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<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" 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Kitchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kenneth A. Kitchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kenneth Kitchen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86" title="کنت اندرسون کیچن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنت اندرسون کیچن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Anderson Kitchen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kenneth Anderson Kitchen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kenneth Kitchen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kenneth Kitchen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kenneth Kitchen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86" title="كينيث كيتشن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كينيث كيتشن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="ケネス・キッチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケネス・キッチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kenneth Kitchen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kenneth Kitchen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kenneth Kitchen" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Egyptologist (1932–2025)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Kenneth Anderson Kitchen</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1932<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 February 2025 (aged 92)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Bible_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible scholar">Bible scholar</a>, archaeologist and Egyptologist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title">Personal and <a href="/wiki/Brunner_Professorships" title="Brunner Professorships">Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data">Egyptology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Ramesside inscriptions: Historical and biographical</i>; <i>The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)</i>; <i>On the reliability of the Old Testament</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kenneth Anderson Kitchen</b> (1932 – 6 February 2025<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a British <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholar">biblical scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Near Eastern">Ancient Near Eastern</a> historian, and Personal and Brunner <a href="/wiki/Professor_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor Emeritus">Professor Emeritus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> and honorary research fellow at the School of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, Classics and Egyptology, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>, England. He specialised in the ancient Egyptian Ramesside Period (i.e., Dynasties <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">19</a>-<a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">20</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period of Egypt</a>, as well as ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian chronology</a>, having written over 250 books and journal articles on these and other subjects since the mid-1950s. He has been described by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> as "the very architect of Egyptian chronology".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kitchen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kitchen was born in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, Scotland in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 6 February 2025 as an unmarried <a href="/wiki/Bachelor" title="Bachelor">bachelor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_Intermediate_Period">Third Intermediate Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kitchen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Third Intermediate Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His 1972 book is <i>The <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a> in Egypt (1100–650 BC)</i>. It noted a hitherto unknown period of coregency between <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_Amenemope" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaoh Amenemope">Amenemope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> with <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a>, and established that <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">25th Dynasty</a> was already king of Egypt by 702 BC, among other revelations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It stated that <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tanis,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanis, Egypt">Tanis</a>, whereas most Egyptologists today accept it was <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly, the book presented King <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> as the High Priest of Amun <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_C" title="Shoshenq C">Shoshenq C</a>, a son of <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> who predeceased his father. However, this interpretation is weakened by the fact that no objects from Shoshenq II's intact burial at Tanis bears Osorkon I's name. Finally, contra Kitchen, most Egyptologists today such as Rolf Krauss, Aidan Dodson<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath" title="Jürgen von Beckerath">Jürgen von Beckerath</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accept David Aston's argument<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Crown Prince Osorkon B, Takelot II's son, assumed power as <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a>, a king of the '<a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt">Theban Twenty-Third Dynasty</a>' in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ramesside_period">Ramesside period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kitchen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ramesside period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kitchen was regarded as one of the foremost scholars on the <a href="/wiki/Ramesside_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesside period">Ramesside period</a> (1196–1070 a.C., Dynasty XIX and XX) of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he published a well-respected book on <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> in 1982 titled <i>Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt</i>. Kitchen was a scholar who advocated a high view of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and its inherent <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">historicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 2003 book <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Reliability_of_the_Old_Testament" title="On the Reliability of the Old Testament">On the Reliability of the Old Testament</a></i> documents several clear or indirect allusions to King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>'s status as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Ancient Israel</a>, based on passages in the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Dan Stele">Tel Dan</a> ('House of David') and <a href="/wiki/Mesha_stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesha stele">Mesha</a> stelas as well as in Shoshenq I's <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> list.