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<span>Toggle Overview and essential features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview_and_essential_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roots_of_the_Hungarian_Native_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots_of_the_Hungarian_Native_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Roots of the Hungarian Native Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots_of_the_Hungarian_Native_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taltosism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taltosism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Taltosism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taltosism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Study_of_the_taltoses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_of_the_taltoses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Study of the taltoses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study_of_the_taltoses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_taltosism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_taltosism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Modern taltosism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_taltosism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Scriptures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian_Native_Faith_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian_Native_Faith_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hungarian Native Faith churches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hungarian_Native_Faith_churches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hungarian Native Faith churches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hungarian_Native_Faith_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-András_Kovács'_Ancient_Hungarian_Taltos_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#András_Kovács'_Ancient_Hungarian_Taltos_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>András Kovács' Ancient Hungarian Taltos Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-András_Kovács'_Ancient_Hungarian_Taltos_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attila_Kovács'_Community_of_the_Hungarian_Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attila_Kovács'_Community_of_the_Hungarian_Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Attila Kovács' Community of the Hungarian Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attila_Kovács'_Community_of_the_Hungarian_Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imre_Máté's_Yotengrit_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imre_Máté's_Yotengrit_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Imre Máté's Yotengrit Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imre_Máté's_Yotengrit_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-László_Nimród's_Ancient_Hungarian_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#László_Nimród's_Ancient_Hungarian_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>László Nimród's Ancient Hungarian Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-László_Nimród's_Ancient_Hungarian_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoltán_Sólyomfi's_Firebird_Taltos_Drum_Circle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoltán_Sólyomfi's_Firebird_Taltos_Drum_Circle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Zoltán Sólyomfi's Firebird Taltos Drum Circle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoltán_Sólyomfi's_Firebird_Taltos_Drum_Circle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_Church_of_the_Order_of_Árpád" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Church_of_the_Order_of_Árpád"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Traditional Church of the Order of Árpád</span> </div> </a> <ul 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Neopagan religion of Hungary</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Hungarian Native Faith movement. For other modern Pagan religions in Hungary, see <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Hungary" title="Neopaganism in Hungary">Neopaganism in Hungary</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-lorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cross-lorraine.svg/150px-Cross-lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cross-lorraine.svg/225px-Cross-lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cross-lorraine.svg/300px-Cross-lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Two-barred_cross" title="Two-barred cross">Two-barred crosses</a> symbolise the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">tree of life</a> in Hungarian Native Faith.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Hungarian Native Faith</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i>Ősmagyar vallás</i>), also termed <b>Hungarian Neopaganism</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">modern Pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> aimed at representing an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a>, inspired by <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ltos" title="Táltos">taltosism</a> (Hungarian shamanism), <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">ancient mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanistic_remnants_in_Hungarian_folklore" title="Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore">later folklore</a>. The Hungarian Native Faith movement has roots in 18th- and 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> elaborations, and early-20th-century ethnology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013230–231_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013230–231-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of a national Hungarian religion was endorsed in interwar <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Turanist</a> circles (1930s–1940s), and, eventually, Hungarian Native Faith movements blossomed in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201236–62_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201236–62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boundaries between Hungarian Native Faith groups are often traced along their differing ideas about the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenetic</a> origins of the Hungarians, which have historically been a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201266_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201266-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standing consensus is that Hungarians originated among the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic peoples</a>. Some Hungarian Native Faith groups, however, cultivate further links with <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201237–38_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201237–38-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201243–47_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201243–47-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other cultures. </p><p>Besides the elaborations developed within intellectual circles, the grassroots development of the Hungarian