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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Activists' plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activists'_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_sit-ins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_sit-ins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The sit-ins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_sit-ins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunch_counter_on_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunch_counter_on_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lunch counter on display</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunch_counter_on_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Greensboro sit-ins</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1960 nonviolent protests in the United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Greensboro sit-ins</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a><br />in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Greensboro_Four,_Feb_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/Greensboro_Four%2C_Feb_1960.jpg/260px-Greensboro_Four%2C_Feb_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b2/Greensboro_Four%2C_Feb_1960.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="261" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The Greensboro Four: (left to right) <a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezell_A._Blair,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ezell A. Blair, Jr.">Ezell A. Blair, Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a>. Photo by Jack Moebes. Jack Moebes Photo Archive.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">February 1 – July 25, 1960 <br />(5 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>"Whites Only" lunch counters at <a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">F. W. Woolworth Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">Racial segregation</a> in public accommodations</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Catalyst to <a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">sit-in movement</a> that spread to more than 55 cities in 13 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> within three months</li> <li>Formation of Student Executive Committee for Justice (SECJ)</li> <li>Greensboro businesses desegregate lunch counters</li> <li>Catalyst to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <ul><li>Students from: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_College" title="Bennett College">Bennett College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Dudley_High_School" title="James B. Dudley High School">James B. Dudley High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Greensboro" title="University of North Carolina at Greensboro">Woman's College</a></li></ul></li> <li>Organizations involved: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <ul><li>Business lunch counters at: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">F. W. Woolworth Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._H._Kress_%26_Co." title="S. H. Kress & Co.">Kress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walgreens" title="Walgreens">Walgreens</a></li></ul></li> <li>Organizations involved: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KKK" class="mw-redirect" title="KKK">KKK</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_Rights_Movement_in_North_Carolina134" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina#Civil_Rights_Movement" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>State of North Carolina</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pupil_Assignment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Pupil Assignment Act">Pupil Assignment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearsall_Plan" title="Pearsall Plan">Pearsall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Highways_campaign" title="Freedom Highways campaign">Freedom Highways campaign</a></li></ul> <p><b>City of Greensboro</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Simkins_v._City_of_Greensboro" title="Simkins v. City of Greensboro">Simkins v. City of Greensboro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolfe_v._North_Carolina" title="Wolfe v. North Carolina">Wolfe v. North Carolina</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li></ul> <p><b>City of Monroe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monroe_Freedom_Ride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monroe Freedom Ride (page does not exist)">Monroe Freedom Ride</a></li></ul> <p><b>City of New Bern</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Bern_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Bern sit-ins (page does not exist)">New Bern sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Bern_bombings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Bern bombings (page does not exist)">New Bern bombings</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other localities</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lassiter_v._Northampton_County_Board_of_Elections" title="Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections">Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durham_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durham sit-ins (page does not exist)">Durham sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fayetteville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fayetteville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Fayetteville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston-Salem_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winston-Salem sit-ins (page does not exist)">Winston-Salem sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte sit-ins (page does not exist)">Charlotte sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concord_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concord sit-ins (page does not exist)">Concord sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_City_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth City sit-ins (page does not exist)">Elizabeth City sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henderson_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henderson sit-ins (page does not exist)">Henderson sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Point_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Point sit-ins (page does not exist)">High Point sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raleigh_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raleigh sit-ins (page does not exist)">Raleigh sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Point_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Point sit-ins (page does not exist)">High Point sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salisbury_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salisbury sit-ins (page does not exist)">Salisbury sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapel_Hill_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapel Hill sit-ins (page does not exist)">Chapel Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelby_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelby sit-ins (page does not exist)">Shelby sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statesville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statesville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Statesville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmington_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmington sit-ins (page does not exist)">Wilmington sit-ins</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avent_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avent v. North Carolina (page does not exist)">Avent v. North Carolina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Christmas_boycott" title="Black Christmas boycott">Black Christmas boycott</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Greensboro sit-ins</b> were a series of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent">nonviolent</a> protests in February to July 1960, primarily in the Woolworth store — now the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Rights_Center_and_Museum" title="International Civil Rights Center and Museum">International Civil Rights Center and Museum</a> — in <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sitin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sitin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to the <a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">F. W. Woolworth Company</a> department store chain removing its policy of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not the first <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, the Greensboro sit-ins were an instrumental action, and also the best-known sit-ins of the civil rights movement. They are considered a catalyst to the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">sit-in movement</a>, in which 70,000 people participated.<sup id="cite_ref-stamp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sit-in was a contributing factor in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_sit-ins">Previous sit-ins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greensboro_sit-ins&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Previous sit-ins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></div> <p>In August 1939, African-American attorney <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilbert_Tucker" title="Samuel Wilbert Tucker">Samuel Wilbert Tucker</a> organized the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Library_sit-in" title="Alexandria Library sit-in">Alexandria Library sit-in</a> in Virginia (now the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Black_History_Museum" title="Alexandria Black History Museum">Alexandria Black History Museum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> sponsored sit-ins in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, as they did in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> in 1949 and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> in 1952. College students led a successful 1955 sit-in at <a href="/wiki/Read%27s_Drug_Store" title="Read's Drug Store">Read's Drug Store</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, but the event received less widespread attention than the Greensboro sit-ins.