CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Binoculars - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"503a7daa-6d31-413f-9eca-a65afd8e226a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Binoculars","wgTitle":"Binoculars","wgCurRevisionId":1272925362,"wgRevisionId":1272925362,"wgArticleId":86058,"wgIsArticle" :true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Binoculars","wgRelevantArticleId":86058,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه", "dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch", "autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym": "ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad", "autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang" :"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym": "Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym": "संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym" :"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang" :"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk" ,"ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q102626","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture", "bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready", "skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg/1200px-Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="822"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg/800px-Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="548"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg/640px-Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="438"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Binoculars - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Binoculars rootpage-Binoculars stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Binoculars" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Binoculars" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Binoculars</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Binoculars" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Binoculars" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Binoculars" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Binoculars or field glasses are two <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescopes</a> mounted side-by-side and aligned to point in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (<a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a>) when viewing distant objects. Most binoculars are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from <a href="/wiki/Opera_glasses" title="Opera glasses">opera glasses</a> to large <a href="/wiki/Pedestal" title="Pedestal">pedestal</a>-mounted military models. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg/300px-Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg/450px-Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg/600px-Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="870"></a><figcaption>8×42 roof prism binoculars with <a href="#Accessories">rainguard and opened tethered lens caps</a></figcaption></figure> Unlike a (<a href="/wiki/Monocular" title="Monocular">monocular</a>) telescope, binoculars give users a <a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">three-dimensional image</a>: each <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a> presents a slightly different image to each of the viewer's eyes and the <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> allows the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a> to generate an <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">impression of depth</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Optical_design_evolution">1 Optical design evolution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Galilean">1.1 Galilean</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Keplerian">1.2 Keplerian</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Erecting_lenses">1.2.1 Erecting lenses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Prism">1.2.2 Prism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-6"><a href="#Porro">1.2.2.1 Porro</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-7"><a href="#Roof">1.2.2.2 Roof</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Optical_systems_and_their_practical_effect_on_binoculars_housing_shapes">2 Optical systems and their practical effect on binoculars housing shapes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Optical_parameters">3 Optical parameters</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Magnification">3.1 Magnification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Objective_diameter">3.2 Objective diameter</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Field_of_view">3.3 Field of view</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Exit_pupil">3.4 Exit pupil</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Twilight_factor_and_relative_brightness">3.5 Twilight factor and relative brightness</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Eye_relief">3.6 Eye relief</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Close_focus_distance">3.7 Close focus distance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Eyepieces">3.8 Eyepieces</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Field_flattener_lens">3.8.1 Field flattener lens</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Mechanical_design">4 Mechanical design</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Focus_and_adjustment">4.1 Focus and adjustment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Interpupillary_distance">4.2 Interpupillary distance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Alignment">4.3 Alignment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Image_stability">4.4 Image stability</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Housing">4.5 Housing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Optical_coatings">5 Optical coatings</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Anti-reflective">5.1 Anti-reflective</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Phase_correction">5.2 Phase correction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Metallic_mirror">5.3 Metallic mirror</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Dielectric_mirror">5.4 Dielectric mirror</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Terms">5.5 Terms</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#All_binoculars">5.5.1 All binoculars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Roof_prisms_only">5.5.2 Roof prisms only</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Accessories">6 Accessories</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Applications">7 Applications</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#General_use">7.1 General use</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Land_surveys_and_geographic_data_collection">7.2 Land surveys and geographic data collection</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Bird_watching">7.3 Bird watching</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Hunting">7.4 Hunting</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Range_finding">7.5 Range finding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Military">7.6 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Marine">7.7 Marine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Astronomical">7.8 Astronomical</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#List_of_binocular_manufacturers">8 List of binocular manufacturers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Optical_design_evolution">Optical design evolution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Optical design evolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galilean">Galilean</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Galilean" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binoculars_(AM_2004.5.5-3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Binoculars_%28AM_2004.5.5-3%29.jpg/220px-Binoculars_%28AM_2004.5.5-3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="2184"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Binoculars_%28AM_2004.5.5-3%29.jpg/220px-Binoculars_%28AM_2004.5.5-3%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Binoculars_%28AM_2004.5.5-3%29.jpg/330px-Binoculars_%28AM_2004.5.5-3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Binoculars_%28AM_2004.5.5-3%29.jpg/440px-Binoculars_%28AM_2004.5.5-3%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>WW1 era <a href="/wiki/Galilean_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean telescope">Galilean</a> type binoculars</figcaption></figure> Almost from the invention of the telescope in the 17th century the advantages of mounting two of them side by side for binocular vision seems to have been explored.<a href="#cite_note-Europa-1">[1]</a> Most early binoculars used <a href="/wiki/Galilean_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean telescope">Galilean optics</a>; that is, they used a <a href="/wiki/Convex_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Convex lens">convex</a> <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Concave_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Concave lens">concave</a> <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece lens</a>. The Galilean design has the advantage of presenting an <a href="/wiki/Erect_image" title="Erect image">erect image</a> but has a narrow field of view and is not capable of very high magnification. This type of construction is still used in very cheap models and in <a href="/wiki/Opera_glasses" title="Opera glasses">opera glasses</a> or theater glasses. The Galilean design is also used in low magnification binocular surgical and jewelers' <a href="/wiki/Loupe" title="Loupe">loupes</a> because they can be very short and produce an upright image without extra or unusual erecting optics, reducing expense and overall weight. They also have large exit pupils, making centering less critical, and the narrow field of view works well in those applications.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> These are typically mounted on an eyeglass frame or custom-fit onto eyeglasses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keplerian">Keplerian</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Keplerian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> An improved image and higher magnification are achieved in binoculars employing <a href="/wiki/Keplerian_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Keplerian Telescope">Keplerian optics</a>, where the image formed by the objective lens is viewed through a positive eyepiece lens (ocular). Since the Keplerian configuration produces an inverted image, different methods are used to turn the image the right way up. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erecting_lenses">Erecting lenses</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Erecting lenses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In aprismatic binoculars with Keplerian optics (which were sometimes called "twin telescopes"), each tube has one or two additional lenses (<a href="/wiki/Relay_lens" title="Relay lens">relay lens</a>) between the objective and the eyepiece. These lenses are used to erect the image. The binoculars with erecting lenses had a serious disadvantage: they are too long. Such binoculars were popular in the 1800s (for example, <a href="/wiki/G._%26_S._Merz" class="mw-redirect" title="G. & S. Merz">G. & S. Merz</a> models). The Keplerian "twin telescopes" binoculars were optically and mechanically hard to manufacture, but it took until the 1890s to supersede them with better prism-based technology.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prism">Prism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Optical <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prisms</a> added to the design enabled the display of the image the right way up without needing as many lenses, and decreasing the overall length of the instrument, typically using <a href="/wiki/Porro_prism" title="Porro prism">Porro prism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roof_prism" title="Roof prism">roof prism</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The Italian inventor of optical instruments <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Porro" title="Ignazio Porro">Ignazio Porro</a> worked during the 1860s with Hofmann in Paris to produce monoculars using the same prism configuration used in modern Porro prism binoculars. At the 1873 Vienna Trade Fair German optical designer and scientist <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Abbe" title="Ernst Abbe">Ernst Abbe</a> displayed a prism telescope with two cemented Porro prisms. The optical solutions of Porro and Abbe were theoretically sound, but the employed prism systems failed in practice primarily due to insufficient glass quality.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Europa-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Porro">Porro</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Porro" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Porro_prism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Double_Porro_prism.svg/220px-Double_Porro_prism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="261"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Double_Porro_prism.svg/220px-Double_Porro_prism.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Double_Porro_prism.svg/330px-Double_Porro_prism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Double_Porro_prism.svg/440px-Double_Porro_prism.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Double Porro prism design</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Porro_prism" title="Porro prism">Porro prism</a> binoculars are named after Ignazio Porro, who patented this image erecting system in 1854. The later refinement by Ernst Abbe and his cooperation with glass scientist <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schott" title="Otto Schott">Otto Schott</a>, who managed to produce a better type of Crown glass in 1888, and instrument maker <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss" title="Carl Zeiss">Carl Zeiss</a> resulted in 1894 in the commercial introduction of improved 'modern' Porro prism binoculars by the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Europa-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Binoculars of this type use a pair of Porro prisms in a Z-shaped configuration to erect the image. This results in wide binoculars, with objective lenses that are well separated and offset from the <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepieces</a>, giving a better sensation of depth. Porro prism designs have the added benefit of <a href="/wiki/Folded_optics" title="Folded optics">folding</a> the <a href="/wiki/Optical_path" title="Optical path">optical path</a> so that the physical length of the binoculars is less than the <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> of the objective. Porro prism binoculars were made in such a way to erect an image in a relatively small space, thus binoculars using <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prisms</a> started in this way. Porro prisms require typically within 10 <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">arcminutes</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠1/6⁠ of 1 <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree</a>) tolerances for alignment of their optical elements (<a href="/wiki/Collimation#Collimation_and_decollimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collimation">collimation</a>) at the factory. Sometimes Porro prisms binoculars need their prisms set to be re-aligned to bring them into collimation.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-9">[9]</a> Good-quality Porro prism design binoculars often feature about 1.5 millimetres (0.06 in) deep grooves or notches ground across the width of the <a href="/wiki/Hypotenuse" title="Hypotenuse">hypotenuse</a> face center of the prisms, to eliminate image quality reducing abaxial non-image-forming reflections.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Porro prism binoculars can offer good optical performance with relatively little manufacturing effort and as human eyes are ergonomically limited by their <a href="#Interpupillary_distance">interpupillary distance</a> the offset and separation of big (60+ mm wide) diameter objective lenses and the eyepieces becomes a practical advantage in a stereoscopic optical product. In the early 2020s, the commercial market share of Porro prism-type binoculars had become the second most numerous compared to other prism-type optical designs.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> There are alternative Porro prism-based systems available that find application in binoculars on a small scale, like the <a href="/wiki/Perger_prism" title="Perger prism">Perger prism</a> that offers a significantly reduced axial offset compared to traditional Porro prism designs .<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Roof">Roof</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roof" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schmidt-Pechan_prism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Schmidt-Pechan_prism.svg/170px-Schmidt-Pechan_prism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="670"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 237px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Schmidt-Pechan_prism.svg/170px-Schmidt-Pechan_prism.svg.png" data-width="170" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Schmidt-Pechan_prism.svg/255px-Schmidt-Pechan_prism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Schmidt-Pechan_prism.svg/340px-Schmidt-Pechan_prism.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Schmidt–Pechan "roof" prism design</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbe-K%C3%B6nig_prism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Abbe-K%C3%B6nig_prism.svg/220px-Abbe-K%C3%B6nig_prism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="201"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 116px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Abbe-K%C3%B6nig_prism.svg/220px-Abbe-K%C3%B6nig_prism.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Abbe-K%C3%B6nig_prism.svg/330px-Abbe-K%C3%B6nig_prism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Abbe-K%C3%B6nig_prism.svg/440px-Abbe-K%C3%B6nig_prism.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Abbe–Koenig "roof" prism design</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Roof_prism" title="Roof prism">Roof prism</a> binoculars may have appeared as early as the 1870s in a design by Achille Victor Emile Daubresse.<a href="#cite_note-google-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-PhotoDigital-15">[15]</a> In 1897 Moritz Hensoldt began marketing <a href="/wiki/Pentaprism" title="Pentaprism">pentaprism</a> based roof prism binoculars.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Most roof prism binoculars use either the <a href="/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Pechan_prism" title="Schmidt–Pechan prism">Schmidt–Pechan prism</a> (invented in 1899) or the <a href="/wiki/Abbe%E2%80%93Koenig_prism" title="Abbe–Koenig prism">Abbe–Koenig prism</a> (named after <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Karl_Abbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Karl Abbe">Ernst Karl Abbe</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_K%C3%B6nig_(optician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert König (optician) (page does not exist)">Albert König</a> and patented by Carl Zeiss in 1905) designs to erect the image and fold the optical path. They have objective lenses that are approximately in a line with the eyepieces.<a href="#cite_note-sinnott-17">[17]</a> Binoculars with roof prisms have been in use to a large extent since the second half of the 20th century. Roof prism designs result in objective lenses that are almost or totally in line with the eyepieces, creating an instrument that is narrower and more compact than Porro prisms and lighter. There is also a difference in image brightness. Porro prism and Abbe–Koenig roof-prism binoculars will inherently produce a brighter image than Schmidt–Pechan roof prism binoculars of the same magnification, objective size, and optical quality, because the Schmidt-Pechan roof-prism design employs mirror-coated surfaces that <a href="/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Pechan_prism#Reflection_losses" title="Schmidt–Pechan prism">reduce light transmission</a>. In roof prism designs, optically relevant prism angles must be correct within 2 <a href="/wiki/Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">arcseconds</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/1,800⁠ of 1 degree) to avoid seeing an obstructive double image. Maintaining such tight production tolerances for the alignment of their optical elements by laser or interference (collimation) at an affordable price point is challenging. To avoid the need for later re-collimation, the prisms are generally aligned at the factory and then permanently fixed to a metal plate.<a href="#cite_note-hacks-18">[18]</a> These complicating production requirements make high-quality roof prism binoculars more costly to produce than Porro prism binoculars of equivalent optical quality and until <a href="/wiki/Phase_correction_coating" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase correction coating">phase correction coatings</a> were invented in 1988 Porro prism binoculars optically offered superior resolution and contrast to <a href="/wiki/Roof_prism#Phase_correction" title="Roof prism">non-phase corrected roof prism</a> binoculars.<a href="#cite_note-sinnott-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-hacks-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the early 2020s, the commercial offering of Schmidt-Pechan designs exceeds the Abbe-Koenig design offerings and had become the dominant optical design compared to other prism-type designs.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Alternative roof prism-based designs like the <a href="/wiki/Uppendahl_prism" title="Uppendahl prism">Uppendahl prism</a> system composed of three prisms cemented together were and are commercially offered on a small scale.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Optical_systems_and_their_practical_effect_on_binoculars_housing_shapes">Optical systems and their practical effect on binoculars housing shapes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Optical systems and their practical effect on binoculars housing shapes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The optical system of modern binoculars consists of three main optical assemblies:<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <ul><li>Objective lens assembly. This is the lens assembly at the front of the binoculars. It gathers light from the object and forms an image at the image plane.</li> <li>Image orientation correction assembly. This is usually a prism assembly that shortens the optical path. Without this, the image would be inverted and laterally reversed, which is inconvenient for the user.</li> <li>Eyepiece lens assembly. This is the lens assembly near the user's eyes. Its function is to magnify the image.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Binocularp.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Binoculars diagram showing a Porro prism design"><noscript><img alt="Binoculars diagram showing a Porro prism design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Binocularp.svg/200px-Binocularp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="330"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Binocularp.svg/200px-Binocularp.svg.png" data-alt="Binoculars diagram showing a Porro prism design" data-width="200" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Binocularp.svg/300px-Binocularp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Binocularp.svg/400px-Binocularp.