Native Faith largely relies upon the work of individual <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">neoshamans</a>, the <i>táltos</i>, whom have become popular in Hungary since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201236–62_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201236–62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Hungarian Native Faith organisations are supported by political parties of the right-wing, including <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201264–65_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201264–65-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_and_essential_features">Overview and essential features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview and essential features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%A1ltos_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/T%C3%A1ltos_%281%29.jpg/220px-T%C3%A1ltos_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/T%C3%A1ltos_%281%29.jpg/330px-T%C3%A1ltos_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/T%C3%A1ltos_%281%29.jpg/440px-T%C3%A1ltos_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Ritual performed at the Temple of the Seven Images of the Mother of God.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots_of_the_Hungarian_Native_Faith">Roots of the Hungarian Native Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roots of the Hungarian Native Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, throughout the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, the study of the ancient religion of the Hungarians has been tied together with the debate about their <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> and the nature of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">their language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201237Szilárdi2013230–231_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201237Szilárdi2013230–231-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This search for the origins of the Hungarians has continued to be productive well into the twentieth century, especially as a means to build a strong national identity. According to scholars, this search was fueled by the experience of the Hungarians under foreign powers, namely the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Soviet</a> dominations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013231_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013231-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theme of a national Hungarian religion was also dear to <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian Turanist</a> circles in the 1930s and the 1940s, who looked for evidences to demonstrate a kinship between the Hungarian and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, and generally the origins of these "<a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turanian</a>" populations in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201243–47_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201243–47-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Protestant priest Béla Muraközy, writing in 1921, forebode that Turanism, with its anti-Western slants and its fascination with the Orient, would have taken a religious direction trying to resurrect "ancient paganism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201247_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201247-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Hungary was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> forces in 1945, many Turanists emigrated to Western countries and continued to work there on their ideas, to reintroduce them to Hungary starting in the 1990s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201248_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201248-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theories about <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> origins were supported by many Turanist ethnologists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the turn of the twentieth century, the first to popularise the notion of a <a href="/wiki/Turanian_languages" title="Turanian languages">Turanian linguistic family</a> inclusive of Hungarian and Sumerian was Gyula Ferenczy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013232–234_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013232–234-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the post-war period, a direct filiation of the Hungarians from the Sumerians was theorised by Tibor Baráth, Victor Padányi, András Zakar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013232–234_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013232–234-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially Ida Bobula, though the most well-known supporter of the theory is Ferenc Badinyi-Jós, who emigrated to Argentina, according to whom the original undivided Sumerian-Hungarian ethnicity was based on the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201250–52_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201250–52-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory has left a lasting influence in the Hungarian Native Faith movement, as Badinyi-Jós was among the first to propose the constitution of an ethnic "Hungarian Church".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201253_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201253-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars proposed the kinship of the Hungarians with <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>, and others even with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, and other peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013230–231_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013230–231-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Already in 1770, János Sajnovics demonstrated the relationship of Hungarian with <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, with the publication of the <i>Demonstratio idioma Ungarorum et Lapponum idem esse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013231_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013231-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the nineteenth century, with new studies on folklore, academic circles welcomed the idea that ancient Hungarian religion was essentially <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanic</a>, related to Uralic and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> traditions. In the meantime, Arnold Ipolyi, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a>, published his monumental work <i>Magyar Mythológia</i> (<i>Hungarian Mythology</i>), finished in 1854, aimed at matching the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a>'s <i>Deutsche Mythologie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238Szilárdi2013231_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238Szilárdi2013231-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, Mátyás Jenő Fehér, another emigrant to Argentina who was a church-historian and former <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a>, provided a seminal view for a post-Christian