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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First modern Hebraization efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_modern_Hebraization_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JNF_Naming_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JNF_Naming_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>JNF Naming Committee</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-JNF_Naming_Committee-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle JNF Naming Committee subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-JNF_Naming_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabic_language_preeminence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_language_preeminence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arabic language preeminence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_language_preeminence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1949:_Committee_for_the_Designation_of_Place-Names_in_the_Negev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1949:_Committee_for_the_Designation_of_Place-Names_in_the_Negev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1949: Committee for the Designation of Place-Names in the Negev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1949:_Committee_for_the_Designation_of_Place-Names_in_the_Negev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1951:_Governmental_Naming_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1951:_Governmental_Naming_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1951: Governmental Naming Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1951:_Governmental_Naming_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraizaci%C3%B3n_de_top%C3%B3nimos_palestinos" title="Hebraización de topónimos palestinos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hebraización de topónimos palestinos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraisasi_nama_tempat_Palestina" title="Hebraisasi nama tempat Palestina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hebraisasi nama tempat Palestina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">The renaming of geographical sites in Palestine</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:00-00-IndexEnglish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/00-00-IndexEnglish2.jpg/250px-00-00-IndexEnglish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="445" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/00-00-IndexEnglish2.jpg/375px-00-00-IndexEnglish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/00-00-IndexEnglish2.jpg/500px-00-00-IndexEnglish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="7114" /></a><figcaption>1948 index of the 1:20,000 <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Palestine" title="Survey of Palestine">Survey of Palestine</a> maps, with contemporary overwriting for a number of place-names</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:250px;"> <div class="switcher-container"> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_(1870s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281870s%29.jpg/250px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281870s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281870s%29.jpg/375px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281870s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281870s%29.jpg/500px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281870s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="740" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label"> 1870s map </span></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_(1940s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281940s%29.jpg/250px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281940s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281940s%29.jpg/375px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281940s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281940s%29.jpg/500px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281940s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="740" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label"> 1940s map</span></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_(modern).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%28modern%29.jpg/250px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%28modern%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%28modern%29.jpg/375px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%28modern%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%28modern%29.jpg/500px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%28modern%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="740" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label"> modern map </span></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_(1940s_with_modern_overlay).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg/250px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg/375px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg/500px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Bayt_Jibrin_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="740" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" data-switcher-default=""> 1940s with modern overlay map</span></div> <div></div> <div></div> </div> <div class="switcher-container"> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama,_Jaffa_(1870s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281870s%29.jpg/250px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281870s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281870s%29.jpg/375px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281870s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281870s%29.jpg/500px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281870s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label"> 1870s map </span></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama,_Jaffa_(1940s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281940s%29.jpg/250px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281940s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281940s%29.jpg/375px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281940s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281940s%29.jpg/500px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281940s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label"> 1940s map</span></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama,_Jaffa_(modern).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%28modern%29.jpg/250px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%28modern%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%28modern%29.jpg/375px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%28modern%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%28modern%29.jpg/500px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%28modern%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label"> modern map </span></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama,_Jaffa_(1940s_with_modern_overlay).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg/250px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg/375px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg/500px-Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_Salama%2C_Jaffa_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" data-switcher-default=""> 1940s with modern overlay map</span></div> <div></div> <div></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Two examples of Hebraization of <a href="/wiki/Depopulated_Palestinian_locations_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel">Palestinian towns depopulated in 1948</a>. In the first, <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Bayt Jibrin</a> became <a href="/wiki/Beit_Guvrin,_Israel" title="Beit Guvrin, Israel">Beit Guvrin</a>, in the second <a href="/wiki/Salama,_Jaffa" title="Salama, Jaffa">Salama</a> became <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Shalem" title="Kfar Shalem">Kfar Shalem</a>.</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mevo_Dotan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mevo_Dotan.JPG/220px-Mevo_Dotan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mevo_Dotan.JPG/330px-Mevo_Dotan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mevo_Dotan.JPG/440px-Mevo_Dotan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Street signs for <a href="/wiki/Mevo_Dotan" title="Mevo Dotan">Mevo Dotan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afula" title="Afula">Afula</a>. Afula was a Palestinian town sold by the <a href="/wiki/Sursock_family" title="Sursock family">Sursock family</a> to the <a href="/wiki/American_Zion_Commonwealth" title="American Zion Commonwealth">American Zion Commonwealth</a> in the 1920s; the Hebrew name follows the Arabic, which means "<a href="/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames">beans</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hebrew-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew-language">Hebrew-language</a> names were coined for the <a href="/wiki/Place_names_of_Palestine" title="Place names of Palestine">place-names of Palestine</a> throughout different periods under the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a>; after the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> and <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>; and subsequently in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> occupied by Israel in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadman2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadman2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1992 study counted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,780 historical locations whose names were Hebraized, including 340 villages and towns, 1,000 Khirbat (ruins), 560 wadis and rivers, 380 springs, 198 mountains and hills, 50 caves, 28 castles and palaces, and 14 pools and lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palestinians consider the Hebraization of place-names in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> part of the Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many existing <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">place names</a> in Palestine are based on unknown etymologies. Some are descriptive, some survivals of ancient <a href="/wiki/Nabataean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean">Nabataean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a> or other names, and the occasional name was unaltered from the forms found in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> or <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, the ancient place-names metamorphosed into <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the two major languages spoken in the region before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a>, Arabized forms of the ancient names were adopted. </p><p>The Hebraization of place-names was encouraged by the Israeli government, aiming to strengthen the connection of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, most of whom had <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">immigrated in recent decades</a>, with the land.