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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States law on western land and surveying</div> <p>The <b>Land Ordinance of 1785</b> was adopted by the United States <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> on May 20, 1785. It set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west. Congress at the time did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation, so land sales provided an important revenue stream. The Ordinance set up a <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">survey</a> system that eventually covered over three-quarters of the area of the continental United States.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earlier <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a> was a resolution written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> calling for Congress to take action. The land west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, north of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> and east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> was to be divided into ten separate states.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the 1784 resolution did not define the mechanism by which the land would become states, or how the territories would be governed or settled before they became states. The Ordinance of 1785 put the 1784 resolution in operation by providing a mechanism for selling and settling the land,<sup id="cite_ref-text_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-text-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787 addressed political needs. </p><p>The 1785 ordinance laid the foundations of land policy until passage of the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Act_of_1862" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Act of 1862">Homestead Act of 1862</a>. The Land Ordinance established the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System" title="Public Land Survey System">Public Land Survey System</a>. The initial surveying was performed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins" title="Thomas Hutchins">Thomas Hutchins</a>. After he died in 1789, responsibility for surveying was transferred to the Surveyor General. Land was to be systematically surveyed into square <a href="/wiki/Survey_township" title="Survey township">townships</a>, 6 mi (9.7 km) on a side, each divided into thirty-six <a href="/wiki/Section_(United_States_land_surveying)" title="Section (United States land surveying)">sections</a> of 1 sq mi (2.6 km<sup>2</sup>) or 640 acres (260 ha). These sections could then be subdivided for re-sale by settlers and land speculators.<sup id="cite_ref-White_1983_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_1983-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ordinance was also significant for establishing a mechanism for funding public education. Section 16 in each township was reserved for the maintenance of public schools. Many schools today are still located in section sixteen of their respective townships,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> although a great many of the school sections were sold to raise money for public education. In later States, section 36 of each township was also designated as a "school section".<sup id="cite_ref-White_1983_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_1983-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsonDonaldson1880226_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsonDonaldson1880226-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Beginning_Point_of_the_U.S._Public_Land_Survey" title="Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey">Point of Beginning</a> for the 1785 survey was where Ohio (as the easternmost part of the Northwest Territory), <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>) met, on the north shore of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> near <a href="/wiki/East_Liverpool,_Ohio" title="East Liverpool, Ohio">East Liverpool, Ohio</a>. There is a historical marker just north of the site, at the state line where <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_39" title="Ohio State Route 39">Ohio State Route 39</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_68" title="Pennsylvania Route 68">Pennsylvania Route 68</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Land_Act_of_1785_section_numbering.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="six mile square divided into 36 mile square sections numbered starting one in the southeast corner and proceeding northward to six in the northeast, then seven west of one to twelve west of six, and so on to thirty six in the northwest corner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Land_Act_of_1785_section_numbering.png/220px-Land_Act_of_1785_section_numbering.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Land_Act_of_1785_section_numbering.png/330px-Land_Act_of_1785_section_numbering.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Land_Act_of_1785_section_numbering.png/440px-Land_Act_of_1785_section_numbering.png 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>Plan for numbering sections of a township adopted May 20, 1785</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theoreticaltownshipmap.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="six mile square divided into 36 mile square sections numbered starting with one in the northeast proceeding westward to six in the northwest corner then to seven south of six eastward to twelve south of one then thirteen to twenty four in like manner and finally twenty five to thirty six in the southwest corner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Theoreticaltownshipmap.gif/220px-Theoreticaltownshipmap.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Theoreticaltownshipmap.gif/330px-Theoreticaltownshipmap.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Theoreticaltownshipmap.gif/440px-Theoreticaltownshipmap.gif 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_General_Land_Office" title="United States General Land Office">United States General Land Office</a> plan for numbering sections of a standard <a href="/wiki/Survey_township" title="Survey township">survey township</a>, adopted May 18, 1796</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1785_Land_Ordinance_Diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1785_Land_Ordinance_Diagram.jpg/220px-1785_Land_Ordinance_Diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1785_Land_Ordinance_Diagram.jpg/330px-1785_Land_Ordinance_Diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1785_Land_Ordinance_Diagram.jpg/440px-1785_Land_Ordinance_Diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the 1785 Land Ordinance showing how the method of subdivision can be applied from the scale of the country down to the scale of a single lot</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_Ordinance_of_1785&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation Congress">Confederation Congress</a> appointed a committee consisting of the following men: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Hugh Williamson</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Howell_(jurist)" title="David Howell (jurist)">David Howell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Read" title="Jacob Read">Jacob Read</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>)</li></ul> <p>On May 7, 1784, the <a href="/wiki/People" title="People">people</a> reported "An ordinance for ascertaining the mode of locating and disposing of lands in the western territories, and for other purposes therein mentioned." The ordinance required the land be divided into "<a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (county subdivision)">hundreds</a> of ten <a href="/wiki/Geographical_mile" title="Geographical mile">geographical miles</a> square, each mile containing 6086 and 4-10ths of a foot" and "sub-divided into lots of one mile square each, or 850 and 4-10ths of an acre",<sup id="cite_ref-proposal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> numbered starting in the northwest corner, proceeding from west to east, and east to west, consecutively. After debate and amendment, the ordinance was reported to Congress April 26, 1785. It required surveyors "to divide the said territory into townships seven miles square, by lines running due north and south, and others crossing these at right angles. — The plats of the townships, respectively, shall be marked into sections of one mile square, or 640 acres." This is the first recorded use of the terms "<a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">township</a>" and "section."