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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Islamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang%22+1937">"Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang" 1937</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Islamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang%22+1937+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Islamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang%22+1937&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Islamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang%22+1937+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Islamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang%22+1937">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Islamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang%22+1937&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Xinjiang Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdul_Niyaz_with_his_soldiers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Abdul_Niyaz_with_his_soldiers.png/260px-Abdul_Niyaz_with_his_soldiers.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Abdul_Niyaz_with_his_soldiers.png/390px-Abdul_Niyaz_with_his_soldiers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Abdul_Niyaz_with_his_soldiers.png/520px-Abdul_Niyaz_with_his_soldiers.png 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="793" /></a></span><br />Abdul Niyaz with his soldiers in Kashgar</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1937-04-02</span>)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1937-10-15</span>)</span><span class="nowrap">April 2 – October 15, 1937</span><br />(6 months, 1 week and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Provincial government victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Sheng Shicai's pro-Soviet regime establishes its rule over the whole territory of Xinjiang province.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> </p> <hr /> Muslim Turkic rebels</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang clique</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)"><img alt="Republic of China (1912–1949)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)"><img alt="Republic of China (1912–1949)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hushan" title="Ma Hushan">Ma Hushan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)"><img alt="Republic of China (1912–1949)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ju-lung_(Nationalist_general)" title="Ma Ju-lung (Nationalist general)">Ma Ju-lung</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)"><img alt="Republic of China (1912–1949)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pai_Tzu-li" title="Pai Tzu-li">Pai Tzu-li</a> </p> <hr /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kichik_Akhund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kichik Akhund (page does not exist)">Kichik Akhund</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Niyaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Niyaz (page does not exist)">Abdul Niyaz</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Sheng-kuei" title="Ma Sheng-kuei">Ma Sheng-kuei</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Army" title="Republic of China Army">Republic of China Army</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/36th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)">New 36th Division</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/23px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/35px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/45px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Anti-Imperialist_Association.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> Xinjiang Army</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>~10,000 <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Chinese Muslim</a> cavalry and infantry </p> <hr /> 1,500 Turkic rebels</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 5,000 Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops<br />Several thousand <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russian</a> soldiers and provincial Chinese troops</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~2,000 casualties</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Provincial government: ~500<br />Soviet and White Russian forces: ~300</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Civil_War2283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War"><span class="wrap">Chinese Civil War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Outline of the Chinese Civil War">Outline of the Chinese Civil War</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>First Phase (1927–1937)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Encirclement campaigns">Encirclement campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Resumption of hostilities (1945–1949)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Bandits_in_Northeast_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoshen Campaign">Liaoshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihai_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaihai Campaign">Huaihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingjin_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingjin Campaign">Pingjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign" title="Yangtze River Crossing campaign">Yangtze River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Campaign" title="Shanghai Campaign">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island" title="Battle of Hainan Island">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guningtou" title="Battle of Guningtou">Guningtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign" title="Wanshan Archipelago Campaign">Wanshan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Aftermath</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_campaign_at_the_China%E2%80%93Burma_border" class="mw-redirect" title="1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border">China–Burma border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-strait conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_invasion_1937.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Soviet_invasion_1937.jpeg/220px-Soviet_invasion_1937.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Soviet_invasion_1937.jpeg/330px-Soviet_invasion_1937.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Soviet_invasion_1937.jpeg/440px-Soviet_invasion_1937.