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dockum_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Dockum Drug Store sit-in">Dockum Drug Store sit-in</a> in 1958 in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>, was successful in ending segregation at every Dockum Drug Store in Kansas and the <a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a> the same year led the <a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store" title="Katz Drug Store">Katz Drug Stores</a> to end its segregation policy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the Greensboro sit-ins, the participants in the two 1958 sit-ins employed a similar strategy and sought to desegregate store lunch counters.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1958 and 1964, Oklahoma City would serve as a hotspot for sit-ins.<sup id="cite_ref-okcbeforegreensboro_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okcbeforegreensboro-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activists'_plan"><span id="Activists.27_plan"></span>Activists' plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greensboro_sit-ins&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activists' plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greensboro Four (as they would soon be known) were <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a>, all young black students at <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University</a> in their freshman year who often met in their dorm rooms to discuss what they could do to stand against segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were inspired by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and his practice of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent">nonviolent</a> protest, and specifically wanted to change the segregational policies of <a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">F. W. Woolworth Company</a> in Greensboro, North Carolina. During Christmas vacation of 1959, McNeil attempted to buy a <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">hot dog</a> at the Greensboro <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound Lines</a> bus station, but was refused service. Shortly thereafter, the four men decided that it was time to take action against segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They came up with a simple plan: they would occupy seats at the local <a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">F. W. Woolworth Company</a> store, ask to be served, and when they were inevitably denied service, they would not leave. They would repeat this process every day for as long as it would take. Their goal was to attract widespread media attention to the issue, forcing Woolworth to implement <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_sit-ins">The sit-ins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greensboro_sit-ins&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The sit-ins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Woolworth_store_in_Greensboro,_NC_(2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Former_Woolworth_store_in_Greensboro%2C_NC_%282008%29.jpg/220px-Former_Woolworth_store_in_Greensboro%2C_NC_%282008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Former_Woolworth_store_in_Greensboro%2C_NC_%282008%29.jpg/330px-Former_Woolworth_store_in_Greensboro%2C_NC_%282008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Former_Woolworth_store_in_Greensboro%2C_NC_%282008%29.jpg/440px-Former_Woolworth_store_in_Greensboro%2C_NC_%282008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3702" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The event took place at this Woolworth <a href="/wiki/Five-and-dime" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-and-dime">five-and-dime</a> store.</figcaption></figure> <p>On February 1, 1960, at 4:30 pm <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">ET</a>, the four sat down at the 66-seat L-shaped stainless steel <a href="/wiki/Lunch_counter" title="Lunch counter">lunch counter</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">F. W. Woolworth Company</a> store at 132 South Elm Street in Greensboro, North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men, Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain and Joseph McNeil,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would become known as the <b>A&T Four</b> or the <b>Greensboro Four</b>, had purchased toothpaste and other products from a desegregated counter at the store with no problems, but were then refused service at the store's lunch counter when they each asked for a cup of coffee and a donut with cream on the side.<sup id="cite_ref-sitin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sitin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lunchat_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lunchat-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a witness, a white waitress told the boys "We don't serve <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negroes</a> here". Blair responded that he was just served 2 feet away, to which the waitress replied "Negroes eat at the other end". An African-American girl who was cleaning behind the counter called them "stupid, ignorant, rabble-rousers, troublemakers". Another African-American told them, "You're just hurting race relations by sitting there". However, an elderly white woman told them, "I am just so proud of you. My only regret is that you didn't do this ten or fifteen years ago". Store manager <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Harris" title="Clarence Harris">Clarence Harris</a> asked them to leave, and, when they would not budge, called his supervisor, who told him, "They'll soon give up, leave and be forgotten". Harris allowed the students to stay and did not call police to evict them.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four freshmen stayed until the store closed that night, and then went back to the North Carolina A&T University campus, where they recruited more students to join them the next morning.<sup id="cite_ref-wicked_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wicked-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, on February 2, 1960, more than twenty black students (including four women), recruited from other campus groups, joined the sit-in. This group sat with school work to stay busy from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. The group was again refused service, and were harassed by the white customers at the Woolworth store. However, the sit-ins made local news on the second day, with reporters, a TV cameraman and police officers present throughout the day. Back on campus that night, the Student Executive Committee for Justice was organized, and the committee sent a letter asking the president of F.W. Woolworth to "take a firm stand to eliminate discrimination."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing of the sit-ins, the president of the college, <a href="/wiki/Warmoth_T._Gibbs" title="Warmoth T. Gibbs">Warmoth T. Gibbs</a>, remarked that Woolworth's "did not have the reputation for fine food".<sup id="cite_ref-wicked_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wicked-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The students wrote the following letter to the president of Woolworth's: </p> <blockquote> <p>Dear Mr. President: We the undersigned are students at the Negro college in the city of <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a>. Time and time again we have gone into Woolworth stores in Greensboro. We have bought thousands of items at the hundreds of counters in your stores. Our money was accepted without rancor or discrimination, and with politeness towards us, when at a long counter just three feet away our money is not acceptable because of the colour of our skins...... We are asking your company to take a firm stand to eliminate discrimination. We firmly believe that God will give you courage and guidance in solving the problem. Sincerely Yours, Student Executive Committee. </p> </blockquote> <p>On February 3, 1960, the number grew to over 60, including students from Dudley High School. An estimated one third of the protesters were women, many of them students from <a href="/wiki/Bennett_College" title="Bennett College">Bennett College</a>, a historically black women's college in Greensboro. White customers heckled the black students, who read books and studied, while the lunch counter staff continued to refuse service. North Carolina's official chaplain of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_titles_and_vocabulary" title="Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary">Kludd</a>), George Dorsett, as well as other members of the Klan, were present. The F.W. Woolworth national headquarters said that the company would "abide by local custom" and maintain its segregation policy.<sup id="cite_ref-counter_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counter-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 4, 1960, more than 300 people took part. The group now included students from North Carolina A&T University, Bennett College, and Dudley High School, and they filled the entire seating area at the lunch counter.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three white female students from the Woman's College of the University of North Carolina (now <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Greensboro" title="University of North Carolina at Greensboro">University of North Carolina at Greensboro</a>), Genie Seaman, Marilyn Lott, and Ann Dearsley, also joined the protest.