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of this process, many ancient Biblical or Talmudic place-names were "restored";<sup id="cite_ref-Miller29_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller29-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, enthusiasm since cooled after mistakes were identified by archeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-Rainey11_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainey11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases, Hebraizations were chosen because the Hebrew was a <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophone</a> of the Arabic despite having a different meaning,<sup id="cite_ref-Rainey11_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainey11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sites with only Arabic names and no pre-existing ancient Hebrew names or associations were given new Hebrew names, thereby losing the historical tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Swedenburgp50_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swedenburgp50-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller29_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller29-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some instances, the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian Arabic</a> place name was preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">modern Hebrew</a>, despite there being a different Hebrew tradition regarding the name, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a>, which in classical Hebrew writings is called <i>Paneas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Municipal direction sign-posts and maps produced by state-run agencies sometimes note the traditional Hebrew name and the traditional Arabic name alongside each other, such as "<a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Silwan" title="Silwan">Silwan</a> / Shiloach" etc.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain areas of Israel, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_cities" title="Mixed cities">mixed cities</a>, there is a growing trend to restore the original Arabic street names that were Hebraized after 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Rekhess_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekhess-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:349px;max-width:349px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.png/200px-Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.png/300px-Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.png/400px-Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine" title="Biblical Researches in Palestine">Biblical Researches in Palestine</a></i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PEF_Survey_of_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.jpg/141px-PEF_Survey_of_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.jpg/212px-PEF_Survey_of_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.jpg/282px-PEF_Survey_of_Palestine_Arabic_Name_List.jpg 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="1112" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine" title="PEF Survey of Palestine">PEF Survey of Palestine</a></i></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">In the 19th century, the contemporary Palestinian Arabic toponyms were used to identify ancient locations. These two examples were the most notable lists created during the period.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/C._R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Conder">C. R. Conder</a> (1848–1910) of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a> was among the first to analyze present-day Arabic place-names in order to assess what a more ancient Hebrew name may have been. Conder's contribution did not eradicate the Arabic place-names in his <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Western_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey of Western Palestine">Survey of Western Palestine</a> maps, but preserved their names intact, rather than attribute a site to a dubious identification.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins1968_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins1968-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs, he mentions that the Hebrew and Arabic traditions of place-names are often consonant with each other: </p> <blockquote><p>The names of the old towns and villages mentioned in the Bible remain for the most part almost unchanged... The fact that each name was carefully recorded in Arabic letters made it possible to compare with the Hebrew in a scientific and scholarly manner... When the Hebrew and the Arabic are shown to contain the same radicals, the same gutturals, and often the same meanings, we have a truly reliable comparison... We have now recovered more than three-quarters of the Bible names, and are thus able to say with confidence that the Bible topography is a genuine and actual topography, the work of Hebrews familiar with the country.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_modern_Hebraization_efforts">First modern Hebraization efforts</h2></div> <p>Modern Hebraization efforts began from the time in the <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First Aliyah</a> in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-Fields2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fields2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/HeHalutz" title="HeHalutz">HeHalutz</a> youth movement began a Hebraization program for newly established settlements in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These names, however, were applied only to sites purchased by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a> (JNF), as they had no sway over the names of other sites in Palestine. </p><p>Seeing that directional signposts were frequently inscribed only in the Arabic language with their English transliterations (excluding their equivalent Hebrew names), the Jewish community in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, led by prominent Zionists such as <a href="/wiki/David_Yellin" title="David Yellin">David Yellin</a>, tried to influence the naming process initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>'s (RGS's) Permanent Committee on Geographical Names,<sup id="cite_ref-Fields2017_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fields2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitan1992366_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitan1992366-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so as to make the naming more inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19323-5_(Preface)_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19323-5_(Preface)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these efforts, well-known cities and geographical places, such as Jerusalem, Jericho, Nablus, Hebron, the Jordan River, etc. carried names in both Hebrew and Arabic writing (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> / Al Quds / <i>Yerushalayim</i> and <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> / Al Khalil / <i>Ḥevron</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but lesser-known classical Jewish sites of antiquity (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jish" title="Jish">Jish</a> / <i>Gush Halav</i>; <a href="/wiki/Beisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beisan">Beisan</a> /<i>Beit She'an</i>; <a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefar-amr</a> / <i>Shefarʻam</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kafr_%27Inan" title="Kafr 'Inan">Kafr 'Inan</a> / <i>Kefar Hananiah</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Bayt Jibrin</a> / <i>Beit Gubrin</i>, etc.) remained inscribed after their Arabic names, without change or addition.<sup id="cite_ref-EGleichen1925_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EGleichen1925-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19323-5_(Preface)_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19323-5_(Preface)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main objection to adding additional spellings for ancient Hebrew toponymy was the fear that it would cause confusion to the postal service, when long accustomed names were given new names, as well as be totally at variance with the names already inscribed on maps. Therefore, British officials sought to ensure unified forms of place-names.