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Binoculars diagram showing a Porro prism design</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Lornetka_Baigish_8x30.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porro prism binoculars, with distinctive eyepiece/objective axis offset"><noscript><img alt="Porro prism binoculars, with distinctive eyepiece/objective axis offset" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/2020_Lornetka_Baigish_8x30.jpg/200px-2020_Lornetka_Baigish_8x30.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4670" data-file-height="3470"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/2020_Lornetka_Baigish_8x30.jpg/200px-2020_Lornetka_Baigish_8x30.jpg" data-alt="Porro prism binoculars, with distinctive eyepiece/objective axis offset" data-width="200" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/2020_Lornetka_Baigish_8x30.jpg/300px-2020_Lornetka_Baigish_8x30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/2020_Lornetka_Baigish_8x30.jpg/400px-2020_Lornetka_Baigish_8x30.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porro prism binoculars, with distinctive eyepiece/objective axis offset</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Schmidt-Pechan_prism-Binocular.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Binoculars diagram showing a Schmidt–Pechan roof prism design"><noscript><img alt="Binoculars diagram showing a Schmidt–Pechan roof prism design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Schmidt-Pechan_prism-Binocular.png/139px-Schmidt-Pechan_prism-Binocular.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="460"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 139px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Schmidt-Pechan_prism-Binocular.png/139px-Schmidt-Pechan_prism-Binocular.png" data-alt="Binoculars diagram showing a Schmidt–Pechan roof prism design" data-width="139" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Schmidt-Pechan_prism-Binocular.png/209px-Schmidt-Pechan_prism-Binocular.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Schmidt-Pechan_prism-Binocular.png/278px-Schmidt-Pechan_prism-Binocular.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Binoculars diagram showing a Schmidt–Pechan roof prism design</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prismendoppelfernrohr_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Binoculars diagram showing an Abbe–Koenig roof prism design"><noscript><img alt="Binoculars diagram showing an Abbe–Koenig roof prism design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prismendoppelfernrohr_1905.jpg/145px-Prismendoppelfernrohr_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1589"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 145px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prismendoppelfernrohr_1905.jpg/145px-Prismendoppelfernrohr_1905.jpg" data-alt="Binoculars diagram showing an Abbe–Koenig roof prism design" data-width="145" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prismendoppelfernrohr_1905.jpg/218px-Prismendoppelfernrohr_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prismendoppelfernrohr_1905.jpg/291px-Prismendoppelfernrohr_1905.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Binoculars diagram showing an Abbe–Koenig roof prism design</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vortex_Diamonback_roof_prism_binoculars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roof prism binoculars, with the eyepiece in line with the objective"><noscript><img alt="Roof prism binoculars, with the eyepiece in line with the objective" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Vortex_Diamonback_roof_prism_binoculars.jpg/200px-Vortex_Diamonback_roof_prism_binoculars.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Vortex_Diamonback_roof_prism_binoculars.jpg/200px-Vortex_Diamonback_roof_prism_binoculars.jpg" data-alt="Roof prism binoculars, with the eyepiece in line with the objective" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Vortex_Diamonback_roof_prism_binoculars.jpg/300px-Vortex_Diamonback_roof_prism_binoculars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Vortex_Diamonback_roof_prism_binoculars.jpg/400px-Vortex_Diamonback_roof_prism_binoculars.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roof prism binoculars, with the eyepiece in line with the objective</div> </li> </ul> Although different prism systems have optical design-induced advantages and disadvantages when compared, due to technological progress in fields like optical coatings, optical glass manufacturing, etcetera, differences in the early 2020s in high-quality binoculars practically became irrelevant. At high-quality price points, similar optical performance can be achieved with every commonly applied optical system. This was 20–30 years earlier not possible, as occurring optical disadvantages and problems could at that time not be technically mitigated to practical irrelevancy. Relevant differences in optical performance in the sub-high-quality price categories can still be observed with roof prism-type binoculars today because well-executed technical problem mitigation measures and narrow manufacturing tolerances remain difficult and cost-intensive. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Optical_parameters">Optical parameters</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Optical parameters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binoculars_description_plate2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Binoculars_description_plate2.jpg/220px-Binoculars_description_plate2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 222px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Binoculars_description_plate2.jpg/220px-Binoculars_description_plate2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Binoculars_description_plate2.jpg/330px-Binoculars_description_plate2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Binoculars_description_plate2.jpg/440px-Binoculars_description_plate2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Parameters listed on the prism cover plate describing 7 power <a href="/wiki/Magnification" title="Magnification">magnification</a> binoculars with a 50 mm <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective</a> <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> and a 372 foot (113.39 m) <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> at 1,000 yards (914.4 m)</figcaption></figure> Binoculars are usually designed for specific applications. These different designs require certain optical parameters which may be listed on the prism cover plate of the binoculars. Those parameters are: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnification">Magnification</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Magnification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Given as the first number in a binocular description (e.g., 7×35, 10×50), magnification is the ratio of the focal length of the objective divided by the focal length of the eyepiece. This gives the magnifying power of binoculars (sometimes expressed as "diameters"). A magnification factor of 7, for example, produces an image 7 times larger than the original seen from that distance. The desirable amount of magnification depends upon the intended application, and in most binoculars is a permanent, non-adjustable feature of the device (zoom binoculars are the exception). Hand-held binoculars typically have magnifications ranging from 7× to 10×, so they will be less susceptible to the effects of shaking hands.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> A larger magnification leads to a smaller field of view and may require a tripod for image stability. Some specialized binoculars for astronomy or military use have magnifications ranging from 15× to 25×.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Mobberley_2012,_pages_53-55-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objective_diameter">Objective diameter</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Objective diameter" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Given as the second number in a binocular description (e.g., 7×35, 10×50), the diameter of the <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective lens</a> determines the <a href="/wiki/Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">resolution</a> (sharpness) and how much light can be gathered to form an image. When two different binoculars have equal magnification, equal quality, and produce a sufficiently matched exit pupil (see below), the larger objective diameter produces a "brighter" <a href="#cite_note-27">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-OPT-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optical_resolution" title="Optical resolution">sharper</a> image.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hale54-58-31">[30]</a> An 8×40, then, will produce a "brighter" and sharper image than an 8×25, even though both enlarge the image an identical eight times. The larger front lenses in the 8×40 also produce wider beams of light (exit pupil) that leave the eyepieces. This makes it more comfortable to view with an 8×40 than an 8×25. A pair of 10×50 binoculars is better than a pair of 8×40 binoculars for magnification, sharpness and luminous flux. Objective diameter is usually expressed in millimeters. It is customary to categorize binoculars by the magnification × the objective diameter; e.g., 7×50. Smaller binoculars may have a diameter of as low as 22 mm; 35 mm and 50 mm are common diameters for field binoculars; astronomical binoculars have diameters ranging from 70 mm to 150 mm.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Mobberley_2012,_pages_53-55-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_of_view">Field of view</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Field of view" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> of a pair of binoculars depends on its optical design and in general is inversely proportional to the magnifying power. It is usually notated in a <a href="/wiki/Linear" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear">linear</a> value, such as how many feet (meters) in width will be seen at 1,000 yards (or 1,000 m), or in an <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angular</a> value of how many degrees can be viewed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exit_pupil">Exit pupil</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Exit pupil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nachtglaspupillep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nachtglaspupillep.jpg/220px-Nachtglaspupillep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 88px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nachtglaspupillep.jpg/220px-Nachtglaspupillep.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="88" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nachtglaspupillep.jpg/330px-Nachtglaspupillep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nachtglaspupillep.jpg/440px-Nachtglaspupillep.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The small exit pupil of a 25×30 telescope and large exit pupils of 9×63 binoculars, the latter suitable for use in low light</figcaption></figure> Binoculars concentrate the light gathered by the objective into a beam, of which the diameter, the <a href="/wiki/Exit_pupil" title="Exit pupil">exit pupil</a>, is the objective diameter divided by the magnifying power. For maximum effective light-gathering and brightest image, and to maximize the sharpness,<a href="#cite_note-OPT-28">[27]</a> the exit pupil should at least equal the diameter of the pupil of the human eye: about 7 mm at night and about 3 mm in the daytime, decreasing with age. If the cone of light streaming out of the binoculars is larger than the pupil it is going into, any light larger than the pupil is wasted. In daytime use, the human pupil is typically dilated about 3 mm, which is about the exit pupil of a 7×21 binocular. Much larger 7×50 binoculars will produce a (7.14 mm) cone of light bigger than the pupil it is entering, and this light will, in the daytime, be wasted. An exit pupil that is too small also will present an observer with a dimmer view, since only a small portion of the light-gathering surface of the retina is used.<a href="#cite_note-OPT-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> For applications where equipment must be carried (birdwatching, hunting), users opt for much smaller (lighter) binoculars with an exit pupil that matches their expected iris diameter so they will have maximum resolution but are not carrying the weight of wasted aperture.<a href="#cite_note-Hale54-58-31">[30]</a> A larger exit pupil makes it easier to put the eye where it can receive the light; anywhere in the large exit pupil cone of light will do. This ease of placement helps avoid, especially in large field of view binoculars, <a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a>, which brings to the viewer an image with its borders darkened because the light from them is partially blocked, and it means that the image can be quickly found, which is important when looking at birds or game animals that move rapidly, or for a seafarer on the deck of a pitching vessel or observing from a moving vehicle. Narrow exit pupil binoculars also may be fatiguing because the instrument must be held exactly in place in front of the eyes to provide a useful image. Finally, many people use their binoculars at dawn, at dusk, in overcast conditions, or at night, when their pupils are larger. Thus, the daytime exit pupil is not a universally desirable standard. For comfort, ease of use, and flexibility in applications, larger binoculars with larger exit pupils are satisfactory choices even if their capability is not fully used by day. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twilight_factor_and_relative_brightness">Twilight factor and relative brightness</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Twilight factor and relative brightness" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Before innovations like anti-reflective coatings were commonly used in binoculars, their performance was often mathematically expressed. Nowadays, the practically achievable instrumentally measurable brightness of binoculars rely on a complex mix of factors like the quality of optical glass used and various applied optical coatings and not just the magnification and the size of objective lenses. The twilight factor for binoculars can be calculated by first multiplying the magnification by the objective lens diameter and then finding the square root of the result. For instance, the twilight factor of 7×50 binoculars is therefore the square root of 7 × 50: the square root of 350 = 18.71. The higher the twilight factor, mathematically, the better the resolution of the binoculars when observing under dim light conditions. Mathematically, 7×50 binoculars have exactly the same twilight factor as 70×5 ones, but 70×5 binoculars are useless during twilight and also in well-lit conditions as they would offer only a 0.14 mm exit pupil. The twilight factor without knowing the accompanying more decisive exit pupil does not permit a practical determination of the low light capability of binoculars. Ideally, the exit pupil should be at least as large as the pupil diameter of the user's dark-adapted eyes in circumstances with no extraneous light.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> A primarily historic, more meaningful mathematical approach to indicate the level of clarity and brightness in binoculars was relative brightness. It is calculated by squaring the diameter of the exit pupil. In the above 7×50 binoculars example, this means that their relative brightness index is 51 (7.14 × 7.14 = 51). The higher the relative brightness index number, mathematically, the better the binoculars are suited for low light use.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eye_relief">Eye relief</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eye relief" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Eye_relief" title="Eye relief">Eye relief</a> is the distance from the rear eyepiece lens to the exit pupil or eye point.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> It is the distance the observer must position his or her eye behind the eyepiece in order to see an unvignetted image. The longer the focal length of the eyepiece, the greater the potential eye relief. Binoculars may have eye relief ranging from a few millimeters to 25 mm or more. Eye relief can be particularly important for eyeglasses wearers. The eye of an eyeglasses wearer is typically farther from the eye piece which necessitates a longer eye relief in order to avoid vignetting and, in the extreme cases, to conserve the entire field of view. Binoculars with short eye relief can also be hard to use in instances where it is difficult to hold them steady. Eyeglasses wearers who intend to wear their glasses when using binoculars should look for binoculars with an eye relief that is long enough so that their eyes are not behind the point of focus (also called the eyepoint). Else, their glasses will occupy the space where their eyes should be. Generally, an eye relief over 16 mm should be adequate for any eyeglass wearer. However, if glasses frames are thicker and so significantly protrude from the face, an eye relief over 17 mm should be considered. Eyeglasses wearers should also look for binoculars with twist-up eye cups that ideally have multiple settings, so they can be partially or fully retracted to adjust eye relief to individual ergonomic preferences.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Close_focus_distance">Close focus distance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Close focus distance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Close focus distance is the closest point that the binocular can focus on. This distance varies from about 0.5 to 30 m (2 to 98 ft), depending upon the design of the binoculars. If the close focus distance is short with respect to the magnification, the binocular can be used also to see particulars not visible to the naked eye. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyepieces">Eyepieces</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Eyepieces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">Eyepiece</a></div> Binocular eyepieces usually consist of three or more lens elements in two or more groups. The lens furthest from the viewer's eye is called the field lens or objective lens and that closest to the eye the eye lens or ocular lens. The most common <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece#Kellner_or_%22Achromat%22" title="Eyepiece">Kellner configuration</a> is that invented in 1849 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Kellner_(optician)" title="Carl Kellner (optician)">Carl Kellner</a>. In this arrangement, the eye lens is a plano-concave/ double convex achromatic doublet (the flat part of the former facing the eye) and the field lens is a double-convex singlet. A <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece#RKE" title="Eyepiece">reversed Kellner eyepiece</a> was developed in 1975 and in it the field lens is a double concave/ double convex achromatic doublet and the eye lens is a double convex singlet. The reverse Kellner provides 50% more eye relief and works better with small focal ratios as well as having a slightly wider field.<a href="#cite_note-Tonkin2013-37">[36]</a> Wide field binoculars typically utilize some kind of <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece#Erfle" title="Eyepiece">Erfle configuration</a>, patented in 1921. These have five or six elements in three groups. The groups may be two achromatic doublets with a double convex singlet between them or may all be achromatic doublets. These eyepieces tend not to perform as well as Kellner eyepieces at high power because they suffer from astigmatism and ghost images. However they have large eye lenses, excellent eye relief, and are comfortable to use at lower powers.<a href="#cite_note-Tonkin2013-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Field_flattener_lens">Field flattener lens</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Field flattener lens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> High-end binoculars often incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Field_flattener_lens" title="Field flattener lens">field flattener lens</a> in the eyepiece behind their prism configuration, designed to improve image sharpness and reduce image distortion at the outer regions of the field of view.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Mechanical_design">Mechanical design</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mechanical design" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focus_and_adjustment">Focus and adjustment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Focus and adjustment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_new_Steiner_Military_8x30_R_binoculars_MOD_45158985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_new_Steiner_Military_8x30_R_binoculars_MOD_45158985.jpg/220px-The_new_Steiner_Military_8x30_R_binoculars_MOD_45158985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="1766"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_new_Steiner_Military_8x30_R_binoculars_MOD_45158985.jpg/220px-The_new_Steiner_Military_8x30_R_binoculars_MOD_45158985.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_new_Steiner_Military_8x30_R_binoculars_MOD_45158985.jpg/330px-The_new_Steiner_Military_8x30_R_binoculars_MOD_45158985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_new_Steiner_Military_8x30_R_binoculars_MOD_45158985.jpg/440px-The_new_Steiner_Military_8x30_R_binoculars_MOD_45158985.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Independent focusing binoculars as used by the British military</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binocular_Eschenbach_Derby_Compact_8x40_Ww.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Binocular_Eschenbach_Derby_Compact_8x40_Ww.jpg/220px-Binocular_Eschenbach_Derby_Compact_8x40_Ww.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5551" data-file-height="3701"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Binocular_Eschenbach_Derby_Compact_8x40_Ww.jpg/220px-Binocular_Eschenbach_Derby_Compact_8x40_Ww.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Binocular_Eschenbach_Derby_Compact_8x40_Ww.jpg/330px-Binocular_Eschenbach_Derby_Compact_8x40_Ww.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Binocular_Eschenbach_Derby_Compact_8x40_Ww.jpg/440px-Binocular_Eschenbach_Derby_Compact_8x40_Ww.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Porro type, external eyepiece bridge central-focusing binoculars with a rotating diopter on the right eyepiece allowing to adjust refractive differences between the viewer's left and right eyes</figcaption></figure> Binoculars have a <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focusing</a> arrangement which changes the distance between eyepiece and objective lenses or internally mounted lens elements. Normally there are two different arrangements used to provide focus, "independent focus" and "central focusing": <ul><li>Independent focusing is an arrangement where the two telescope tubes are focused independently by adjusting each eyepiece. Binoculars designed for harsh environmental conditions and heavy field use, such as military or marine applications, traditionally have used independent focusing.