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Invasion 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1937 an <b>Islamic rebellion began in southern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang</a></b>. The rebels were 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Uighurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Uighurs">Uighur</a> Muslims commanded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kichik_Akhund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kichik Akhund (page does not exist)">Kichik Akhund</a>, who was tacitly aided by the New 36th Division, against the pro-Soviet provincial forces of the puppet <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Start">Start</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Start"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sheng Shicai had moved against Divisional General <a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Muhiti" title="Mahmut Muhiti">Mahmut Muhiti</a>, the commander-in-chief of the 6th Uyghur Division and the deputy chief of the <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> Military Region. Muhiti resented the increased Soviet influence and formed a secret group around himself. Sheng feared that Muhiti had allied with Chinese General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hu-shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma Hu-shan">Ma Hu-shan</a>, a Muslim. However, the Uighurs of Kashgar heard hostile reports on Ma from Uighur refugees from <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> who suffered under him. </p><p>Muhiti fled Kashgar on April 2, 1937, with a small number of his subordinates and some amount of gold to <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> via <a href="/wiki/Yengisar_County" title="Yengisar County">Yengi Hissar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkand</a>. Soon before his departure, he had sent a message to Ma Hu-Shan about his proposed arrival at Khotan. In response, Ma ordered his troops to prepare a parade and feast to honor Muhiti. That preparation pulled troops who guarded both mountain passes to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, which allowed Muhiti the opportunity to change his route and to sneak through into Kashmir. Muhiti's flight resulted in Uighur troops rising in revolt in Yengi Hissar, Yarkand, and <a href="/wiki/Artux" class="mw-redirect" title="Artux">Artush</a>, which resulted in the execution of all pro-Soviet officials and a number of Soviet advisers. An independent Turkic administration was set up by two of his officers, Kichik Akhund Sijiang, who commanded troops in Artush, and Abdul Niyaz Sijiang, who commanded troops in Yarkand and Yengi Hissar. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Pin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Pin (page does not exist)">Liu Pin</a>, a provincial commander in Kashgar Region with 700 troops at his command, responded to the rebellion by launching a squadron of nine Soviet planes to bomb Yangi Hissar and Yarkand.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Muhiti reached <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> in India, the following year, he went on pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A buildup of Soviet military assets occurred in Xinjiang before the outbreak of war. Around Kashgar, the Soviets sent AA guns, fighter planes, and soldiers of Russian and Kyrgyz origin in great numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The start of the rebellion in southern Xinjiang had an immediate and tragic impact on the fate of about 400 Uyghur students, who had been sent by the Xinjiang government to the Soviet Union (1935–1937) to study in the university of <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>. They were all arrested on one night in May 1937 by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, the Soviet secret police, and executed without trial allegedly by orders of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. Soviet diplomatic staff were also purged throughout the province in Soviet consulates in <a href="/wiki/Urumchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urumchi">Urumchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karashar" class="mw-redirect" title="Karashar">Karashar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghulja" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulja">Ghulja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuguchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuguchak">Chuguchak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai</a>. Soviet Consul-General in Urumchi <a href="/wiki/Garegin_Apresov" title="Garegin Apresov">Garegin Apresov</a>, the former Soviet consul in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and the main architect of Soviet policies in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, was recalled to Moscow and shot by a firing squad for allegedly participating in the so-called "Fascist-Trotskyite Plot" against Stalin and attempting to overthrow Sheng Shicai's regime on April 12, 1937, a day that commemorated day of an uprising four years earlier. The rebellion is also viewed by some historians as a plot by Mahmut Muhiti and Ma Hu-shan to convert Xinjiang into a base for fighting against Stalinists.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A conquest of the Kremlin, Russian Turkistan, and Siberia was planned in an anti-Soviet "jihad" formulated by Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamal2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promised a devastation of Europe and the conquest of the Soviet Union and India.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal2000_2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamal2000_2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-Soviet uprising by Ma was reported by <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a> (UPI) and read by Ahmad Kamal on 3 June 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal2000_3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamal2000_3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_36th_Division_invasion_of_Kashgar">New 36th Division invasion of Kashgar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New 36th Division invasion of Kashgar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, Ma Hushan and his <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Chinese Muslim</a> troops of the <a href="/wiki/36th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)">New 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)</a> were watching the situation with interest since they were eager to seize more territory. Sheng Shicai surprisingly