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizers agreed to expand the sit-in protests to include the lunch counter at Greensboro's <a href="/wiki/S._H._Kress_%26_Co." title="S. H. Kress & Co.">S. H. Kress & Co.</a> store that day. Students, college administrators, and representatives from F.W. Woolworth and Kress met to discuss, but with the stores' refusal to integrate, the meeting was not resolved. </p><p>On February 5, 1960, a high tension environment at the Woolworth counter emerged when 50 white men sat at the counter, in opposition to the protesters, which now included white college students.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, more than 300 were at the store by 3:00 pm, at which time the police removed two young white customers for swearing and yelling, and then police arrested three white patrons before the store closed at 5:30 pm. Another meeting between students, college officials, and store representatives took place, and again there was no resolution. The store representatives were frustrated that only certain segregated stores were being protested, and asked for intervention by the college administrators, while some administrators suggested a temporary closure of the counters. </p><p>On Saturday, February 6, 1960, over 1,400 North Carolina A&T students met in the Richard B. Harrison Auditorium on campus. They voted to continue the protests and went to the Woolworth store, filling up the store. More than 1,000 protesters and counter-protesters packed themselves into the store by noon. Around 1 pm, a bomb threat set for 1:30 pm was delivered by call to the store, causing the protesters to head to the Kress store, which immediately closed, along with the Woolworth store. </p><p>On March 16, 1960, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> expressed his concern for those who were fighting for their human and civil rights, saying that he was "deeply sympathetic with the efforts of any group to enjoy the rights of equality that they are guaranteed by the Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">sit-in movement</a> then spread to other Southern cities, including <a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem" class="mw-redirect" title="Winston-Salem">Winston-Salem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Building_(Lexington,_Kentucky)" title="F. W. Woolworth Building (Lexington, Kentucky)">Lexington, Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, students of the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a> were trained by civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(American_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lawson (American activist)">James Lawson</a> and had already started the sit-in process when Greensboro occurred. The <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a> attained desegregation of the downtown department store lunch counters in May 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these protests were peaceful, but there were instances of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-stamp_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>, tensions rose between blacks and whites and fights broke out.<sup id="cite_ref-lunchat_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lunchat-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>, students from <a href="/wiki/Tougaloo_College" title="Tougaloo College">Tougaloo College</a> staged a sit-in on May 28, 1960, recounted in the autobiography of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Moody" title="Anne Moody">Anne Moody</a>, a participant. In <i><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Mississippi" title="Coming of Age in Mississippi">Coming of Age in Mississippi</a></i>, Moody describes their treatment from whites who were at the counter when they sat down, the formation of the mob in the store and how they managed finally to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sit-ins spread to other forms of public accommodation, including transport facilities, swimming pools, lunch counters, libraries, art galleries, parks and beaches and museums, primarily in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the sit-ins continued, tensions started growing in Greensboro. Students began a far-reaching boycott of stores with segregated lunch counters. Sales at the boycotted stores dropped by a third, leading their owners to abandon segregation policies.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Monday, July 25, 1960, after nearly $200,000 in losses ($2.1 million in 2024 dollars), and a reduction in salary for not meeting sales goals, store manager <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Harris" title="Clarence Harris">Clarence Harris</a> asked four black employees, Geneva Tisdale, Susie Morrison, Anetha Jones, and Charles Bess,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to change out of their work clothes and order a meal at the counter. They were, quietly, the first to be served at a Woolworth lunch counter.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wicked_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wicked-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most stores were soon desegregated, though in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Tennessee" title="Jackson, Tennessee">Jackson, Tennessee</a>, Woolworth's continued to be segregated until around 1965, despite multiple protests.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> mandated desegregation in public accommodations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lunch_counter_on_display">Lunch counter on display</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greensboro_sit-ins&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lunch counter on display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greensboro_sit-in_lunch_counter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lunch counter with four barstool height seats, as part of a museum exhibit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greensboro_sit-in_lunch_counter.jpg/220px-Greensboro_sit-in_lunch_counter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greensboro_sit-in_lunch_counter.jpg/330px-Greensboro_sit-in_lunch_counter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greensboro_sit-in_lunch_counter.jpg/440px-Greensboro_sit-in_lunch_counter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>Lunch counter from the F. W. Woolworth</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Rights_Center_%26_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="International Civil Rights Center & Museum">International Civil Rights Center & Museum</a> in Greensboro has portions of the lunch counter,<sup id="cite_ref-counter_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counter-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>and donated part of their lunch counter to the Smithsonian's African American Museum <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A four-seat portion of the lunch counter acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> in 1993, is displayed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a six-seat portion was donated to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greensborohistory.org/exhibits-explore/changing-times">Greensboro History Museum</a> in 1993 is on display.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greensboro_sit-ins&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commemorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, the street south of the site was renamed February One Place, in commemoration of the date of the first Greensboro sit-in.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the <i><a href="/wiki/February_One" title="February One">February One</a></i> monument and sculpture by <a href="/wiki/James_Barnhill_(artist)" title="James Barnhill (artist)">James Barnhill</a>, depicting the Greensboro Four, was erected on North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University's campus.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 1, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> showed a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> of a diorama made by Karen Collins to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Greensboro sit-in.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 12, 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Guilford_County,_North_Carolina" title="Guilford County, North Carolina">Guilford County</a> Board of Education voted to rename The Middle College at N.C. A&T, a high school for boys on the N.C. A&T campus, "A&T Four Middle College at North Carolina A&T State University" effective July 1, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film">In film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greensboro_sit-ins&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/February_One:_The_Story_of_the_Greensboro_Four" title="February One: The Story of the Greensboro Four">February One: The Story of the Greensboro Four</a></i> is a 2003 documentary film shown on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seizing_Justice:_The_Greensboro_4" title="Seizing Justice: The Greensboro 4">Seizing Justice: The Greensboro 4</a></i> is a 2010 documentary film for the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greensboro_sit-ins&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">Timeline of the civil rights movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greensboro_sit-ins&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sitin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sitin_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sitin_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/the-greensboro-sit-in">"The Greensboro Sit-In"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV channel)">History</a>. January 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greensboro+Sit-In&rft.pub=History&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fblack-history%2Fthe-greensboro-sit-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/educate/lunch.html">"Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-In"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greensboro+Lunch+Counter+Sit-In&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fodyssey%2Feducate%2Flunch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stamp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stamp_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stamp_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchlosser2005" class="citation web cs1">Schlosser, Jim (January 27, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greensboro.com/news/general_assignment/we-ll-see-sit-in-stamp-first/article_f7328ecf-ed48-59d9-938d-56a8d76bf784.html?mode=jqm">"We'll see sit-in stamp first"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News_%26_Record" title="News & Record">News & Record</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Record&rft.atitle=We%27ll+see+sit-in+stamp+first&rft.date=2005-01-27&rft.aulast=Schlosser&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greensboro.com%2Fnews%2Fgeneral_assignment%2Fwe-ll-see-sit-in-stamp-first%2Farticle_f7328ecf-ed48-59d9-938d-56a8d76bf784.html%3Fmode%3Djqm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis60.htm#1960greensboro">"First Southern Sit-in, Greensboro NC"</a>. Civil Rights Movement Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Southern+Sit-in%2C+Greensboro+NC&rft.pub=Civil+Rights+Movement+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Ftim%2Ftimhis60.htm%231960greensboro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sncc">"SNCC"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicked+Greensboro&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2011-04-29&rft.isbn=9781614234401&rft.aulast=Sink&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiIV2CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlunkett-Powell2014" class="citation book cs1">Plunkett-Powell, Karen (April 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_avcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT384"><i>Remembering Woolworth's: A Nostalgic History of the World's Most Famous Five-and-Dime</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bedford/St._Martin%27s" title="Bedford/St. Martin's">Bedford/St. 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Hero During Sit-ins\Ann Dearsley-Vernon is the First White Person Honored by Sit-in Movement, Which is Raising Funds to Build a Civil Rights Museum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News_%26_Record" title="News & Record">News & Record</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Record&rft.atitle=Woman+Honored+as+Unsung+Hero+During+Sit-ins%5CAnn+Dearsley-Vernon+is+the+First+White+Person+Honored+by+Sit-in+Movement%2C+Which+is+Raising+Funds+to+Build+a+Civil+Rights+Museum.&rft.date=2001-02-04&rft.aulast=Annas&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greensboro.com%2Fwoman-honored-as-unsung-hero-during-sit-ins-ann-dearsley%2Farticle_8e61ede1-a07f-58fd-90db-c63f728f904c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signs+of+the+Times%3A+The+Visual+Politics+of+Jim+Crow&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010-05-06&rft.isbn=9780520261839&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIakwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1969" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Doris Yvonne (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uC92AAAAMAAJ"><i>Black Revolt: Strategies of Protest</i></a>. Berkeley: McCutchan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821122211" title="Special:BookSources/9780821122211"><bdi>9780821122211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Revolt%3A+Strategies+of+Protest&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=McCutchan&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780821122211&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Doris+Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuC92AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower, Dwight D.</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/ppotpus/4728424.1960.001/346?rgn=full+text;view=image">"93 The President's News Conference of March 16, 1960."</a>. <i>The Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Dwight D. Eisenhower. January 1, 1960, to January 20, 1961</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. p. 294.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=93+The+President%27s+News+Conference+of+March+16%2C+1960.&rft.btitle=The+Public+Papers+of+the+Presidents+of+the+United+States.+Dwight+D.+Eisenhower.+January+1%2C+1960%2C+to+January+20%2C+1961.&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Eisenhower&rft.aufirst=Dwight+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fp%2Fppotpus%2F4728424.1960.001%2F346%3Frgn%3Dfull%2Btext%3Bview%3Dimage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoslK'Meyer2009" class="citation news cs1">Fosl, Catherine; K'Meyer, Tracy E. (December 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4pd_XsQhRckC&pg=PT90">"Freedom on the Border: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Kentucky"</a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813139012" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813139012"><bdi>978-0813139012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Freedom+on+the+Border%3A+An+Oral+History+of+the+Civil+Rights+Movement+in+Kentucky&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.isbn=978-0813139012&rft.aulast=Fosl&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=K%27Meyer%2C+Tracy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4pd_XsQhRckC%26pg%3DPT90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/2017/03/02/complete-coverage-civil-rights-movement-nashville/98648442/">"Civil rights movement in Nashville"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tennessean" title="The Tennessean">The Tennessean</a></i>. March 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=Civil+rights+movement+in+Nashville&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2017%2F03%2F02%2Fcomplete-coverage-civil-rights-movement-nashville%2F98648442%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoody1968" class="citation book cs1">Moody, Anne (1968). "23". <i>Coming of Age in Mississippi</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=23&rft.btitle=Coming+of+Age+in+Mississippi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis60.htm#1960sitins"><i>Sit-ins Spread Across the South</i></a>, Civil Rights Movement Archive</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sit-ins+Spread+Across+the+South&rft.pub=Civil+Rights+Movement+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Ftim%2Ftimhis60.htm%231960sitins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bittersoutherner.com/southern-perspective/2020/charles-bess-greensboro-woolworth-sit-ins-civil-rights">"The Man Behind the Counter"</a>. <i>The Bitter Southerner</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bitter+Southerner&rft.atitle=The+Man+Behind+the+Counter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbittersoutherner.com%2Fsouthern-perspective%2F2020%2Fcharles-bess-greensboro-woolworth-sit-ins-civil-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/CivilRights">"Civil Rights Greensboro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Greensboro" class="mw-redirect" title="University of North Carolina Greensboro">University of North Carolina Greensboro</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Rights+Greensboro&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Greensboro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcdm1.uncg.edu%2Fcdm%2Flandingpage%2Fcollection%2FCivilRights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131001225727/http://orig.jacksonsun.com/civilrights/sec2_tn_timeline.shtml">"Timeline of civil rights in Tennessee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_Sun" title="The Jackson Sun">The Jackson Sun</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orig.jacksonsun.com/civilrights/sec2_tn_timeline.shtml">the original</a> on October 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+civil+rights+in+Tennessee&rft.pub=The+Jackson+Sun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forig.jacksonsun.com%2Fcivilrights%2Fsec2_tn_timeline.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilrights.findlaw.com/civil-rights-overview/civil-rights-in-public-accommodations-and-facilities-law-and.html">"Civil Rights in Public Accommodations and Facilities: Law and History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FindLaw" title="FindLaw">FindLaw</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FindLaw&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+in+Public+Accommodations+and+Facilities%3A+Law+and+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivilrights.findlaw.com%2Fcivil-rights-overview%2Fcivil-rights-in-public-accommodations-and-facilities-law-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2016" class="citation news cs1">McLaughlin, Nancy (September 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greensboro.com/news/local_news/smithsonian-s-african-american-museum-opens-with-lunch-counter-display/article_af55bc60-22f5-5fbe-ac48-dd3c52a83365.html">"Smithsonian's African American Museum opens with lunch counter display from Greensboro"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News_%26_Record" title="News & Record">News & Record</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Record&rft.atitle=Smithsonian%27s+African+American+Museum+opens+with+lunch+counter+display+from+Greensboro&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greensboro.com%2Fnews%2Flocal_news%2Fsmithsonian-s-african-american-museum-opens-with-lunch-counter-display%2Farticle_af55bc60-22f5-5fbe-ac48-dd3c52a83365.