</li> <li>Central focusing is an arrangement which involves rotation of a central focusing wheel to adjust both telescope tubes together. In addition, one of the two eyepieces can be further adjusted to compensate for differences between the viewer's eyes (usually by rotating the eyepiece in its mount). Because the focal change effected by the adjustable eyepiece can be measured in the customary unit of refractive power, the <a href="/wiki/Dioptre" title="Dioptre">dioptre</a>, the adjustable eyepiece itself is often called a dioptre. Once this adjustment has been made for a given viewer, the binoculars can be refocused on an object at a different distance by using the focusing wheel to adjust both tubes together without eyepiece readjustment. Central focusing binoculars can be further subdivided into: <ul><li>External focusing, which focuses binoculars by moving the eyepieces, where the volume of the binoculars always changes. During this process, external air and also small dust particles and moisture can be drawn into or pressed out of the binoculars. It is hard to seal or waterproof such systems and in case the eyepieces are moved by a central focuser shaft and external eyepiece arms bridge construction, this construction can (accidentally) get bent/deformed that can result in disabling misalignment.</li> <li>Internal focusing, which focuses binoculars by moving internal mounted optical lenses located between the objective lens group and the prism assembly – or rarely located between the prism assembly and eyepiece lens assembly<a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> – within the housing without changing the volume of the binoculars. The addition of a focusing lens reduces the light transmission of the optical system contained in the telescope tube somewhat. Internal focusing is generally considered the mechanically more robust central focusing solution and with the help of an appropriate seal like O-rings air and moisture ingress can be prevented, to make binoculars fully waterproof.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></li></ul></li></ul> With increasing magnification, the <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> – the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in an image – decreases. The depth of field reduces quadratic with the magnification, so compared to 7× binoculars, 10× binoculars offer about half (7² ÷ 10² = 0.49) the depth of field. However, not related to the binoculars optical system, the user perceived practical depth of field or depth of acceptable view performance is also dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">accommodation ability</a> (accommodation ability varies from person to person and decreases significantly with age) and light conditions dependent effective pupil size or diameter of the user's eyes. There are "focus-free" or "fixed-focus" binoculars that have no focusing mechanism other than the eyepiece adjustments that are meant to be set for the user's eyes and left fixed. These are considered to be compromise designs, suited for convenience, but not well suited for work that falls outside their designed <a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">hyperfocal distance</a> range (for hand held binoculars generally from about 35 m (38 yd) to infinity without performing eyepiece adjustments for a given viewer).<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Binoculars can be generally used without eyeglasses by <a href="/wiki/Myopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Myopic">myopic</a> (near-sighted) or <a href="/wiki/Hyperopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperopic">hyperopic</a> (far-sighted) users simply by adjusting the focus a little farther. Most manufacturers leave a little extra available focal-range beyond the infinity-stop/setting to account for this when focusing for infinity.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> People with severe astigmatism, however, will still need to use their glasses while using binoculars. Some binoculars have adjustable magnification, zoom binoculars, such as 7-21×50 intended to give the user the flexibility of having a single pair of binoculars with a wide range of magnifications, usually by moving a "zoom" lever. This is accomplished by a complex series of adjusting lenses similar to a <a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom camera lens</a>. These designs are noted to be a compromise and even a <a href="/wiki/Gimmick" title="Gimmick">gimmick</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> since they add bulk, complexity and fragility to the binocular. The complex optical path also leads to a narrow field of view and a large drop in brightness at high zoom.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Models also have to match the magnification for both eyes throughout the zoom range and hold collimation to avoid eye strain and fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> These almost always perform much better at the low power setting than they do at the higher settings. This is natural, since the front objective cannot enlarge to let in more light as the power is increased, so the view gets dimmer. At 7×, the 50mm front objective provides a 7.14 mm exit pupil, but at 21×, the same front objective provides only a 2.38 mm exit pupil. Also, the optical quality of a zoom binocular at any given power is inferior to that of a fixed power binocular of that power. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpupillary_distance">Interpupillary distance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Interpupillary distance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HALINA_binoculars_7x50_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HALINA_binoculars_7x50_03.jpg/220px-HALINA_binoculars_7x50_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HALINA_binoculars_7x50_03.jpg/220px-HALINA_binoculars_7x50_03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HALINA_binoculars_7x50_03.jpg/330px-HALINA_binoculars_7x50_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HALINA_binoculars_7x50_03.jpg/440px-HALINA_binoculars_7x50_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Binoculars with adjustable interpupillary distance set for about 63 mm</figcaption></figure> Most modern binoculars are also adjustable via a hinged construction that enables the distance between the two telescope halves to be adjusted to accommodate viewers with different eye separation or "<a href="/wiki/Interpupillary_distance" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpupillary distance">interpupillary distance</a> (IPD)" (the distance measured in <a href="/wiki/Millimeters" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeters">millimeters</a> between the centers of the <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupils</a> of the eyes). Most are optimized for the interpupillary distance (typically about 63 mm) for adults. Interpupillary distance varies with respect to age, gender and race. The binoculars industry has to take IPD variance (most adults have IPDs in the 50–75 mm range) and its extrema into account, because stereoscopic optical products need to be able to cope with many possible users, including those with the smallest and largest IPDs.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Children and adults with narrow IPDs can experience problems with the IPD adjustment range of binocular barrels to match the width between the centers of the pupils in each eye impairing the use of some binoculars.<a href="#cite_note-thebinocularsite-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Adults with average or wide IPDs generally experience no eye separation adjustment range problems, but straight barreled roof prism binoculars featuring over 60 mm diameter objectives can dimensionally be problematic to correctly adjust for adults with a relatively narrow IPDs.<a href="#cite_note-binocular.ch-49">[48]</a> Anatomic conditions like <a href="/wiki/Hypertelorism" title="Hypertelorism">hypertelorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypotelorism" title="Hypotelorism">hypotelorism</a> can affect IPD and due to extreme IPDs result in practical impairment of using stereoscopic optical products like binoculars. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alignment">Alignment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Alignment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The two telescopes in binoculars are aligned in parallel (collimated), to produce a single circular, apparently three-dimensional, image. Misalignment will cause the binoculars to produce a double image. Even slight misalignment will cause vague discomfort and visual fatigue as the brain tries to combine the skewed images.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Alignment is performed by small movements to the prisms, by adjusting an internal support cell or by turning external <a href="/wiki/Set_screw" title="Set screw">set screws</a>, or by adjusting the position of the objective via <a href="/wiki/Eccentric_(mechanism)" title="Eccentric (mechanism)">eccentric</a> rings built into the objective cell. Unconditional aligning (3-axis collimation, meaning both optical axes are aligned parallel with the axis of the hinge used to select various interpupillary distance settings) binoculars requires specialized equipment.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-9">[9]</a> Unconditional alignment is usually done by a professional, although the externally mounted adjustment features can usually be accessed by the end user. Conditional alignment ignores the third axis (the hinge) in the alignment process. Such a conditional alignment comes down to a 2-axis pseudo-collimation and will only be serviceable within a small range of interpupillary distance settings, as conditional aligned binoculars are not collimated for the full interpupillary distance setting range. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_stability">Image stability</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Image stability" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some binoculars use <a href="/wiki/Image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">image-stabilization</a> technology to reduce shake at higher magnifications. This is done by having a <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a> move part of the instrument, or by powered mechanisms driven by gyroscopic or inertial detectors, or via a mount designed to oppose and damp the effect of shaking movements. Stabilization may be enabled or disabled by the user as required. These techniques allow binoculars up to 20× to be hand-held, and much improve the image stability of lower-power instruments. There are some disadvantages: the image may not be quite as good as the best unstabilized binoculars when tripod-mounted, stabilized binoculars also tend to be more expensive and heavier than similarly specified non-stabilized binoculars. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Housing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Binoculars housings can be made of various structural materials. Old binoculars barrels and hinge bridges were often made of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>. Later <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and relatively light metals like <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> alloys were used, as well as polymers like (<a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">fibre-reinforced</a>) <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">acrylonitrile butadiene styrene</a>. The housing can be rubber armored externally as outer covering to provide a non-slip gripping surface, absorption of undesired sounds and additional cushioning/protection against dents, scrapes, bumps and minor impacts.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Optical_coatings">Optical coatings</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Optical coatings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optical_coating" title="Optical coating">Optical coating</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DFRBinoculars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/DFRBinoculars.jpg/220px-DFRBinoculars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="1774"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/DFRBinoculars.jpg/220px-DFRBinoculars.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/DFRBinoculars.jpg/330px-DFRBinoculars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/DFRBinoculars.jpg/440px-DFRBinoculars.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Binoculars with red-colored multicoatings. Sometimes they are fraudulently advertised as "infrared" binoculars.</figcaption></figure> Because a typical binocular has 6 to 10 optical elements <a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> with special characteristics and up to 20 atmosphere-to-glass surfaces, binocular manufacturers use different types of <a href="/wiki/Optical_coating" title="Optical coating">optical coatings</a> for technical reasons and to improve the image they produce. Lens and prism optical coatings on binoculars can increase light transmission, minimize detrimental reflections and interference effects, optimize beneficial reflections, repel water and grease and even protect the lens from scratches. Modern optical coatings are composed of a combination of very thin layers of materials such as oxides, metals, or rare earth materials. The performance of an optical coating is dependent on the number of layers, manipulating their exact thickness and composition, and the refractive index difference between them.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> These coatings have become a key technology in the field of optics and manufacturers often have their own designations for their optical coatings. The various lens and prism optical coatings used in high-quality 21st century binoculars, when added together, can total about 200 (often superimposed) coating layers.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-reflective">Anti-reflective</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Anti-reflective" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating" title="Anti-reflective coating">Anti-reflective coating</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical-coating-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Optical-coating-2.svg/220px-Optical-coating-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="390"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Optical-coating-2.svg/220px-Optical-coating-2.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Optical-coating-2.svg/330px-Optical-coating-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Optical-coating-2.svg/440px-Optical-coating-2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A quarter-wavelength (λ) thick anti-reflection coating, which leads to destructive interference</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating#Interference_coatings" title="Anti-reflective coating">Anti-reflective interference coatings</a> reduce light lost at every optical surface through <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> at each surface. Reducing reflection via anti-reflective coatings also reduces the amount of "lost" light present inside the binocular which would otherwise make the image appear hazy (low contrast). A pair of binoculars with good optical coatings may yield a brighter image than uncoated binoculars with a larger objective lens, on account of superior light transmission through the assembly. The first transparent interference-based coating Transparentbelag (T) used by Zeiss was invented in 1935 by <a href="/wiki/Olexander_Smakula" class="mw-redirect" title="Olexander Smakula">Olexander Smakula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> A classic lens-coating material is <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_fluoride" title="Magnesium fluoride">magnesium fluoride</a>, which reduces reflected light from about 4% to 1.5%. At 16 atmosphere to optical glass surfaces passes, a 4% reflection loss theoretically means a 52% light transmission (0.9616 = 0.520) and a 1.5% reflection loss a much better 78.5% light transmission (0.98516 = 0.785). Reflection can be further reduced over a wider range of wavelengths and angles by using several superimposed layers with different refractive indices. The anti-reflective multi-coating Transparentbelag* (T*) used by Zeiss in the late 1970s consisted of six superimposed layers. In general, the outer coating layers have slightly lower index of refraction values and the layer thickness is adapted to the range of wavelengths in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> to promote optimal <a href="/wiki/Destructive_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Destructive interference">destructive interference</a> via reflection in the beams reflected from the interfaces, and constructive interference in the corresponding transmitted beams. There is no simple formula for the optimal layer thickness for a given choice of materials. These parameters are therefore determined with the help of simulation programs. Determined by the optical properties of the lenses used and intended primary use of the binoculars, different coatings are preferred, to optimize light transmission dictated by the human eye <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficiency_function" title="Luminous efficiency function">luminous efficiency function</a> variance. Maximal light transmission around <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of 555 nm (<a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>) is important for obtaining optimal <a href="/wiki/Photopic_vision" title="Photopic vision">photopic vision</a> using the eye <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a> for observation in well-lit conditions. Maximal light transmission around wavelengths of 498 nm (<a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>) is important for obtaining optimal <a href="/wiki/Scotopic_vision" title="Scotopic vision">scotopic vision</a> using the eye <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod cells</a> for observation in low light conditions. As a result, effective modern anti-reflective lens coatings consist of complex multi-layers and reflect only 0.25% or less to yield an image with maximum brightness and natural colors.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> These allow high-quality 21st century binoculars to practically achieve at the eye lens or ocular lens measured over 90% light transmission values in low light conditions. Depending on the coating, the character of the image seen in the binoculars under normal daylight can either look "warmer" or "colder" and appear either with higher or lower contrast. Subject to the application, the coating is also optimized for maximum color fidelity through the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>, for example in the case of lenses specially designed for bird watching.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> A common application technique is physical <a href="/wiki/Vapor_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapor deposition">vapor deposition</a> of one or more superimposed anti-reflective coating layer(s) which includes <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporative deposition">evaporative deposition</a>, making it a complex production process.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_correction">Phase correction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Phase correction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-belag.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/P-belag.png/220px-P-belag.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/P-belag.png/220px-P-belag.png" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/P-belag.png/330px-P-belag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/P-belag.png/440px-P-belag.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Beam path at the roof edge (cross-section); the P-coating layer is on both roof surfaces</figcaption></figure> In binoculars with <a href="/wiki/Roof_prism#Phase_correction" title="Roof prism">roof prisms</a> the light path is split into two paths that reflect on either side of the roof prism ridge. One half of the light reflects from roof surface 1 to roof surface 2. The other half of the light reflects from roof surface 2 to roof surface 1. If the roof faces are uncoated, the mechanism of reflection is <a href="/wiki/Total_internal_reflection" title="Total internal reflection">Total Internal Reflection</a> (TIR). In TIR, light polarized in the plane of incidence (p-polarized) and light polarized orthogonal to the plane of incidence (s-polarized) experience different phase shifts. As a consequence, linearly polarized light emerges from a roof prism elliptically polarized. Furthermore, the state of elliptical polarization of the two paths through the prism is different. When the two paths recombine on the retina (or a detector) there is <a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">interference</a> between light from the two paths causing a distortion of the <a href="/wiki/Point_spread_function" title="Point spread function">Point Spread Function</a> and a deterioration of the image. Resolution and contrast significantly suffer. These unwanted interference effects can be suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">vapor depositing</a> a special <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_coating" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric coating">dielectric coating</a> known as a phase-correction coating or P-coating on the roof surfaces of the roof prism. To approximately correct a roof prism for polychromatic light several phase-correction coating layers are superimposed, since every layer is wavelength and <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)" title="Angle of incidence (optics)">angle of incidence</a> specific.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The P-coating was developed in 1988 by Adolf Weyrauch at <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Zeiss (company)">Carl Zeiss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weyrauch-63">[62]</a> Other manufacturers followed soon, and since then phase-correction coatings are used across the board in medium and high-quality roof prism binoculars. This coating suppresses the difference in phase shift between s- and p- polarization so both paths have the same polarization and no interference degrades the image.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> In this way, since the 1990s, roof prism binoculars have also achieved resolution values that were previously only achievable with Porro prisms.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The presence of a phase-correction coating can be checked on unopened binoculars using two polarization filters.