Hungary. From 1967, he published several books about the <i>Kassai Kódex</i> or <i>Collectio Dominicana</i>. He claimed that in 1944 he had found in Kosice a previously unknown medieval codex with records from inquisition courts. The codex documented a centuries-long effort by the Christian church to exterminate the taltoses, Hungarian shamans, the representatives of the pre-Christian Hungarian religion whose role was to preserve the integrity of the nation. Though it is considered a forgery by academic scholarship, the document is among the reference points for proponents of the Hungarian Native Faith to illustrate the high morality of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religion</a> and of its representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201252–53_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201252–53-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taltosism">Taltosism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taltosism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Taltosism" is Hungarian shamanism, practised by the <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ltos" title="Táltos">táltos</a></i> (English plural "taltoses"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013passim_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013passim-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), that is to say Hungarian shamans, and is an essential element of the Hungarian Native Faith. Hungarian chronicles of the 13th century still reported about "magicians" (taltoses) who practised their rites for the welfare of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201239_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201239-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hungarian taltosism persisted until the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in rural areas, where certain people were still considered taltoses by the local communities, though they practiced weather-magic only.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201239_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201239-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ideas about an ethnic Hungarian shamanism as a defining characteristic of the Hungarian essence were studied within a <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalytic</a> framework by Géza Róheim in the 1920s, and later by Vilmos Diószegi with field work in Siberia in the 1950s and the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shamanic character of the original Hungarian religion is accepted by most contemporary scholars, and has been the focus of most new studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238–39_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238–39-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Study_of_the_taltoses">Study of the taltoses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Study of the taltoses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diószegi described taltoses as specialists who are able of going through a controlled ecstasy (<i>rejtezés</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One becomes a taltos by heredity or vocation, and the process of becoming one includes the typical stages of psychophysical disease, acceptance and healing: After an initial resistance to vocation and the various symptoms of the "shamanic disease", the chosen by the gods finally accepts his role and is endowed with his powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taltoses acquire superior knowledge at a young age—usually at seven—, through shamanic journeys taking place in days-long dreams, in which the main goal is to climb the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89gig_%C3%A9r%C5%91_fa" title="Égig érő fa">égig érő fa</a></i> ("sky-high tree"), also called <i>élet fa</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">tree of life</a>"), <i>világ fa</i> ("<a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">world tree</a>") or <i>tetejetlen fa</i> ("tree without a top").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diószegi considered many elements of Hungarian taltosism to be peculiar to the Hungarian ethnicity, not to be found in Central Asian shamanic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described the role of the taltos as the "recognition and accomplishment of things required by the community, but unresolved due to the limitation of its own [the community's] powers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary Hungarian religious studies, primarily the academic circle revolving around Mihály Hoppál, has acquired an important role for the international study of shamanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarian ethnological discourse presents taltoses, and shamans in general, as those whose socio-religious role is to heal, prophesize and keep the integrity of cultural traditions by connecting the past and the present and thus projecting into the future, integrating the individual and the community, mankind and the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of Hoppál, shamanism is depicted as a "bridge and symbol, because it interconnects the traditions of the past with the present, and anchors the future of traditions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shaman's tasks are "leading the community, guarding the ethnic consciousness, being a (sacrificial) priest".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_taltosism">Modern taltosism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern taltosism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%A1ltos_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/T%C3%A1ltos_%282%29.jpg/220px-T%C3%A1ltos_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/T%C3%A1ltos_%282%29.jpg/330px-T%C3%A1ltos_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/T%C3%A1ltos_%282%29.jpg/440px-T%C3%A1ltos_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>A modern taltos performing a ritual with his drum, in front of a fire.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern taltos movement started in the 1980s, developing links with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harner" title="Michael Harner">Michael Harner</a> and other representatives of <a href="/wiki/Core_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Core shamanism">core shamanism</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> since 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201242_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201242-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are significant differences between American <a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">neoshamanism</a> and Hungarian modern taltosism. While the American movement aims at representing a trans-cultural technique, designed as adaptable to different cultural contexts, and focused on self-empowerment and healing application, Hungarian taltosism is first and foremost an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religious</a> technique.