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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satellite_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Satellite radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XM_Radio_Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XM_Radio_Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>XM Radio Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XM_Radio_Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather_and_traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather_and_traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Weather and traffic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather_and_traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_adoption_and_partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_adoption_and_partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Commercial adoption and partnerships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_adoption_and_partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customer_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customer_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Customer service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customer_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusive_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusive_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Exclusive channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusive_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Company_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Company_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Company history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Company_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Company history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Company_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1988–2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988–2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1988–2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988–2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001–2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001–2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>2001–2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001–2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006–2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006–2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>2006–2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006–2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>2011–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Satellites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clear_Channel_programming_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clear_Channel_programming_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clear Channel programming agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clear_Channel_programming_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PCR_and_DirectPCR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PCR_and_DirectPCR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>PCR and DirectPCR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PCR_and_DirectPCR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merger_with_Sirius_Satellite_Radio_and_company_restructuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_with_Sirius_Satellite_Radio_and_company_restructuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Merger with Sirius Satellite Radio and company restructuring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_with_Sirius_Satellite_Radio_and_company_restructuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-iPhone,_iPod_Touch,_BlackBerry_and_Android_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#iPhone,_iPod_Touch,_BlackBerry_and_Android_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>iPhone, iPod Touch, BlackBerry and Android applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-iPhone,_iPod_Touch,_BlackBerry_and_Android_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio" title="XM Satellite Radio – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="XM Satellite Radio" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio" title="XM Satellite Radio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="XM Satellite Radio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio" title="XM Satellite Radio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="XM Satellite Radio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former satellite radio company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"XM" and "XM-5" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/XM_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="XM (disambiguation)">XM (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/XM_5_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="XM 5 (disambiguation)">XM 5 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">XM Satellite Radio Holdings Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:XM_Satellite_Radio_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/XM_Satellite_Radio_logo.svg/250px-XM_Satellite_Radio_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/XM_Satellite_Radio_logo.svg/330px-XM_Satellite_Radio_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/XM_Satellite_Radio_logo.svg/440px-XM_Satellite_Radio_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="115" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a>: XMSR</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1988<span class="noprint">; 37 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1988</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">January 13, 2011<span class="noprint">; 14 years ago</span><span style="display: none;"> (<span class="dtend">2011-01-13</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Merged with <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius Satellite Radio</a> in 2008, merged into Sirius XM Radio in 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius XM Holdings">Sirius XM Holdings</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000301024042/http://www.xmradio.com/have.asp">web<wbr />.archive<wbr />.org<wbr />/web<wbr />/20000301024042<wbr />/http:<wbr />//www<wbr />.xmradio<wbr />.com<wbr />/have<wbr />.asp</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>XM Satellite Radio Holdings Inc.</b> (<b>XM</b>) was one of the three <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/SDARS" class="mw-redirect" title="SDARS">SDARS</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Online_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Online radio">online radio</a> services in the United States and Canada, operated by <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM Holdings</a>. It provided pay-for-service radio, analogous to subscription cable television. Its service included 73 different music channels, 39 news, sports, talk and entertainment channels, 21 regional traffic and weather channels, and 23 <a href="/wiki/Sports_commentator" title="Sports commentator">play-by-play</a> sports channels. XM channels were identified by <a href="/wiki/Arbitron" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitron">Arbitron</a> with the label "XM" (e.g., "XM32" for "<a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_(Sirius_XM)" title="The Bridge (Sirius XM)">The Bridge</a>"). </p><p>The company had its origins in the 1988 formation of the <b>American Mobile Satellite Corporation</b> (AMSC), a <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> of several organizations originally dedicated to satellite broadcasting of telephone, fax, and data signals. In 1992, AMSC established a unit called the <b>American Mobile Radio Corporation</b> dedicated to developing a satellite-based digital radio service; this was spun off as XM Satellite Radio Holdings, Inc. in 1999. The satellite service officially launched on September 25, 2001. </p><p>On July 29, 2008, XM and former competitor <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius Satellite Radio</a> formally completed their merger, following U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) approval, forming Sirius XM Radio, Inc. with XM Satellite Radio, Inc. as its subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-cnet080729_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet080729-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 12, 2008, Sirius and XM began broadcasting with their new, combined channel lineups.