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1159229">"Collections: Greensboro Lunch Counter: Catalog No. 1994.0156.01"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collections%3A+Greensboro+Lunch+Counter%3A+Catalog+No.+1994.0156.01&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fobject%2Fnmah_1159229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recordonline.com/story/lifestyle/2008/02/17/travel-guide-civil-rights-tour/52614083007/">"Travel guide a civil rights tour and more"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travel+guide+a+civil+rights+tour+and+more&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recordonline.com%2Fstory%2Flifestyle%2F2008%2F02%2F17%2Ftravel-guide-civil-rights-tour%2F52614083007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoman2020" class="citation news cs1">Loman, Cindy (January 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalnow.com/news/local/the-story-behind-the-iconic-photo-of-greensboro-sit-ins/article_6833e64d-2839-5adc-a378-bb7ee8e87fa8.html">"The story behind the iconic photo of Greensboro sit-ins that the world almost didn't see"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News_%26_Record" title="News & Record">News & Record</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Record&rft.atitle=The+story+behind+the+iconic+photo+of+Greensboro+sit-ins+that+the+world+almost+didn%27t+see&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft.aulast=Loman&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalnow.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fthe-story-behind-the-iconic-photo-of-greensboro-sit-ins%2Farticle_6833e64d-2839-5adc-a378-bb7ee8e87fa8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greensboro.com/february-one-monument-to-be-unveiled/article_be768346-3bdb-547c-8589-c82246ac3da7.html">"February One Monument to be Unveiled"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News_%26_Record" title="News & Record">News & Record</a></i>. January 29, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Record&rft.atitle=February+One+Monument+to+be+Unveiled&rft.date=2002-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greensboro.com%2Ffebruary-one-monument-to-be-unveiled%2Farticle_be768346-3bdb-547c-8589-c82246ac3da7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/60th-anniversary-of-the-greensboro-sit-in/">"60th Anniversary of the Greensboro Sit-in"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>. February 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=60th+Anniversary+of+the+Greensboro+Sit-in&rft.pub=Google+Doodle&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2F60th-anniversary-of-the-greensboro-sit-in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2020" class="citation news cs1">Crowley, James (February 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/google-doodle-greensboro-sit-civil-rights-movement-60th-anniversary-1485222">"Google Doodle Honors 60th Anniversary of Greensboro Sit-In"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Google+Doodle+Honors+60th+Anniversary+of+Greensboro+Sit-In&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fgoogle-doodle-greensboro-sit-civil-rights-movement-60th-anniversary-1485222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPounds2022" class="citation news cs1">Pounds, Jessie (April 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greensboro.com/news/local/education/middle-college-at-n-c-a-t-renamed-for-a-t-four-to-honor-sit/article_f0fb8cb2-baad-11ec-bd63-8f86b93f213e.html">"Middle College at N.C. A&T renamed for A&T Four to honor sit-in movement"</a>. <i>News & Record</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Record&rft.atitle=Middle+College+at+N.C.+A%26T+renamed+for+A%26T+Four+to+honor+sit-in+movement&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft.aulast=Pounds&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreensboro.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Feducation%2Fmiddle-college-at-n-c-a-t-renamed-for-a-t-four-to-honor-sit%2Farticle_f0fb8cb2-baad-11ec-bd63-8f86b93f213e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greensboro_sit-ins&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChafe1981" class="citation book cs1">Chafe, William Henry (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilitiescivilr0000chaf_h5c0"><i>Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195029192" title="Special:BookSources/9780195029192"><bdi>9780195029192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilities+and+Civil+Rights%3A+Greensboro%2C+North+Carolina%2C+and+the+Black+Struggle+for+Freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780195029192&rft.aulast=Chafe&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilitiescivilr0000chaf_h5c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKowal2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kowal, Rebekah J. (Winter 2004). "Staging the Greensboro Sit-Ins". <i><a href="/wiki/TDR_(journal)" title="TDR (journal)">TDR</a></i>. <b>48</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F1054204042442008">10.1162/1054204042442008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57564786">57564786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TDR&rft.atitle=Staging+the+Greensboro+Sit-Ins&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F1054204042442008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57564786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kowal&rft.aufirst=Rebekah+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollitt1960" class="citation journal cs1">Pollitt, Daniel H. (Summer 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol9/iss3/1">"Dime Store Demonstrations: Events and Legal Problems of First Sixty Days, 1960"</a>. <i>Duke Law Journal</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">315–</span>365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1371082">10.2307/1371082</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1371082">1371082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Dime+Store+Demonstrations%3A+Events+and+Legal+Problems+of+First+Sixty+Days%2C+1960&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E365&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1371082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1371082%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pollitt&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.duke.edu%2Fdlj%2Fvol9%2Fiss3%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalzer1960" class="citation journal cs1">Walzer, Michael (Spring 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/michael-walzer-report-lunch-counter-sit-ins-durham-1960">"A Cup of Coffee and a Seat"</a>. <i>Dissent</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">111–</span>120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dissent&rft.atitle=A+Cup+of+Coffee+and+a+Seat&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Walzer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Farticle%2Fmichael-walzer-report-lunch-counter-sit-ins-durham-1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greensboro_sit-ins&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/search/collection/CivilRights/searchterm/Business%20desegregation*%201960/field/subjea/mode/all/conn/and/order/date"><i>Civil Rights Greensboro: Greensboro sit-ins</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Greensboro" title="University of North Carolina at Greensboro">University of North Carolina at Greensboro</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Rights+Greensboro%3A+Greensboro+sit-ins&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+at+Greensboro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcdm1.uncg.edu%2Fcdm%2Fsearch%2Fcollection%2FCivilRights%2Fsearchterm%2FBusiness%2520desegregation%2A%25201960%2Ffield%2Fsubjea%2Fmode%2Fall%2Fconn%2Fand%2Forder%2Fdate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://objectofhistory.org/objects/intro/lunchcounter/"><i>Object of History: The Lunch Counter</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Object+of+History%3A+The+Lunch+Counter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobjectofhistory.org%2Fobjects%2Fintro%2Flunchcounter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis60.htm"><i>Greensboro Sit-Ins</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(timeline)</span>, CRMVet</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greensboro+Sit-Ins&rft.pub=CRMVet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Ftim%2Ftimhis60.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-civil-rights-movement-in-america-1945-to-1968/greensboro-1960/"><i>Greensboro 1960</i></a>, History Learning Site</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greensboro+1960&rft.pub=History+Learning+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Fthe-civil-rights-movement-in-america-1945-to-1968%2Fgreensboro-1960%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.core-online.org/History/sit_ins.htm"><i>Making Equality a Reality – History of Sit ins</i></a>, Core online</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Equality+a+Reality+%E2%80%93+History+of+Sit+ins&rft.pub=Core+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.core-online.org%2FHistory%2Fsit_ins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sitinmovement.org/"><i>International Civil Rights Center & Museum</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Rights_Center_%26_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="International Civil Rights Center & Museum">International Civil Rights Center & Museum</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Civil+Rights+Center+%26+Museum&rft.pub=International+Civil+Rights+Center+%26+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sitinmovement.