ordered the New 36th Division to quell the rebellion of the 6th Uyghur Division although the 33rd and 34th Regiments of the 6th Uyghur Division, which had been stationed in Kashgar since August 20, 1934, initially did not join the rebellion because they had previously trained in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In 1934 to 1935, a number of officers of the 6th Uyghur Division were sent to <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> to study at its military academy. Soviet General <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Rybalko" title="Pavel Rybalko">Rybalko</a>, General Obuhoff, and General Dotkin worked in Kashgar from 1934 to 1936, were the Soviet military advisers of Sheng Shicai's administration, and participated in organizing and training the staff of the 6th Uyghur Division. </p><p>Having received the order, the Tungans attacked Kashgar airfield on 20 May but were defeated. Ten days later, 1,500 Islamic irregulars under Kichik Akund attacked and seized Kashgar Old City. His troops wore armbands with the words "<a href="/wiki/Fi_sabil_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fi sabil Allah">Fi sabil Allah</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: <i>in the way of Allah</i>). The rebellion was followed by a <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> uprising near <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> and Muslim unrest in <a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ma Hushan remained at Khotan watching the situation. His chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Pai_Tzu-li" title="Pai Tzu-li">Pai Tzu-li</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ju-lung_(Nationalist_general)" title="Ma Ju-lung (Nationalist general)">Ma Ju-lung</a>, the 1st Brigade commander at <a href="/wiki/Kargilik_County" title="Kargilik County">Karghalik</a>, persuaded him to strike against Kashgar. Ma Ju-lung arrived on 2 June at Kashgar reportedly to "put down the rebels of Kichik Akhund" although Kichik Akhund had secretly agreed to back off and he transferred his soldiers and himself to Aksu. Kashgar was taken by Ma Hushan without a battle. The Fayzabad-<a href="/wiki/Bachu_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachu County">Maral Bashi</a> region was taken by Ma Sheng-kuei's 2nd Brigade. Ma Hu-shan strengthened his position in southern Xinjiang and avoided engaging in battle, which let the Turkic Muslim rebels do the fighting as a diversion for Sheng's provincial army.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Niyaz.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/General_Niyaz.jpeg/220px-General_Niyaz.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/General_Niyaz.jpeg/330px-General_Niyaz.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/General_Niyaz.jpeg/440px-General_Niyaz.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>General Abdul Niyaz</figcaption></figure> <p>Ma Hushan surrounded Kashgar New City and explained to the British Consulate-General that the Chinese Muslim forces, which were still officially the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> 36th Division, were acting in covenant with the Turkics (Uighurs) to overthrow the pro-Soviet provincial government and to replace it with an Islamic government loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> government at <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ma Hushan was paranoid about a Soviet attack and controlled the Kashgar-Khotan area because it offered him a safe escape to <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, where he could take a steamer from <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> safely back to Chinese seaports and then to <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>. He and his officers repeatedly had vowed to attack the Soviets in conversations with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fleming_(writer)" title="Peter Fleming (writer)">Peter Fleming</a> and sought to procure gas masks and airplanes to help them fight. Some sources claimed that Hushan's operation was supported by Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1937, 5,000 Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops, backed by an air unit and an armored regiment, moved into Xinjiang at the request of Sheng Shicai, whose provincial troops were defeated by Muslim rebels in July 1937 at a battle near <a href="/wiki/Karashahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Karashahr">Karashar</a> and could not continue their advance on the south. In late August, provincial forces, including White Russians, Red Army, and <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> units, decisively defeated Kichik Akhund's troops at <a href="/wiki/Aksu,_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksu, Xinjiang">Aksu</a>, with most of his troops being annihilated after they were machine-gunned and bombed in air attacks by a squadron of 24 Soviet airplanes in an open field near Aksu. As a result, Kichik Akhund and Abdul Niyaz escaped to Kashgar with only 200 men. After that battle, Ma Sheng-kuei was bribed by Sheng Shicai to defect and to turn against Ma Hushan. Ma Sheng-kuei marched on Kashgar on September 1, 1937, only to find that Ma Hushan, Ma Ju-lung, and Pai Tzu-li had withdrawn toward Karghalik with the 1st Brigade. On 7 September, Ma Hushan and his officers deserted their troops and fled to India with gold. Ma brought along with him 1000 ounces in gold, which was confiscated by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhanshan" title="Ma Zhanshan">Ma Zhanshan</a>, a Muslim, was allegedly one of the Soviet Army commanders during the invasion. It was reported that he had led Soviet troops disguised in Chinese uniforms along with bombers during the attack, which had been requested by <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfred_Crofts,_Percy_Buchanan_1958_371_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfred_Crofts,_Percy_Buchanan_1958_371-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Chiang Yu-fen, a provincial commander, dispatched his men after Ma Hushan's 1st Brigade, and other provincial forces drove Abdu Niyaz and Kichik Akhund towards Yarkand. Red Army aircraft assisted the provincial forces by dropping bombs, including some containing <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a>. These airplanes first flew from an airbase in <a href="/wiki/Karakol" title="Karakol">Karakol</a>, Soviet Union, and then from captured airfields in <a href="/wiki/Uqturpan_County" title="Uqturpan