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 13, 2011, XM Satellite Radio, Inc. was dissolved as a separate entity and merged into Sirius XM Radio, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the satellite receiver radio service was its primary product, XM also operated audio, data and advertising services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_radio">Satellite radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Satellite radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XM's primary business was satellite radio entertainment. XM carried music, news (both simulcast and syndicated programming), sports, talk radio, comedy (both stand-up and radio shows), and radio drama. In addition, XM broadcast local weather and traffic conditions in its larger markets.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XM_Satellite_Radio_01-05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/XM_Satellite_Radio_01-05.svg/220px-XM_Satellite_Radio_01-05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/XM_Satellite_Radio_01-05.svg/330px-XM_Satellite_Radio_01-05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/XM_Satellite_Radio_01-05.svg/440px-XM_Satellite_Radio_01-05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="86" /></a><figcaption>XM Satellite Radio logo from 2001 to 2006</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XM_Radio_Online">XM Radio Online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: XM Radio Online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xm_online.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Xm_online.jpg/220px-Xm_online.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Xm_online.jpg/330px-Xm_online.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/Xm_online.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>XM Radio's online player prior to their merge with Sirius</figcaption></figure> <p>XM Radio Online (XMRO), XM's Internet radio product, offered many of XM's music stations and could be accessed from any Internet connected computer, or via the SiriusXM <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather_and_traffic">Weather and traffic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Weather and traffic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XM also provided data services such as weather information for pilots and weather spotters through its <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Weather_%26_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius XM Weather & Emergency">Sirius XM Weather & Emergency</a> <a href="/wiki/Datacasting" title="Datacasting">datacasting</a> service. This information could be displayed in the cockpit of an aircraft equipped with a satellite weather receiver.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_adoption_and_partnerships">Commercial adoption and partnerships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commercial adoption and partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, JetBlue announced that XM Satellite Radio service would be available in its Embraer regional jets beginning in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2005, <a href="/wiki/AirTran_Airways" title="AirTran Airways">AirTran Airways</a> began putting XM Satellite Radio on their aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> started carrying XM programming in March 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zipcar" title="Zipcar">Zipcar</a>, an urban car-sharing service in the United States, initially installed XM receivers in all of their vehicles, but later announced they would be removed from its fleet in the following months due to uncertainty in the market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customer_service">Customer service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Customer service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to its high-quality broadcasts, Sirius/XM's customer service has drawn fire from some state governments. In October 2010, Richard Cordray, Ohio's Attorney General, began investigating complaints regarding Sirius XM's policies on billing, customer solicitation, and subscription renewals and cancellations. The company informed shareholders of the probe shortly thereafter. According to news reports, Arizona, Connecticut, Tennessee, Vermont, and the District of Columbia had expressed interest in participating in the inquiry. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, "The investigations come as <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM</a>, home to programs by Howard Stern and Oprah Winfrey, has found its footing and distanced itself from years of huge losses and questions about its business model."<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters01_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters01-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a report obtained in March 2011, The Better Business Bureau reported receiving over 4,500 complaints against Sirius XM in the preceding 36 months, around half of which regarded the company's billing and collection practices.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Missouri, some people registered on the state's do-not-call list had complained about receiving repeated calls from Sirius XM workers or agents after canceling their subscriptions. Some Florida customers had reported being billed for automatic renewals of accounts they had canceled. Further, Sirius XM was sued in federal court by a customer accusing it of deceptively raising prices.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters01_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters01-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report also stated that "Sirius, in a statement, said it was cooperating with the investigations and that it believed its 'consumer-related practices comply with all applicable federal and state laws and regulations.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters01_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters01-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusive_channels">Exclusive channels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exclusive channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Talk" title="America's Talk">America's Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATN-Asian_Radio" title="ATN-Asian Radio">ATN-Asian Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollywood_%26_Beyond_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood & Beyond (radio)">Bollywood & Beyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_Sportif" title="Calendrier Sportif">Calendrier Sportif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_360" title="Canada 360">Canada 360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN_Xtra" class="mw-redirect" title="ESPN Xtra">ESPN Xtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Talk" title="Extreme Talk">Extreme Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faction_Talk" title="Faction Talk">Faction Talk</a> (formerly: The Opie Channel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Sports_Radio" title="Fox Sports Radio">Fox Sports Radio</a></li> <li>KISS 104.1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laugh_Attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Laugh Attack">Laugh Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mix_(XM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mix (XM)">Mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLB" class="mw-redirect" title="MLB">MLB</a> Play-by-Play</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville!" title="Nashville!">Nashville!