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/zaneedwardraymond/"><i>Guide to the Edward Raymond Zane Letters</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Edward+Raymond+Zane+Letters&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.duke.edu%2Frubenstein%2Ffindingaids%2Fzaneedwardraymond%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreensboro+sit-ins" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sit-in_movement58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sit-in_movement" title="Template:Sit-in movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sit-in_movement" title="Template talk:Sit-in movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sit-in_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sit-in movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sit-in_movement58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Library_sit-in" title="Alexandria Library sit-in">Alexandria Library sit-in</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago sit-ins (page does not exist)">Chicago sit-ins</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltimore sit-ins (page does not exist)">Baltimore sit-ins</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dresden sit-ins (page does not exist)">Dresden sit-ins</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Read%27s_Drug_Store_sit-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Read's Drug Store sit-in (page does not exist)">Read's Drug Store sit-in</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dockum_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Dockum Drug Store sit-in">Dockum Drug Store sit-in</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oklahoma City sit-ins (page does not exist)">Oklahoma City sit-ins</a> (1958) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miami_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miami sit-ins (page does not exist)">Miami sit-ins</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">During 1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greensboro sit-ins</a> (Feb. 1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durham_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durham sit-ins (page does not exist)">Durham sit-ins</a> (Feb. 8)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fayetteville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fayetteville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Fayetteville sit-ins</a> (Feb. 8)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston-Salem_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winston-Salem sit-ins (page does not exist)">Winston-Salem sit-ins</a> (Feb. 8)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte sit-ins (page does not exist)">Charlotte sit-ins</a> (Feb. 9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concord_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concord sit-ins (page does not exist)">Concord sit-ins</a> (Feb. 9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_City_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth City sit-ins (page does not exist)">Elizabeth City sit-ins</a> (Feb. 9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henderson_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henderson sit-ins (page does not exist)">Henderson sit-ins</a> (Feb. 9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Point_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Point sit-ins (page does not exist)">High Point sit-ins</a> (Feb. 9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raleigh_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raleigh sit-ins (page does not exist)">Raleigh sit-ins</a> (Feb. 10)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hampton_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hampton sit-ins (page does not exist)">Hampton sit-ins</a> (Feb. 11)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portsmouth sit-ins (page does not exist)">Portsmouth sit-ins</a> (Feb. 11)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_Hill_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock Hill sit-ins (page does not exist)">Rock Hill sit-ins</a> (Feb. 12)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norfolk sit-ins (page does not exist)">Norfolk sit-ins</a> (Feb. 12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a> (Feb. 13)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tallahassee_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tallahassee sit-ins (page does not exist)">Tallahassee sit-ins</a> (Feb. 13)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumter_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumter sit-ins (page does not exist)">Sumter sit-ins</a> (Feb. 14)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salisbury_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salisbury sit-ins (page does not exist)">Salisbury sit-ins</a> (Feb. 16)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapel_Hill_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapel Hill sit-ins (page does not exist)">Chapel Hill sit-ins</a> (Feb. 17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_sit-ins" title="Charleston sit-ins">Charleston sit-ins</a> (Feb. 18)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelby_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelby sit-ins (page does not exist)">Shelby sit-ins</a> (Feb. 18)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chattanooga sit-ins (page does not exist)">Chattanooga sit-ins</a> (Feb. 19)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richmond_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richmond sit-ins (page does not exist)">Richmond sit-ins</a> (Feb. 20)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltimore sit-ins (page does not exist)">Baltimore sit-ins</a> (Feb. 22)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfort_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankfort sit-ins (page does not exist)">Frankfort sit-ins</a> (Feb. 22)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montgomery_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montgomery sit-ins (page does not exist)">Montgomery sit-ins</a> (Feb. 25)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orangeburg_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orangeburg sit-ins (page does not exist)">Orangeburg sit-ins</a> (Feb. 25)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexington_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexington sit-ins (page does not exist)">Lexington sit-ins</a> (Feb. 26)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petersburg_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petersburg sit-ins (page does not exist)">Petersburg sit-ins</a> (Feb. 26)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuskegee_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuskegee sit-ins (page does not exist)">Tuskegee sit-ins</a> (Feb. 26)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tampa_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tampa sit-ins (page does not exist)">Tampa sit-ins</a> (Feb. 27)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbia sit-ins (page does not exist)">Columbia sit-ins</a> (Mar. 2)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daytona_Beach_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daytona Beach sit-ins (page does not exist)">Daytona Beach sit-ins</a> (Mar. 2)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Petersburg sit-ins (page does not exist)">St. Petersburg sit-ins</a> (Mar. 2)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houston_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houston sit-ins (page does not exist)">Houston sit-ins</a> (Mar. 4)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miami_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miami sit-ins (page does not exist)">Miami sit-ins</a> (Mar. 4)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knoxville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knoxville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Knoxville sit-ins</a> (Mar. 7)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Orleans sit-ins (page does not exist)">New Orleans sit-ins</a> (Mar. 8)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Rock_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Rock sit-ins (page does not exist)">Little Rock sit-ins</a> (Mar. 10)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austin_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austin sit-ins (page does not exist)">Austin sit-ins</a> (Mar. 11)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galveston sit-ins (page does not exist)">Galveston sit-ins</a> (Mar. 11)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacksonville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacksonville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Jacksonville sit-ins</a> (Mar. 12)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Antonio_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Antonio sit-ins (page does not exist)">San Antonio sit-ins</a> (Mar. 13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a> (Mar. 15)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpus_Christi_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpus Christi sit-ins (page does not exist)">Corpus Christi sit-ins</a> (Mar. 15)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Augustine_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Augustine sit-ins (page does not exist)">St. Augustine sit-ins</a> (Mar. 15)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statesville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statesville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Statesville sit-ins</a> (Mar. 15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_sit-ins" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah sit-ins">Savannah sit-ins</a> (Mar. 16)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Bern_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Bern sit-ins (page does not exist)">New Bern sit-ins</a> (Mar. 