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201242–43_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201242–43-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mihály Hoppál supported the taltos revival in his country as a means for consolidating a Hungarian Native Faith, and therefore for ethnic rejuvenation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241–42_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241–42-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congregations of taltoses and their followers hold weekly ritual and healing gatherings, and they organise pilgrimages to holy sites. Rituals practised by Hungarian Native Faith practitioners include rituals of initiation and passage, and rituals for fertility, healing and purification, either for the environment, the community of believers, or the entire Hungarian nation. They may involve sweat lodges, fire-walk, drumming, and techniques of meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201261_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201261-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the ceremonies are usually led by taltoses, the community of believers is actively involved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201261_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201261-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among well-known modern taltoses there are Zoltán Nagy Sólyomfi, István Somogyi, Fehérholló Öskü, and András Kovács-Magyar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201261_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201261-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other mediators of the tradition are Imré Máté, Attila Heffner, Tamás Hervay, and Gábor Szemző.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they belong to different organisations, they agree on the <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> of Hungarian Native Faith's theology and on the role of the taltos. According to them, the taltos functions as "the bridge between the celestial and the earthly worlds, between the irrational and the rational, the endless and the finite". Taltoses are interpreters of the transcendent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Attila Heffner's definition:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Taltoses opened up, expanded their consciousness to this world, which is not perceivable in a normal state of the mind. During the so-called soul-journey ... they brought answers to questions, healing to diseases, seeing events of past and future, with the help of a purposive, goal-oriented action in this broader horizon of the existing world.</p></blockquote> <p>Taltoses share their knowledge acting as instructors, teaching their ideas in organised frameworks (for instance Sólyomfi's School of the Ancient Source or Kovács' Taltos School), through lectures or in discussion circles. The techniques for getting in touch with the transcendent (<i>révülés</i>) take place through an active participation in ceremonies and rituals. Taltoses are religious specialists, and their role of healers is particularly pronounced; for instance, exercises of directed meditation, induced by drumming, to eliminate harmful thoughts, play a prominent role in their practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their responsibility for the entire nation, and their role as keepers and awakeners of the national essence, modern taltoses often claim connection with the royal <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">House of Árpád</a>—the first dynasty to rule Hungary—and with <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, reinterpreted as a shamanic figure. According to Attila Heffner:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013236_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013236-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[While] the shamanic quality is characteristic of the system of universal human culture, ... the taltos is specifically the guardian and executive of the Hun, Székely and Hungarian human world and traditions. Whereas a shaman can be a member of any culture ... a taltos pronouncedly exists in accordance with the spirituality of our Hungarian culture saturated in the appreciation of Jesus.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptures">Scriptures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scriptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the Hungarian Native Faith movement, two mythopoetic texts have become the bases of two concurrent streams of religious doctrine. These texts are the <i>Arvisura</i> written by Zoltán Paál, and the <i>Yotengrit</i> four-books collection written by Imre Máté.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013229_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013229-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mythopoetic themes from both the works have more recently been synthesised in other media, such as the long animated film <i>Sons of Heaven</i> (<i>Az Ég fiai</i>, 2010).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013226,_note_10_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013226,_note_10-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another long animation influenced by Hungarian Native Faith narratives, this time based on ethnographic and historical data from the Uralic paradigm and realised with subsidy from the national government, is the <i>Song of the Miraculous Hind</i> (<i>Ének a csodaszarvasról</i>, 2002).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013226–227_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013226–227-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoltán Paál (1913–1982) was a steelworker who, during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, was initiated by a Siberian <a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a> shaman named Tura Salavare, whom was then soldier in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. Paál compiled the knowledge he acquired in the <i>Arvisura</i>, which tells the history of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnish</a> tribes starting from a mythical prehistory, to their settling of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos</a>, and finally to <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a>. The book draws elements from <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric peoples">Finno-Ugric</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013229–230_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013229–230-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Yotengrit</i> is more religious-philosophical in its message. Its author Imre Máté was the taltos, or <i>bácsa</i>, founder of the Yotengrit Church. The work claims to represent the faithful transmission of the ancient knowledge preserved by people in the Rábaköz region of western Hungary, the heritage of the so-called "Büün-religion", the persecuted original faith of the Hungarians. The work and especially the <i>Prophecy of Nyirka</i> which it contains, an allegorical text supposed to forebode the future of Hungary and global politics, has become a stronghold for nationalism and far-right occultism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013230–231_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013230–231-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungarian_Native_Faith_churches">Hungarian