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoi_de_Neuf" title="Quoi de Neuf">Quoi de Neuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReachMD" title="ReachMD">ReachMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock@Random" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock@Random">Rock@Random</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_Radio_(XM)" title="Talk Radio (XM)">Talk Radio</a></li> <li>The Pink Channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XM_Deportivo" class="mw-redirect" title="XM Deportivo">XM Deportivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XM_Scoreboard" class="mw-redirect" title="XM Scoreboard">XM Scoreboard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Company_history">Company history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Company history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1988–2000"><span id="1988.E2.80.932000"></span>1988–2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1988–2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American Mobile Satellite Corporation was founded in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, Lon Levin joined the company. In 1992, the American Mobile Satellite Corporation created a new division known as American Mobile Radio Corp. Later that year, American Mobile brought in <a href="/wiki/WorldSpace" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldSpace">WorldSpace</a> as an investor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On May 16, 1997, American Mobile Satellite and WorldSpace officially changed the name of American Mobile Radio to XM Satellite Radio. Later that month, Lon Levin became president, a position he would hold until 1998. In October 1997, XM Satellite Radio obtained one of only two <a href="/wiki/Satellite_digital_audio_radio_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite digital audio radio service">satellite digital audio radio service</a> licenses offered by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>. In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Panero" title="Hugh Panero">Hugh Panero</a> President and CEO, joined XM Satellite Radio in the same role. </p><p>In June 1999, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear Channel Communications">Clear Channel Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a>, and a private investment group invested US$250 million in XM Satellite Radio <a href="/wiki/Convertible_bond" title="Convertible bond">convertible debt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 7, with GM's investment in XM, they entered into a 12-year "Distribution Agreement" between XM and GM subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/OnStar" title="OnStar">OnStar</a> Corporation. The agreement called for exclusive installation of XM Satellite Radio into GM vehicles from November 12, 2001, until November 2013. OnStar had to meet specific escalating installation rates each year, while XM needed to make extensive payments to OnStar for the installation and sale of XM in their vehicles, while sharing revenue earned from these radios with OnStar, as well as payments on the exclusivity agreement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the same time as the investment, American Mobile Satellite, still XM's parent company, reacquired the stake WorldSpace held in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1999, XM Satellite Radio issued 10,241,000 shares of Class A common stock at an <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">IPO</a> price of US$12.00 per share. American Mobile Satellite remained the majority holder of the public company.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In April 2000, American Mobile Satellite Corp. changed its name to Motient. In July, <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">American Honda</a> joined several private investors in a US$235 million <a href="/wiki/Preferred_stock" title="Preferred stock">preferred stock</a> investment in the company.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001–2005"><span id="2001.E2.80.932005"></span>2001–2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2001–2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 25, 2001, XM Satellite Radio launched in San Diego and <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with nationwide expansion plans set for November.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial lineup included 100 channels consisting of sports, talk, children's programming, entertainment and news.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2001, Motient was heading into bankruptcy and spun off their non-XM satellite division into a joint operation with TMI Communications and Company, L.P., a wholly owned subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/BCE_Inc." title="BCE Inc.">BCE Inc.</a> of Canada. The new venture was known as the <i>Mobile Satellite Ventures.</i> In November, Motient was in bankruptcy, and sold off their controlling interest in XM to <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Electronics" title="Hughes Electronics">Hughes Electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/SingTel" class="mw-redirect" title="SingTel">SingTel</a> and Baron Capital Partners. Hughes Electronics would go on to combine this new interest in with the interest already held by their subsidiary, DirecTV. On November 12, 2001, XM Satellite Radio officially launched its nationwide service. </p><p>In January 2003, the company underwent a re-capitalization plan, involving XM exchanging US$300 million in old debt for new debt, while deferring interest for 3-years on the notes. They also restructured payment obligations on the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> installation agreement, issuing a convertible bond to GM, issuing a <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(finance)" title="Warrant (finance)">warrant</a> for shares to GM, and establishing a revolving credit facility with GM. The plan also included new funding coming from a placement of over US$300 million in 10% <a href="/wiki/Convertible_bond" title="Convertible bond">convertible bonds</a> to a group of private investors. </p><p>In 2004, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a> sold Hughes Electronics to <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corp.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sold DirecTV's interest in XM Satellite Radio. On March 1, XM Radio launched Instant Traffic and Weather Channels for major <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan</a> markets in the United States. Also in 2004, the company partnered with automakers <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">SAAB</a> to offer in-dash XM receivers on an <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">OEM</a> basis. The Acura TL is the first luxury automobile to offer XM radio as "standard" in every vehicle. </p><p>On October 4, 2004, "shock jocks" <a href="/wiki/Opie_and_Anthony" title="Opie and Anthony">Opie and Anthony</a> begin broadcasting on a premium XM Satellite Radio station. Also, former <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> host <a href="/wiki/Bob_Edwards" title="Bob Edwards">Bob Edwards</a> broadcast the first <i><a href="/wiki/Bob_Edwards_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Edwards Show">Bob Edwards Show</a></i> on XM Public Radio on channel 133. On October 20, XM announced an 11-year, US$650 million deal with <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> to broadcast games live nationwide and to become the Official Satellite Radio provider of Major League Baseball. The agreement granted XM the rights to use the MLB silhouetted batter logo and the collective marks of all major league clubs. As part of the deal, XM created a 24/7 MLB channel called "<a href="/wiki/MLB_Home_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="MLB Home Plate">Home Plate</a>". The deal started with the 2005 baseball season and ran through 2012, including a 3-year option that MLB could have picked up. </p><p>On May 28, 2005, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> reported that XM had awarded the contract for the XM 5 spacecraft to <a href="/wiki/Space_Systems/Loral" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Systems/Loral">Space Systems/Loral</a>. On June 7, XM partnered with <a href="/wiki/Audible.