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_of_Rhodes" title="Attalus of Rhodes">Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleostratus" title="Cleostratus">Cleostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euctemon" title="Euctemon">Euctemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicetas" title="Hicetas">Hicetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meton_of_Athens" title="Meton of Athens">Meton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_the_Peripatetic" title="Sosigenes the Peripatetic">Sosigenes the Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis">Timocharis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest"><i>Almagest</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ptolemy)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catasterismi" title="Catasterismi"><i>Catasterismi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Eratosthenes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens"><i>On the Heavens</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristotle)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callippic_cycle" title="Callippic cycle">Callippic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">Circle of latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchic_cycle" title="Hipparchic cycle">Hipparchic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_and_superior_planets" title="Inferior and superior planets">Inferior and superior planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaeteris" title="Octaeteris">Octaeteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">Sublunary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Medieval European science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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