Native Faith churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hungarian Native Faith churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a variety of Hungarian Native Faith churches reflecting the movement's internal diversity. These churches differ from each other in both their doctrines and the character of their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often develop from local taltos-led communities, or are individually established by a taltos. These taltoses are considered by their followers valid spiritual leaders and while some practise only within the boundaries of their local communities, others have acquired a national reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201260–61_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201260–61-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their popular acknowledgement depends on attributed ritual and healing efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201260–61_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201260–61-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are churches which base their doctrines on an outspoken synthesis of different traditions, and churches which claim to represent purely native traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013238–239_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013238–239-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first group there are the Church of Esoteric Doctrines (<i>Ezoterikus Tanok Egyháza</i>) or Church of the Holy Crown (<i>Szent Korona Egyház</i>)—founded in 1996 and officially registered by the Hungarian state in 1997—,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013238_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013238-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Church of the Universe (<i>Univerzum Egyháza</i>) of Giörgy Péter Pál Kisfaludy, and the Ancient Hungarian Taltos Church of András Kovács.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the others fall within the second category, including the Community of Hungarian Religion of Attila Kovács, the Ancient Hungarian Church of László Hjadú Nimród, the Yotengrit Church of Imre Máté, the Firebird Taltos Drum Circle of Zoltán Sólyomfi, the People of Árpád Drumming Circle of Lehel Bakonyi, and the Traditional Church of the Order of Árpád.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239–244_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239–244-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most influential among them have been the Yotengrit Church and the Ancient Hungarian Taltos Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides these taltos-led groups there are taltoses who do not have a community and yet are regarded as the most charismatic figures of Hungarian Native Faith. They include Attila Heffner, Tamás Hervay the "Soul-Lifting Taltos", and János Majercsik Oguz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="András_Kovács'_Ancient_Hungarian_Taltos_Church"><span id="Andr.C3.A1s_Kov.C3.A1cs.27_Ancient_Hungarian_Taltos_Church"></span>András Kovács' Ancient Hungarian Taltos Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: András Kovács' Ancient Hungarian Taltos Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szellemi_T%C3%A1ltos_Iskola_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Szellemi_T%C3%A1ltos_Iskola_gate.jpg/220px-Szellemi_T%C3%A1ltos_Iskola_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Szellemi_T%C3%A1ltos_Iskola_gate.jpg/330px-Szellemi_T%C3%A1ltos_Iskola_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Szellemi_T%C3%A1ltos_Iskola_gate.jpg/440px-Szellemi_T%C3%A1ltos_Iskola_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Gateway of the Noetic Taltos School.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ancient Hungarian Taltos Church (<i>Ősmagyar Táltos Egyház</i>) founded by András Kovács, a disciple of Kisfaludy, teaches a Hungarian Native Faith doctrine which it claims to be the original religion of the Huns. According to the church, God the Father is an energetic vibration which incarnated in a host, the Mother of God, begetting the Sun God (of whom Jesus is a representation).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pilis_Mountains" title="Pilis Mountains">Pilis Mountains</a> are a holy place according to the Ancient Hungarian Taltos Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kovács is also the founder and director of the Noetic Taltos School (<i>Szellemi Táltos Iskola</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attila_Kovács'_Community_of_the_Hungarian_Religion"><span id="Attila_Kov.C3.A1cs.27_Community_of_the_Hungarian_Religion"></span>Attila Kovács' Community of the Hungarian Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attila Kovács' Community of the Hungarian Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Community of the Hungarian Religion (<i>Magyar Vallás Közössége</i>) inherits those scholarly studies of the nineteenth century which claimed that Hungarian and <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian language</a> share an origin in the hypothetical Turanian linguistic family. Based on these ideas, in the 1930s Zoltán Bencsi founded the Turanian Monotheist Movement. After <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>'s government banned the organisation, some members went abroad. Among them was Ótto János Homonnay, who in the 1960s, in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, established the Hungarian Turul Society to promote the Turanist theses. In 1979, after Homonnay's death, János Páll took over the leadership of the group. eventually this group divided and another group was formed under the direction of Albin István Zalezsák, who authored the work, ISA-TEN TAN (Magyar Isme), published in Toronto in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Community of Hungarian Religion was founded in Hungary in 1992 as a continuation of the Turul Society. The current leader is Attila Kovács, according to whom the church already had gathered around one thousand members in the late 1990s. The church is not distinctively anti-Christian, but considered the adoption of Christianity by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">King Stephen I</a> in 1000 CE a disaster which brought about the destruction of authentic Hungarian religious culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church endorses the hypothesis of the kinship of Hungarians and Sumerians, and supports the use of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Hungarian alphabet">Old Hungarian alphabet</a> instead of the Latin script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imre_Máté's_Yotengrit_Church"><span id="Imre_M.C3.A1t.C3.A9.27s_Yotengrit_Church"></span>Imre Máté's Yotengrit Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Imre Máté's Yotengrit Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yotengrit Church (<i>Yotengrit Egyház</i>), whose complete name is the Church of the Ancient Spirit of the Endless Sea (<i>Tengervégtelen Ős-Szellem Egyháza</i>), was founded around 2007 by Imre Máté. He, whose