<a href="#cite_note-Weyrauch-63">[62]</a> Dielectric phase-correction prism coatings are applied in a vacuum chamber with maybe thirty or more different superimposed vapor coating layers deposits, making it a complex production process. Binoculars using either a <a href="/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Pechan_prism" title="Schmidt–Pechan prism">Schmidt–Pechan roof prism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbe%E2%80%93Koenig_prism" title="Abbe–Koenig prism">Abbe–Koenig roof prism</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Uppendahl_prism" title="Uppendahl prism">Uppendahl roof prism</a> benefit from phase coatings that compensate for a loss of resolution and contrast caused by the <a href="/wiki/Interference_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (physics)">interference effects</a> that occur in untreated roof prisms. <a href="/wiki/Porro_prism" title="Porro prism">Porro prism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perger_prism" title="Perger prism">Perger prism</a> binoculars do not split beams and therefore they do not require any phase coatings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallic_mirror">Metallic mirror</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Metallic mirror" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></div> In binoculars with Schmidt–Pechan or Uppendahl roof prisms, mirror coatings are added to some surfaces of the roof prism because the light is incident at one of the prism's glass-air boundaries at an angle less than the <a href="/wiki/Critical_angle_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical angle (optics)">critical angle</a> so <a href="/wiki/Total_internal_reflection" title="Total internal reflection">total internal reflection</a> does not occur. Without a mirror coating most of that light would be lost. Roof prism aluminum mirror coating (<a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> of 87% to 93%) or silver mirror coating (reflectivity of 95% to 98%) is used.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In older designs silver mirror coatings were used but these coatings oxidized and lost reflectivity over time in unsealed binoculars. Aluminum mirror coatings were used in later unsealed designs because they did not tarnish even though they have a lower reflectivity than silver. Using vacuum-vaporization technology, modern designs use either aluminum, enhanced aluminum (consisting of aluminum overcoated with a multilayer dielectric film) or silver.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Silver is used in modern high-quality designs which are sealed and filled with nitrogen or argon to provide an inert atmosphere so that the silver mirror coating does not tarnish.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Porro_prism" title="Porro prism">Porro prism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perger_prism" title="Perger prism">Perger prism</a> binoculars and roof prism binoculars using the <a href="/wiki/Abbe%E2%80%93Koenig_prism" title="Abbe–Koenig prism">Abbe–Koenig roof prism configuration</a> do not use mirror coatings because these prisms reflect with 100% reflectivity using <a href="/wiki/Total_internal_reflection" title="Total internal reflection">total internal reflection</a> in the prism rather than requiring a (metallic) mirror coating. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dielectric_mirror">Dielectric mirror</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Dielectric mirror" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_mirror" title="Dielectric mirror">Dielectric mirror</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg/220px-Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg/220px-Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg/330px-Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg/440px-Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Diagram of a dielectric mirror. Thin layers with a high refractive index n1 are interleaved with thicker layers with a lower refractive index n2. The path lengths lA and lB differ by exactly one wavelength, which leads to constructive interference.</figcaption></figure> Dielectric coatings are used in <a href="/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Pechan_prism" title="Schmidt–Pechan prism">Schmidt–Pechan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uppendahl_prism" title="Uppendahl prism">Uppendahl</a> roof prisms to cause the prism surfaces to act as a <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_mirror" title="Dielectric mirror">dielectric mirror</a>. This coating was introduced in 2004 in Zeiss Victory FL binoculars featuring Schmidt–Pechan prisms. Other manufacturers followed soon, and since then dielectric coatings are used across the board in medium and high-quality Schmidt–Pechan and Uppendahl roof prism binoculars. The non-metallic <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> reflective coating is formed from several multilayers of alternating high and low <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> materials deposited on a prism's reflective surfaces. The manufacturing techniques for dielectric mirrors are based on <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin-film deposition">thin-film deposition</a> methods. A common application technique is <a href="/wiki/Physical_vapor_deposition" title="Physical vapor deposition">physical vapor deposition</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporative deposition">evaporative deposition</a> with maybe seventy or more different superimposed vapor coating layers deposits, making it a complex production process.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> This multilayer coating increases reflectivity from the prism surfaces by acting as a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Bragg_reflector" title="Distributed Bragg reflector">distributed Bragg reflector</a>. A well-designed multilayer dielectric coating can provide a <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> of over 99% across the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible light spectrum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> This reflectivity is an improvement compared to either an aluminium mirror coating or silver mirror coating. Porro prism and Perger prism binoculars and roof prism binoculars using the Abbe–Koenig roof prism do not use dielectric coatings because these prisms reflect with 100% reflectivity using <a href="/wiki/Total_internal_reflection" title="Total internal reflection">total internal reflection</a> in the prism rather than requiring a (dielectric) mirror coating. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms">Terms</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Terms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="All_binoculars">All binoculars</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: All binoculars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The presence of any coatings is typically denoted on binoculars by the following terms: <ul><li>coated optics: one or more surfaces are anti-reflective coated with a single-layer coating.</li> <li>fully coated: all air-to-glass surfaces are anti-reflective coated with a single-layer coating. Plastic lenses, however, if used, may not be coated.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></li> <li>multi-coated: one or more surfaces have anti-reflective multi-layer coatings.</li> <li>fully multi-coated: all air-to-glass surfaces are anti-reflective multi-layer coated.</li></ul> The presence of optical high transmittance <a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(optics)" title="Crown glass (optics)">crown glass</a> offering relatively low <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> (≈1.52) and low <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersion</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Abbe_number" title="Abbe number">Abbe numbers</a> around 60) is typically denoted on binoculars by the following terms:<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <ul><li>BK7 (<a href="/wiki/Schott_AG" title="Schott AG">Schott</a> designates it as 517642. The first three digits designate its refractive index [1.517] and the last three designate its Abbe number [64.2]. Its critical angle is 41.2°.)</li> <li>BaK4 (Schott designates it as 569560. The first three digits designate its refractive index [1.569] and the last three designate its Abbe number [56.0]. Its critical angle is 39.6°.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roof_prisms_only">Roof prisms only</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Roof prisms only" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>phase-coated or P-coating: the roof prism has a phase-correcting coating</li> <li>aluminium-coated: the roof prism mirrors are coated with an aluminium coating (the default if a mirror coating isn't mentioned).</li> <li>silver-coated: the roof prism mirrors are coated with a silver coating</li> <li>dielectric-coated: the roof prism mirrors are coated with a dielectric coating</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Accessories">Accessories</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Accessories" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Optolyth_Alpin_7%C3%9742_binoculars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Optolyth_Alpin_7%C3%9742_binoculars.jpg/157px-Optolyth_Alpin_7%C3%9742_binoculars.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 157px;height: 118px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Optolyth_Alpin_7%C3%9742_binoculars.jpg/157px-Optolyth_Alpin_7%C3%9742_binoculars.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="157" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Optolyth_Alpin_7%C3%9742_binoculars.jpg/236px-Optolyth_Alpin_7%C3%9742_binoculars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Optolyth_Alpin_7%C3%9742_binoculars.jpg/314px-Optolyth_Alpin_7%C3%9742_binoculars.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Binoculars with eyepieces resting on a rainguard all connected by a neck strap</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunting_roe_deer_in_Hampshire,_England_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hunting_roe_deer_in_Hampshire%2C_England_02.png/177px-Hunting_roe_deer_in_Hampshire%2C_England_02.png" decoding="async" width="177" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 177px;height: 118px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hunting_roe_deer_in_Hampshire%2C_England_02.png/177px-Hunting_roe_deer_in_Hampshire%2C_England_02.png" data-alt="" data-width="177" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hunting_roe_deer_in_Hampshire%2C_England_02.png/266px-Hunting_roe_deer_in_Hampshire%2C_England_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hunting_roe_deer_in_Hampshire%2C_England_02.png/354px-Hunting_roe_deer_in_Hampshire%2C_England_02.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Deer hunters using binoculars harnesses suitable for prolonged carrying</div></div></div></div></div> Common accessories for binoculars are: <ul><li>neck and shoulder straps for carrying</li> <li>binocular harnesses (sometimes combined with an integrated field case) to distribute weight evenly for prolonged carrying</li> <li>field carrying cases/side bags</li> <li>binoculars storage/travel cases</li> <li>rainguards for protecting the eyepieces outer lenses</li> <li>(tethered) lens caps for protecting the objectives outer lenses</li> <li>cleaning kits to carefully remove dirt from lenses and other surfaces</li> <li>tripod adapters</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_use">General use</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: General use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_3.jpg/107px-Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2010"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 107px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_3.jpg/107px-Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_3.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="107" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_3.jpg/161px-Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_3.jpg/214px-Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Trinovid" title="Trinovid">Trinovid</a> 8×20 C folded for storage<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_1.jpg/107px-Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="1740"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 107px;height: 84px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_1.jpg/107px-Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_1.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="107" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_1.jpg/161px-Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_1.jpg/214px-Leitz_Trinovid_8x20_compact_binoculars_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Trinovid 8×20 C expanded for use</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Compact binoculars with double bridge</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_Optical_Binoculars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tower_Optical_Binoculars.jpg/220px-Tower_Optical_Binoculars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1476"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 303px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tower_Optical_Binoculars.jpg/220px-Tower_Optical_Binoculars.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tower_Optical_Binoculars.jpg/330px-Tower_Optical_Binoculars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tower_Optical_Binoculars.jpg/440px-Tower_Optical_Binoculars.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tower_Optical" title="Tower Optical">Tower Optical</a> coin-operated binocular tower viewers</figcaption></figure> Hand-held binoculars range from small 3 × 10 Galilean <a href="/wiki/Opera_glasses" title="Opera glasses">opera glasses</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theaters</a>, to glasses with 7 to 12 times magnification and 30 to 50 mm diameter objectives for typical outdoor use. Compact or pocket binoculars are small light binoculars suitable for daytime use. Most compact binoculars feature magnifications of 7× to 10×, and objective diameter sizes of a relatively modest 20 mm to 25 mm, resulting in small exit pupil sizes limiting low light suitability. Roof prism designs tend to be narrower and more compact than equivalent Porro prism designs. Thus, compact binoculars are mostly roof prism designs. The telescope tubes of compact binoculars can often be folded closely to each other to radically reduce the binocular's volume when not in use, for easy carriage and storage. Many <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attractions</a> have installed pedestal-mounted, coin-operated binocular <a href="/wiki/Tower_viewer" title="Tower viewer">tower viewers</a> to allow visitors to obtain a closer view of the attraction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_surveys_and_geographic_data_collection">Land surveys and geographic data collection</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Land surveys and geographic data collection" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although technology has surpassed using binoculars for data collection, historically these were advanced tools used by geographers and other geoscientists. Field glasses still today can provide visual aid when surveying large areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bird_watching">Bird watching</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bird watching" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> is a very popular hobby among nature and animal lovers; a binocular is their most basic tool because most human eyes cannot resolve sufficient detail to fully appreciate and/or study small birds.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> To be able to view birds in flight well rapid moving objects acquiring capability and depth of field are important. Typically, binoculars with a magnification of 8× to 10× are used, though many manufacturers produce models with 7× magnification for a wider field of view and increased depth of field. The other main consideration for birdwatching binoculars is the size of the objective that collects light. A larger (e.g. 40–45mm) objective works better in low light and for seeing into foliage, but also makes for a heavier binocular than a 30–35mm objective. Weight may not seem a primary consideration when first hefting a pair of binoculars, but birdwatching involves a lot of holding up the binoculars while standing in one place. Careful shopping is advised by the birdwatching community.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting">Hunting</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Hunting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hunters commonly use binoculars in the field as a way to observe distant game animals. Hunters most commonly use about 8× magnification binoculars with 40–45mm objectives to be able to find and observe game in low light conditions.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> European manufacturers produced and produce 7×42 binoculars with good low light performance without getting too bulky for mobile use like extended carrying/stalking and much bigger bulky 8×56 and 9×63 low-light binoculars optically optimized for excellent low light performance for more stationary hunting at dusk and night. For hunting binoculars optimized for observation in twilight, coatings are preferred that maximize light transmission in the wavelength range around 460-540 nm.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-binocular.ch-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range_finding">Range finding</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Range finding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some binoculars have a range finding <a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">reticle</a> (scale) superimposed upon the view. This scale allows the distance to the object to be estimated if the object's height is known (or estimable). The common mariner 7×50 binoculars have these scales with the angle between marks equal to 5 <a href="/wiki/Angular_mil" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular mil">mil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bushnell-82">[81]</a> One mil is equivalent to the angle between the top and bottom of an object one meter in height at a distance of 1000 meters. Therefore, to estimate the distance to an object that is a known height the formula is: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D={\frac {OH}{\text{Mil}}}\times 1000}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> <mtext>Mil</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1000</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D={\frac {OH}{\text{Mil}}}\times 1000}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1c805d63971c9aff5031f7c9e4d8f94acd03ad8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.186ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D={\frac {OH}{\text{Mil}}}\times 1000}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17.186ex;height: 5.343ex;vertical-align: -1.838ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1c805d63971c9aff5031f7c9e4d8f94acd03ad8" data-alt="{\displaystyle D={\frac {OH}{\text{Mil}}}\times 1000}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </dd></dl> where: <ul><li><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.924ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" data-alt="{\displaystyle D}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  is the Distance to the object in meters.</li> <li><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle OH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle OH}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/887169325686e20fd662f7e7324824c5e1503e05" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.837ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle OH}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.837ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/887169325686e20fd662f7e7324824c5e1503e05" data-alt="{\displaystyle OH}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  is the known Object Height.</li> <li><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Mil}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Mil</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Mil}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4cac30b8a1e5d0e40704a61293982a0809599751" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.425ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Mil}}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.425ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4cac30b8a1e5d0e40704a61293982a0809599751" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Mil}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  is the angular height of the object in number of Mil.</li></ul> With the typical 5 mil scale (each mark is 5 mil), a lighthouse that is 3 marks high and known to be 120 meters tall is 8000 meters distant. <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 8000{\text{m}}={\frac {120{\text{m}}}{15{\text{mil}}}}\times 1000}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>8000</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>120</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>15</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>mil</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1000</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 8000{\text{m}}={\frac {120{\text{m}}}{15{\text{mil}}}}\times 1000}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07852204ebbd41643b658c691b5afea42019961" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:23.565ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 8000{\text{m}}={\frac {120{\text{m}}}{15{\text{mil}}}}\times 1000}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23.565ex;height: 5.343ex;vertical-align: -2.005ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07852204ebbd41643b658c691b5afea42019961" data-alt="{\displaystyle 8000{\text{m}}={\frac {120{\text{m}}}{15{\text{mil}}}}\times 1000}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Military" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leica_Vector_rangefinder_2007_07_14_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Leica_Vector_rangefinder_2007_07_14_n2.jpg/220px-Leica_Vector_rangefinder_2007_07_14_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="3266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Leica_Vector_rangefinder_2007_07_14_n2.jpg/220px-Leica_Vector_rangefinder_2007_07_14_n2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Leica_Vector_rangefinder_2007_07_14_n2.jpg/330px-Leica_Vector_rangefinder_2007_07_14_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Leica_Vector_rangefinder_2007_07_14_n2.jpg/440px-Leica_Vector_rangefinder_2007_07_14_n2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vector series laser rangefinder 7×42 binoculars can measure distance and angles and also features a 360° digital compass and class 1 eye safe filters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liverpool_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Liverpool_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_006.JPG/220px-Liverpool_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_006.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2247" data-file-height="2176"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 213px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Liverpool_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_006.JPG/220px-Liverpool_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_006.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Liverpool_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_006.JPG/330px-Liverpool_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Liverpool_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_006.JPG/440px-Liverpool_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum_006.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>German U.D.F. 7×50 blc <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> binoculars (1939–1945)<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> Binoculars have a long history of military use. Galilean designs were widely used up to the end of the 19th century when they gave way to porro prism types. Binoculars constructed for general military use tend to be more rugged than their civilian counterparts. They generally avoid fragile center focus arrangements in favor of independent focus, which also makes for easier, more effective weatherproofing. Prism sets in military binoculars may have redundant aluminized coatings on their prism sets to guarantee they do not lose their reflective qualities if they get wet. One variant form was called "trench binoculars", a combination of binoculars and <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscope</a>, often used for artillery spotting purposes. It projected only a few inches above the parapet, thus keeping the viewer's head safely in the trench. Military binoculars can and were also used as measuring and aiming devices, and can feature filters and (illuminated) reticles.