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiggins188733–34,_78–82_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins188733–34,_78–82-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 3, 1785, <a href="/wiki/William_Grayson" title="William Grayson">William Grayson</a> of Virginia made a motion seconded by <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> to change "seven miles square" to "six miles square." The ordinance was passed on May 20, 1785. The sections were to be numbered starting at 1 in the southeast and running south to north in each tier to 36 in the northwest. The surveys were to be performed under the direction of the Geographer of the United States (Thomas Hutchins).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiggins188733–34,_78–82_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins188733–34,_78–82-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Ranges" title="Seven Ranges">Seven Ranges</a>, the privately surveyed <a href="/wiki/Symmes_Purchase" title="Symmes Purchase">Symmes Purchase</a>, and, with some modification, the privately surveyed <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company_of_Associates" title="Ohio Company of Associates">Ohio Company of Associates</a>, all of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Lands" title="Ohio Lands">Ohio Lands</a> were the surveys completed with this section numbering.<sup id="cite_ref-ohiosub_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohiosub-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uses_1785_numbering.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Uses_1785_numbering.png/250px-Uses_1785_numbering.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Uses_1785_numbering.png/375px-Uses_1785_numbering.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Uses_1785_numbering.png/500px-Uses_1785_numbering.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Locations in Ohio using Land Ordinance of 1785 Section Numbering</figcaption></figure> <p>The Act of May 18, 1796,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided for the appointment of a surveyor-general to replace the office of Geographer of the United States, and that "sections shall be numbered, respectively, beginning with number one in the northeast section, and proceeding west and east alternately, through the township, with progressive numbers till the thirty-sixth be completed." All subsequent surveys were completed with this <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedonical</a> section numbering system, except the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_District" title="United States Military District">United States Military District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Lands" title="Ohio Lands">Ohio Lands</a> which had five mile (8 km) square townships as provided by the Act of June 1, 1796,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and amended by the Act of March 1, 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiggins188733–34,_78–82_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins188733–34,_78–82-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Howe and others give Thomas Hutchins credit for conceiving the rectangular system of lots of one square mile in 1764 while a captain in the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps" title="King's Royal Rifle Corps">Sixtieth, or, Royal American</a>, Regiment, and engineer to the expedition under Col. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bouquet" title="Henry Bouquet">Henry Bouquet</a> to the forks of the <a href="/wiki/Muskingum_River" title="Muskingum River">Muskingum</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Coshocton_County,_Ohio" title="Coshocton County, Ohio">Coshocton County, Ohio</a>. It formed part of his plan for military colonies north of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a>, as a protection against <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indians</a>. The law of 1785 embraced most of the new system.<sup id="cite_ref-howe_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howe-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treat, on the other hand, notes that tiers of townships were familiar in New England, and insisted on by the New England legislators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreat1910179–182_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreat1910179–182-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_education">Public education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_Ordinance_of_1785&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Public education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Support for public schooling was established in the Land Ordinance through <i>school lands</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which granted Section 16 (one square mile) of every township to be used for public education: "There shall be reserved the Lot No. 16, of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within said township."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 16 was located near the center of the township. (For states surveyed under the <a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System" title="Public Land Survey System">federal rectangular system</a>, survey townships and civil townships usually have the same boundaries, but there are many exceptions.)<sup id="cite_ref-OhioLands_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OhioLands-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 36 was also subsequently added as a school section in western states. The various states and counties ignored, altered or amended this provision in their own ways, but the general (intended) effect was a guarantee that local schools would have an income and that the community schoolhouses would be centrally located for all children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The School Lands are part of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Lands" title="Ohio Lands">Ohio Lands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OhioLands_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OhioLands-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprising land grants in Ohio from the United States federal government for public schools. According to the <i>Official Ohio Lands Book</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-OhioLands_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OhioLands-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "by 1920, 73,155,075 acres of public land had been given by the federal government to the public land states in support of public schooling." </p><p>In the Land Ordinance of 1785 provision was also made by land grant for higher education (the <a href="/wiki/College_Lands" title="College Lands">College Lands</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layout_of_townships">Layout of townships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_Ordinance_of_1785&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Layout of townships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each western township contained thirty-six square miles of land, planned as a square measuring six miles on each side, which was further subdivided into thirty six lots, each lot containing one square mile of land. The mathematical precision of the planning was the concerted effort of surveyors. Each township contained dedicated space for public education and other government uses, as five of the thirty six lots were reserved for government or public purposes. The thirty six lots of each township were numbered accordingly on each township's survey. The centermost land of each township corresponded to lot numbers 15, 16, 21 and 22 on the township survey, with lot number 16 dedicated specifically to public education. As the Land Ordinance of 1785 stated: "There shall be reserved the lot No. 16, of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the said township."