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the motivating factors behind members of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> to apply Hebrew names to old Arabic names, despite attempts to the contrary by the RGS Committee for Names,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19323-5_(Preface)_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19323-5_(Preface)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the belief by <a href="/wiki/Historical_geographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical geographers">historical geographers</a>, both Jewish and non-Jewish, that many Arabic place-names were mere "corruptions" of older Hebrew names<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (e.g. <i>Khirbet Shifat</i> = <a href="/wiki/Yodfat" title="Yodfat">Yodfat</a>; <i>Khirbet Tibneh</i> = <a href="/wiki/Timnah" title="Timnah">Timnah</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Lifta" title="Lifta">Lifta</a></i> = Nephtoah;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Jabal al-Fureidis</i> = <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodis</a>, <i>et al.</i>). At other times, the history of assigning the "restored Hebrew name" to a site has been fraught with errors and confusion, as in the case of the ruin <i><a href="/wiki/Iraq_al-Manshiyya" title="Iraq al-Manshiyya">ʻIrâq el-Menshiyeh</a></i>, situated where <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Gat" title="Kiryat Gat">Kiryat Gat</a> now stands. Initially, it was given the name <i>Tel Gath</i>, based on <a href="/wiki/W.F._Albright" class="mw-redirect" title="W.F. Albright">Albright</a>'s identification of the site with the biblical Gath. When this was found to be a misnomer, its name was changed to <i><a href="/wiki/Tel_Erani" title="Tel Erani">Tel Erani</a></i>, which, too, was found to be an erroneous designation for what was thought to be the old namesake for the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress2014181–182_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress2014181–182-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Professor <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tilley" title="Virginia Tilley">Virginia Tilley</a>, "[a] body of scientific, linguistic, literary, historical, and biblical authorities was invented to foster impressions of Jewish belonging and natural rights in a Jewish homeland reproduced from a special Jewish right to this land, which clearly has been occupied, through the millennia, by many peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-Tilley2005_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilley2005-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 1920, a Hebrew sub-committee was established by the British government in Palestine with the aim of advising the government on the English transcript of names of localities and in determining the form of the Hebrew names for official use by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitan1992366_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitan1992366-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="JNF_Naming_Committee">JNF Naming Committee</h2></div> <p>In 1925, the Directorate of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a> (JNF) established <i>The Names Committee for the Settlements</i>, with the intent of giving names to the new Jewish settlements established on lands purchased by the JNF.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was led directly by the head of the JNF, <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Ussishkin" title="Menachem Ussishkin">Menachem Ussishkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200026_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200026-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a> (JNC), for their part, met in parley in late 1931, in order to make its recommendations known to the British government in Mandatory Palestine, by suggesting emendations to a book published by the British colonial office in Palestine in which it outlined a set of standards used when referencing place-names transliterated from Arabic and Hebrew into English, or from Arabic into Hebrew, and from Hebrew into Arabic, based on the country's ancient toponymy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the same proposals made by the JNC were later implemented, beginning in 1949 (Committee for Geographical Names) and later following 1951, when <a href="/wiki/Yeshayahu_Press" title="Yeshayahu Press">Yeshayahu Press</a> (a member of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">JNC</a>) established the <a href="/wiki/Government_Naming_Committee" title="Government Naming Committee">Government Naming Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti" title="Meron Benvenisti">Meron Benvenisti</a> writes that the Arabic geographical names upset the new Jewish community, for example on 22 April 1941 the <a href="/wiki/Zevulun_Regional_Council" title="Zevulun Regional Council">Emeq Zevulun Settlements Committee</a> wrote to the head office of the JNF:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200030_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200030-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Such names as the following are displayed in all their glory: Karbassa, al- Sheikh Shamali, Abu Sursuq, Bustan al-Shamali – all of them names that the JNF has no interest in immortalizing in the Z'vulun Valley.... We recommend to you that you send a circular letter to all of the settlements located on JNF land in the Z'vulun Valley and its immediate vicinity and warn them against continuing the above-mentioned practice [i.e., the use of] old maps that, from various points of view, are dangerous to use.</p></blockquote> <p>Between 1925 and 1948, the JNF Naming Committee gave names to 215 Jewish communities in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Fields2017_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fields2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although sweeping changes had come over the names of old geographic sites, a record of their old names is preserved on the old maps.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_language_preeminence">Arabic language preeminence</h3></div> <p>By 1931, the destinational listings at post offices, signs at train stations and place-names listed in the telephone directory, had removed any mention in Hebrew of "Shechem" (<i>Nablus</i>), "Nazareth," and "<a href="/wiki/Nahal_Sorek" title="Nahal Sorek">Naḥal Sorek</a>" (<i>Wadi es-Sarar</i>), which aroused the concern of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a> that the British Government of Palestine was being prejudicial towards its Jewish citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19326_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19326-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naḥal Sorek, was a major route and thoroughfare when commuting by train from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hartuv" title="Hartuv">Hartuv</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1949:_Committee_for_the_Designation_of_Place-Names_in_the_Negev">1949: Committee for the Designation of Place-Names in the Negev</h2></div> <p>In late 1949, after the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a>, the new Israeli government created the Committee for the Designation of Place-Names in the Negev Region, a group of nine scholars whose job was to assign Hebrew names to towns, mountains, valleys, springs, roads, etc., in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200012_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> had decided on the importance of renaming in the area earlier in the year, writing in his diary in July: "We must give Hebrew names to these places – ancient names, if there are, and if not, new ones!";<sup id="cite_ref-Masalha2012_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masalha2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he subsequently established the committee's objectives with a letter to the chairman of the committee:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200012_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>We are obliged to remove the Arabic names for reasons of state. Just as we do not recognize the Arabs' political proprietorship of the land, so also do we not recognize their spiritual proprietorship and their names.</p></blockquote> <p>In the Negev, 333 of the 533 new names which the committee decided upon were transliterations of, or otherwise similar-sounding to, the Arabic names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200017_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bevenisti, some members of the committee had objected to the eradication of Arabic place-names, but in many cases they were overruled by political and nationalistic considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200017_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1951:_Governmental_Naming_Committee">1951: Governmental Naming Committee</h2></div> <p>In March 1951, the JNF committee and the Negev committee were merged to cover all of Israel. The new merged committee stated their belief that the "Judaization of the geographical names in our country [is] a vital issue".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200024_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200024-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work was ongoing as of 1960; in February 1960 the director of the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Israel" title="Survey of Israel">Survey of Israel</a>, Yosef Elster, wrote that "We have ascertained that the replacement of Arabic names with Hebrew ones is not yet complete. The committee must quickly fill in what is missing, especially the names of ruins."