title in the organisation was <i>bácsa</i> ("master"), emigrated to Germany in 1956, during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">revolution</a> against the communist government of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a> in which he participated. While in Germany, he worked as a businessman and poet, but returned to Hungary in the 2000s to spend his last years in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1gyogszov%C3%A1t" title="Bágyogszovát">Bágyogszovát</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201290Szilárdi2013241_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201290Szilárdi2013241-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded the Yotengrit Church as the representative of the ancient Hungarian religion, the so-called "Büün-religion", passed down through the unwritten tradition of the <i>tudó</i> ("knower") people along the <a href="/wiki/Raba_(river)" title="Raba (river)">Raba</a> river. Máté published a series of nine books, entitled <i>Yotengrit</i>, in which he explained theology and linguistic etymology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, the Yotengrit Church has become one of the most influential organisations of the Hungarian Native Faith. While it is considered by its adherents as a faithful heir of the pre-Christian Hungarian belief systems, it shows various non-indigenous influences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201289_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201289-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theology of the Yotengrit Church emphasises a conception of primordial God, called <i>Yotengrit</i>, <i>Tengrit</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a></i>, which represents all the deities in their yet undivided state. In Hungarian the related word <i>tenger</i> means "sea", and represents such primordial undifferentiation. The primordial God then manifests as a male–female duality: Ukkó, the mother goddess whose forehead is decorated by the moon, and who is identified as the <i>Boldogasszony</i> (the "Blessed Lady") of Christianised folk beliefs; and Gönüz, the sun-faced father god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201289–98Szilárdi2013241_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201289–98Szilárdi2013241-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the foundation of the church, Imre Máté proclaimed the importance of an all-encompassing conception of God:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In this Hungarian religion, it is very important that God is a very abstract concept; a spiritual power. He cannot be simply impersonated; whenever he was impersonated—Gönüz, Ukkó or Boldogasszony—it was always the result of human imagination.</p></blockquote> <p>At the same time, the theology emphasises a national god peculiar to the Hungarians, Má-Tun, the deified hero of the folk tale entitled <i>Fehérlófia</i> ("Son of the White Horse"), who was originally a totemic animal ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Má-Tun is identified with the historical figure of <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Maodu</a>, founder of the first <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> empire, and according to Máté also of the empire of the Huns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yotengrit Church is politically neutral, but, as Máté's stated, its teachings may be a "source of sane, aggression-free national politics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="László_Nimród's_Ancient_Hungarian_Church"><span id="L.C3.A1szl.C3.B3_Nimr.C3.B3d.27s_Ancient_Hungarian_Church"></span>László Nimród's Ancient Hungarian Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: László Nimród's Ancient Hungarian Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ancient Hungarian Church (<i>Ősmagyar Egyház</i>), whose Hungarian headquarters are located in <a href="/wiki/Mogyor%C3%B3d" title="Mogyoród">Mogyoród</a>, was first established in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> in the 1990 by László Hajdú Nimród, and was officially registered in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nimród spends most of the year in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the church has international headquarters located in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine of the Ancient Hungarian Church is a synthesis of ancient Hungarian, <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a> and Christian beliefs, though all of them are claimed to be original Hungarian-Turanian beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church has strict religious regulations. For instance, preachers have to wear white and purple clothes with folk patterns. They celebrate the major holidays of the Christian calendar, winter and summer solstice, national holidays and the birthdays of important Hungarian historical personages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoltán_Sólyomfi's_Firebird_Taltos_Drum_Circle"><span id="Zolt.C3.A1n_S.C3.B3lyomfi.27s_Firebird_Taltos_Drum_Circle"></span>Zoltán Sólyomfi's Firebird Taltos Drum Circle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Zoltán Sólyomfi's Firebird Taltos Drum Circle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Firebird Taltos Drum Circle (<i>Tűzmadár Táltos Dobkör</i>) was founded in 2006 by Zoltán Nagy Sólyomfi, who also acted as the chief executive of the Yotengrit Church when it was registered by the government. He later left the Yotengrit Church for undisclosed internal disputes and, despite his wish to return, was not allowed to do so by Máté.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the group is to revive ancient Hungarian spirituality, mediating it to society in modern forms, helping the individuals to understand themselves and thus healing the world tree, which manifests itself through the individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theology of the Drum Circle is "based upon the ancient Hungarian conception of the world, which is the One (God) which incorporates everything that exists".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sólyomfi teaches that there are two worlds: One is the "manifest world" represented by the world tree, while the other one is the "unmanifested, unshaped space" which contains the "shared consciousness" of mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Drum Circle emphasises practice over doctrine, including drumming, breathing and voice techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of these practices is to widen one's consciousness to understand the operations of the One, becoming like the One.