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Audible.com">Audible.com</a> to offer downloadable audio show archives of The Opie and Anthony Show, as well as The <a href="/wiki/Bob_Edwards" title="Bob Edwards">Bob Edwards</a> Show. On August 1, XM announced a three-year partnership with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association" title="United States Tennis Association">United States Tennis Association</a> to broadcast the <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a> tournament through 2007, as well as weekly reports from other <a href="/wiki/US_Open_Series" title="US Open Series">US Open Series</a> events.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 12, XM announced a 10-year, US$100 million deal to carry <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> broadcasts beginning with the 2005–06 season, initially sharing the coverage with SIRIUS but gaining satellite-radio exclusivity from 2007 onward.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 29, XM launched service in Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006–2010"><span id="2006.E2.80.932010"></span>2006–2010</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2006–2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2006, XM began broadcasting <i>Fox News Talk</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 9, XM won top honors at the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a>. On February 9, XM announced a US$55 million, three-year deal with <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harpo_Productions" title="Harpo Productions">Harpo Productions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2006, XM Satellite Radio was sued by the <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a> over XM's new portable devices the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Inno" title="Pioneer Inno">Inno</a> and Helix.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RIAA claimed these devices were equivalent to a downloading service, whereas XM contended the devices were protected because they recorded similarly to a videotape.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XM's portable devices allowed the consumer to record a portion of their broadcast similar to a <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">DVR</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cassette_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette player">cassette player</a> and play it back later.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 19, 2007, a district judge ruled that the RIAA could proceed with the lawsuit, rejecting XM's defense that the conduct alleged in the complaint—if proved by the RIAA—would be immune under the Audio Home Recording Act of 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-riaa_suit_2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riaa_suit_2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 24, 2006, Nate Davis, formerly of <a href="/wiki/XO_Communications" title="XO Communications">XO Communications</a>, was made the president and chief operating officer.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, the XM-4 "<i>Blues</i>" satellite was launched atop a <a href="/wiki/Zenit_3SL" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenit 3SL">Zenit 3SL</a> rocket. </p><p>On January 18, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> ruled that licensing regulations would prohibit a possible merger of XM and <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius Satellite Radio</a>. On February 19, XM Satellite Radio Holdings Inc. and Sirius Satellite Radio announced they would <a href="/wiki/XM_Sirius_Merger" class="mw-redirect" title="XM Sirius Merger">merge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 20, 2007, XM and Sirius filed a "Consolidated Application for Authority to Transfer Control" at the FCC. On July 24, XM announced that CEO Hugh Panero would leave the company in August, and that then-current President and COO Nate Davis would step in to serve as president and interim CEO.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 24, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> approved the merger of XM and Sirius Satellite Radio.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 26, the FCC approved the XM-Sirius merger<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on July 29, Sirius and XM officially merged as <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius XM Radio">Sirius XM Radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XM Canada and Sirius Canada, subsidiaries of the parent companies, remained separate until April 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2009, Sirius XM prepared to file Chapter 11 bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company had a $1 billion debt obligation in 2009 and $175 million immediate obligation due February 17, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 12, Gary Parsons resigned as chairman and was replaced by Eddy W. Hartenstein, as the new non-executive chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 24, 2010, XM Canada and Sirius Canada announced plans to merge.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011–present"><span id="2011.E2.80.93present"></span>2011–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2011–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 11, 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> approved the merger of the Canadian companies, Sirius and XM, into <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Canada" title="Sirius XM Canada">Sirius XM Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XM provided digital programming directly from two high-powered satellites in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> above the equator: XM Rhythm at 85° west <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> and XM Blues at 115° west longitude<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to a network of ground-based repeaters. The combination of two satellites and a ground-based repeater network was designed to provide gap-free coverage anywhere within the contiguous U.S., the southern tip of Alaska, and in the southern part of Canada. The signal could also be received in the Caribbean Islands and most of Mexico (reports have stated that areas north of <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> were able to receive a steady signal<sup id="cite_ref-Acapulco_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acapulco-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); however, XM is not yet licensed for reception by paid subscribers living in these areas. </p><p>The original satellites, XM-1 ("Rock") and XM-2 ("Roll") suffered from a generic design fault on the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_702" title="Boeing 702">Boeing 702</a> series satellite (fogging of the solar panels), which meant that their lifetimes were shortened to approximately six years instead of the design goal of 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceAndTech_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceAndTech-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADA430372_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADA430372-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To compensate for this flaw, XM-3 ("Rhythm") was launched ahead of its planned schedule on February 28, 2005, and moved into XM-1's previous location of 85° WL. XM-1 was then moved to be co-located with XM-2 at 115° WL, where each satellite operated only one transponder (thus broadcasting half the bandwidth each) to conserve energy and cut the power consumption in half while XM-4 ("Blues") was readied for launch. Subsequently, XM launched ground-spare XM-4 ("Blues") ahead of schedule on October 30, 2006, into the 115° WL location to complete the satellite replacement program. On December 15, 2006, XM-1 was finally powered down and then drifted back to its original location at 85° WL, where it remained as a backup to XM-3. XM-2 was similarly powered down and remained as a backup to XM-4. This makes the current active satellites as XM-3 "Rhythm" and XM-4 "Blues" with two in-orbit spares.<sup id="cite_ref-XMbluesPR_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XMbluesPR-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FCC00368_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC00368-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xm_radio_headquarters2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Xm_radio_headquarters2.jpg/225px-Xm_radio_headquarters2.