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200040_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200040-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1951, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi" title="Yitzhak Ben-Zvi">Yitzhak Ben-Zvi</a> and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Maisler" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Maisler">Benjamin Maisler</a> were appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Government_Naming_Committee" title="Government Naming Committee">Government Naming Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1920 and 1990, the different committees had set Hebrew names for some 7,000 natural elements in the country, of which more than 5,000 were geographical place-names, several hundred were names of historical sites, and over a thousand were names given to new settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitan1992367_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitan1992367-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zev_Vilnay" title="Zev Vilnay">Vilnay</a> has noted that, since the 19th century, biblical words, expressions and phrases have provided names for many urban and rural settlements and neighborhoods in Modern Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilnay1983Abstract_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilnay1983Abstract-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the names of many newer Jewish settlements had replaced the names of older Arab villages and ruins (e.g. <i>Khirbet Jurfah</i> becoming <a href="/wiki/Roglit" class="mw-redirect" title="Roglit">Roglit</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Allar,_Jerusalem" title="Allar, Jerusalem">Allar</a> becoming <a href="/wiki/Mata,_Israel" title="Mata, Israel">Mata</a>; <a href="/wiki/Al-Tira,_Ramle" title="Al-Tira, Ramle">al-Tira</a> becoming <i>Kfar Halutzim</i>, which is now <a href="/wiki/Bareket" title="Bareket">Bareket</a>, etc.), leaving no traces of their former designations, <a href="/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti" title="Meron Benvenisti">Benvenisti</a> has shown that the memorial of these ancient places had not been utterly lost through hegemonic practices: </p> <blockquote><p>Approximately one-quarter of the 584 Arab villages that were standing in the 1980s, had names whose origins were ancient – biblical, Hellenistic, or Aramaic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200049_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200049-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Today, the Israeli Government Naming Committee discourages giving a name to a new settlement if its name cannot be shown to be connected in some way to the immediate area or region. Still, it is the only authorized arbiter of names, whether the name has a historical connection to the site or not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitan1992369_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitan1992369-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_trends">Modern trends</h2></div> <p>By the 2010s, a trend emerged to restore the original Arabic street names which were Hebraized after 1948 in certain areas of Israel, particularly mixed Jewish–Arab cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Rekhess_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekhess-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OA_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Jerusalem" title="Islamization of Jerusalem">Islamization of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization_of_Jerusalem" title="Judaization of Jerusalem">Judaization of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization_of_the_Galilee" title="Judaization of the Galilee">Judaization of the Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_of_Palestine" title="Place names of Palestine">Place names of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_names_for_biblical_place_names" title="List of modern names for biblical place names">List of modern names for biblical place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms" title="Glossary of Hebrew toponyms">Glossary of Hebrew toponyms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Masalha, Nur (15 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb2rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT284"><i>Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History</i></a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-275-8"><bdi>978-1-78699-275-8</bdi></a>. <q>APPROPRIATION, HYBRIDISATION AND INDIGENISATION: THE APPROPRIATION OF PALESTINE PLACE NAMES BY EUROPEAN ZIONIST SETTLERS. From Palestinian Fuleh to Jewish Afula. The etymology of the Zionist settler toponym Afula is derived from the name of the Palestinian Arab village al‐Fuleh, which in 1226 Arab geographer Yaqut al‐Hamawi mentioned as being a town in the province of Jund Filastin. The Arabic toponym al‐Fuleh is derived from the word ful, for fava beans, which are among the oldest food plant in the Middle East and were widely cultivated by local Palestinians in <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Marj Ibn 'Amer</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+A+Four+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2018-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78699-275-8&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCb2rDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadman2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kadman2015_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Noga Kadman (7 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIdNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">"Naming and Mapping the Depopulated Village Sites"</a>. <i>Erased from Space and Consciousness: Israel and the Depopulated Palestinian Villages of 1948</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. 91–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01682-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01682-9"><bdi>978-0-253-01682-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Naming+and+Mapping+the+Depopulated+Village+Sites&rft.btitle=Erased+from+Space+and+Consciousness%3A+Israel+and+the+Depopulated+Palestinian+Villages+of+1948&rft.pages=91-&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01682-9&rft.au=Noga+Kadman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIdNCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenvenisti2000">Benvenisti 2000</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Study by Palestinian geographer <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" class="extiw" title="ar:شكري عراف">Shukri Arraf</a> (1992), "The Palestinian locations between two eras/maps" (Arabic). Kufur Qari’: Matba’at, Al-Shuruq Al-Arabiya; quoted in <a href="#CITEREFAmara2017">Amara 2017</a>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSa’di2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_H._Sa%27di" title="Ahmad H. Sa'di">Sa’di, Ahmad H.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245590">"Catastrophe, Memory and Identity: Al-Nakbah as a Component of Palestinian Identity"</a>. <i>Israel Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 175–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2FISR.2002.7.2.175">10.2979/ISR.2002.7.2.175</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245590">30245590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144811289">144811289</a>. <q>, Al-Nakbah is associated with a rapid de-Arabization of the country. This process has included the destruction of Palestinian villages. About 418 villages were erased, and out of twelve Palestinian or mixed towns, a Palestinian population continued to exist in only seven. This swift transformation of the physical and cultural environment was accompanied, at the symbolic level, by the changing of the names of streets, neighborhoods, cities, and regions. Arabic names were replaced by Zionist, Jewish, or European names. This renaming continues to convey to the Palestinians the message that the country has seen only two historical periods which attest to its "true" nature: the ancient Jewish past, and the period that began with the creation of Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=Catastrophe%2C+Memory+and+Identity%3A+Al-Nakbah+as+a+Component+of+Palestinian+Identity&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-198&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144811289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30245590%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2FISR.2002.7.2.175&rft.aulast=Sa%E2%80%99di&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30245590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConder1881" class="citation journal cs1">Conder, C. R. (1881). Palmer, E. H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/128/mode/1up?view=theater">"Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists"</a>. <i>Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund</i>: iv–v. <q>To determine the exact meaning of Arabic topographical names is by no means easy. Some are descriptive of physical features, but even these are often either obsolete or distorted words. Others are derived from long since forgotten incidents, or owners whose memory has passed away. Others again are survivals of older Nabathean, Hebrew, Canaanite, and other names, either quite meaningless in Arabic, or having an Arabic form in which the original sound is perhaps more or less preserved, but the sense entirely lost. Occasionally Hebrew, especially Biblical and Talmudic names, remain scarcely altered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.atitle=Survey+of+Western+Palestine%3A+Arabic+and+English+Name+Lists&rft.pages=iv-v&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Conder&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurveyofwesternp00conduoft%2Fpage%2F128%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRainey1978">Rainey 1978</a>, p. 7: “What surprised western scholars and explorers the most was the amazing degree to which biblical names were still preserved in the Arabic toponymy of Palestine”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mila Neishtadt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lai8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA282">'The Lexical Substrate of Aramaic in Palestinian Arabic,'</a> in Aaron Butts (ed.) <i>Semitic Languages in Contact,</i> <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a> 2015 pp.281-282:'As in other cases of language shift, the supplanting language (Arabic) was not left untouched by the supplanted language (Aramaic) and the existence of an Aramaic substrate in Syro-Palestinian colloquial Arabic has been widely accepted. The influence of the Aramaic substrate is especially evidence in many Palestinian place names, and in the vocabularies of traditional life and industrials: agriculture, flora, fauna, food, tools, utensils etc.