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kitchen strongly criticized the <a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Rohl)" title="New Chronology (Rohl)">new chronology</a> views of <a href="/wiki/David_Rohl" class="mw-redirect" title="David Rohl">David Rohl</a>, who posits that the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Shishak" title="Shishak">Shishak</a> who invaded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> in 925 BC was actually Ramesses II rather than <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> and argues that the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt">21st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt">22nd Dynasties</a> of Egypt were contemporary with one another due to the absence of Dynasty 21 <a href="/wiki/Apis_(Egyptian_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis (Egyptian mythology)">Apis Bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara" title="Serapeum of Saqqara">Serapeum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kitchen observed that the word Shishak is closer philologically to Shoshenq I and that this Pharaoh records in his monuments at Thebes that he campaigned actively against Ancient Israel and Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_scholarship">Biblical scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kitchen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biblical scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kitchen was a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_maximalism" title="Biblical maximalism">biblical maximalist</a> and has published frequently defending the historicity of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. He was an outspoken critic of the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">documentary hypothesis</a>, publishing various articles and books upholding his viewpoint, arguing that the Bible is historically reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kitchen has also published articles for the <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a></i> including, 'Where Did Solomon's Gold Go?' (1989),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Shishak's Military Campaign in Israel Confirmed' (1989),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'The Patriarchal Age: Myth or History?' (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 'How we know when Solomon ruled' (2001).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kitchen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2023. <i>Das Alte Testament und der Vordere Orient: Zur historischen Zuverlässigkeit biblischer Geschichte</i>. 3rd edition. Gießen: Brunnen. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7655-9254-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7655-9254-6">978-3-7655-9254-6</a> German revised edition of <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Reliability_of_the_Old_Testament" title="On the Reliability of the Old Testament">On the Reliability of the Old Testament</a></i>. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4960-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4960-1">0-8028-4960-1</a></li> <li>2012. <i>Treaty, Law and Covenant in the Ancient Near East</i>. 3 Volumes. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz</li> <li>2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729202850/http://cassian.memphis.edu/history/murnane/Kitchen.pdf">Egyptian New Kingdom Topographical Lists</a>, in "Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane", Brill</li> <li>2003. <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Reliability_of_the_Old_Testament" title="On the Reliability of the Old Testament">On the Reliability of the Old Testament</a></i>. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4960-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4960-1">0-8028-4960-1</a></li> <li>2002. Kenneth A. Kitchen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222174955/http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/docs/volume2%20No2%20Dec2002/Kitchen%20paper.pdf">Ancient Egyptian Chronology for Aegeanists</a>, MAA 2, Dec 2002</li> <li>1999. <i>Poetry of Ancient Egypt</i>. Jonsered: P. Aströms förlag.</li> <li>1994. <i>Documentation for Ancient Arabia. Part 1: Chronological Framework and Historical Sources</i>. The World of Ancient Arabia 1. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press</li> <li>1982. <i>Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt</i>. Monumenta Hannah Sheen Dedicata 2. Mississauga: Benben Publications.</li> <li>1977. <i>The Bible In Its World</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/book_bibleinitsworld.html">The Bible in its World: The Bible & Archaeology Today</a>. Exeter: Paternoster. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press 1978.</li> <li>1972. <i>The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)</i>. 1972. 2nd ed. 1996. 3rd ed. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969–1990. <i>Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical</i>. 8 Vols. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell Ltd.</li> <li>1966. <i>Ancient Orient and Old Testament</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/book_ancientorient.html">Ancient Orient and Old Testament</a>. London: Tyndale Press. Chicago: InterVarsity Press.</li> <li>1962. <i>Suppiluliuma and the Amarna Pharaohs; a study in relative chronology</i>, Liverpool University Press</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kitchen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ees.ac.uk/resource/kenneth-a-kitchen-1932-2025.html">Kenneth A Kitchen (1932–2025)</a> Egypt Exploration Society, February 6, 2025</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, 13 October 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529061841/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article54642.ece">How myth became history</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/3259145.Kenneth_A_Kitchen">Kenneth A. Kitchen</a> Profile at Goodreads.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Kenneth Kitchen's statement in KA Kitchen, 'The strengths and weaknesses of Egyptian chronology', <i>Ägypten und Levante</i> 16, 2006. p.299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Peter J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tyndalehouse.com/updates/news/kenneth-kitchen/">"Professor Kenneth A. Kitchen (1932–2025)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_House_(Cambridge)" title="Tyndale House (Cambridge)">Tyndale House</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Kenneth+A.+Kitchen+%281932%E2%80%932025%29&rft.pub=Tyndale+House&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftyndalehouse.com%2Fupdates%2Fnews%2Fkenneth-kitchen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kitchen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Jansen-Winkeln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Jansen-Winkeln (page does not exist)">Karl Jansen-Winkeln</a>, "Historische Probleme Der 3. Zwischenzeit", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Egyptian_Archaeology" title="Journal of Egyptian Archaeology">JEA</a> 81(1995) pp.129–49, Aidan Dodson in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttinger_Miszellen" title="Göttinger Miszellen">GM</a> 137(1993), p.58 and G. Broekman, 'The Reign of Takeloth II, a Controversial Matter,' GM 205(2005), pp.21–35)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in GM 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Aston, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Egyptian_Archaeology" title="Journal of Egyptian Archaeology">JEA</a></i> 75 (1989), Takeloth II: A King of the Theban 23rd Dynasty?, pp.139–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Toby (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P07rgiJjsk4C"><i>The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. London, Berlin, New York, Sydney: Bloomsbury Publishing, A&C Black. p. 562. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-1002-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-1002-6"><bdi>978-1-4088-1002-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London%2C+Berlin%2C+New+York%2C+Sydney&rft.pages=562&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing%2C+A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-1002-6&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP07rgiJjsk4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kitchen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2003" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003). <i>On the Reliability of the Old Testament</i>. Grand Rapids, Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">xiii–</span>xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4960-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4960-1"><bdi>0-8028-4960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Reliability+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exv&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8028-4960-1&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kitchen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 90–94, 452, 453</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2003" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003). Dever, William G. (ed.). <i>Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past</i>. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 122f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-081-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-081-7"><bdi>1-57506-081-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbiosis%2C+Symbolism%2C+and+the+Power+of+the+Past&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=122f&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57506-081-7&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kitchen" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitchen (2003), pp. 10, 32, 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theologynetwork.org/the-bible/the-factual-reliability-of-the-old-testament.htm">The Factual Reliability of the Old Testament</a>, by Kenneth A. Kitchen, theologynetwork.org. 2006, accessed 1/31/15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Kitchen (May/June 1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/sidebar/where-did-solomons-gold-go/#:~:text=The%20vast%20amounts%20of%20Solomon's,gods%20and%20goddesses%20of%20Egypt.">"Where did Solomon's Gold Go?"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Review.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/15/3/10">"Shishak's Military Campaign in Israel Confirmed"</a>. <i>The BAS Library</i>. 24 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+BAS+Library&rft.atitle=Shishak%27s+Military+Campaign+in+Israel+Confirmed&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baslibrary.org%2Fbiblical-archaeology-review%2F15%2F3%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kitchen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/21/2/3">"The Patriarchal Age: Myth or History?"</a>. <i>The BAS Library</i>. 24 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+BAS+Library&rft.atitle=The+Patriarchal+Age%3A+Myth+or+History%3F&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baslibrary.org%2Fbiblical-archaeology-review%2F21%2F2%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kitchen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/27/5/2">"How We Know When Solomon Ruled"</a>. <i>The BAS Library</i>. 24 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+BAS+Library&rft.atitle=How+We+Know+When+Solomon+Ruled&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baslibrary.org%2Fbiblical-archaeology-review%2F27%2F5%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kitchen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1986" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (1986). <i>The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1100-650 B.C</i>. Aris & Phillips. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0856682985" title="Special:BookSources/0856682985"><bdi>0856682985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Intermediate+Period+in+Egypt%2C+1100-650+B.C.&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0856682985&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kitchen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kitchen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tyndalehouse.com/updates/news/kenneth-kitchen">Professor Kenneth A. Kitchen (1932–2025) (obituary)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverseminary.edu/article/the-old-testament-in-light-of-the-archaeological-evidence">Review of <i>On the Reliability of the Old Testament</i></a> by the Professor of Old Testament, Denver Seminary (extensive summary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Isbell-Kitchen_and_Minimalism.shtml">Review of <i>On the Reliability of the Old Testament</i></a> by the director of Jewish studies, Louisiana State University (more critical)</li> <li>[Review of <i>On the Reliability of the Old Testament</i>] - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111211172003/http://www.liv.ac.uk/sace/organisation/people/kitchen.htm">K. A. Kitchen's home page at University of Liverpool</a> Some archival snapshots can be found by search engines.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3034373/">Kenneth Kitchen</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1669960#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2530" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1669960#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2530" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108841347">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30011507">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmtw86rcBcbWKH3qpDpfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/106042017">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50047204">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120278880">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120278880">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00445804">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kitchen, Kenneth A."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV066275">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36457518">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073905879">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90742379">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000175371&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=89659">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs689kjd3jfcmrd">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810578561205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007275791705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14332574">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01732795?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1257929">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/106042017">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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