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knepper notes: "Sections number 8, 11, 26, and 29 in every township were reserved for future sale by the federal government when, it was hoped, they would bring higher prices because of developed land around them. Congress also reserved one third part of all gold, silver, lead, and copper mines to its own use, a bit of wishful thinking as regards Ohio lands."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ordinance also said "That three townships adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> be reserved, to be hereafter disposed of by Congress, for the use of the officers, men, and others, refugees from <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and the refugees from <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, who are or may be entitled to grants of land under resolutions of Congress now existing." This was not possible, as the area next to Lake Erie was <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">property of Connecticut</a>, so the Canadians had to wait until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Refugee_Tract" title="Refugee Tract">Refugee Tract</a> in 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-officialohio_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialohio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_Ordinance_of_1785&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many historians recognize the influences of the colonial experience in the land ordinances of the 1780s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreat1910_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreat1910-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committees that formulated these ordinances were inspired by the individual colonial experiences of the states that they represented. The committees attempted to implement the best practices of such states to solve the task at hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreat191022–23_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreat191022–23-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surveyed townships of the Land Ordinance of 1785, writes historian Jonathan Hughes, "represented an amalgam of the colonial experience and ideals."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes198711_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes198711-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two geographically and ideologically distinct colonial land systems were competing at such time in history – the New England system and the Southern system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreat191022–23_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreat191022–23-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the primary influence on the Land Ordinance of 1785 was the New England land system of the colonial era, marked by its emphasis on community development and systematic planning, the exceedingly individualistic Southern land system also played a role.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Even though Jefferson's committee had a Southern majority, it recommended the New England survey system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreat191026_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreat191026-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highly planned and surveyed western townships established in the Land Ordinance of 1785, were heavily influenced by the New England settlements of the colonial era, particularly the land grant provisions of the Ordinances which dedicated land towards public education and other government uses. In colonial times, New England settlements contained dedicated public space for schools and churches, which often held a central role in the community. For instance, the 1751 royal charter for Marlboro Vermont provides: "one Shear [share] for the First Settled Minister one Shear for the benefit of the School forever."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes198713_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes198713-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the Land Ordinance of 1785 was enacted, the New England states had used land grants for over a century to support public education and build new schools. The clause in the Land Ordinance of 1785 which dedicated "Lot Number 16" of each western township for public education reflected this regional New England experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Carleton_2002_p15_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carleton_2002_p15-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the use of surveyors to precisely chart out the new townships in the westward expansion was directly influenced by the New England land system, which similarly relied on surveyors and local committees to clearly delineate property boundaries. Defined property boundary lines and an established land title system, provided colonials with a sense of security in their land ownership, by minimizing the likelihood of ownership or boundary disputes. This was an important consideration in the Land Ordinance of 1785. One of the primary purposes of the Ordinance was to raise funds for the increasingly insolvent government. Providing land speculators security in their purchases encouraged additional demand for the western lands. In addition, the organized and communal nature of the western settlements, allowed the government to reserve a number of well-defined plots of land for future government development. Since the rest of the township would have been developed by the time the government decided to develop such reserved lands, there was an already built-in assurance of land value appreciation for the reserved lands. This had the effect of increasing the value of government assets without much further investment by the government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The New England land system, while the primary influence on the great land ordinances of the 1780s, was not the only land system influence. The Southern land system, marked by individualism and personal initiative, also helped shape the ordinance. While the New England land system was premised on community-based development, the Southern land system was premised on individual frontiersman appropriating undeveloped land to call their own. The Southern pioneer claimed property and the local surveyor would demarcate it for him. The system did not protect people from competing claims or set up an orderly chain of title. The process was called 'indiscriminate location". This system encouraged individuals to amass large plantations instead of settling into dense communal development. This system was supported by the use of slave labor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreat191025_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreat191025-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the committee's resistance against indiscriminate location and support for limited and disciplined land settlement was an implicit attempt to create a structural barrier to developing a plantation economy that was dependent on slave labor. The committee could have been attempting to effectively eradicate slavery in the West after Jefferson failed to outlaw it in the Land Ordinance of 1784.