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRainey1978">Rainey 1978</a>, p. 8: “In the majority of cases, a Greek or Latin name assigned by Hellenistic or Roman authorities enjoyed an existence only in official and literary circles while the Semitic- speaking populace continued to use the Hebrew or Aramaic original. The latter comes back into public use with the Arab conquest. The Arabic names Ludd, Beisan, and Saffurieh, representing original Lod, Bet Se’an and Sippori, leave no hint concerning their imposing Greco-Roman names, viz., Diospolis, Scythopolis, and Diocaesarea, respectively”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb2rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT46"><i>Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History,</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a> 2018 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-786-99275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-786-99275-8">978-1-786-99275-8p</a>.46:'Latin remained the official language of the government in the 6th century, whereas the prevalent language of merchants, farmers, seamen and ordinary citizens was Greek. Also, Aramaic -closely related to Arabic - was a prevalent language among the (predominantly Christian) Palestinian peasantry which constituted the majority of population in the country. Greek, however, became the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of late Byzantine Palestine, shortly before the advent of Islam. Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/Hellenisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenisation">Hellenisation</a> of Palestinian toponyms was not uncommon in Late Antiquity. A well known example of Hellenisation from Late Antiquity is the work of the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and translator Josephus who spoke Aramaic and Greek and who became a Roman citizen. Both he and Greco-Roman Jewish writer <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a> used the toponym Palestine. He listed local Palestinian toponyms and rendered them familiar to Graeco-Roman audiences. Medieval Muslims and modern Palestinians preserved Greco-Roman toponyms such as <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> (Greek: Neapolis/Νεάπολις), Palestine, Qaysariah (<a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>/Καισάρεια), but not <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Philadelphia</a>.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenKliot1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Saul B.; Kliot, Nurit (1992-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01722.x">"Place-Names in Israel's Ideological Struggle over the Administered Territories"</a>. <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>. <b>82</b> (4): 653–680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1992.tb01722.x">10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01722.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-5608">0004-5608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Place-Names+in+Israel%27s+Ideological+Struggle+over+the+Administered+Territories&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=653-680&rft.date=1992-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1992.tb01722.x&rft.issn=0004-5608&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Saul+B.&rft.au=Kliot%2C+Nurit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1992.tb01722.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller29-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller29_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller29_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller and Hayes, 1986, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rainey11-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rainey11_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rainey11_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRainey1978">Rainey 1978</a>, p. 11: "Today there are Hebrew names not only for modern communities such as kibbutzim, settlement towns, etc., but for topographical features (hills, water sources, etc.), and antiquity sites as well. The majority of these are Hebraized forms of the former Arabic name, e.g., Arabic Tell 'Arâd is <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Tel ʿArad</a>, Tell Jezer is now <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Tel Gezer</a>, Khirbet Mešâš has become <a href="/wiki/Tel_Masos" title="Tel Masos">Tel Masos</a>. Frequently, the new Hebrew form is not really cognate to the Arabic but was chosen for its general resemblance; Tell el-Fâr: "The Mound of the Mouse" has been promoted to <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8" class="extiw" title="he:תל פר">Tel Par</a>: "The Mound of the Bull." The earlier enthusiasm for restoring biblical names to their ancient sites has cooled down somewhat, especially after Tell <a href="/wiki/Iraq_al-Manshiyya" title="Iraq al-Manshiyya">(ʿArâq) el-Menšîyeh</a>, changed to Tel Gat, was proved not to be a suitable candidate for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gath_(city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gath (city (page does not exist)">Gath of the Philistines</a>. Now the site is called <a href="/wiki/Tel_Erani" title="Tel Erani">Tel ʿErani</a> after the epithet of Sheikh Ahmed el-ʿAreinī, whose tomb is located there."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swedenburgp50-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swedenburgp50_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swedenburg, 2003, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Zev_Vilnay" title="Zev Vilnay">Vilnay, Zev</a> (1954), p. 135 (section 9). Cf. <i>Targum Shir HaShirim</i> 5:4; etc. The reason for the hard-sounding "b" in the Arabic pronunciation of Banias has to do with the fact that, in the Arabic language, there is no hard "p" sound; the "p" being replaced by "b".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files2/library/20140515_welcome_to_shiloach_pool_full.jpg">Sign welcoming visitors to Siloam (Shiloach), printed both in Hebrew and Arabic with traditional names</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a>, 16 September 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rekhess-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rekhess_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rekhess_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRekhess2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rekhess (2014). "The Arab Minority in Israel: Reconsidering the "1948 Paradigm"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Israel Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 187–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fisraelstudies.19.2.187">10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187">10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144053751">144053751</a>. <q>A new trend that has become particularly popular in recent years in mixed Jewish-Arab cities, is attempts to restore original Arabic street names, "Hebraized" after 1948</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Minority+in+Israel%3A+Reconsidering+the+%221948+Paradigm%22&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-217&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144053751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fisraelstudies.19.2.187%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fisraelstudies.19.2.187&rft.au=Rekhess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OA-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OA_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OA_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfer_Aderet2011" class="citation web cs1">Ofer Aderet (29 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/a-stir-over-sign-language-1.375919">"A stir over sign language: A recently discovered trove of documents from the 1950s reveals a nasty battle in Jerusalem over the hebraization of street and neighborhood names. This campaign is still raging today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=A+stir+over+sign+language%3A+A+recently+discovered+trove+of+documents+from+the+1950s+reveals+a+nasty+battle+in+Jerusalem+over+the+hebraization+of+street+and+neighborhood+names.+This+campaign+is+still+raging+today.&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft.au=Ofer+Aderet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fweekend%2Fweek-s-end%2Fa-stir-over-sign-language-1.375919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRainey1978">Rainey 1978</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins1968-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins1968_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hopkins, I.W.J. (1968), p. 34. <b>Quote:</b> "Conder collected the current Arabic names for the places on his [P.E.F.] maps, which on the face of it makes them appear to be less useful, compared with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jacotin" title="Pierre Jacotin">Jacotin</a>'s [map]. In fact, this makes the P.E.F. map even more useful as evidence of the current Arab place name, and the sheets are not cluttered up with doubtful identifications. The Arabic name is often a corruption of the ancient name and this fact has helped enormously in locating Biblical, Classical and Byzantine sites."