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Military binoculars of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era were sometimes fitted with passive sensors that detected active <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">IR emissions</a>, while modern ones usually are fitted with filters blocking <a href="/wiki/Laser_beam#As_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser beam">laser beams used as weapons</a>. Further, binoculars designed for military usage may include a <a href="/wiki/Stadiametric_reticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadiametric reticle">stadiametric reticle</a> in one eyepiece in order to facilitate range estimation.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Modern binoculars designed for military usage can also feature <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser rangefinders</a>, compasses, and data exchange interfaces to send measurements to other peripheral devices.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Very large binocular naval <a href="/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">rangefinders</a> (up to 15 meters separation of the two objective lenses, weight 10 tons, for ranging <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> naval gun targets 25 km away) have been used, although late-20th century radar and laser range finding technology made this application mostly redundant.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine">Marine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Marine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_7x50_MTRC-SX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_7x50_MTRC-SX.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_7x50_MTRC-SX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_7x50_MTRC-SX.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_7x50_MTRC-SX.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_7x50_MTRC-SX.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_7x50_MTRC-SX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_7x50_MTRC-SX.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_7x50_MTRC-SX.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>7×50 marine binoculars with dampened <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_021206-N-1328C-501_Signalman_3rd_Class_Tiffany_Culereth_from_Bronx,_N.Y.,_observes_ships_in_the_area_through_binoculars_called_%22Big_Eyes.%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_021206-N-1328C-501_Signalman_3rd_Class_Tiffany_Culereth_from_Bronx%2C_N.Y.%2C_observes_ships_in_the_area_through_binoculars_called_%22Big_Eyes.%22.jpg/220px-US_Navy_021206-N-1328C-501_Signalman_3rd_Class_Tiffany_Culereth_from_Bronx%2C_N.Y.%2C_observes_ships_in_the_area_through_binoculars_called_%22Big_Eyes.%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1368"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_021206-N-1328C-501_Signalman_3rd_Class_Tiffany_Culereth_from_Bronx%2C_N.Y.%2C_observes_ships_in_the_area_through_binoculars_called_%22Big_Eyes.%22.jpg/220px-US_Navy_021206-N-1328C-501_Signalman_3rd_Class_Tiffany_Culereth_from_Bronx%2C_N.Y.%2C_observes_ships_in_the_area_through_binoculars_called_%22Big_Eyes.%22.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_021206-N-1328C-501_Signalman_3rd_Class_Tiffany_Culereth_from_Bronx%2C_N.Y.%2C_observes_ships_in_the_area_through_binoculars_called_%22Big_Eyes.%22.jpg/330px-US_Navy_021206-N-1328C-501_Signalman_3rd_Class_Tiffany_Culereth_from_Bronx%2C_N.Y.%2C_observes_ships_in_the_area_through_binoculars_called_%22Big_Eyes.%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_021206-N-1328C-501_Signalman_3rd_Class_Tiffany_Culereth_from_Bronx%2C_N.Y.%2C_observes_ships_in_the_area_through_binoculars_called_%22Big_Eyes.%22.jpg/440px-US_Navy_021206-N-1328C-501_Signalman_3rd_Class_Tiffany_Culereth_from_Bronx%2C_N.Y.%2C_observes_ships_in_the_area_through_binoculars_called_%22Big_Eyes.%22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>US Naval ship 'Big eyes' 20×120 binoculars in fixed mounting</figcaption></figure> There are binoculars designed specifically for civilian and military use under harsh environmental conditions at sea. Hand held models will be 5× to 8× magnification, but with very large prism sets combined with eyepieces designed to give generous eye relief. This optical combination prevents the image vignetting or going dark when the binoculars are pitching and vibrating relative to the viewer's eyes due to a vessel's motion.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Marine binoculars often contain one or more features to aid in navigation on ships and boats. Hand held marine binoculars typically feature:<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <ul><li>Sealed interior: O-rings or other seals prevent air and moisture ingress.</li> <li>Nitrogen or argon filled interior: the interior is filled with 'dry' gas to prevent internal fogging/tarnishing of the optical surfaces. As fungi can not grow in the presence of an inert or noble gas atmosphere, it also prevents <a href="/wiki/Lens_fungus" title="Lens fungus">lens fungus</a> formation.</li> <li>Independent focusing: this method aids in providing a durable, sealed interior.</li> <li>Reticle scale: a navigational aid which uses a horizon line and a vertical scale for measuring the distance of objects of known width or height – sometimes an important navigational aid.</li> <li>Compass: A compass bearing projected in the image. Dampening helps to read the compass bearing on a moving ship or boat.</li> <li>Floating strap: some marine binoculars float on water, to prevent sinking. Marine binoculars that do not float are sometime supplied with or provided by the user as an aftermarket accessory with a strap that will function as a flotation device.</li></ul> Mariners also often deem an adequate low light performance of the optical combination important, explaining the many 7×50 hand held marine binoculars offerings featuring a large 7.14 mm exit pupil, which corresponds to the average pupil size of a youthful dark-adapted human eye in circumstances with no extraneous light. Civilian and military ships can also use large, high-magnification binocular models with large objectives in fixed mountings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomical">Astronomical</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Astronomical" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_25x150_MT-SX.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_25x150_MT-SX.JPG/220px-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_25x150_MT-SX.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_25x150_MT-SX.JPG/220px-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_25x150_MT-SX.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_25x150_MT-SX.JPG/330px-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_25x150_MT-SX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_25x150_MT-SX.JPG/440px-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C_FUJINON_25x150_MT-SX.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>25 × 150 binoculars adapted for astronomical use</figcaption></figure> Binoculars are widely used by <a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">amateur astronomers</a>; their wide <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> makes them useful for <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> seeking (giant binoculars) and general observation (portable binoculars). Binoculars specifically geared towards astronomical viewing will have larger <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> objectives (in the 70 mm or 80 mm range) because the diameter of the objective lens increases the total amount of light captured, and therefore determines the faintest star that can be observed. Binoculars designed specifically for astronomical viewing (often 80 mm and larger) are sometimes designed without prisms in order to allow maximum light transmission. Such binoculars also usually have changeable eyepieces to vary magnification. Binoculars with high magnification and heavy weight usually require some sort of mount to stabilize the image. A magnification of 10x is generally considered the practical limit for observation with handheld binoculars. Binoculars more powerful than 15×70 require support of some type. Much larger binoculars have been made by <a href="/wiki/Amateur_telescope_making" title="Amateur telescope making">amateur telescope makers</a>, essentially using two refracting or reflecting astronomical telescopes. Of particular relevance for low-light and astronomical viewing is the <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> between magnifying power and objective lens diameter. A lower magnification facilitates a larger field of view which is useful in viewing the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> and large nebulous objects (referred to as <a href="/wiki/Deep-sky_object" title="Deep-sky object">deep sky</a> objects) such as the <a href="/wiki/Nebulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebulae">nebulae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxies">galaxies</a>. The large (typical 7.14 mm using 7×50) exit pupil [objective (mm)/power] of these devices results in a small portion of the gathered light not being usable by individuals whose pupils do not sufficiently dilate. For example, the pupils of those over 50 rarely dilate over 5 mm wide. The large exit pupil also collects more light from the background sky, effectively decreasing contrast, making the detection of faint objects more difficult except perhaps in remote locations with negligible <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>. Many astronomical objects of 8 magnitude or brighter, such as the star clusters, nebulae and galaxies listed in the <a href="/wiki/Messier_Catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Messier Catalog">Messier Catalog</a>, are readily viewed in hand-held binoculars in the 35 to 40 mm range, as are found in many households for birding, hunting, and viewing sports events. For observing smaller star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies binocular magnification is an important factor for visibility because these objects appear tiny at typical binocular magnifications.<a href="#cite_note-ST2012-90">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galassia_di_Andromeda_tel114.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Galassia_di_Andromeda_tel114.png/220px-Galassia_di_Andromeda_tel114.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Galassia_di_Andromeda_tel114.png/220px-Galassia_di_Andromeda_tel114.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Galassia_di_Andromeda_tel114.png/330px-Galassia_di_Andromeda_tel114.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Galassia_di_Andromeda_tel114.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A simulated view of how the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a> (Messier 31) would appear in a pair of binoculars</figcaption></figure> Some <a href="/wiki/Open_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Open clusters">open clusters</a>, such as the bright double cluster (<a href="/wiki/NGC_869" title="NGC 869">NGC 869</a> and <a href="/wiki/NGC_884" title="NGC 884">NGC 884</a>) in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Perseus_(constellation)" title="Perseus (constellation)">Perseus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Globular_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Globular clusters">globular clusters</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Messier_13" title="Messier 13">M13</a> in Hercules, are easy to spot. Among nebulae, <a href="/wiki/Messier_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Messier 17">M17</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_America_Nebula" title="North America Nebula">North America Nebula</a> (<a href="/wiki/NGC_7000" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 7000">NGC 7000</a>) in Cygnus are also readily viewed. Binoculars can show a few of the wider-split <a href="/wiki/Binary_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary stars">binary stars</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Albireo" title="Albireo">Albireo</a> in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(constellation)" title="Cygnus (constellation)">Cygnus</a>. A number of Solar System objects that are mostly to completely invisible to the human eye are reasonably detectable with medium-size binoculars, including larger craters on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>; the dim outer planets <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>; the inner "minor planets" <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(asteroid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesta (asteroid)">Vesta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(asteroid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallas (asteroid)">Pallas</a>; Saturn's largest moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. Although visible unaided in <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">pollution</a>-free skies, Uranus and Vesta require binoculars for easy detection. 10×50 binoculars are limited to an <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> of +9.5 to +11 depending on sky conditions and observer experience.<a href="#cite_note-binoculars-91">[90]</a> Asteroids like <a href="/wiki/704_Interamnia" title="704 Interamnia">Interamnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/511_Davida" title="511 Davida">Davida</a>, <a href="/wiki/52_Europa" title="52 Europa">Europa</a> and, unless under exceptional conditions, <a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a>, are too faint to be seen with commonly sold binoculars. Likewise too faint to be seen with most binoculars are the planetary moons, except the Galileans and Titan, and the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a> <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>. Other difficult binocular targets include the phases of <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> and the rings of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>. Only binoculars with very high magnification, 20x or higher, are capable of discerning Saturn's rings to a recognizable extent. High-power binoculars can sometimes show one or two cloud belts on the disk of Jupiter, if optics and observing conditions are sufficiently good. Binoculars can also aid in observation of human-made space objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Satellite_watching" title="Satellite watching">spotting satellites in the sky as they pass</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="List_of_binocular_manufacturers">List of binocular manufacturers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: List of binocular manufacturers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> There are many companies that manufacturer binoculars, both past and present. They include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr_and_Stroud" title="Barr and Stroud">Barr and Stroud</a> (UK) – sold binoculars commercially and primary supplier to the Royal Navy in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a>. The new range of Barr & Stroud binoculars are currently made in China (Nov. 2011) and distributed by Optical Vision Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb" title="Bausch & Lomb">Bausch & Lomb</a> (US) – has not made binoculars since 1976, when they licensed their name to Bushnell, Inc., who made binoculars under the Bausch & Lomb name until the license expired, and was not renewed, in 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BELOMO" class="mw-redirect" title="BELOMO">BELOMO</a> (Belarus) – both porro prism and roof prism models manufactured.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresser_(corporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bresser (corporation)">Bresser</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushnell_Corporation" title="Bushnell Corporation">Bushnell Corporation</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaser" title="Blaser">Blaser</a> (Germany)– Premium binoculars<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon Inc</a> (Japan) – I.S. series: porro variants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestron" title="Celestron">Celestron</a> (US).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docter_Optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Docter Optics">Docter Optics</a> (Germany) – Nobilem series: porro prisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujinon" title="Fujinon">Fujinon</a> (Japan) – FMTSX, FMTSX-2, MTSX series: porro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.O.R." title="I.O.R.">I.O.R.</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Optical-Mechanical_Plant" title="Kazan Optical-Mechanical Plant">Kazan Optical-Mechanical Plant</a> (KOMZ) (Russia) – manufactures a variety of porro prism models, sold under the trade name Baigish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowa_(company)" title="Kowa (company)">Kowa</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsky_Zavod" title="Krasnogorsky Zavod">Krasnogorsky Zavod</a> (Russia) – both porro prism and roof prism models, models with optical stabilizers. The factory is part of the <a href="/wiki/Rostec#Shvabe_Holding" title="Rostec">Shvabe Holding Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica Camera</a> (Germany) – Noctivid, Ultravid, Duovid, Geovid, Trinovid: most are roof prism, with a few high end porro prism examples</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leupold_%26_Stevens" title="Leupold & Stevens">Leupold & Stevens, Inc</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Instruments" title="Meade Instruments">Meade Instruments</a> (US) – Glacier (roof prism), TravelView (porro), CaptureView (folding roof prism) and Astro Series (roof prism). Also sells under the name Coronado.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meopta" title="Meopta">Meopta</a> (Czech Republic) – Meostar B1 (roof prism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minox" title="Minox">Minox</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> (Japan) – EDG, High Grade, Monarch, RAII, and Spotter series: roof prism; Prostar, Superior E, E, and Action EX series: porro; Prostaff series, Aculon series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus Corporation</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a> (Japan) – DCFED/SP/XP series: roof prism; UCF series: inverted porro; PCFV/WP/XCF series: porro</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sill_Optics_(Optolyth_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sill Optics (Optolyth brand) (page does not exist)">Sill Optics (Optolyth brand)</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill_Optics" class="extiw" title="de:Sill Optics">de</a>] (Germany) – both porro prism and roof prism models<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steiner-Optik" title="Steiner-Optik">Steiner-Optik</a> (in German) (Germany)<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRAKTICA" class="mw-redirect" title="PRAKTICA">PRAKTICA</a> (UK) for birdwatching, sightseeing, hiking, camping</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarovski_Optik" title="Swarovski Optik">Swarovski Optik</a> (Austria)<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takahashi_Seisakusho" title="Takahashi Seisakusho">Takahashi Seisakusho</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasco" title="Tasco">Tasco</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vixen_(telescopes)" title="Vixen (telescopes)">Vixen (telescopes)</a> (Japan) – Apex/Apex Pro: roof prism; Ultima: porro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivitar" title="Vivitar">Vivitar</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_Optics" title="Vortex Optics">Vortex Optics</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Zeiss</a> (Germany) – FL, Victory, Conquest: roof prism; 7×50 BGAT/T: porro, 15×60 BGA/T: porro, discontinued</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">Anti-fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binoviewer" title="Binoviewer">Binoviewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_effect" title="Globe effect">Globe effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telescope_types" title="List of telescope types">List of telescope types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocular" title="Monocular">Monocular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">Retroreflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotting_scope" title="Spotting scope">Spotting scope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_viewer" title="Tower viewer">Tower viewer</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> "brightness" refers here to <a href="/wiki/Luminous_flux" title="Luminous flux">luminous flux</a> on the retina and not to the photometrical definition of <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a>: with the hypothesis of the match exit pupil, the (photometrical) <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a> of the magnified scene (the <a href="/wiki/Illuminance" title="Illuminance">illuminance</a> of the retina) is the same (with an ideal lossless binoculars) as the one perceived by the naked eye in the same ambient light conditions, according to the conservation of <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> in lossless optical systems. Note that, in any case, with the same magnification and match exit pupil, the <a href="/wiki/Luminous_flux" title="Luminous flux">luminous flux</a> on the retina increases only in an absolute way, but does not if relatively compared to the naked eye vision in each of the two different ambient light conditions. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Europa-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Europa_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europa_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europa_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613204340/http://www.europa.com/~telscope/binohist.txt">"Europa.com — The Early History of the Binocular"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europa.com/~telscope/binohist.txt">the original</a> on 2011-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europa.com+%E2%80%94+The+Early+History+of+the+Binocular&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europa.com%2F~telscope%2Fbinohist.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_E._Wilkinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Mark E. Wilkinson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngGzZe-5PBYC&pg=PA65">Essential Optics Review for the Boards</a>. F.E.P. International. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780976968917" title="Special:BookSources/9780976968917"><bdi>9780976968917</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227131105/https://books.google.com/books?id=ngGzZe-5PBYC&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2016-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Optics+Review+for+the+Boards&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=F.E.P.+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780976968917&rft.au=Mark+E.+Wilkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DngGzZe-5PBYC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreivenkampSteed2011" class="citation conference cs1">Greivenkamp, John E.; Steed, David L. (10 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fp.optics.arizona.edu/antiques/History%20of%20Telescopes%20and%20Binoculars%20-%20SPIE.pdf">"The History of Telescopes and Binoculars: An Engineering Perspective"</a> (PDF). In R. John Koshel; G. Groot Gregory (eds.). Proc. SPIE 8129, Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization XIV, 812902. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.904614">10.1117/12.904614</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-786X">0277-786X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123495486">123495486</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129083421/http://fp.optics.arizona.edu/antiques/History%20of%20Telescopes%20and%20Binoculars%20-%20SPIE.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Telescopes+and+Binoculars%3A+An+Engineering+Perspective&rft.btitle=Proc.+SPIE+8129%2C+Novel+Optical+Systems+Design+and+Optimization+XIV%2C+812902&rft.date=2011-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123495486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0277-786X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.904614&rft.aulast=Greivenkamp&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.au=Steed%2C+David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffp.optics.arizona.edu%2Fantiques%2FHistory%2520of%2520Telescopes%2520and%2520Binoculars%2520-%2520SPIE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hinode-bino-guide.com/how-porro-prism-binoculars-work/">"How Porro Prism Binoculars Work"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008150334/https://hinode-bino-guide.com/how-porro-prism-binoculars-work/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-08. Retrieved 2022-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Porro+Prism+Binoculars+Work&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhinode-bino-guide.com%2Fhow-porro-prism-binoculars-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Michael D. Reynolds, Mike D. Reynolds, Binocular Stargazing, Stackpole Books – 2005, page 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opticscentral.com.au/blog/binocular-prisms/">"Binocular prisms – why are they so weird and different? Bill Stent, October 21, 2019"</a>. 21 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316033523/https://www.opticscentral.com.au/blog/binocular-prisms/">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Binocular+prisms+%E2%80%93+why+are+they+so+weird+and+different%3F+Bill+Stent%2C+October+21%2C+2019&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opticscentral.com.au%2Fblog%2Fbinocular-prisms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreivenkampSteed2011" class="citation conference cs1">Greivenkamp, John E.; Steed, David L. (10 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fp.optics.arizona.edu/antiques/History%20of%20Telescopes%20and%20Binoculars%20-%20SPIE.pdf">"The History of Telescopes and Binoculars: An Engineering Perspective"</a> (PDF). In R. John Koshel; G. Groot Gregory (eds.). Proc. SPIE 8129, Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization XIV, 812902. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.904614">10.1117/12.904614</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-786X">0277-786X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123495486">123495486</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129083421/http://fp.optics.arizona.edu/antiques/History%20of%20Telescopes%20and%20Binoculars%20-%20SPIE.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Telescopes+and+Binoculars%3A+An+Engineering+Perspective&rft.btitle=Proc.+SPIE+8129%2C+Novel+Optical+Systems+Design+and+Optimization+XIV%2C+812902&rft.date=2011-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123495486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0277-786X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.904614&rft.aulast=Greivenkamp&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.au=Steed%2C+David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffp.optics.arizona.edu%2Fantiques%2FHistory%2520of%2520Telescopes%2520and%2520Binoculars%2520-%2520SPIE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allbinos.com/index.php?art=187">History of 7x50 binoculars from Jena</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonThompson2005" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Robert Bruce; Thompson, Barbara Fritchman (2005-06-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=piwP9HXtpvUC&q=%22porro+prism%22+binoculars+produce+brighter+image+than+%22roof+prism%22&pg=PA34"> Astronomy Hacks, chapter 1, page 34</a>. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596100605" title="Special:BookSources/9780596100605"><bdi>9780596100605</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419130538/https://books.google.com/books?id=piwP9HXtpvUC&q=%22porro+prism%22+binoculars+produce+brighter+image+than+%22roof+prism%22&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2009-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+Astronomy+Hacks%2C+chapter+1%2C+page+34&rft.pub=%22O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.%22&rft.date=2005-06-24&rft.isbn=9780596100605&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Bruce&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Barbara+Fritchman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpiwP9HXtpvUC%26q%3D%2522porro%2Bprism%2522%2Bbinoculars%2Bproduce%2Bbrighter%2Bimage%2Bthan%2B%2522roof%2Bprism%2522%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nimax-img.de/Produktdownloads/44543_3_Leseprobe.pdf">"Binocular Optics and Mechanics Chapter from Binocular Astronomy by Stephen Tonkin, page 14"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818165600/https://nimax-img.de/Produktdownloads/44543_3_Leseprobe.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2022-05-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Binocular+Optics+and+Mechanics+Chapter+from+Binocular+Astronomy+by+Stephen+Tonkin%2C+page+14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnimax-img.de%2FProduktdownloads%2F44543_3_Leseprobe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.optics-trade.eu/en/binoculars.html">"Binoculars dealer summary, showing 239 listed Porro prism designs and 777 binoculars that use other optical designs in May 2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101110203/http://www.optics-trade.eu/en/binoculars.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-01. Retrieved 2022-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Binoculars+dealer+summary%2C+showing+239+listed+Porro+prism+designs+and+777+binoculars+that+use+other+optical+designs+in+May+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.optics-trade.eu%2Fen%2Fbinoculars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/045444542/publication/EP2463692A1?q=pn%3DEP2463692A1">"European Patent EP2463692A1 Prism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526083037/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/045444542/publication/EP2463692A1?q=pn%3DEP2463692A1">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Patent+EP2463692A1+Prism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2Fpatent%2Fsearch%2Ffamily%2F045444542%2Fpublication%2FEP2463692A1%3Fq%3Dpn%253DEP2463692A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.optics-trade.eu/en/binoculars.html">"Binoculars dealer summary, showing 10 listed Porro-Perger prism designs and 1,006 binoculars that use other optical designs in May 2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101110203/http://www.optics-trade.eu/en/binoculars.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-01. Retrieved 2022-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Binoculars+dealer+summary%2C+showing+10+listed+Porro-Perger+prism+designs+and+1%2C006+binoculars+that+use+other+optical+designs+in+May+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.optics-trade.eu%2Fen%2Fbinoculars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-14"><a href="#cite_ref-google_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.google.co.ke/group/sci.astro.amateur/tree/browse_frm/month/2002-08/5a0a50e6887feb69?rnum=71&_done=%2Fgroup%2Fsci.astro.amateur%2Fbrowse_frm%2Fmonth%2F2002-08%3F">"groups.google.co.ke"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100730175821/http://groups.google.co.ke/group/sci.astro.amateur/tree/browse_frm/month/2002-08/5a0a50e6887feb69?rnum=71&_done=%2Fgroup%2Fsci.astro.amateur%2Fbrowse_frm%2Fmonth%2F2002-08%3F">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2009-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=groups.google.co.ke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.co.ke%2Fgroup%2Fsci.astro.amateur%2Ftree%2Fbrowse_frm%2Fmonth%2F2002-08%2F5a0a50e6887feb69%3Frnum%3D71%26_done%3D%252Fgroup%252Fsci.astro.amateur%252Fbrowse_frm%252Fmonth%252F2002-08%253F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhotoDigital-15"><a href="#cite_ref-PhotoDigital_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photodigital.net/lists/rec.photo.equipment.misc/4/0455.html">"photodigital.net — rec.photo.equipment.misc Discussion: Achille Victor Emile Daubresse, forgotten prism inventor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731095955/http://www.photodigital.net/lists/rec.photo.equipment.misc/4/0455.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-31. Retrieved 2006-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=photodigital.net+%E2%80%94+rec.photo.equipment.misc+Discussion%3A+Achille+Victor+Emile+Daubresse%2C+forgotten+prism+inventor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photodigital.net%2Flists%2Frec.photo.equipment.misc%2F4%2F0455.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreivenkampSteed2011" class="citation conference cs1">Greivenkamp, John E.; Steed, David L. (10 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fp.optics.arizona.edu/antiques/History%20of%20Telescopes%20and%20Binoculars%20-%20SPIE.pdf">"The History of Telescopes and Binoculars: An Engineering Perspective"</a> (PDF). In R. John Koshel; G. Groot Gregory (eds.). Proc. SPIE 8129, Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization XIV, 812902. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.904614">10.1117/12.904614</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-786X">0277-786X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123495486">123495486</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129083421/http://fp.optics.arizona.edu/antiques/History%20of%20Telescopes%20and%20Binoculars%20-%20SPIE.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Telescopes+and+Binoculars%3A+An+Engineering+Perspective&rft.btitle=Proc.+SPIE+8129%2C+Novel+Optical+Systems+Design+and+Optimization+XIV%2C+812902&rft.date=2011-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123495486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0277-786X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.904614&rft.aulast=Greivenkamp&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.au=Steed%2C+David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffp.optics.arizona.edu%2Fantiques%2FHistory%2520of%2520Telescopes%2520and%2520Binoculars%2520-%2520SPIE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sinnott-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sinnott_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinnott_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_W._Sinnott2006" class="citation web cs1">Roger W. Sinnott (July 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/astronomy-questions-answers/why-do-the-best-roof-prism-binoculars-need-a-phase-correction-coating/">"Why do the best roof-prism binoculars need a phase-correction coating?"</a>. Sky and Telescope. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604133953/https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/astronomy-questions-answers/why-do-the-best-roof-prism-binoculars-need-a-phase-correction-coating/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-04. Retrieved 2022-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+and+Telescope&rft.atitle=Why+do+the+best+roof-prism+binoculars+need+a+phase-correction+coating%3F&rft.date=2006-07-24&rft.au=Roger+W.+Sinnott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskyandtelescope.org%2Fastronomy-resources%2Fastronomy-questions-answers%2Fwhy-do-the-best-roof-prism-binoculars-need-a-phase-correction-coating%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hacks-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hacks_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hacks_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonThompson2005" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Robert Bruce; Thompson, Barbara Fritchman (2005-06-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=piwP9HXtpvUC&q=%22porro+prism%22+binoculars+produce+brighter+image+than+%22roof+prism%22&pg=PA34">Astronomy Hacks</a>. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596100605" title="Special:BookSources/9780596100605"><bdi>9780596100605</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419130538/https://books.google.com/books?id=piwP9HXtpvUC&q=%22porro+prism%22+binoculars+produce+brighter+image+than+%22roof+prism%22&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2009-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+Hacks&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=%22O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.%22&rft.date=2005-06-24&rft.isbn=9780596100605&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Bruce&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Barbara+Fritchman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpiwP9HXtpvUC%26q%3D%2522porro%2Bprism%2522%2Bbinoculars%2Bproduce%2Bbrighter%2Bimage%2Bthan%2B%2522roof%2Bprism%2522%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Tonkin2014" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Tonkin (2014). "Binocular Optics and Mechanics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nimax-img.de/Produktdownloads/44543_3_Leseprobe.pdf">Binocular Astronomy</a> (PDF). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-7466-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-7466-1"><bdi>978-1-4614-7466-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818165600/https://nimax-img.de/Produktdownloads/44543_3_Leseprobe.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2022-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Binocular+Optics+and+Mechanics&rft.btitle=Binocular+Astronomy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-7466-1&rft.au=Stephen+Tonkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnimax-img.de%2FProduktdownloads%2F44543_3_Leseprobe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon_Spomer" class="citation web cs1">Ron Spomer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ronspomeroutdoors.com/blog/porro-prism-binocular-best-buy">"Porro Prism Binocular a Best Buy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011914/https://www.ronspomeroutdoors.com/blog/porro-prism-binocular-best-buy/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2022-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porro+Prism+Binocular+a+Best+Buy&rft.au=Ron+Spomer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ronspomeroutdoors.com%2Fblog%2Fporro-prism-binocular-best-buy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.optics-trade.eu/en/binoculars.html">"Binoculars dealer offerings, showing Schmidt-Pechan designs exceed the Abbe-Koenig designs by more than 13 times in May 2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101110203/http://www.optics-trade.eu/en/binoculars.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-01. Retrieved 2022-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Binoculars+dealer+offerings%2C+showing+Schmidt-Pechan+designs+exceed+the+Abbe-Koenig+designs+by+more+than+13+times+in+May+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.optics-trade.eu%2Fen%2Fbinoculars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/binocwpg/8103359604/in/album-72157632281149716/">"Image of a Uppendahl prism system used in Leitz Wetzlar, Trinovid 7×42B binoculars. The first Trinovid series featuring a Uppendahl prism system was made until 1990"</a>. 18 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721181629/https://www.flickr.com/photos/binocwpg/8103359604/in/album-72157632281149716/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-21. Retrieved 2022-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image+of+a+Uppendahl+prism+system+used+in+Leitz+Wetzlar%2C+Trinovid+7%C3%9742B+binoculars.+The+first+Trinovid+series+featuring+a+Uppendahl+prism+system+was+made+until+1990.&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fbinocwpg%2F8103359604%2Fin%2Falbum-72157632281149716%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houseofoutdoor.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Leica-kijker-test-dd-29-febr-2020.pdf">"PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF THE NEW LEICA TRINOVID 7X35B (=HERE NAMED RETROVID) COMPARED WITH OLDER LEITZ-LEICA TRINOVIDS AND WITH BINOCULARS FROM BECK, FOTON AND THE NEW KOWA 6,5X32. February 2020 by Dr. Gijs van Ginkel"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115202450/https://www.houseofoutdoor.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Leica-kijker-test-dd-29-febr-2020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-15. Retrieved 2022-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PROPERTIES+AND+PERFORMANCE+OF+THE+NEW+LEICA+TRINOVID+7X35B+%28%3DHERE+NAMED+RETROVID%29+COMPARED+WITH+OLDER+LEITZ-LEICA+TRINOVIDS+AND+WITH+BINOCULARS+FROM+BECK%2C+FOTON+AND+THE+NEW+KOWA+6%2C5X32.+February+2020+by+Dr.+Gijs+van+Ginkel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houseofoutdoor.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F02%2FLeica-kijker-test-dd-29-febr-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsatfirstsight.com/binocular-lens-and-prism-glass/">"Binocular Lens And Prism Glass"</a>. 16 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928143031/https://birdsatfirstsight.com/binocular-lens-and-prism-glass/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Binocular+Lens+And+Prism+Glass&rft.date=2022-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbirdsatfirstsight.com%2Fbinocular-lens-and-prism-glass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Clifford E. Swartz, Back-of-the-envelope Physics, JHU Press – 2003, page 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Mobberley_2012,_pages_53-55-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Mobberley_2012,_pages_53-55_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Mobberley_2012,_pages_53-55_26-1">b</a> Martin Mobberley, Astronomical Equipment for Amateurs, Springer Science & Business Media – 2012, pp. 53–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-OPT-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OPT_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OPT_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OPT_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OpticsAndItsUses">"G. F. Lothian, Optics and its uses, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1975, p. 37"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G.+F.+Lothian%2C+Optics+and+its+uses%2C+Van+Nostrand+Reinhold+Company%2C+1975%2C+p.+37&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FOpticsAndItsUses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBornWolf1970" class="citation web cs1">Born, M.; Wolf, E. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PrinciplesOfOptics/BornWolf-PrinciplesOfOptics#page/n3/mode/2up">"Principles of Optics"</a> (fifth ed.). Pergamon Press. pp. 188–190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Optics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.edition=fifth&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Born&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPrinciplesOfOptics%2FBornWolf-PrinciplesOfOptics%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Alan R. Hale, Sport Optics: Binoculars, Spotting Scopes & Riflescopes, Hale Optics – 1978, pp. 92, 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hale54-58-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hale54-58_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hale54-58_31-1">b</a> Alan R. Hale, How to Choose Binoculars – 1991, pp. 54–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Philip S. Harrington, Touring the Universe through Binoculars: A Complete Astronomer's Guidebook, Wiley – 1990, p. 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.zeiss.com/sports-optics/hunting/en/twilight-factor/">"Twilight factor What does it mean?"</a>. 13 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601014815/https://blogs.zeiss.com/sports-optics/hunting/en/twilight-factor/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twilight+factor+What+does+it+mean%3F&rft.date=2020-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.zeiss.com%2Fsports-optics%2Fhunting%2Fen%2Ftwilight-factor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.optics-trade.eu/blog/relative-brightness/">"Relative Brightness"</a>. August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601050312/https://www.optics-trade.eu/blog/relative-brightness/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relative+Brightness&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.optics-trade.eu%2Fblog%2Frelative-brightness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> "Introduction to Optics 2nd ed"., pp.141–142, Pedrotti & Pedrotti, Prentice-Hall 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsatfirstsight.com/">"Birdwatching Binoculars For Eyeglass Wearers - Best for 2022"</a>. Birds At First Sight. 2022-04-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928004247/https://birdsatfirstsight.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birds+At+First+Sight&rft.atitle=Birdwatching+Binoculars+For+Eyeglass+Wearers+-+Best+for+2022&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbirdsatfirstsight.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tonkin2013-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tonkin2013_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tonkin2013_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Tonkin2013" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Tonkin (15 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSy8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">Binocular Astronomy</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-7467-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-7467-8"><bdi>978-1-4614-7467-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200308200835/https://books.google.com/books?id=HSy8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Binocular+Astronomy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-7467-8&rft.au=Stephen+Tonkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSy8BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exploringoverland.com/overland-tech-travel/2021/3/21/be-your-own-optics-expert">"Be your own optics expert"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531180129/https://www.exploringoverland.com/overland-tech-travel/2021/3/21/be-your-own-optics-expert">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Be+your+own+optics+expert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploringoverland.com%2Foverland-tech-travel%2F2021%2F3%2F21%2Fbe-your-own-optics-expert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3484149A/en">"US Patent US3484149A Center focusing prism binocular and reticle"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170348/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3484149A/en">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Patent+US3484149A+Center+focusing+prism+binocular+and+reticle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS3484149A%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://binocularsky.com/binoc_basics.php">"Binocular Basics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228172235/https://binocularsky.com/binoc_basics.