17)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memphis sit-ins (page does not exist)">Memphis sit-ins</a> (Mar. 19)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmington_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmington sit-ins (page does not exist)">Wilmington sit-ins</a> (Mar. 19)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arlington_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arlington sit-ins (page does not exist)">Arlington sit-ins</a> (Mar. 19)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynchburg_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynchburg sit-ins (page does not exist)">Lynchburg sit-ins</a> (Mar. 26)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baton_Rouge_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baton Rouge sit-ins (page does not exist)">Baton Rouge sit-ins</a> (Mar. 28)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshall sit-ins (page does not exist)">Marshall sit-ins</a> (Mar. 29)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birmingham sit-ins (page does not exist)">Birmingham sit-ins</a> (Mar. 31)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Danville sit-ins</a> (Apr. 2)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darlington_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darlington sit-ins (page does not exist)">Darlington sit-ins</a> (Apr. 4)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusta_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augusta sit-ins (page does not exist)">Augusta sit-ins</a> (Apr. 9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biloxi_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biloxi sit-ins (page does not exist)">Biloxi sit-ins</a> (Apr. 17)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starkville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starkville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Starkville sit-ins</a> (Apr. 23)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dallas_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dallas sit-ins (page does not exist)">Dallas sit-ins</a> (Apr. 28)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After 1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_Hill_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock Hill sit-ins (page does not exist)">Rock Hill sit-ins</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewanee_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sewanee sit-ins (page does not exist)">Sewanee sit-ins</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolworth%27s_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woolworth's sit-ins (page does not exist)">Woolworth's sit-ins</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audubon_Regional_Library_sit-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audubon Regional Library sit-in (page does not exist)">Audubon Regional Library sit-in</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sit-in cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gober_v._City_of_Birmingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gober v. City of Birmingham (page does not exist)">Gober v. City of Birmingham</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peterson_v._City_of_Greenville" title="Peterson v. City of Greenville">Peterson v. City of Greenville</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_v._Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lombard v. Louisiana (page does not exist)">Lombard v. Louisiana</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avent_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avent v. North Carolina (page does not exist)">Avent v. North Carolina</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bouie_v._City_of_Columbia" title="Bouie v. City of Columbia">Bouie v. City of Columbia</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griffin_v._Maryland" title="Griffin v. Maryland">Griffin v. Maryland</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bell_v._Maryland" title="Bell v. Maryland">Bell v. Maryland</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_v._Florida" title="Robinson v. Florida">Robinson v. Florida</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._City_of_Columbia" title="Barr v. City of Columbia">Barr v. City of Columbia</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamm_v._City_of_Rock_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamm v. City of Rock Hill (page does not exist)">Hamm v. City of Rock Hill</a></i> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defendants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_34" title="Richmond 34">Richmond 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Friendship Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tougaloo_Nine" title="Tougaloo Nine">Tougaloo Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">Sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wade-in (page does not exist)">Wade-in</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Rights_Center_and_Museum" title="International Civil Rights Center and Museum">International Civil Rights Center and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jail-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jail-in (page does not exist)">Jail-in</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tallahassee_jail-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tallahassee jail-in (page does not exist)">Tallahassee jail-in</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pray-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pray-in (page does not exist)">Pray-in</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Study-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Study-in (page does not exist)">Study-in</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jail,_No_Bail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jail, No Bail (page does not exist)">Jail, No Bail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biracial_committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biracial committee (page does not exist)">Biracial committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)366" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events<br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_and_Birmingham_bus_attacks" title="Anniston and Birmingham bus attacks">Anniston and Birmingham bus attacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCOPE_Project" title="SCOPE Project">SCOPE Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juanita_Abernathy" title="Juanita Abernathy">Juanita Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut_Jr." title="J. L. Chestnut Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement<br />songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_song" title="Freedom song">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted<br />historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="F._W._Woolworth_Company—Foot_Locker92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woolworth" title="Template:Woolworth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woolworth" title="Template talk:Woolworth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woolworth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woolworth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="F._W._Woolworth_Company—Foot_Locker92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">F. W. Woolworth Company</a>—<a href="/wiki/Foot_Locker" title="Foot Locker">Foot Locker</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Company</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">F. W. Woolworth Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champs_Sports" title="Champs Sports">Champs Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastbay" title="Eastbay">Eastbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_Locker" title="Foot Locker">Foot Locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinney_Shoes" title="Kinney Shoes">Kinney Shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolco" title="Woolco">Woolco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire%27s" title="Claire's">Claire's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterthoughts_(retailer)" title="Afterthoughts (retailer)">Afterthoughts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Woolworth_divisions_and_namesakes" title="List of Woolworth divisions and namesakes">Other divisions and namesakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Woolworth_buildings" title="List of Woolworth buildings">List of Woolworth buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University_Museum_of_Art" title="Saint Louis University Museum of Art">St. Louis Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Lawn_(New_Jersey)" title="Shadow Lawn (New Jersey)">Shadow Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/109%E2%80%93111_South_High_Street" title="109–111 South High Street">Columbus Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Bacon_Store_(Woolworth%27s)" title="Hillary Bacon Store (Woolworth's)">Evansville Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Building_(Kansas_City,_Missouri)" title="F. W. Woolworth Building (Kansas City, Missouri)">Kansas City Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolworth%27s_Building_(Los_Angeles)" title="Woolworth's Building (Los Angeles)">Broadway, Los Angeles Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building_(Hollywood,_California)" title="Woolworth Building (Hollywood, California)">Hollywood, Los Angeles Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Building_(Lexington,_Kentucky)" title="F. W. Woolworth Building (Lexington, Kentucky)">Lexington Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company_Store_(Renton,_Washington)" title="F. W. Woolworth Company Store (Renton, Washington)">Renton Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building_(San_Diego)" title="Woolworth Building (San Diego)">San