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Conder">Conder, Major C. R.</a> (n.d.), pp. 218–219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fields2017-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fields2017_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields2017_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields2017_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fields, Gary (5 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3UpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"><i>Enclosure: Palestinian Landscapes in a Historical Mirror</i></a>. Univ of California Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29104-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29104-1"><bdi>978-0-520-29104-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enclosure%3A+Palestinian+Landscapes+in+a+Historical+Mirror&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29104-1&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3UpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Boaz Neumann (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIcSHW1hpeEC&pg=PA167"><i>Land and Desire in Early Zionism</i></a>. UPNE. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-968-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-968-6"><bdi>978-1-58465-968-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Desire+in+Early+Zionism&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-968-6&rft.au=Boaz+Neumann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIcSHW1hpeEC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitan1992366-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitan1992366_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitan1992366_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitan1992">Bitan 1992</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19323-5_(Preface)-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19323-5_(Preface)_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19323-5_(Preface)_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19323-5_(Preface)_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress1932">Maisler et al. 1932</a>, pp. 3-5 (Preface).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elkan_Nathan_Adler" title="Elkan Nathan Adler">Adler, Elkan Nathan</a> (2014), pp. 225, et al.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EGleichen1925-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EGleichen1925_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward_Gleichen" title="Lord Edward Gleichen">Gleichen, Edward</a>, ed. (1925). <b>Quote:</b> (Preface) "The following List of Names in Palestine, having been submitted through H.M. Secretary of State for the Colonies to the High Commissioner, and referred by him for correction to special Arabic and Hebrew subcommittees, is now published by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official use."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/British_Colonial_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British Colonial Office">British Colonial Office</a> in Palestine (1931), pp. 1, 13, 37, 52, 54–56, 59, 65. <b>Quote:</b> (p. 2) "The list of geographical names has presented many difficulties. Many place names in Palestine are of Arabic origin while others are of Hebrew, Phoenician, Greek, Latin, or Frankish ancestry –– to mention only the most important sources –– but, as most places are inhabited by Arabic-speaking people, local usage has given them names in Arabicised forms or in colloquial Arabic. To adopt the colloquial forms in transliterating names was not considered consistent with the end in view, and as a general rule an effort has been made to put the names in as literary a garb as possible. In most names of Arabic origin this was comparatively easy; but in some the Arab experts recommended the retention of forms not usually admitted in Arabic grammatical word construction."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward_Gleichen" title="Lord Edward Gleichen">Gleichen, Edward</a> (1920), p. 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti" title="Meron Benvenisti">Benvenisti, M.</a> (2000), pp. 47–48. Quote: "The Arab conquerors who colonized the land following the conquest of 638 C.E. settled among its Jewish, Samaritan, and Christian natives. They easily assimilated the Hebrew-Aramaic geographical and topographical names, and, their language being closely related to the Semitic languages spoken there, they made only slight changes in spelling and pronunciation. They had no difficulty finding Arabic forms for names such as Ashkelon –– which they transformed into <i>Asqalan</i> –– Beit Horon to <i>Beit Ghur</i>, Beersheba to <i>Bir Saba'a</i>, and Eilat to <i>Aila</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ganneau" class="mw-redirect" title="Clermont-Ganneau">Clermont-Ganneau</a> (1896), pp. 67–68, 214, where he wrote: (p. 214) "<i>Tibneh</i>, 'chopped straw', one would swear was Arabic, but it is beyond a doubt that it is the name of the town <i>Timnah</i>, brought into that shape by one of those popular etymologies which are as dear to the peasantry of Palestine as to those of our European countries." On pp. 67–68 he wrote: "One has to beware, however, of these appellations that appear to be of purely Arabic origin, they are often ancient Hebrew names converted by a process of popular etymology into words familiar to the Arabs. In many cases slight phonetic changes assist the process. These, by the bye, are not arbitrary, but are subject to real laws. Thus, for instance, the name of the Bible town of Thimnah has become in <i><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">fellâh</a></i> speech <i>Tibneh</i>, 'chopped straw'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson, E.</a> (1860), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc08smitgoog/page/n38/mode/2up">17</a>. See alao <a href="/wiki/John_William_McGarvey" title="John William McGarvey">John William McGarvey</a> (1829–1911) who quotes <a href="/wiki/C._R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Conder">Conder</a> on the linguistic evidence of the name, saying that, in Arabic, "the substitution of B for M is so common (as in Tibneh for <a href="/wiki/Timnah" title="Timnah">Timnah</a>)..." See: McGarvey, 2002, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxlR49W76CgC&pg=PA246">246-247</a>; cf. <a href="/wiki/E._H._Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="E. H. Palmer">Palmer, E.H.</a> (1881), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/330">330</a>, s.v. <i>Tibna</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kampffmeyer, Georg (1892), p. 38 (section 15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress2014181–182-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress2014181–182_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPress2014">Press 2014</a>, pp. 181–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilley2005-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tilley2005_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tilley" title="Virginia Tilley">Tilley</a> (2005), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4-Mun0HBek4C&pg=PP190">190</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEttinger1925" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ettinger, Y. (25 August 1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpress.org.il/olive/apa/nli_heb/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=DAV/1925/08/25&id=Ar00304">"Determining the Names of the Settlements acquired by the Jewish National Fund"</a> (in Hebrew). <a href="/wiki/Davar" title="Davar">Davar</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Determining+the+Names+of+the+Settlements+acquired+by+the+Jewish+National+Fund&rft.date=1925-08-25&rft.aulast=Ettinger&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjpress.org.il%2Folive%2Fapa%2Fnli_heb%2FSharedView.Article.aspx%3Fhref%3DDAV%2F1925%2F08%2F25%26id%3DAr00304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200026-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200026_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenvenisti2000">Benvenisti 2000</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress1932">Maisler et al. 1932</a>, pp. 3–5 (Preface) "Just as they write in Hebrew 'Shechem' rather than <i>Nablus</i>; 'Ḥevron' rather than <i>al-Khalil</i>; 'Yerushalayim' rather than <i>al-Quds</i>, so, too, it is necessary to write [in Hebrew] '<a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dor</a>' instead of <i>Ṭanṭūrah</i>; 'Adoraim' instead of <i><a href="/wiki/Dura,_Hebron" title="Dura, Hebron">Dūra</a></i>; 'ʻAin Ganim' instead of <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a>; '<a href="/wiki/Nahal_Sorek" title="Nahal Sorek">Naḥal Sorek</a>' instead of <i>Wadi eṣ-Ṣarār</i>, etc."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"State of Israel Records", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nevo.co.il/Law_word/law10/yalkut-0277.pdf"><i>Collection of Publications, no. 277</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hebrew), Jerusalem: Government of Israel, 1953, p. 630, <q>The names of the settlements were mostly determined at different times by the 'Names Committee for the Settlements,' under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a> (est. 1925), while [other] names were added by the <a href="/wiki/Government_Naming_Committee" title="Government Naming Committee">Government Naming Committee</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+of+Israel+Records&rft.btitle=Collection+of+Publications%2C+no.