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the Land Ordinance of 1785 created a New England style land system, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 determined how the townships would be administered. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, like the Land Ordinance of 1785, was inspired by the New England colonial settlements, and manifested this influence by further encouraging the worship of religion and the spread of education. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 stated, "Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also contained Southern characteristics of municipal governance. The Southern influence can be felt in the Western townships in that once the federal land was dedicated to the particular township, the township was relatively free of the influence of the federal government, and the local municipality was left to govern itself. This manifested itself in public education as well. Once the land was dedicated, the actual development of the public schools was the responsibility of the local township or the particular state.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the great Ordinances of the 1780s set the framework for a national system of schools by dedicating land across the West, the devolved development and administration by the state and local government led to unique results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUsher20118_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUsher20118-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motives">Motives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_Ordinance_of_1785&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Motives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Retaining central land in each township ensured that these lands would create value for the federal government and the safety of the people. Instead of disbursing funds to the new states to create public education systems, dedicating a central lot in each township provided the new townships with the means to develop educational institutions without any transfer of funds. This was a practical and necessary way to achieve the committee's goal in a pre-Constitution America. Aside from raising funds for a financially struggling government, the westward expansion outlined in the Land Ordinances of the 1780s also provided a framework for spreading democratic ideals. Jefferson proposed an article in the Ordinance that would have outlawed slavery in the new states after the year 1800. However he could not amass enough votes to pass the anti-slavery article. Later Jefferson did succeed, however, in ensuring public funding of education by dedicating land to education in the Land Ordinance of 1785. Public education was an ideal already developed in the New England colonial settlements. New Englanders provided for public education in their land grants due to a belief that public education could be used to further unite the young nation and spread democratic ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-Carleton_2002_p15_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carleton_2002_p15-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The systematic and highly organized westward settlements, with their local governments and central square dedicated towards public education, were a concerted effort to inspire civic duty and participation in the democratic process. Usher relates this initiative to "the Supreme Court in Cooper v. Roberts (1855), 'plant in the heart of every community the same sentiments of grateful reverence for the wisdom, forecast, and magnanimous statesmanship of those who framed the institutions of these new States."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUsher20117_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUsher20117-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The westward expansion therefore was not only a tool for raising much needed funds, but also a tool in a grand socializing experiment to inoculate the settlers to democratic ideals. The hope was that the unique planning of each township with a public school centrally located, coupled with the obligation of each township's local citizens to take part in the civic process of governing the township, teaching and building the schools, and maintaining order, would instill the democratic ideals crucial to the nation's success. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_Ordinance_of_1785&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System" title="Public Land Survey System">Public Land Survey System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Land_Survey" title="Dominion Land Survey">Dominion Land Survey</a> (Canada)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_Ordinance_of_1785&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarstensen1987" class="citation journal cs1">Carstensen, Vernon (1987). "Patterns on the American Land". <i>Journal of Federalism</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 31–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Federalism&rft.atitle=Patterns+on+the+American+Land&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=31-39&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Carstensen&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick1993" class="citation journal cs1">McCormick, Richard P. (January 1993). "The 'Ordinance' of 1784?". <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 112–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+%27Ordinance%27+of+1784%3F&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=112-122&rft.date=1993-01&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-text-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-text_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lljc&fileName=028/lljc028.db&recNum=386">"An ordinance for ascertaining the mode of disposing of Lands in the Western Territory"</a>. <i>Journal of Continental Congress</i>. <b>28</b>: 375. May 20, 1785 – via <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Continental+Congress&rft.atitle=An+ordinance+for+ascertaining+the+mode+of+disposing+of+Lands+in+the+Western+Territory&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=375&rft.date=1785-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dlljc%26fileName%3D028%2Flljc028.db%26recNum%3D386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White_1983-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_1983_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_1983_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1983" class="citation cs2">White, C. Albert (1983), <i>A History of the Rectangular Survey System</i>, Bureau of Land Management</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Rectangular+Survey+System&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Land+Management&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=C.