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Xm_radio_headquarters2.jpg/338px-Xm_radio_headquarters2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Xm_radio_headquarters2.jpg/450px-Xm_radio_headquarters2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>XM Satellite Radio headquarters in Washington, D.C., near the <a href="/wiki/NoMa_%E2%80%93_Gallaudet_University_(WMATA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="NoMa – Gallaudet University (WMATA station)">NoMa – Gallaudet University</a> Metro station.</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 7, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Space_Systems/Loral" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Systems/Loral">Space Systems/Loral</a> announced that it had been awarded a contract for XM-5.<sup id="cite_ref-LoralPR_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoralPR-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SkyrocketXM5_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SkyrocketXM5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XM-5 was to feature two large, unfurlable antennas. Sirius' Radiosat 5, also to be built by Loral, was slated to have a similar single large antenna. </p><p>In American and Canadian metropolitan areas, XM and its Canadian licensee "Canadian Satellite Radio" (CSR) and operating as <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Canada" title="Sirius XM Canada">Sirius XM Canada</a>, owned and operated a network of approximately 900 terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeater</a> stations, meant to compensate for satellite signal blockage by buildings, tunnels, and bridges. In the United States, XM owned and operated approximately 800 repeater sites, covering 60 markets; in Canada, CSR was installing approximately 80 to 100 repeaters that were planned to be owned and operated by CSR in the 16 largest Canadian cities. The actual number of repeater sites varies as the signal is regularly tested and monitored for optimal performance. The actual number of sites in the United States has dropped from the original 1,000 installed when the service first launched in 2001. The repeaters transmit in the same frequency band as the satellites. A typical city contains 20 or more terrestrial stations. Typically, the receiver owner is unaware when a terrestrial station is being used, unless he or she checks antenna information from the receiver being used. Due to a FCC filing in October 2006, the latest list of XM's US terrestrial repeater network was made available to the public. </p><p>The XM signal used 12.5 MHz of the <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a>: 2332.5 to 2345.0 MHz. XM provided 128 kilobits per second of its bandwidth to <a href="/wiki/OnStar" title="OnStar">OnStar</a> Corporation for use with XM-enabled <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">GM</a> vehicles, regardless of whether their owners are XM subscribers. American Honda also retained the right to some of the company's bandwidth to transmit messages to <a href="/wiki/Acura" title="Acura">Acura</a> vehicles via a service known as <a href="/wiki/AcuraLink" class="mw-redirect" title="AcuraLink">AcuraLink</a>. </p><p>XM NavTraffic, an optional service, transmitted coded traffic information directly to vehicle navigation systems using <a href="/wiki/Traffic_Message_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic Message Channel">TMC</a> technology. </p><p>Audio channels on XM were digitally compressed using the <a href="/wiki/HE-AAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HE-AAC">CT-aacPlus (HE-AAC)</a> codec from <a href="/wiki/Coding_Technologies" title="Coding Technologies">Coding Technologies</a> for most channels. That said, some channels rely on the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Multi-Band_Excitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Multi-Band Excitation">AMBE</a> codec from Digital Voice Systems (e.g., for voice channels), including all of the Traffic and Weather channels. </p><p>The XM radio signal was broadcast on 6 separate radio carriers within the 12.5 MHz allocation. The entire content of the radio service, including both data and audio content, was represented by only two carriers. The other 4 carriers carried duplicates of the same content to achieve redundancy through <a href="/wiki/Diversity_combining" title="Diversity combining">signal diversity</a>. The data on each carrier is encoded using time-delayed and error-correction schemes to enhance availability. Effectively, the total radio spectrum used for content is a little over 4 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each two-carrier group broadcast 100 8-kilobit-per-second streams in approximately 4 MHz of radio spectrum. These streams were combined using a patented process to form a variable number of channels using a variety of bitrates. Bandwidth is separated into segments of 4-kilobit-per-second virtual "streams" which are combined to form audio and data "channels" of varying bitrates from 4 to 64 kilobits-per-second.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>XM preprocessed audio content using Neural Audio processors that are optimized for the <a href="/wiki/AacPlus" class="mw-redirect" title="AacPlus">aacPlus</a> codec, including <a href="/wiki/Spectral_band_replication" title="Spectral band replication">spectral band replication</a> (SBR). Audio was stored digitally in Dalet audio library systems using an industry-standard <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Layer_II" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-1 Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a> at 384 kbit/s, sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/MUSICAM" class="mw-redirect" title="MUSICAM">MUSICAM</a>. The audio is further processed by the Neural Audio processors on the way to broadcast. </p><p>In the past, the <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Pops" title="Sirius XM Pops">Sirius XM Pops</a> channel, which aired classical music, was broadcast in <a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">5.1 surround sound</a>. The technology, titled <a href="/wiki/XM_HD_Surround" title="XM HD Surround">XM HD Surround</a>, is the result of a partnership between XM and <a href="/wiki/Neural_Audio_Corporation" title="Neural Audio Corporation">Neural Audio Corporation</a> which provides content with six discrete channels of digital audio. The former <a href="/wiki/XM_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="XM Live">XM Live</a> channel also broadcast in this format for certain concerts and studio performances. XM manufacturing partners such as <a href="/wiki/Denon" title="Denon">Denon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onkyo" title="Onkyo">Onkyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Electronics_(USA)_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Electronics (USA) Inc.">Pioneer Electronics (USA) Inc.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_(manufacturer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaha (manufacturer)">Yamaha</a> introduced home audio systems capable of playing XM HD Surround. It is not known if the XM HD Surround technology is used on the service as of 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellites">Satellites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XM 1 (page does not exist)">XM 1</a> (Rock). Launch occurred May 8, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-GunterXM1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GunterXM1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_2_(radio)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XM 2 (radio) (page does not exist)">XM 2</a> (Roll). Launch occurred March 18, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-GunterXM1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GunterXM1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XM 3 (page does not exist)">XM 3</a> (Rhythm). Launch occurred February 28, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XM 4 (page does not exist)">XM 4</a> (Blues). Launch occurred October 30, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_5_(Satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XM 5 (Satellite) (page does not exist)">XM 5</a> Launch occurred October 14, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clear_Channel_programming_agreement">Clear Channel programming agreement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Clear Channel programming agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear Channel Communications">Clear Channel Communications</a> invested in XM.