+277&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=630&rft.pub=Government+of+Israel&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nevo.co.il%2FLaw_word%2Flaw10%2Fyalkut-0277.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200030-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200030_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenvenisti2000">Benvenisti 2000</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A British Mandate map, contained at the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.nli.org.il/sites/nlis/en/maps/pages/default.aspx">Eran Laor Cartographic Collection</a>, Jaffa: Survey of Palestine 1928 – 1947, "Palestine" (Pal 1157)); an Ottoman period map, the <a href="/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine" title="PEF Survey of Palestine">Palestine Exploration Fund Map</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8363">SWP web-site</a>, and which is chiefly studied by archaeologists and historical geographers when trying to determine what Arabic place names are representative of ancient Hebrew toponymy. Other online maps include: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00080729/00001?search=survey+=palestine">George A. Smathers Libraries: Survey of Palestine map</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daahl.ucsd.edu/DAAHL/PEFMaps.php">The Palestine Exploration Fund Maps</a>, published by The Digital Archaeological Atlas of the Holy Land; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalarchive.mcmaster.ca/islandora/search/palestine?page=1&type=dismax">McMaster University - Digitalised maps of Palestine / Israel</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-750951416/view">1944 Map of Palestine</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19326-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress19326_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaislerBen-ZviKleinPress1932">Maisler et al. 1932</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200012-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200012_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200012_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenvenisti2000">Benvenisti 2000</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masalha2012-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masalha2012_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Nur Masalha (9 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=px1jDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT72"><i>The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory</i></a>. Zed Books Ltd. pp. 72–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-973-2"><bdi>978-1-84813-973-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestine+Nakba%3A+Decolonising+History%2C+Narrating+the+Subaltern%2C+Reclaiming+Memory&rft.pages=72-&rft.pub=Zed+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft.isbn=978-1-84813-973-2&rft.au=Nur+Masalha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpx1jDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200017-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200017_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200017_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenvenisti2000">Benvenisti 2000</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200024-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200024_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenvenisti2000">Benvenisti 2000</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200040-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200040_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenvenisti2000">Benvenisti 2000</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"State of Israel Records", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nevo.co.il/Law_word/law10/yalkut-0152.pdf"><i>Collection of Publications, no. 152</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hebrew), Jerusalem: Government of Israel, 1951, p. 845</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+of+Israel+Records&rft.btitle=Collection+of+Publications%2C+no.+152&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=845&rft.pub=Government+of+Israel&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nevo.co.il%2FLaw_word%2Flaw10%2Fyalkut-0152.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitan1992367-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitan1992367_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitan1992">Bitan 1992</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilnay1983Abstract-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilnay1983Abstract_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVilnay1983">Vilnay 1983</a>, p. Abstract.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <i>Survey of Western Palestine (Arabic and English Name Lists)</i>, London 1881, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/307/mode/1up">307</a>, <a href="/wiki/E.H._Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="E.H. Palmer">E.H. Palmer</a> describes the site <i>Khŭrbet Jurfa</i> as "the ruin of the perpendicular bank (cut out by the torrent in the <i>débris</i> of a valley)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvner2006" class="citation journal cs1">Avner, Rina (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=355&mag_id=111">"Rogelit"</a>. <i>Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel</i>. <b>118</b>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hadashot+Arkheologiyot%3A+Excavations+and+Surveys+in+Israel&rft.atitle=Rogelit&rft.volume=118&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Avner&rft.aufirst=Rina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadashot-esi.org.il%2Freport_detail_eng.aspx%3Fid%3D355%26mag_id%3D111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200049-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti200049_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenvenisti2000">Benvenisti 2000</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitan1992369-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitan1992369_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitan1992">Bitan 1992</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the case of <i>Kiryat Sefer</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Modi'in">Modi'in</a>), a name rejected by the Committee in 1994 on grounds that the biblical <i>Kiryat Sefer</i> was located elsewhere, or in the case of <i>Neveh Tzuf</i>, which name was rejected by the Committee (HCJ 146/81) for <a href="/wiki/Halamish" title="Halamish">Halamish</a>, on grounds that a "historical name is not to be copied elsewhere," these names were decided strictly by the Committee, based on Government Statute No. 258 of March 8, 1951, in which it gave to the Government Naming Committee the sole responsibility for the naming of settlements. This decision states that the aforesaid Committee will act in the Prime Minister's Office and that its decisions will be binding upon state institutions: "The committee is the only competent body for determining names for various localities and sites, including intersections, interchanges, tourist sites, nature and landscape, industrial and employment sites and the like in the State of Israel." The Committee's decisions are made in its plenary and published in "Records".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elkan_Nathan_Adler" title="Elkan Nathan Adler">Adler, Elkan Nathan</a> (2014). <i>Jewish Travellers</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/886831002">886831002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Travellers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F886831002&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Elkan+Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span> (first printed in 1930, translated from the original Hebrew)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmara2017" class="citation book cs1">Amara, Muhammad (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MnE3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182">"Hebraization of Arabic Place Names"</a>. <i>Arabic in Israel: Language, Identity and Conflict</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-66388-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-66388-5"><bdi>978-1-351-66388-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hebraization+of+Arabic+Place+Names&rft.btitle=Arabic+in+Israel%3A+Language%2C+Identity+and+Conflict&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.isbn=978-1-351-66388-5&rft.aulast=Amara&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMnE3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFעזריהוAzaryahu2000" class="citation journal cs1">עזריהו, מעוז; Azaryahu, Maoz (2000). "Hebrew and Hebraicization in the Formation of Cultural Identity / עברית ועברות: היבטים של יצירת זהות תרבותית". <i>Jewish Studies / מדעי היהדות</i>. <b>40</b>: 77–88. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23382506">23382506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Studies+%2F+%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.atitle=Hebrew+and+Hebraicization+in+the+Formation+of+Cultural+Identity+%2F+%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%3A+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%91%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA+%D7%96%D7%94%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=77-88&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23382506%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95&rft.aufirst=%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%96&rft.au=Azaryahu%2C+Maoz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzaryahuGolan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Azaryahu, Maoz; Golan, Arnon (2001). "(Re)naming the landscape: The formation of the Hebrew map of Israel 1949–1960". <i>Journal of Historical Geography</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 178–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjhge.2001.0297">10.1006/jhge.2001.0297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Geography&rft.atitle=%28Re%29naming+the+landscape%3A+The+formation+of+the+Hebrew+map+of+Israel+1949%E2%80%931960&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=178-195&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjhge.2001.0297&rft.aulast=Azaryahu&rft.aufirst=Maoz&rft.au=Golan%2C+Arnon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzaryahuKook2002" class="citation journal cs1">Azaryahu, Maoz; Kook, Rebecca (2002). "Mapping the nation: street names and Arab-Palestinian identity: three case studies". <i>Nations and Nationalism</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 195–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1469-8219.00046">10.1111/1469-8219.00046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+nation%3A+street+names+and+Arab-Palestinian+identity%3A+three+case+studies&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-213&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1469-8219.00046&rft.aulast=Azaryahu&rft.aufirst=Maoz&rft.au=Kook%2C+Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNijimMuammar1984" class="citation book cs1">Nijim, Basheer K.; Muammar, Bishara (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QfQNAQAAMAAJ"><i>Toward the de-Arabization of Palestine/Israel, 1945-1977</i></a>. Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8403-3299-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8403-3299-8"><bdi>978-0-8403-3299-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+the+de-Arabization+of+Palestine%2FIsrael%2C+1945-1977&rft.pub=Kendall%2FHunt+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8403-3299-8&rft.aulast=Nijim&rft.aufirst=Basheer+K.&rft.au=Muammar%2C+Bishara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQfQNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenvenisti2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti" title="Meron Benvenisti">Benvenisti, Meron</a> (1 March 2000). "The Hebrew Map". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7itq6zYtSJwC"><i>Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92882-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92882-4"><bdi>978-0-520-92882-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hebrew+Map&rft.btitle=Sacred+Landscape%3A+The+Buried+History+of+the+Holy+Land+since+1948&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92882-4&rft.aulast=Benvenisti&rft.aufirst=Meron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7itq6zYtSJwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitan1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bitan, Hana (1992). "Government Names Committee". <i>Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies</i> (in Hebrew). <b>23</b>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Society" title="Israel Exploration Society">Israel Exploration Society</a>: 366–370. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23623609">23623609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eretz-Israel%3A+Archaeological%2C+Historical+and+Geographical+Studies&rft.atitle=Government+Names+Committee&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=366-370&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23623609%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bitan&rft.aufirst=Hana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Colonial_Office_in_Palestine1931" class="citation book cs1">British Colonial Office in Palestine (1931). <i>Government of Palestine: Transliteration from Arabic and Hebrew into English, from Arabic into Hebrew, and from Hebrew into Arabic with transliterated lists of personal and geographical names for use in Palestine</i>. Jerusalem: Goldberg: Printing and Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/748991995">748991995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+of+Palestine%3A+Transliteration+from+Arabic+and+Hebrew+into+English%2C+from+Arabic+into+Hebrew%2C+and+from+Hebrew+into+Arabic+with+transliterated+lists+of+personal+and+geographical+names+for+use+in+Palestine&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Goldberg%3A+Printing+and+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F748991995&rft.au=British+Colonial+Office+in+Palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClermont-Ganneau1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Simon_Clermont-Ganneau" title="Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau">Clermont-Ganneau, C.S.</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalre02cler"><i>Archaeological Researches in Palestine During the Years 1873–1874</i></a>. 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H.</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft"><i>The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. 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"Words as Interventions: Naming in the Palestine: Israel Conflict". <i>Third World Quarterly</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 153–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0143659042000322964">10.1080/0143659042000322964</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993769">3993769</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144366247">144366247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Words+as+Interventions%3A+Naming+in+the+Palestine%3A+Israel+Conflict&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153-172&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144366247%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3993769%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0143659042000322964&rft.aulast=Peteet&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress2014" class="citation journal cs1">Press, Michael D. (2014). "The Arabic Names of Tẹ̄l ʿẸ̄rānī and ʿIrāq el-Menšīye". <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_des_Deutschen_Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins" title="Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins">Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</a></i>. <b>130</b> (2). Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palästinas: 181–193. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43664932">43664932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.atitle=The+Arabic+Names+of+T%E1%BA%B9%CC%84l+%CA%BF%E1%BA%B8%CC%84r%C4%81n%C4%AB+and+%CA%BFIr%C4%81q+el-Men%C5%A1%C4%ABye&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-193&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43664932%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRa'ad2010" class="citation book cs1">Ra'ad, Basem L. 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Vol. 2. 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Bohn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790565682" title="Special:BookSources/9780790565682"><bdi>9780790565682</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224145372">224145372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+History+of+Sozomen+and+The+Ecclesiastical+History+of+Philostorgius&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1855&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224145372&rft.isbn=9780790565682&rft.au=Sozomen&rft.au=Philostorgius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecclesiasticalh00walfgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tilley" title="Virginia Tilley">Tilley, Virginia</a> (2005). <i>The One-state Solution: A Breakthrough for Peace in the Israeli-Palestinian Deadlock</i>. 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"Toponymy and Monopoly: One Toponym, Two Parents; Ideological Hebraization of Arabic Place-Names in the Israeli Language". <i>Onoma</i>. <b>41</b>: 163–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FONO.41.0.2119615">10.2143/ONO.41.0.2119615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Onoma&rft.atitle=Toponymy+and+Monopoly%3A+One+Toponym%2C+Two+Parents%3B+Ideological+Hebraization+of+Arabic+Place-Names+in+the+Israeli+Language&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=163-184&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FONO.41.0.2119615&rft.aulast=Zuckermann&rft.aufirst=Ghil%27ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+Palestinian+place+names" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names&oldid=1254512249">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names&oldid=1254512249</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_assimilation_and_names" title="Category:Cultural assimilation and names">Cultural assimilation and names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_renaming" title="Category:Geographical renaming">Geographical renaming</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Israel" title="Category:Geography of Israel">Geography of Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Category:Geography of Palestine (region)">Geography of Palestine (region)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hebrew_language" title="Category:Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_geography" title="Category:Historical geography">Historical geography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_revival" title="Category:Language revival">Language revival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Toponymy" title="Category:Toponymy">Toponymy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nakba" title="Category:Nakba">Nakba</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">CS1 maint: year</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 October 2024, at 10:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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