+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsonDonaldson1880226-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsonDonaldson1880226_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsonDonaldson1880">Williamson & Donaldson 1880</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oregon Territory Act (August 14, 1848) 9 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-9-323">323</a> initiated practice of setting aside section 36 for schools: Section 20 "And be it further enacted, That when the lands in the said Territory shall be surveyed under the direction of the Government of the United States, preparatory to bringing the same into market, sections numbered sixteen and thirty-six in each township in said Territory shall be, and the same is hereby, reserved for the purpose of being applied to schools in said Territory, and in the States and Territories hereafter to be erected out of the same."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proposal-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-proposal_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lljc&fileName=027/lljc027.db&recNum=83">"An ordinance for ascertaining the mode of locating and disposing of lands in the western territory"</a>. <i>Journal of Continental Congress</i>. <b>27</b>: 446. May 28, 1784 – via <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Continental+Congress&rft.atitle=An+ordinance+for+ascertaining+the+mode+of+locating+and+disposing+of+lands+in+the+western+territory&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=446&rft.date=1784-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dlljc%26fileName%3D027%2Flljc027.db%26recNum%3D83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins188733–34,_78–82-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiggins188733–34,_78–82_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiggins188733–34,_78–82_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiggins188733–34,_78–82_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiggins1887">Higgins 1887</a>, pp. 33–34, 78–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohiosub-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohiosub_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#pet18">Peters 1918</a> : 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-1-464">464</a> – Text of Act of May 18, 1796 <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-1-490">490</a> – Text of Act of June 1, 1796 <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-2-14">14</a> – Text of Act of March 1, 1800 <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howe-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-howe_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#howe07">Howe 1907</a> : 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreat1910179–182-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreat1910179–182_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreat1910">Treat 1910</a>, pp. 179–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acompilationlaw00swangoog"><i>A compilation of laws, treaties, resolutions, and ordinances: of the general and state governments, which relate to lands in the state of Ohio; including the laws adopted by the governor and judges; the laws of the territorial legislature; and the laws of this state, to the years 1815-16</i></a>. G. Nashee, State Printer. 1825. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acompilationlaw00swangoog/page/n539">534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+compilation+of+laws%2C+treaties%2C+resolutions%2C+and+ordinances%3A+of+the+general+and+state+governments%2C+which+relate+to+lands+in+the+state+of+Ohio%3B+including+the+laws+adopted+by+the+governor+and+judges%3B+the+laws+of+the+territorial+legislature%3B+and+the+laws+of+this+state%2C+to+the+years+1815-16&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=G.+Nashee%2C+State+Printer&rft.date=1825&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facompilationlaw00swangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span> page 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~maggie/ohio-lands/ohl5.html">"Ohio Lands: A Short History Part 5"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ohio+Lands%3A+A+Short+History+Part+5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~maggie%2Fohio-lands%2Fohl5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Kilbourne1907" class="citation book cs1">John Kilbourne (1907). "The Public Lands of Ohio". In Henry Howe (ed.). <i>Historical Collections of Ohio ... an Encyclopedia of the State</i>. Vol. 1 (The Ohio Centennial ed.). The State of Ohio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Public+Lands+of+Ohio&rft.btitle=Historical+Collections+of+Ohio+...+an+Encyclopedia+of+the+State&rft.edition=The+Ohio+Centennial&rft.pub=The+State+of+Ohio&rft.date=1907&rft.au=John+Kilbourne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_wTAAAAYAAJ&q=historical+collections+of+ohio">School lands, page 132</a>. (Volume 1 originally published in 1847 as <i>Historical Collections of Ohio</i>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OhioLands-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OhioLands_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OhioLands_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OhioLands_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_W._Knepper" class="citation book cs1">George W. Knepper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohioauditor.gov/publications/OhioLandsBook.pdf">"The Land Ordinance of 1785"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Official Ohio Lands Book</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Land+Ordinance+of+1785&rft.btitle=The+Official+Ohio+Lands+Book&rft.au=George+W.+Knepper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohioauditor.gov%2Fpublications%2FOhioLandsBook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span> page 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/twiki/bin/view/AmLegalHist/PublicEducationInLandGrantsSGrenbaum">"PublicEducationInLandGrantsSGrenbaum - AmLegalHist - TWiki"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PublicEducationInLandGrantsSGrenbaum+-+AmLegalHist+-+TWiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoglen.law.columbia.edu%2Ftwiki%2Fbin%2Fview%2FAmLegalHist%2FPublicEducationInLandGrantsSGrenbaum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#knep02">Knepper 2002</a> : 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-officialohio-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-officialohio_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#knep02">Knepper 2002</a> : 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreat1910-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreat1910_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreat1910">Treat 1910</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1987" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Jonathan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minnesotalegalhistoryproject.org/assets/hughes.pdf">"The Great Land Ordinances: Colonial America's Thumbprint on History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Klingaman, David C.; Vedder, Richard K. (eds.). <i>Essays on the Economy of the Old Northwest</i>. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-0875-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-0875-9"><bdi>978-0-8214-0875-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span> – via Minnesota Legal History Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Great+Land+Ordinances%3A+Colonial+America%E2%80%99s+Thumbprint+on+History&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+Economy+of+the+Old+Northwest&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-0875-9&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnesotalegalhistoryproject.org%2Fassets%2Fhughes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreat191022–23-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreat191022–23_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreat191022–23_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreat1910">Treat 1910</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes198711-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes198711_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes1987">Hughes 1987</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreat191026-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreat191026_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreat1910">Treat 1910</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes198713-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes198713_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes1987">Hughes 1987</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carleton_2002_p15-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carleton_2002_p15_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carleton_2002_p15_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarleton2002" class="citation book cs1">Carleton, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gOPEEAAAQBAJ"><i>Landmark Congressional Laws on Education</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31335-6"><bdi>978-0-313-31335-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmark+Congressional+Laws+on+Education&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31335-6&rft.aulast=Carleton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgOPEEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreat191025-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreat191025_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreat1910">Treat 1910</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=8"><i>The Northwest Ordinance of 1787</i></a>, Article 3<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northwest+Ordinance+of+1787&rft.pages=Article+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourdocuments.gov%2Fdoc.php%3Fflash%3Dtrue%26doc%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsher2011" class="citation cs2">Usher, Alexandra (April 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518388.pdf"><i>Public Schools in the Original Federal Land Grant Program</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, The Center on Education Policy, p. 8</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Schools+in+the+Original+Federal+Land+Grant+Program&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=The+Center+on+Education+Policy&rft.date=2011-04&rft.aulast=Usher&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED518388.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUsher20118-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUsher20118_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUsher2011">Usher 2011</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUsher20117-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUsher20117_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUsher2011">Usher 2011</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_Ordinance_of_1785&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins1887" class="citation book cs1">Higgins, Jerome S. (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-jSAAAAMAAJ"><i>Subdivisions of the Public Lands, Described and Illustrated, with Diagrams and Maps</i></a>. Higgins & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subdivisions+of+the+Public+Lands%2C+Described+and+Illustrated%2C+with+Diagrams+and+Maps&rft.pub=Higgins+%26+Co&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Jerome+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-jSAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="howe07" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howe" title="Henry Howe">Howe, Henry</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXIOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134"><i>Historical Collections of Ohio, The Ohio Centennial Edition</i></a>. Vol. 1. The State of Ohio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404753761" title="Special:BookSources/9781404753761"><bdi>9781404753761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Collections+of+Ohio%2C+The+Ohio+Centennial+Edition&rft.pub=The+State+of+Ohio&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=9781404753761&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXIOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="knep02" class="citation book cs1">Knepper, George W (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohioauditor.gov/publications/OhioLandsBook.pdf"><i>The Official Ohio Lands Book</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. State of Ohio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Ohio+Lands+Book&rft.pub=State+of+Ohio&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Knepper&rft.aufirst=George+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohioauditor.gov%2Fpublications%2FOhioLandsBook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pet18" class="citation book cs1">Peters, William E (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ohiolandstheirsu00pete"><i>Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision</i></a>. W.E. Peters. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ohiolandstheirsu00pete/page/n69">58</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ohio+Lands+and+Their+Subdivision&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=W.E.+Peters&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=William+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fohiolandstheirsu00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreat1910" class="citation book cs1">Treat, Payson Jackson (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationallandsys00treagoog"><i>The National Land System 1785–1820</i></a>. E.B. Treat and Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationallandsys00treagoog/page/n200">179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Land+System+1785%E2%80%931820&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=E.B.+Treat+and+Co&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Treat&rft.aufirst=Payson+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationallandsys00treagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonDonaldson1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Williamson" title="James Alexander Williamson">Williamson, James Alexander</a>; Donaldson, Thomas (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicdomainits00goog"><i>The Public Domain. Its History, with Statistics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicdomainits00goog/page/n246">226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Public+Domain.+Its+History%2C+with+Statistics&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=James+Alexander&rft.au=Donaldson%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpublicdomainits00goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+Ordinance+of+1785" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Binder_Johnson" title="Hildegard Binder Johnson">Johnson, Hildegard Binder</a>. <i>Order upon the Land: The U.S. Rectangular Land Survey and the Upper Mississippi Country</i> (1977)</li> <li>Geib, George W.. "The Land Ordinance of 1785: A Bicentennial Review," <i>Indiana Magazine of History,</i> March 1985, Vol. 81 Issue 1, pp 1–13</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_Ordinance_of_1785&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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title="wikisource:Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785_(supplement)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Land Ordinance of 1785 (supplement)">Land Ordinance of 1785 (supplement)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lljc&fileName=028/lljc028.db&recNum=386&itemLink=r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DATE+17850520)::%230280388&linkText=1">Library of Congress – Ordinance Text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215202854/http://www.in.gov/history/5709.htm">Indiana Historical Bureau – Ordinance