County">Uchturpan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fas_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 September, Yarkand fell to Sheng, and on 15 September, Abdul Niyaz was executed. On October 15 the Soviets bombed the city of Khotan, which resulted in 2,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Xiang_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiang-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remnants of the 36th division melted away through <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a> in Qinghai and northern Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the war, Ma Hushan had exchanged messages with the Nanjing government and expected it to send aid, as he said in conversations with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fleming_(writer)" title="Peter Fleming (writer)">Peter Fleming</a>. However, in 1937, during the Soviet attack, China was invaded by Japan in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. The pro-Soviet provincial forces of Sheng Shicai established their control over the whole of Xinjiang. All rivals were eliminated, and the defeat of the new 36th Division caused the control of the Chinese government in Xinjiang to cease. </p><p>Sheng Shicai set up a memorial to the Soviets killed in combat by Ma Hushan that included Russian Orthodox crosses.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese government was fully aware of the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang and of the Soviet troops moving around Xinjiang and Gansu, but it was forced to conceal them to the public as "Japanese propaganda" to avoid an international incident and to continue to receive military supplies from the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1937, a month into the full-scale war in China against the Japanese forces after the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a>, the Soviet Union sent the Republic of China material aid during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese war</a> against the Japanese invasion under the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact">Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Military_Flotilla" title="Amur Military Flotilla">Amur Military Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Invasion_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1937/06/26/archives/moslems-in-chinese-turkestan-in-revolt-against-prosoviet-provincial.html">"Moslems in Chinese Turkestan in Revolt Against Pro-Soviet Provincial Authorities"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 26 June 1937.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Moslems+in+Chinese+Turkestan+in+Revolt+Against+Pro-Soviet+Provincial+Authorities&rft.date=1937-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1937%2F06%2F26%2Farchives%2Fmoslems-in-chinese-turkestan-in-revolt-against-prosoviet-provincial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986). <i>Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia</i>. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1"><bdi>978-0-521-25514-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25514-1&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Andrew+D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_D._W._Forbes_1986_144_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&q=sabil+false&pg=PA134"><i>Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949</i></a>. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25514-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25514-7"><bdi>0-521-25514-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+A+Political+History+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-25514-7&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsabil%2Bfalse%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlastair_Lamb1991" class="citation book cs1">Alastair Lamb (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ5WAAAAYAAJ&q=ma+hu-shan"><i>Kashmir: a disputed legacy, 1846–1990</i></a> (3, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-577423-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-577423-X"><bdi>0-19-577423-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+a+disputed+legacy%2C+1846%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=66&rft.edition=3%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-577423-X&rft.au=Alastair+Lamb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQ5WAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bhu-shan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_Chang2006" class="citation book cs1">Li Chang (2006). Maria Roman Sławiński (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kugvAQAAIAAJ&q=+Consulate+troops"><i>The modern history of China</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Księgarnia Akademicka. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7188-877-5" title="Special:BookSources/83-7188-877-5"><bdi>83-7188-877-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+modern+history+of+China&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=83-7188-877-5&rft.au=Li+Chang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkugvAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2BConsulate%2Btroops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Allen_S._Whiting_(political_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen S. Whiting (political scientist)">Allen Whiting</a> and General Sheng Shicai. <i>Sinkiang: Pawn or Pivot?</i>, Michigan State University Press, 1958.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamal2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamal2000_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Kamal2000" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&pg=PA163"><i>Land Without Laughter</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. 163–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9"><bdi>978-0-595-01005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Without+Laughter&rft.pages=163-&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-595-01005-9&rft.au=Ahmad+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbM2fGu9nnPUC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamal2000_2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamal2000_2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Kamal2000" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&pg=PA164"><i>Land Without Laughter</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. 