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The companies entered into agreements which provided for certain programming and director designation arrangements as long as Clear Channel retained the full amount of its original investment in XM. One positive consequence of this was that XM had (and still has) exclusive programming rights to all Clear Channel content, including popular national shows like <a href="/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM" title="Coast to Coast AM">Coast to Coast AM</a>, but the shows could only be broadcast inside the bandwidth controlled by Clear Channel. In June 2003, Clear Channel entered into a <a href="/wiki/Forward_contract" title="Forward contract">forward sales agreement</a> relating to its ownership of XM. During the third quarter of 2005, Clear Channel and XM arbitrated the impact of this agreement on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000301024042/http://www.xmradio.com/have.asp">Operational Assistance Agreement</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1091530/000102140803000768/dex106.txt">Director Designation Agreement</a>. The Arbitration Panel decided that the Operational Assistance Agreement would remain in effect, including Clear Channel's right to receive a revenue share of commercial advertising on programming it provides to XM, but declined to enforce the Director Designation Agreement, which forced the Mays family members off the board of directors. Per the original agreement, Clear Channel had the right to program 409.6 kbit/s (or 10%) of XM bandwidth, requiring XM to include commercial advertising on the existing <a href="/wiki/Nashville!" title="Nashville!">Nashville!</a>, <a href="/wiki/KISS-XM" class="mw-redirect" title="KISS-XM">KISS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mix_(XM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mix (XM)">Mix</a>, and Sunny (now The Music Summit). The amount of advertising on the music channels amounts up to 4 minutes per hour, similar to the amount of advertising XM included before going commercial free. Exceptions include syndicated music shows which carry network spots. Clear Channel advertising on XM is handled by its subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/Premiere_Radio_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiere Radio Networks">Premiere Radio Networks</a>. Clear Channel also provided existing talk channel programming (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Sports_Radio" title="Fox Sports Radio">Fox Sports Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extreme_XM" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme XM">Extreme XM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk_Radio_(XM)" title="Talk Radio (XM)">Talk Radio</a>). Clear Channel also controlled <a href="/wiki/America_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="America Right">America Right</a> (formerly Buzz XM), but through a series of show swaps, most non-Clear Channel content was removed and programming control returned to XM Radio. Plans to introduce new regional based talk channels, which would have featured a regional 5 minute newscast for each area of the country, were canceled. Instead, Clear Channel chose to introduce other music and talk channels. Newer channels including <a href="/wiki/ReachMD" title="ReachMD">ReachMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Talk" title="America's Talk">America's Talk</a> remain on the air. The Pink Channel, <a href="/wiki/National_Lampoon_Comedy_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Lampoon Comedy Radio">National Lampoon Comedy Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/WSIX-FM" title="WSIX-FM">WSIX-FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/WLW" title="WLW">WLW</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rock@Random" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock@Random">Rock@Random</a> were launched and later removed, and replaced by channels like <a href="/wiki/Bollywood_%26_Beyond_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood & Beyond (radio)">Bollywood & Beyond</a>, The Music Summit, and <a href="/wiki/Sixx_Sense" title="Sixx Sense">Sixx Sense</a>, all of which are on the air today. </p><p>Seen as a blow to XM's 100% commercial-free music channel status, XM Executive Vice President of Programming Eric Logan released a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000301024042/http://www.xmradio.com/have.asp">programming announcement</a> to XM subscribers on the company's website that reiterated XM's commitment to commercial-free music while noting that XM still had the most commercial-free music and that more commercial-free music channels will be added in the near future to ensure that XM will still have more commercial-free music than competitor <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius Satellite Radio</a>. On April 17, 2006, XM launched US Country (XM17), Flight 26 (XM26), XM Hitlist (XM30) and Escape (XM78) to provide commercial free music in the formats of the Clear Channel programmed music channels which were going to begin airing commercials. In response, Sirius has advertised that they are the only satellite radio provider that has 100% commercial-free music channels. Both XM and Sirius air commercials on their news, talk, and sports channels. </p><p>The Clear Channel forward sales agreement with <a href="/wiki/Bear_Stearns" title="Bear Stearns">Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc</a> was terminated on August 2, 2006. The termination resulted in Clear Channel Investments, Inc. paying Bear Stearns a total of $83.1 million, which was the value of Clear Channel's stake in XM. The accreted value of the debt was $92.9 million, and the fair value of the collar was an asset of $6.0 million, which resulted in a net gain of $3.8 million for Clear Channel.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PCR_and_DirectPCR">PCR and DirectPCR</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: PCR and DirectPCR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the heart of the TimeTrax controversy was the <a href="/wiki/XM_PCR" title="XM PCR">XM PCR</a>: a computer-controlled XM Receiver. Unlike the other receivers, which could be used in the car or home stereo, the XM PCR required a computer to run. A software application on the computer acted as the radio's controls and display, which led to a flurry of third-party developers who wanted to make a PCR replacement. Many of them <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000301024042/http://www.xmradio.com/have.asp">received Cease and Desist letters</a> from the XM company<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>. Once the PCR was discontinued, for the reasons listed above, people found that the XM Direct, a receiver intended to be used in satellite-ready car stereos, can be connected to a computer with a very simple adapter cable. Some people have dubbed the entire kit, with receiver, cable, and software, the Direct PCR. While the original PCR software does not control the XM Direct receiver, several community developers have continued to develop PCR replacement software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merger_with_Sirius_Satellite_Radio_and_company_restructuring">Merger with Sirius Satellite Radio and company restructuring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Merger with Sirius Satellite Radio and company restructuring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius XM Radio">Sirius XM Radio</a></div> <p>On February 19, 2007, XM announced a merger deal with competitor <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius Satellite Radio</a>. The merger combined the two radio services and created a single satellite radio network in the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-sirius230306_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sirius230306-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> announced on March 24, 2008, that it had closed its investigation of the merger because it "concluded that the evidence does not demonstrate that the proposed merger of XM and Sirius was likely to substantially lessen competition."