Diego Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Building_(Watertown,_New_York)" title="F. W. Woolworth Building (Watertown, New York)">Watertown Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Building_(Wilmington,_Delaware)" title="F. W. Woolworth Building (Wilmington, Delaware)">Wilmington Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield Hall">Winfield Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_House" title="Winfield House">Winfield House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Love_at_the_Five_and_Dime" title="Love at the Five and Dime">Love at the Five and Dime</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafoam_salad" title="Seafoam salad">Seafoam salad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Co._v._Contemporary_Arts,_Inc." title="F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.">Woolworth v. Contemporary Arts</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foot_Locker_Cross_Country_Championships" title="Foot Locker Cross Country Championships">Foot Locker Cross Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Rights_Center_and_Museum" title="International Civil Rights Center and Museum">International Civil Rights Center and Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/February_One:_The_Story_of_the_Greensboro_Four" title="February One: The Story of the Greensboro Four">February One</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Harris" title="Clarence Harris">Clarence Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Building_(Lexington,_Kentucky)" title="F. W. Woolworth Building (Lexington, Kentucky)">Lexington Woolworths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Winfield_Woolworth" title="Frank Winfield Woolworth">Frank Winfield Woolworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hutton" title="Barbara Hutton">Barbara Hutton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poor_Little_Rich_Girl:_The_Barbara_Hutton_Story" title="Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story">Poor Little Rich Girl</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_Reventlow" title="Lance Reventlow">Lance Reventlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_H._Knox_I" title="Seymour H. Knox I">Seymour H. Knox I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University707" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University" title="Template:North Carolina A&T State University"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University" title="Template talk:North Carolina A&T State University"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Carolina A&T State University"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University707" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;"><div><b>Located in</b>: <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Greensboro, North Carolina</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;;width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;"><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Colleges &<br />schools</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#College_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">College of Arts & Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#College_of_Engineering" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#School_of_Agriculture_and_Environmental_Sciences" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#School_of_Business_and_Economics" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">School of Business and Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#School_of_Education" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">School of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#Joint_School_of_Nanoscience_and_Nanoengineering" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#School_of_Nursing" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">School of Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#School_of_Technology" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">School of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#School_of_Graduate_Studies" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">School of Graduate Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leaders_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Leaders of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">Presidents and Chancellors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Martin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Martin II">James R. Martin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;">Affiliations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" title="Southeastern Universities Research Association">Southeastern Universities Research Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Research_Campus" title="North Carolina Research Campus">NC Research Campus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interlocking A&T Logo"><img alt="Interlocking A&T Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg/100px-North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg/150px-North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg/200px-North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Athletics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association" title="Coastal Athletic Association">Coastal Athletic Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association_Football_Conference" title="Coastal Athletic Association Football Conference">CAA Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies">North Carolina A&T Aggies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_men%27s_basketball" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies men's basketball">Men's Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_women%27s_basketball" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies women's basketball">Women's Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_football" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_baseball" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies baseball">Baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivalries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T%E2%80%93North_Carolina_Central_rivalry" title="North Carolina A&T–North Carolina Central rivalry">North Carolina Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T%E2%80%93South_Carolina_State_football_rivalry" title="North Carolina A&T–South Carolina State football rivalry">South Carolina State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T%E2%80%93Winston-Salem_State_rivalry" title="North Carolina A&T–Winston-Salem State rivalry">Winston-Salem State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbett_Sports_Center" title="Corbett Sports Center">Ellis F. Corbett Sports Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truist_Stadium_(North_Carolina_A%26T)" title="Truist Stadium (North Carolina A&T)">Truist Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_Memorial_Stadium" title="World War Memorial Stadium">War Memorial Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Hilton" title="Earl Hilton">Earl Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawn_Gibbs_(American_football)" title="Shawn Gibbs (American football)">Shawn Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Hall_(baseball)" title="Ben Hall (baseball)">Ben Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Johnson" title="Allen Johnson">Allen Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont%C3%A9_Ross" title="Monté Ross">Monté Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_and_Technical_College_of_North_Carolina_Historic_District" title="Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina Historic District">Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deese_Clock_Tower" title="Deese Clock Tower">Deese Clock Tower</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/February_One" title="February One">February One</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_College_Observatory" title="Three College Observatory">Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" title="History of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li>A&T Four <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Jibreel Khazan</a> <i><small>formerly Ezell A. Blair</small></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University_alumni" title="List of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_and_Gold_Marching_Machine" title="Blue and Gold Marching Machine">Blue and Gold Marching Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_A%26T" title="Dear A&T">"Dear A&T" (Alma Mater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_Sororities_at_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternities and Sororities at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">Fraternities and Sororities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies#Fight_Song" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies">"NC A&T Aggie Fight Song"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies#Old_Aggie_Spirit" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies">"Old Aggie Spirit"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#Media" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University"><i>A&T Register</i></a> <small>(Newspaper)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#Media" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">WNAA 90.1FM</a> <small>(Radio)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5604469#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata605" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5604469#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata605" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5604469#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1896381/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2012003557">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007593033105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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