Text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1472">Ohio History Central – Land Ordinance of 1785</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914120450/http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/cadastralsurvey/meridians.html">Bureau of Land Management – Principal Meridians and Base Lines Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130203225438/http://www.thegreatamericangrid.com/2011/11/08/infographic-the-land-ordinance-of-1785">The Great American Grid – 1785 Land Ordinance Diagram</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmproject.org/index.htm">Photographs of the Principal Meridians</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Thomson">Secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil Offices/Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">Superintendent of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Agent of the Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary at War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_in_Cases_of_Capture" title="Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture">Court of Appeals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_War" title="Board of War">Board of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commander in Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Continental Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meeting sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall (1779–1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_State_House" title="Maryland State House">Maryland State House (1783–1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Arms_Tavern" title="French Arms Tavern">French Arms Tavern (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1785–1789)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Congress_Proclamation_of_1783" title="Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783">Proclamation of 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">1784 Land Ordinance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1785 Land Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Jefferson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Template:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Template talk:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Jefferson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">3rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1801–1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1797–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1790–1793)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">U.S. Minister to France</a> (1785–1789)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1783–1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1779–1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775–1776)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding<br />documents of<br />the United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Summary_View_of_the_Rights_of_British_America" title="A Summary View of the Rights of British America">A Summary View of the Rights of British America</a></i> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (1776) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">physical history</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed#In_the_United_States_of_America" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Land Ordinance of 1785</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution#Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Co-author, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> (1789)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty" title="Empire of Liberty">Empire of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_and_Hunter_Expedition" title="Dunbar and Hunter Expedition">Dunbar and Hunter Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Expedition_(1806)" title="Red River Expedition (1806)">Red River Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">Pike Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Road#Cumberland_Road" title="National Road">Cumberland Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair"><i>Chesapeake</i>–<i>Leopard</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Intercourse_Act_(1809)" title="Non-Intercourse Act (1809)">Non-Intercourse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Native American policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">Burr conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy" title="History of the United States Military Academy">West Point Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Speeches" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">State of the Union Addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1801_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1801 State of the Union Address">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1802 State of the Union Address">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1805 State of the Union Address">1805</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Administration" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson">Federal judicial appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplishments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Founder, University of Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Virginia" title="History of the University of Virginia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_for_Establishing_Uniformity_in_the_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures_of_the_United_States" title="Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States"><i>Coinage, Weights, and Measures</i> report</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">A Manual of Parliamentary Practice</a></i> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_disk" title="Jefferson disk">Jefferson disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_chair" title="Swivel chair">Swivel chair</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalonyx" title="Megalonyx">Megalonyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian<br />architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barboursville_(James_Barbour)" title="Barboursville (James Barbour)">Barboursville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_(Albemarle_County,_Virginia)" title="Farmington (Albemarle County, Virginia)">Farmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Monticello" title="Gardens of Monticello">gardens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia#The_Grounds" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">The Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lawn" title="The Lawn">The Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Hall" title="Jefferson Hall">Jefferson Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House Colonnades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="The Papers of Thomas Jefferson">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a></i> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_concerted_operation_among_the_powers_at_war_with_the_Pyratical_states_of_Barbary" title="Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary">Pyratical states of Barbary proposals</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandums_taken_on_a_journey_from_Paris_into_the_southern_parts_of_France_and_Northern_Italy,_in_the_year_1787" title="Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787">European journey memorandums</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Indian removal letters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth</a></i> (c. 1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Jefferson manuscript collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#American_Philosophical_Society" title="Thomas Jefferson">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Historical reputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_education" title="Thomas Jefferson and education">Jefferson and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Religious views of Thomas Jefferson">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Jefferson and the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_the_Mockingbird" title="Dick the Mockingbird">Pet mockingbird</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings_controversy" title="Jefferson–Hemings controversy">Jefferson–Hemings controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Hemings" title="Betty Hemings">Betty Hemings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States#Jefferson,_Madison,_and_the_"wall_of_separation"" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufton_Farm" title="Tufton Farm">Tufton Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)" title="Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)">Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_republic" title="Ward republic">Ward republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidential elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_River" title="Jefferson River">Jefferson River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Territory" title="Jefferson Territory">Jefferson Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lecture" title="Jefferson Lecture">Jefferson Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Jefferson National Expansion Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Star_for_Foreign_Service" title="Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service">Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of statues of Thomas Jefferson">Statues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(Bitter)" title="Thomas Jefferson (Bitter)">Karl Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Monument_(Louisville,_Kentucky)" title="Jefferson Monument (Louisville, Kentucky)">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(University_of_Virginia)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (University of Virginia)">University of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(David_d%27Angers)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)">David d'Angers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Literary_and_Debating_Society" title="Jefferson Literary and Debating Society">Jefferson Literary and Debating Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation" title="Thomas Jefferson Foundation">Thomas Jefferson Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_National_Accelerator_Facility" title="Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility">Jefferson Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello_Association" title="Monticello Association">Monticello Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Jefferson College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_named_Mount_Jefferson" title="List of peaks named Mount Jefferson">Peaks and mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Rock" title="Jefferson Rock">Jefferson Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">Other placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Jackson_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson–Jackson Day">Jefferson–Jackson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_nickel" title="Jefferson nickel">Jefferson nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_two-dollar_bill" title="United States two-dollar bill">Two-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_gold_dollar" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar">Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_silver_dollar" title="Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar">250th Anniversary silver dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson">Cultural<br />depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(play)" title="The Patriots (play)">The Patriots</a></i> (1946 play)</li> <li><i>1776</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_in_Paris" title="Jefferson in Paris">Jefferson in Paris</a></i> (1995 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(film)" title="Thomas Jefferson (film)">Thomas Jefferson</a></i> (1997 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams</a></i> (2008 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Garden" title="Jefferson's Garden">Jefferson's Garden</a></i> (2015 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)"><i>Hamilton</i></a> (2015 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Rodenstock" title="Hardy Rodenstock">Wine bottles controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Sally_Hemings" title="Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings">Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson" title="Martha Jefferson">Martha Jefferson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jefferson_Eppes" title="Mary Jefferson Eppes">Mary Jefferson Eppes</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hemings" title="Harriet Hemings">Harriet Hemings</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Hemings" title="Madison Hemings">Madison Hemings</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eston_Hemings" title="Eston Hemings">Eston Hemings</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Thomas Jefferson Randolph">Thomas J. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Randolph" title="George W. Randolph">George W. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Randolph_Coolidge" title="Ellen Randolph Coolidge">Ellen Randolph Coolidge</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Cornelia Jefferson Randolph">Cornelia Jefferson Randolph</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Eppes" title="Francis W. Eppes">Francis Eppes</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Jefferson" title="John Wayles Jefferson">John Wayles Jefferson</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_N._Randolph" title="Sarah N. Randolph">Sarah N. Randolph</a> (great-granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jefferson_Coolidge" title="T. Jefferson Coolidge">T. Jefferson Coolidge</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Madison_Roberts" title="Frederick Madison Roberts">Frederick Madison Roberts</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jefferson" title="Peter Jefferson">Peter Jefferson</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Randolph_Jefferson" title="Jane Randolph Jefferson">Jane Randolph Jefferson</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Jefferson_Lewis" title="Lucy Jefferson Lewis">Lucy Jefferson Lewis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Jefferson" title="Randolph Jefferson">Randolph Jefferson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carr_(Virginia_politician)" title="Peter Carr (Virginia politician)">Peter Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Carr_(politician)" title="Samuel Carr (politician)">Samuel Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_Carr" title="Dabney Carr">Dabney Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_S._Carr" title="Dabney S. Carr">Dabney S. Carr</a> (grand-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_Randolph_of_Dungeness" title="Isham Randolph of Dungeness">Isham Randolph</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph" title="William Randolph">William Randolph</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Soane" title="Henry Soane">Henry Soane</a> (2nd great-grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">← John Adams</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>← John Adams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Category:Thomas Jefferson">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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