<sup id="cite_ref-DOJ_Closing_Statement_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOJ_Closing_Statement-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 16, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Martin_(FCC)" title="Kevin Martin (FCC)">Kevin Martin</a> told <i>The Washington Post</i> that he had decided to approve the XM-Sirius Merger after the companies agreed in the previous week to concessions intended to prevent the new company from raising prices or stifling competition. Martin issued an order to approve the merger, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> – setting the stage for a final vote which could have occurred any time after his recommendation was circulated. </p><p>The XM–Sirius merger gained its final governmental approval from the Federal Communications Commission on July 25, 2008, with Martin and commissioners <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._McDowell" title="Robert M. McDowell">Robert M. McDowell</a> and deciding vote <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Taylor_Tate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deborah Taylor Tate">Deborah Taylor Tate</a> voting in the affirmative. As a term of the merger, the combined company will be fined almost $20 million for failing to create and market interchangeable radios capable of receiving signals from both companies prior to the merger.<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Post_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="iPhone,_iPod_Touch,_BlackBerry_and_Android_applications"><span id="iPhone.2C_iPod_Touch.2C_BlackBerry_and_Android_applications"></span>iPhone, iPod Touch, BlackBerry and Android applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: iPhone, iPod Touch, BlackBerry and Android applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XM developed a software application for use on the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> and Apple <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a> devices that allowed XM subscribers to listen to its programming over the Apple devices. The Sirius XM iPhone App became available in the Apple <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> on June 17, 2009. </p><p>All SiriusXM Internet Radio subscribers are able to download the application from the Apple <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">iTunes App-Store</a> for free. Listening on an iPhone/iPad/iPod Touch is included with some subscription packages, a separate fee is required with other packages. </p><p>On February 4, 2010, SiriusXM released an app for the <a href="/wiki/Research_In_Motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Research In Motion">Research In Motion</a> <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> line of smartphones, including the <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Storm" title="BlackBerry Storm">Storm</a> (Series 9500), <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Bold" title="BlackBerry Bold">Bold</a> (Series 9000 and 9700), <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Tour" title="BlackBerry Tour">Tour</a> (Series 9600) and <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Curve" title="BlackBerry Curve">Curve</a> (Series 8500 and 8900). Like the Apple iPhone/iPod Touch application, the <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_App_World" class="mw-redirect" title="BlackBerry App World">BlackBerry app</a> is free but requires a SiriusXM subscription. </p><p>SiriusXM is also available for download on <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a> through <a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a>. </p><p>The applications carry most of the XM music, talk, sports and entertainment programming, as well as some exclusive Internet-only content. The mobile applications also carry a select number of channels from the "Best of SIRIUS/XM" packages, dependent on the subscriber's subscription level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/XM_Radio_Canada" title="XM Radio Canada">XM Radio Canada</a></div> <p>In November 2004, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Satellite_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Satellite Radio">Canadian Satellite Radio</a> filed an application with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> to bring the XM service to Canada. Along with <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Canada" title="Sirius Canada">Sirius Canada</a> and the consortium of <a href="/wiki/CHUM_Limited" title="CHUM Limited">CHUM Limited</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astral_Media" title="Astral Media">Astral Media</a>, CSR was one of three applications for national <a href="/wiki/Subscription_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription radio">subscription radio</a> services submitted to the CRTC. </p><p>On June 16, 2005, the CRTC approved all three applications. The decisions were appealed to the Canadian federal cabinet by a number of broadcasting, labor, and arts and culture organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Canadian_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends of Canadian Broadcasting">Friends of Canadian Broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/CHUM_Limited" title="CHUM Limited">CHUM Limited</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Campus_and_Community_Radio_Association" title="National Campus and Community Radio Association">National Campus and Community Radio Association</a>. The groups objected to the satellite radio applicants' approach to and reduced levels of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_content" title="Canadian content">Canadian content</a> and French-language programming, along with the exclusion of Canadian non-commercial broadcasting. After a lengthy debate, Cabinet rejected the appeals on September 9, 2005. </p><p>XM's Canadian channels appeared on US receivers on November 17, 2005. On November 29, 2005, XM Canada officially launched. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Satellite_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Satellite Systems">Boeing Satellite Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius Satellite Radio</a>, a satellite radio company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1worldspace" title="1worldspace">1worldspace</a>, a satellite radio company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Satellite_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius XM Satellite Radio">Sirius XM Satellite Radio</a>, a satellite radio company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sirius_XM_Radio_channels" title="List of Sirius XM Radio channels">List of Sirius XM Radio channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XM_Radio_Canada" title="XM Radio Canada">XM Radio Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio_channel_history" title="XM Satellite Radio channel history">XM Satellite Radio channel history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cnet080729-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnet080729_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKawamoto2008" class="citation news cs1">Kawamoto, Dawn (July 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/sirius-and-xm-close-merger/">"Sirius And XM close merger"</a>. <i>CNet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=XM+Ordered+To+Place+Ads+On+Four+Music+Channels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F1356948%2Fxm-ordered-to-place-ads-on-four-music-channels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXM+Satellite+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clearchannel.com/Investors/Documents/246.pdf">"iHeartMedia, Inc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.clearchannel.