164–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9"><bdi>978-0-595-01005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Without+Laughter&rft.pages=164-&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-595-01005-9&rft.au=Ahmad+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbM2fGu9nnPUC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamal2000_3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamal2000_3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Kamal2000" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&pg=PA327"><i>Land Without Laughter</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. 327–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9"><bdi>978-0-595-01005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Without+Laughter&rft.pages=327-&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-595-01005-9&rft.au=Ahmad+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbM2fGu9nnPUC%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hsiao-ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Hsiao-ting">Hsiao-ting Lin</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&q=Hushan+turned+to+the+Nationalists+for+help.+He+requested+that&pg=PA88"><i>Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3"><bdi>978-0-415-58264-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58264-3&rft.au=Hsiao-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsLQdBUgyMUC%26q%3DHushan%2Bturned%2Bto%2Bthe%2BNationalists%2Bfor%2Bhelp.%2BHe%2Brequested%2Bthat%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Wang1999" class="citation book cs1">David Wang (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Under_the_Soviet_Shadow/XeBxAAAAMAAJ?hl=en"><i>Under the Soviet Shadow--The Yining Incident: Ethnic Conflicts and International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944-1949</i></a>. Chinese University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Soviet+Shadow--The+Yining+Incident%3A+Ethnic+Conflicts+and+International+Rivalry+in+Xinjiang%2C+1944-1949&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.au=David+Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FUnder_the_Soviet_Shadow%2FXeBxAAAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1997" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Foreign Office (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmKQAAAAMAAJ&q=In+1937,+following+on+the+Mahometan+rebellion+which+had+been+proceeding+in+Southern+Sinkiang,+a+Chinese+Moslem+(or+%22+Tungan+%22)+general+named+Ma+Hu-shan,+fled+from+Chinese+Turkestan+to+India,+taking+with+him+some+thousands+of+ounces+of"><i>British documents on foreign affairs--reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print: From 1940 through 1945. Asia, Part 3</i></a>. University Publications of America. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55655-674-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55655-674-8"><bdi>1-55655-674-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+documents+on+foreign+affairs--reports+and+papers+from+the+Foreign+Office+confidential+print%3A+From+1940+through+1945.+Asia%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=University+Publications+of+America&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-55655-674-8&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Foreign+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmKQAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DIn%2B1937%2C%2Bfollowing%2Bon%2Bthe%2BMahometan%2Brebellion%2Bwhich%2Bhad%2Bbeen%2Bproceeding%2Bin%2BSouthern%2BSinkiang%2C%2Ba%2BChinese%2BMoslem%2B%28or%2B%2522%2BTungan%2B%2522%29%2Bgeneral%2Bnamed%2BMa%2BHu-shan%2C%2Bfled%2Bfrom%2BChinese%2BTurkestan%2Bto%2BIndia%2C%2Btaking%2Bwith%2Bhim%2Bsome%2Bthousands%2Bof%2Bounces%2Bof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfred_Crofts,_Percy_Buchanan_1958_371-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alfred_Crofts,_Percy_Buchanan_1958_371_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Crofts,_Percy_Buchanan1958" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Crofts, Percy Buchanan (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qAs5AAAAIAAJ&q=NKVD,+and+closely+integrated+with+the+neighboring+Islamic+republics+of+the+USSR"><i>A history of the Far East</i></a>. Longmans, Green. p. 371<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Far+East&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Alfred+Crofts%2C+Percy+Buchanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqAs5AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DNKVD%2C%2Band%2Bclosely%2Bintegrated%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bneighboring%2BIslamic%2Brepublics%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUSSR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fas-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fas_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100822165939/http://www.fas.org/bwc/papers/review/cwtable.htm">"Uses of CW since the First World War"</a>. fas.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/bwc/papers/review/cwtable.htm">the original</a> on 2010-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uses+of+CW+since+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=fas.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fbwc%2Fpapers%2Freview%2Fcwtable.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xiang-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xiang_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiang" class="citation web cs1">Xiang, Ah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uglychinese.org/Changing_Alliances-v0.pdf">"Changing Alliances In International Arena"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+Alliances+In+International+Arena&rft.aulast=Xiang&rft.aufirst=Ah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uglychinese.org%2FChanging_Alliances-v0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiang" class="citation web cs1">Xiang, Ah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.republicanchina.org/war.shtml">"Changing Alliances In International Arena"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+Alliances+In+International+Arena&rft.aulast=Xiang&rft.aufirst=Ah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.republicanchina.org%2Fwar.