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-28. Retrieved 2022-07-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Binocular+Basics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbinocularsky.com%2Fbinoc_basics.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestbinocularsreviews.com/self_focusing_binoculars.php">"Self Focusing Binoculars, Fixed Focus & Individual Focus Binoculars"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531201745/https://www.bestbinocularsreviews.com/self_focusing_binoculars.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Self+Focusing+Binoculars%2C+Fixed+Focus+%26+Individual+Focus+Binoculars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestbinocularsreviews.com%2Fself_focusing_binoculars.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsatfirstsight.com/how-to-use-binoculars-with-glasses/">"How To Use Binoculars With Glasses: Easy Guide with 6 steps"</a>. Birds at First Sight. 2022-12-29. Retrieved 2023-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birds+at+First+Sight&rft.atitle=How+To+Use+Binoculars+With+Glasses%3A+Easy+Guide+with+6+steps&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbirdsatfirstsight.com%2Fhow-to-use-binoculars-with-glasses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunne, Pete (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfxnqueHQmEC&pg=PA54">Pete Dunne on Bird Watching: the how-to, where-to, and when-to of birding</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395906866" title="Special:BookSources/9780395906866"><bdi>9780395906866</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130917/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfxnqueHQmEC&pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2016-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pete+Dunne+on+Bird+Watching%3A+the+how-to%2C+where-to%2C+and+when-to+of+birding&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780395906866&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWfxnqueHQmEC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2011" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Philip S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2lIwU313wgkC&pg=PT65">Star Ware: The Amateur Astronomer's Guide to Choosing, Buying, and Using</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118046333" title="Special:BookSources/9781118046333"><bdi>9781118046333</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227225719/https://books.google.com/books?id=2lIwU313wgkC&pg=PT65">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2016-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Ware%3A+The+Amateur+Astronomer%27s+Guide+to+Choosing%2C+Buying%2C+and+Using&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781118046333&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2lIwU313wgkC%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonkin2007" class="citation book cs1">Tonkin, Stephen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ac6wseOonlcC&pg=PT9">Binocular Astronomy: The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846287886" title="Special:BookSources/9781846287886"><bdi>9781846287886</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228002152/https://books.google.com/books?id=ac6wseOonlcC&pg=PT9">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2016-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Binocular+Astronomy%3A+The+Patrick+Moore+Practical+Astronomy+Series&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781846287886&rft.aulast=Tonkin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dac6wseOonlcC%26pg%3DPT9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neildodgson.com/pubs/EI5291A-05.pdf">"Variation and extrema of human interpupillary distance, Neil A. Dodgson, University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, 15 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, UK CB3 0FD"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818165608/http://www.neildodgson.com/pubs/EI5291A-05.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2022-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Variation+and+extrema+of+human+interpupillary+distance%2C+Neil+A.+Dodgson%2C+University+of+Cambridge+Computer+Laboratory%2C+15+J.+J.+Thomson+Avenue%2C+Cambridge%2C+UK+CB3+0FD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neildodgson.com%2Fpubs%2FEI5291A-05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thebinocularsite-47"><a href="#cite_ref-thebinocularsite_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606002933/http://www.thebinocularsite.com/consumer/binoculars-for-children.html">"thebinocularsite.com — A Parent's Guide to Choosing Binoculars for Children"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebinocularsite.com/consumer/binoculars-for-children.html">the original</a> on June 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=thebinocularsite.com+%E2%80%94+A+Parent%27s+Guide+to+Choosing+Binoculars+for+Children&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebinocularsite.com%2Fconsumer%2Fbinoculars-for-children.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestbinocularsreviews.com/childrens-kids-binoculars.php">"Kids Binoculars"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120063015/https://www.bestbinocularsreviews.com/childrens-kids-binoculars.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kids+Binoculars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestbinocularsreviews.com%2Fchildrens-kids-binoculars.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-binocular.ch-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-binocular.ch_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-binocular.ch_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://binocular.ch/optolyth-royal-9x63-2/">"Optolyth Royal 9×63 Abbe-König, Binoculars"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531180132/https://binocular.ch/optolyth-royal-9x63-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-04-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Optolyth+Royal+9%C3%9763+Abbe-K%C3%B6nig%2C+Binoculars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbinocular.ch%2Foptolyth-royal-9x63-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Stephen Mensing, Star gazing through binoculars: a complete guide to binocular astronomy, page 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bestofbinoculars.com/what-are-binoculars-housings-made-of/">"What Is The Binoculars Housing Made Of"</a>. 11 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531201743/https://bestofbinoculars.com/what-are-binoculars-housings-made-of/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+The+Binoculars+Housing+Made+Of&rft.date=2020-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbestofbinoculars.com%2Fwhat-are-binoculars-housings-made-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.zeiss.com/sports-optics/hunting/en/about-housings-and-focusing/">"About housings and focusing"</a>. 8 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113745/https://blogs.zeiss.com/sports-optics/hunting/en/about-housings-and-focusing/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2022-07-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+housings+and+focusing&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.zeiss.com%2Fsports-optics%2Fhunting%2Fen%2Fabout-housings-and-focusing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonThompson2005" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Robert Bruce; Thompson, Barbara Fritchman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=piwP9HXtpvUC&pg=PA35">Astronomy Hacks: O'Reilly Series</a>. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596100605" title="Special:BookSources/9780596100605"><bdi>9780596100605</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227103325/https://books.google.com/books?id=piwP9HXtpvUC&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2016-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+Hacks%3A+O%27Reilly+Series&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780596100605&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Bruce&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Barbara+Fritchman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpiwP9HXtpvUC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/lasers/an-introduction-to-optical-coatings/">"An Introduction to Optical Coatings"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002151839/https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/lasers/an-introduction-to-optical-coatings/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2022-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Optical+Coatings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmundoptics.com%2Fknowledge-center%2Fapplication-notes%2Flasers%2Fan-introduction-to-optical-coatings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsatfirstsight.com/binocular-lens-and-prism-coatings/#Coatings_For_Prisms">"Binocular Lens and Prism Coatings"</a>. 19 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920192949/https://birdsatfirstsight.com/binocular-lens-and-prism-coatings/#Coatings_For_Prisms">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Binocular+Lens+and+Prism+Coatings&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbirdsatfirstsight.com%2Fbinocular-lens-and-prism-coatings%2F%23Coatings_For_Prisms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeiss.com/corporate/en_de/history/company%20history/at-a-glance/at-a-glance-milestones.html#1895-_-1945">"History of Camera Lenses from Carl Zeiss — 1935 — Alexander Smakula develops anti-reflection coating"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008215703/http://www.zeiss.com/corporate/en_de/history/company%20history/at-a-glance/at-a-glance-milestones.html#1895-_-1945">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-08. Retrieved 2022-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Camera+Lenses+from+Carl+Zeiss+%E2%80%94+1935+%E2%80%94+Alexander+Smakula+develops+anti-reflection+coating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeiss.com%2Fcorporate%2Fen_de%2Fhistory%2Fcompany%2520history%2Fat-a-glance%2Fat-a-glance-milestones.html%231895-_-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/lasers/anti-reflection-coatings/">"Anti-Reflection (AR) Coatings"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002153232/https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/lasers/anti-reflection-coatings/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2022-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Reflection+%28AR%29+Coatings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmundoptics.com%2Fknowledge-center%2Fapplication-notes%2Flasers%2Fanti-reflection-coatings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.zeiss.com/sports-optics/hunting/en/zeiss-t-coating/">"ZEISS T* Coating"</a>. 13 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520154130/https://blogs.zeiss.com/sports-optics/hunting/en/zeiss-t-coating/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-20. Retrieved 2022-04-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZEISS+T%2A+Coating&rft.date=2020-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.zeiss.com%2Fsports-optics%2Fhunting%2Fen%2Fzeiss-t-coating%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.photoartfromscience.com/single-post/camera-lens-anti-reflection-coatings-magic-explained">"Camera Lens Anti-Reflection Coatings: Magic Explained"</a>. 4 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909045406/https://www.photoartfromscience.com/single-post/camera-lens-anti-reflection-coatings-magic-explained">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-09. Retrieved 2022-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camera+Lens+Anti-Reflection+Coatings%3A+Magic+Explained&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.photoartfromscience.com%2Fsingle-post%2Fcamera-lens-anti-reflection-coatings-magic-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smecc.org/ziess.htm">"Carl Zeiss – A History of a Most Respected Name in Optics"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwest_Museum_of_Engineering,_Communications_and_Computation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation (page does not exist)">Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation</a>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627194608/http://smecc.org/ziess.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2022-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carl+Zeiss+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+a+Most+Respected+Name+in+Optics&rft.pub=Southwest+Museum+of+Engineering%2C+Communications+and+Computation&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smecc.org%2Fziess.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Vapor_Deposition_Method_Suits_Coating_Curved/a63473">"Vapor Deposition Method Suits Coating Curved Optics by Evan Craves"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927133418/https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Vapor_Deposition_Method_Suits_Coating_Curved/a63473">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-27. Retrieved 2022-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vapor+Deposition+Method+Suits+Coating+Curved+Optics+by+Evan+Craves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.photonics.com%2FArticles%2FVapor_Deposition_Method_Suits_Coating_Curved%2Fa63473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Paul Maurer: Phase Compensation of Total Internal Reflection. In: Journal of the Optical Society of America. Band 56, Nr. 9, 1. September 1966, S. 1219–1221, doi:10.1364/JOSA.56.001219 </li> <li id="cite_note-Weyrauch-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weyrauch_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weyrauch_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juelich-bonn.com/jForum/file.php?9,file=1967,filename=P-Belag_Weyrauch.pdf">"A. Weyrauch, B. Dörband: P-Coating: Improved imaging in binoculars through phase-corrected roof prisms. In: Deutsche Optikerzeitung. No. 4, 1988"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924181649/https://www.juelich-bonn.com/jForum/file.php?9,file=1967,filename=P-Belag_Weyrauch.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-09-24. Retrieved 2022-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A.+Weyrauch%2C+B.+D%C3%B6rband%3A+P-Coating%3A+Improved+imaging+in+binoculars+through+phase-corrected+roof+prisms.+In%3A+Deutsche+Optikerzeitung.+No.+4%2C+1988.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juelich-bonn.com%2FjForum%2Ffile.php%3F9%2Cfile%3D1967%2Cfilename%3DP-Belag_Weyrauch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/astronomy-questions-answers/why-do-the-best-roof-prism-binoculars-need-a-phase-correction-coating/">"Why do the best roof-prism binoculars need a phase-correction coating?"</a>. 24 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523052958/https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/astronomy-questions-answers/why-do-the-best-roof-prism-binoculars-need-a-phase-correction-coating/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-23. Retrieved 2022-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+do+the+best+roof-prism+binoculars+need+a+phase-correction+coating%3F&rft.date=2006-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskyandtelescope.org%2Fastronomy-resources%2Fastronomy-questions-answers%2Fwhy-do-the-best-roof-prism-binoculars-need-a-phase-correction-coating%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Konrad Seil: Progress in binocular design. In: SPIE Proceedings. Band 1533, 1991, S. 48–60, doi:10.1117/12.48843 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/optics/metallic-mirror-coatings/">"Metallic Mirror Coatings"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002151653/https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/optics/metallic-mirror-coatings/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2022-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metallic+Mirror+Coatings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmundoptics.com%2Fknowledge-center%2Fapplication-notes%2Foptics%2Fmetallic-mirror-coatings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/optics/highly-reflective-coatings/">"Highly Reflective Coatings"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002151649/https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/optics/highly-reflective-coatings/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2022-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highly+Reflective+Coatings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmundoptics.com%2Fknowledge-center%2Fapplication-notes%2Foptics%2Fhighly-reflective-coatings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/sportoptics/how_to/guide/binoculars/technologies/technologies_07.htm">"Coating on roof (Dach) prism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002093130/https://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/sportoptics/how_to/guide/binoculars/technologies/technologies_07.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2022-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coating+on+roof+%28Dach%29+prism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimaging.nikon.com%2Flineup%2Fsportoptics%2Fhow_to%2Fguide%2Fbinoculars%2Ftechnologies%2Ftechnologies_07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090527011313/http://www.zbirding.info/Truth/prisms/prisms.htm">"www.zbirding.info"</a>. www.zbirding.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zbirding.info/Truth/prisms/prisms.htm">the original</a> on 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2009-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.zbirding.info&rft.pub=www.zbirding.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zbirding.info%2FTruth%2Fprisms%2Fprisms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walter-schwab.com/lesenswert/05-optikbuch-jagd-und-beobachtung/">"Optik für Jagd und Naturbeobachtung, Carl Zeiss Sports Optics / Walter J. Schwab, 2. Ausgabe- Wetzlar - 2017, page 45"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122114032/https://www.walter-schwab.com/lesenswert/05-optikbuch-jagd-und-beobachtung/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-22. Retrieved 2022-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Optik+f%C3%BCr+Jagd+und+Naturbeobachtung%2C+Carl+Zeiss+Sports+Optics+%2F+Walter+J.+Schwab%2C+2.+Ausgabe-+Wetzlar+-+2017%2C+page+45&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walter-schwab.com%2Flesenswert%2F05-optikbuch-jagd-und-beobachtung%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlaibyTurki2014" class="citation journal cs1">Slaiby, ZenaE.; Turki, Saeed N. (November–December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijettcs.org/Volume3Issue6/IJETTCS-2014-10-30-4.pdf">"Study the reflectance of dielectric coating for the visiblespectrum"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science. 3 (6): 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2278-6856">2278-6856</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128114127/https://www.ijettcs.org/Volume3Issue6/IJETTCS-2014-10-30-4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2022-11-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Emerging+Trends+%26+Technology+in+Computer+Science&rft.atitle=Study+the+reflectance+of+dielectric+coating+for+the+visiblespectrum&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2014-11%2F2014-12&rft.issn=2278-6856&rft.aulast=Slaiby&rft.aufirst=ZenaE.&rft.au=Turki%2C+Saeed+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijettcs.org%2FVolume3Issue6%2FIJETTCS-2014-10-30-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cloudynights.com/topic/277442-fully-coated-vs-fully-multi-coated/">"Fully Coated vs. Fully Multi Coated - Binoculars"</a>. Cloudy Nights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928021436/https://www.cloudynights.com/topic/277442-fully-coated-vs-fully-multi-coated/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cloudy+Nights&rft.atitle=Fully+Coated+vs.+Fully+Multi+Coated+-+Binoculars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cloudynights.com%2Ftopic%2F277442-fully-coated-vs-fully-multi-coated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://binocularsky.com/binoc_minefield.php">"The Minefield: Advertising Hype in Binoculars"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220803182931/https://binocularsky.com/binoc_minefield.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-03. Retrieved 2022-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Minefield%3A+Advertising+Hype+in+Binoculars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbinocularsky.com%2Fbinoc_minefield.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/f3/28/19/f7cf757910cb4f/US4087153.pdf">"US Patent US4087153A Binoculars with double hinge bridge and resilient biasing"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170343/https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/f3/28/19/f7cf757910cb4f/US4087153.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Patent+US4087153A+Binoculars+with+double+hinge+bridge+and+resilient+biasing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatentimages.storage.googleapis.com%2Ff3%2F28%2F19%2Ff7cf757910cb4f%2FUS4087153.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/what-does-20-20-vision-mean">"What Does 20/20 Vision Mean?"</a>. 28 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621005530/https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/what-does-20-20-vision-mean">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Does+20%2F20+Vision+Mean%3F&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aao.org%2Feye-health%2Ftips-prevention%2Fwhat-does-20-20-vision-mean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/news/how-choose-your-binoculars">"How to Choose Your Binoculars"</a>. 18 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621220502/https://www.audubon.org/news/how-choose-your-binoculars">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Choose+Your+Binoculars&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audubon.org%2Fnews%2Fhow-choose-your-binoculars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Michael Schoby, Mike Schoby, Successful Predator Hunting, Krause Publications Craft – 2003, pp. 108–109 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scopeviews.co.uk/Zeiss7x42Dialyt.htm">"Zeiss 7×42 Dialyt ClassiC Review"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531180152/http://scopeviews.co.uk/Zeiss7x42Dialyt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zeiss+7%C3%9742+Dialyt+ClassiC+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscopeviews.co.uk%2FZeiss7x42Dialyt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holgermerlitz.de/swaro7x42.html">"Review: 7x42 Swarovski Habicht vs. 7x42 Zeiss B/GA Dialyt vs. 8x42 Docter B/CF"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005026/http://www.holgermerlitz.de/swaro7x42.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-12. Retrieved 2022-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review%3A+7x42+Swarovski+Habicht+vs.+7x42+Zeiss+B%2FGA+Dialyt+vs.