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clearchannel.com&rft.atitle=iHeartMedia%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clearchannel.com%2FInvestors%2FDocuments%2F246.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXM+Satellite+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sirius230306-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sirius230306_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222221224/http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=230306">"SIRIUS and XM to Combine in $13 Billion Merger of Equals"</a> (Press release). PRNewswire via Sirius.com. February 19, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investor.sirius.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=230306">the original</a> on February 22, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIRIUS+and+XM+to+Combine+in+%2413+Billion+Merger+of+Equals&rft.pub=PRNewswire+via+Sirius.com&rft.date=2007-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestor.sirius.com%2FReleaseDetail.cfm%3FReleaseID%3D230306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXM+Satellite+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOJ_Closing_Statement-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOJ_Closing_Statement_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325225258/http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2008/231467.htm">"Statement of the Department of Justice Antitrust Division on its Decision to Close its Investigation of XM Satellite Ratio Holdings Inc.'s Merger with Sirius Satellite Radio Inc"</a> (Press release). Department of Justice Antitrust Division. March 24, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2008/231467.htm">the original</a> on March 25, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+the+Department+of+Justice+Antitrust+Division+on+its+Decision+to+Close+its+Investigation+of+XM+Satellite+Ratio+Holdings+Inc.%27s+Merger+with+Sirius+Satellite+Radio+Inc.&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice+Antitrust+Division&rft.date=2008-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdoj.gov%2Fatr%2Fpublic%2Fpress_releases%2F2008%2F231467.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXM+Satellite+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHart2008" class="citation news cs1">Hart, Kim (July 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/25/AR2008072503026.html?hpid=topnews">"Satellite Radio Merger Approved"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Satellite+Radio+Merger+Approved&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F07%2F25%2FAR2008072503026.html%3Fhpid%3Dtopnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXM+Satellite+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM_Satellite_Radio&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000301024042/http://www.xmradio.com/have.asp">Official website (United States)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xmradio.ca/">Official website (Canada)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xm4biz.com/">Official XM For Business website (for commercial use)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041128004743/http://www.xmwxweather.com/">XMwxweather.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000301024042/http://www.xmradio.com/have.asp">XM Satellite Radio</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived March 1, 2000)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Audio_broadcasting" title="Template:Audio broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Audio_broadcasting" title="Template talk:Audio broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Audio_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Audio broadcasting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analog_and_digital_audio_broadcasting130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">modulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">COFDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">Frequency allocations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">LW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">MW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">SW</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">low</a> / <a href="/wiki/Band_II" title="Band II">mid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">high</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAM-D" title="CAM-D">CAM-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB/DAB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">DRM/DRM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T#ISDB-Tsb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDB-T">ISDB-Tsb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMeXtra" title="FMeXtra">FMeXtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a></li> <li>CDR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2 Lite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency allocations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Digital_Radio" title="Astra Digital Radio">ADR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">DAB-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-SH" title="DVB-SH">DVB-SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-DMB" title="S-DMB">S-DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETSI_Satellite_Digital_Radio" title="ETSI Satellite Digital Radio">SDR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial radio</a> providers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Canada" title="Sirius XM Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codecs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Adaptive_Multi-Rate_%E2%80%93_Wideband" title="Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband">AMR-WB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Coding" title="High-Definition Coding">HDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">Subcarrier</a> signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation_signalling_system" title="Amplitude modulation signalling system">AMSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectBand" title="DirectBand">DirectBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program-associated_data" title="Program-associated data">PAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">RDS/RBDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_communications_authority" title="Subsidiary communications authority">SCA/SCMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Radio_Channel" title="Data Radio Channel">DARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (audio)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data compression">Audio data compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Audio signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (<a href="/wiki/AM_stereo" title="AM stereo">AM stereo</a> formats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Belar_System" title="AM stereo">Belar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-QUAM" title="C-QUAM">C-QUAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Harris_System" title="AM stereo">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Kahn-Hazeltine" title="AM stereo">Kahn-Hazeltine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Magnavox_System" title="AM stereo">Magnavox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (emission)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_expanded_band" title="AM expanded band">AM expanded band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">Error detection and correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcast_band" title="FM broadcast band">FM broadcast band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_extended_band_in_Brazil" title="FM extended band in Brazil">FM extended band in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">Multipath propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_relay_station" title="Shortwave relay station">Shortwave relay station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">International broadcasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/21px-Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_radio_systems" title="Comparison of radio systems">Comparison of radio systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" 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