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311035045/http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=66cd1e99d0e0ab36&q=memorial%20to%20men%20who%20died%20source%3Alife&prev=%2Fimages%3Fq%3Dmemorial+to+men+who+died+source%3Alife&hl=en&tbs=isch%3A1">"Memorial to men who died in battle against Ma Hushan, includes Russian Orthodox crosses"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=66cd1e99d0e0ab36&q=memorial%20to%20men%20who%20died%20source%3Alife&prev=%2Fimages%3Fq%3Dmemorial%2Bto%2Bmen%2Bwho%2Bdied%2Bsource%3Alife%26hl%3Den%26tbs%3Disch%3A1">the original</a> on 2012-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorial+to+men+who+died+in+battle+against+Ma+Hushan%2C+includes+Russian+Orthodox+crosses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.google.com%2Fhosted%2Flife%2Fl%3Fimgurl%3D66cd1e99d0e0ab36%26q%3Dmemorial%2520to%2520men%2520who%2520died%2520source%253Alife%26prev%3D%252Fimages%253Fq%253Dmemorial%252Bto%252Bmen%252Bwho%252Bdied%252Bsource%253Alife%2526hl%253Den%2526tbs%253Disch%253A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/life0000geor"><i>LIFE</i></a></span>. Time Inc. 1994. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780886826024" title="Special:BookSources/9780886826024"><bdi>9780886826024</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019">0024-3019</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LIFE&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Time+Inc&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0024-3019&rft.isbn=9780886826024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flife0000geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin2010" class="citation book cs1">Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&q=soviet+border+japanese+propaganda"><i>Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3"><bdi>978-0-415-58264-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58264-3&rft.au=Hsiao-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsLQdBUgyMUC%26q%3Dsoviet%2Bborder%2Bjapanese%2Bpropaganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+rebellion+in+Xinjiang+%281937%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Soviet_Union46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSR_conflicts" title="Template:USSR conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSR_conflicts" title="Template talk:USSR conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSR_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSR conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Soviet_Union46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi movement</a> (1917–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict</a> (1925–1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Chinese conflict</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Japanese border conflicts</a> (1932–1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> (1931–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang rebellion</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a> (1944–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Polish anti-communist insurrection</a> (1944–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Baltic guerrilla war</a> (1944–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian guerrilla war</a> (1944–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a> (1946–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Slav_ethnic_clashes_(1958%E2%80%931965)" title="Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes (1958–1965)">Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes</a> (1958–1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a> (1966–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> (1967–1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia invasion</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Chinese border conflict</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> (1974–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a> (1977–1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghan War</a> (1979–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> (1988–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Lithuanian OMON assaults</a> (1990–1991)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xinjiang_Wars24" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xinjiang_Wars" title="Template:Xinjiang Wars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xinjiang_Wars" title="Template talk:Xinjiang Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xinjiang_Wars24" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Xinjiang Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion (1931–1934)</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_rebellion" title="Kirghiz rebellion">Kirghiz rebellion (1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aksu_(1933)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aksu (1933)">Battle of Aksu (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_massacre" title="Kizil massacre">Kizil massacre (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekes_Tash" title="Battle of Sekes Tash">Battle of Sekes Tash (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kashgar_(1933)" title="Battle of Kashgar (1933)">Battle of Kashgar (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_(1933)" title="Battle of Ürümqi (1933)">Battle of Ürümqi (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toksun" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Toksun">Battle of Toksun (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_(1933)" title="Battle of Ürümqi (1933)">First Battle of Ürümqi (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_(1933%E2%80%931934)" title="Battle of Ürümqi (1933–1934)">Second Battle of Ürümqi (1933-1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kashgar_(1933)" title="Battle of Kashgar (1933)">Battle of Kashgar (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yangi_Hissar" title="Battle of Yangi Hissar">Battle of Yangi Hissar (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarkand" title="Battle of Yarkand">Battle of Yarkand (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tutung" title="Battle of Tutung">Battle of Tutung (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dawan_Cheng" title="Battle of Dawan Cheng">Battle of Dawan Cheng (1934)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang (1934)</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charkhlik_revolt" title="Charkhlik revolt">Charkhlik revolt (1935)</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion (1944–1949)</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baitag_Bogd" title="Battle of Baitag Bogd">Battle of Baitag Bogd (1946-1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China (1949)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War (1962)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict (1969)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Depsang_standoff" title="2013 Depsang standoff">2013 Depsang standoff (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020–2021 China–India skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a 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