+8x42+Docter+B%2FCF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holgermerlitz.de%2Fswaro7x42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://binocular.ch/zeiss-dialyt-8x56-b-ga-t/">"Zeiss Dialyt 8×56 B/GA T 8×56, Abbe-König, Binoculars"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601032133/https://binocular.ch/zeiss-dialyt-8x56-b-ga-t/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zeiss+Dialyt+8%C3%9756+B%2FGA+T+8%C3%9756%2C+Abbe-K%C3%B6nig%2C+Binoculars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbinocular.ch%2Fzeiss-dialyt-8x56-b-ga-t%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.optics-trade.eu/en/binoculars/hunting-binoculars/low-light-binoculars.html">"Low Light Binoculars"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909045434/https://www.optics-trade.eu/us/binoculars/hunting-binoculars/low-light-binoculars.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-09. Retrieved 2022-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Low+Light+Binoculars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.optics-trade.eu%2Fen%2Fbinoculars%2Fhunting-binoculars%2Flow-light-binoculars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bushnell-82"><a href="#cite_ref-bushnell_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.binoculars.com/images/pdf/BUP336.pdf">"Binoculars.com — Marine 7 × 50 Binoculars. Bushnell"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910153501/http://www.binoculars.com/images/pdf/BUP336.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-10. Retrieved 2009-07-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Binoculars.com+%E2%80%94+Marine+7+%C3%97+50+Binoculars.+Bushnell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.binoculars.com%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2FBUP336.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.binoculars-cinecollectors.com/UDF_by_Anna___Terry_Vacani_-2012.pdf">"1U.D.F. 7 x 50 blc U-boat sight for torpedo firing By Anna and Terry Vacani"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107080021/http://www.binoculars-cinecollectors.com/UDF_by_Anna___Terry_Vacani_-2012.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-07. Retrieved 2020-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1U.D.F.+7+x+50+blc+U-boat+sight+for+torpedo+firing+By+Anna+and+Terry+Vacani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.binoculars-cinecollectors.com%2FUDF_by_Anna___Terry_Vacani_-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.binoculars-cinecollectors.com/U-boat_binoculars_2.pdf">"U-boat binoculars and other naval binoculars of World War II"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020130152/http://www.binoculars-cinecollectors.com/U-boat_binoculars_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2022-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U-boat+binoculars+and+other+naval+binoculars+of+World+War+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.binoculars-cinecollectors.com%2FU-boat_binoculars_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberatedmanuals.com/TM-9-1580.pdf">"TM-9-1580, Ordnance Maintenance Binoculars and Telescope, US Departments of the Army and Air Force, 11 February 1953"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531190818/https://www.liberatedmanuals.com/TM-9-1580.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TM-9-1580%2C+Ordnance+Maintenance+Binoculars+and+Telescope%2C+US+Departments+of+the+Army+and+Air+Force%2C+11+February+1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberatedmanuals.com%2FTM-9-1580.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schaper.net/binoculars/steiner/m22/">"TM 9-1240-403-12 & P, Operator's and Organizational Maintenance Manual (including Repair Parts List), Binocular M22 (1240-01-207-5787), Headquarters US Department of the Army 1987"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220223/http://www.schaper.net/binoculars/steiner/m22/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2022-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TM+9-1240-403-12+%26+P%2C+Operator%27s+and+Organizational+Maintenance+Manual+%28including+Repair+Parts+List%29%2C+Binocular+M22+%281240-01-207-5787%29%2C+Headquarters+US+Department+of+the+Army+1987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schaper.net%2Fbinoculars%2Fsteiner%2Fm22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miloptik.se/pdf/160203_Vect_Produktflyer_VECTOR.pdf">"VECTOR series range finder binoculars product flyer"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601050324/http://www.miloptik.se/pdf/160203_Vect_Produktflyer_VECTOR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VECTOR+series+range+finder+binoculars+product+flyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miloptik.se%2Fpdf%2F160203_Vect_Produktflyer_VECTOR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svb24.com/en/guide/binoculars.html">"Make the right choice of marine binoculars"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728034807/https://www.svb24.com/en/guide/binoculars.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2022-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Make+the+right+choice+of+marine+binoculars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svb24.com%2Fen%2Fguide%2Fbinoculars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yachtingworld.com/yachts-and-gear/best-marine-binoculars-7-of-the-best-pairs-137229">"What to look for in a good pair of marine binoculars"</a>. 27 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531190818/https://www.yachtingworld.com/yachts-and-gear/best-marine-binoculars-7-of-the-best-pairs-137229">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+look+for+in+a+good+pair+of+marine+binoculars&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yachtingworld.com%2Fyachts-and-gear%2Fbest-marine-binoculars-7-of-the-best-pairs-137229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ST2012-90"><a href="#cite_ref-ST2012_90-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope" title="Sky & Telescope">Sky & Telescope</a>, October 2012, Gary Seronik, "The Messier Catalog: A Binocular Odyssey" (pg 68) </li> <li id="cite_note-binoculars-91"><a href="#cite_ref-binoculars_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEd_Zarenski2004" class="citation web cs1">Ed Zarenski (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cloudynights.com/documents/limiting.pdf">"Limiting Magnitude in Binoculars"</a> (PDF). Cloudy Nights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072103/http://www.cloudynights.com/documents/limiting.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limiting+Magnitude+in+Binoculars&rft.pub=Cloudy+Nights&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Ed+Zarenski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cloudynights.com%2Fdocuments%2Flimiting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://optics-info.com/blaser-primus-binoculars/">"Blaser Primus bonoculars presentation"</a>. 12 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530082306/https://optics-info.com/blaser-primus-binoculars/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-30. Retrieved 2019-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blaser+Primus+bonoculars+presentation&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foptics-info.com%2Fblaser-primus-binoculars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manualzz.com/doc/26229257/optolyth%C2%AE-alpin">"Optolyth catalog"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909045411/https://manualzz.com/doc/26229257/optolyth%C2%AE-alpin">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-09. Retrieved 2022-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Optolyth+catalog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanualzz.com%2Fdoc%2F26229257%2Foptolyth%25C2%25AE-alpin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107034127/http://steiner-binoculars.com/">"www.steiner-binoculars.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steiner-binoculars.com">the original</a> on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2009-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.steiner-binoculars.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steiner-binoculars.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regionhall.at/en/the-swarovski-story.html">"www.regionhall.at —The Swarovski story"</a>. Regionhall.at. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100907083926/http://www.regionhall.at/en/the-swarovski-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-09-07. Retrieved 2009-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.regionhall.at+%E2%80%94The+Swarovski+story&rft.pub=Regionhall.at&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regionhall.at%2Fen%2Fthe-swarovski-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Binocular_Instrument" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Binocular Instrument">Binocular Instrument</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerlitz2023" class="citation book cs1">Merlitz, Holger (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-44408-1">The Binocular Handbook</a>. Springer Cham. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-44408-1">10.1007/978-3-031-44408-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-44407-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-44407-4"><bdi>978-3-031-44407-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Binocular+Handbook&rft.pub=Springer+Cham&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-44408-1&rft.isbn=978-3-031-44407-4&rft.aulast=Merlitz&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-44408-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinoculars" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li>Walter J. Schwab, Wolf Wehran: "Optics for Hunting and Nature Observation". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-034895-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-00-034895-2">978-3-00-034895-2</a>. 1st Edition, Wetzlar (Germany), 2011</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Binoculars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Binoculars">Binoculars</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestbinocularsreviews.com/glossary-binoculars.php">Glossary of Optical Terms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nimax-img.de/Produktdownloads/44543_3_Leseprobe.pdf">Binocular Optics and Mechanics Chapter from Binocular Astronomy by Stephen Tonkin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technicalbookspdf.com/download/2019/10/061019/Binocular%20Astronomy%20by%20Stephen%20Tonkin.pdf">Binocular Astronomy by Stephen Tonkin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&oldid=1272925362">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&oldid=1272925362</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 30 January 2025, at 22:00 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkyker" title="Verkyker – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verkyker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernglas" title="Fernglas – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fernglas" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="منظار ثنائي العينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظار ثنائي العينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism%C3%A1ticos" title="Prismáticos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Prismáticos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcockapitcikan" title="Tcockapitcikan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Tcockapitcikan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binokl" title="Binokl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Binokl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="দোনলা দুরবিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দোনলা দুরবিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бінокль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бінокль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Бинокъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бинокъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuawaziaga_(Feanglasl)" title="Zuawaziaga (Feanglasl) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zuawaziaga (Feanglasl)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevellunedenn" title="Gevellunedenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gevellunedenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Дурам – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дурам" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocle" title="Binocle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Binocle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бинокль – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бинокль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triedr" title="Triedr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Triedr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernglas" title="Fernglas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fernglas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binokkel" title="Binokkel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Binokkel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Κιάλια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιάλια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism%C3%A1ticos" title="Prismáticos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prismáticos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoklo" title="Binoklo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Binoklo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prismatikoak" title="Prismatikoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Prismatikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C" title="دوربین دوچشمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوربین دوچشمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumelles" title="Jumelles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jumelles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierrekiker" title="Fierrekiker – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fierrekiker" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sh%C3%BAileach" title="Déshúileach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Déshúileach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%B3culo" title="Binóculo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Binóculo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%B0" title="બાઇનૉક્યુલર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાઇનૉક્યુલર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8C%8D%EC%95%88%EA%B2%BD" title="쌍안경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쌍안경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Հեռադիտակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեռադիտակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="द्विनेत्री दूरदर्शी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्विनेत्री दूरदर्शी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvogled" title="Dvogled – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dvogled" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binokular" title="Binokular – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Binokular" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocolo" title="Binocolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Binocolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="משקפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משקפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A8ker" title="Kèker – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kèker" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬೈನಾಕ್ಯುಲರ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೈನಾಕ್ಯುಲರ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Дүрбі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дүрбі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B1%D2%AF" title="Дүрбү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дүрбү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoklis" title="Binoklis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Binoklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDi%C5%ABronai" title="Žiūronai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žiūronai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Двоглед – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Двоглед" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബൈനൊക്കുലേഴ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൈനൊക്കുലേഴ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="द्विनेत्री – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्विनेत्री" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binokular" title="Binokular – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Binokular" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taropong" title="Taropong – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Taropong" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrekijker" title="Verrekijker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verrekijker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1" title="双眼鏡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="双眼鏡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Турмал – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Турмал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkert" title="Kikkert – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kikkert" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkert" title="Kikkert – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kikkert" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumelles" title="Jumelles – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jumelles" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durbin" title="Durbin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Durbin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B-%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਦੋ-ਅੱਖੀ ਦੂਰਬੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੋ-ਅੱਖੀ ਦੂਰਬੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دوربین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دوربین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لروين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لروين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieker_(Optik)" title="Kieker (Optik) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kieker (Optik)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorneta" title="Lorneta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lorneta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%B3culo" title="Binóculo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Binóculo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoclu" title="Binoclu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Binoclu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бинокль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бинокль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Binoculars" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylbit%C3%AB" title="Dylbitë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dylbitë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Binoculars" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binokul%C3%A1rny_%C4%8Falekoh%C4%BEad" title="Binokulárny ďalekohľad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Binokulárny ďalekohľad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binokular" title="Binokular – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Binokular" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Двоглед – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Двоглед" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvogled" title="Dvogled – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dvogled" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiikari" title="Kiikari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiikari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikare" title="Kikare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kikare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largabista" title="Largabista – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Largabista" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="இருகண் நோக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இருகண் நோக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бинокль – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бинокль" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="బైనాక్యులర్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బైనాక్యులర్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="กล้องสองตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้องสองตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дурбин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дурбин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrb%C3%BCn" title="Dürbün – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dürbün" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бінокль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бінокль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دو چشمی دوربین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دو چشمی دوربین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%90ng_nh%C3%B2m" title="Ống nhòm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ống nhòm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E7%AD%92%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" title="双筒望远镜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="双筒望远镜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E7%AD%92%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" title="雙筒望遠鏡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雙筒望遠鏡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97izuon%C4%81" title="Vėizuonā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėizuonā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E7%AD%92%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" title="双筒望远镜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="双筒望远镜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A8k%C3%A8ran" title="Kèkèran – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kèkèran" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 January 2025, at 22:00 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binoculars&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-56d8db5f6f-4hpm4","wgBackendResponseTime":277,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.061","walltime":"1.337","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5868,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":203024,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3126,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":330851,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1088.100 1 -total"," 42.10% 458.082 2 Template:Reflist"," 28.98% 315.339 68 Template:Cite_web"," 10.39% 113.027 1 Template:In_lang"," 8.50% 92.460 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.23% 89.552 1 Template:Astronomy_navbox"," 8.08% 87.919 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.10% 55.534 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.00% 54.391 2 Template:Sister_project"," 4.82% 52.431 2 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.642","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23925799,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-mtkrg","timestamp":"20250211195732","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Binoculars","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Binoculars","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q102626","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q102626","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-16T01:21:47Z","dateModified":"2025-01-30T22:00:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/90\/Binocular_with_8x_magnification_and_42_mm_lens_diameter.jpg","headline":"pair of telescopes mounted side-by-side"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>