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group practises ritual ceremonies for birth, initiation, marriage, death and the feasts of the Yearly Round. The School of the Ancient Source (<i>Ősforrás Iskola</i>), associated with the church, organises camps and pilgrimages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_Church_of_the_Order_of_Árpád"><span id="Traditional_Church_of_the_Order_of_.C3.81rp.C3.A1d"></span>Traditional Church of the Order of Árpád</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Traditional Church of the Order of Árpád"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Traditional Church of the Order of Árpád (<i>Árpád Rendjének Jogalapja Tradicionális Egyház</i>) was founded in 2009 and has its reference points in the Turanist emigree ideologists Adorján Magyar and Victor Padányi, but it is also inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School">Traditionalist School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a>, and to the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201260_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201260-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaffer_Bolya's_Nest"><span id="Gaffer_Bolya.27s_Nest"></span>Gaffer Bolya's Nest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gaffer Bolya's Nest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The group named Bolyanest (Gaffer Bolya's Nest) was founded in 1979 by Gaffer Bolya, a teacher in vocational secondary school titled <i>Bolyapó</i> within the group itself. Bolya's starting aim was to provide a way of good life for his students, whom formed the original core members of the group. The centre of the movement is in Budapest, and it was registered by the government in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017214_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017214-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered amongst the most influential Hungarian Native Faith movements today, especially concerning the process of re-mythologisation of Hungarian history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group was originally focused on <a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">nature religion</a>, while in the most recent decades its focus has shifted to the discourse about ethnic roots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bolya acts as the group's ceremonial leader. The group has a core membership of around one hundred people, but its influence reaches the thousands of people. They are mostly from Budapest's middle class, but there are also farmers, entrepreneurs and intellectuals. The average age is over fifty-five and most of them are highly educated. They outspokenly identify themselves as non-Christians, though they do not presume to be the continuators of a well-defined pre-Christian religion; rather, they consciously construct a new religion based on Hungarian folklore and elements from other cultures' indigenous religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumerian culture has been one of the main sources, although other cultures are explored too; for instance, Sumerian prayers are sung together with Russian songs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017219–220_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017219–220-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They regard some natural sites surrounding Budapest and farther localities such as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3sk%C3%BAt" title="Sóskút">Sóskút</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borsodgeszt" title="Borsodgeszt">Borsodgeszt</a>, and Bodrogköz, as their holy places where to make pilgrimage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017218_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017218-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fundamental teaching of Bolya is the conceptual distinction between "order" and "system", which remains the core of Bolyanest's thought. The former, the order, defines the natural way of being of everything in nature; everything is interconnected and interdependent, and each single part has a role in its instinctual cooperation with the others. The latter, the system, defines unnatural and artificial superstructures which take shape in societies when individuals and groups are surrounded by growing webs of norms, and are gradually alienated from each other and from their natural contexts. Gaffer Bolya was likely inspired by his studies of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s thought in the development of this vision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017216_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017216-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity_and_politics">Identity and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Identity and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%A1ltos_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/T%C3%A1ltos_%284%29.jpg/220px-T%C3%A1ltos_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/T%C3%A1ltos_%284%29.jpg/330px-T%C3%A1ltos_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/T%C3%A1ltos_%284%29.jpg/440px-T%C3%A1ltos_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Gathering of a Hungarian Native Faith group for the performance of a ritual. The two leading figures hold ritual spears with strips of cloth of the colours of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">flag of Hungary</a> tied near the tips.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism_and_anti-multiculturalism">Nationalism and anti-multiculturalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nationalism and anti-multiculturalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hungarian Native Faith groups generally put a great emphasis on the discourse about ethnic roots, which are re-mythologised. Many Hungarian Native Faith groups espouse <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a> political views and organise their communities in exclusive ways, exhibiting political intolerance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">pluralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> are viewed as disturbances which erode Hungarian identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of these stances is attributed by scholars to the abrupt fall of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, followed by spiritual vacuum and the perception of being invaded by a "multi-faceted cultural market", which created an identity crisis in post-Soviet countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of Hungarian Native Faith groups, this resulted in a rejection of postmodern heterogeneity and a sacralisation of the national identity, in which language, religion and politics form a single entity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hungarian Native Faith groups see themselves as a core minority, amongst all Hungarians, which represents the quintessence of Hungarianness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013245_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013245-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Christianity">Relationship with Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Relationship with Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship between Hungarian Native Faith and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> varies from church to church. Some Hungarian Native Faith groups use Christian themes and terminology in their own doctrines,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013230_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013230-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or propose the incorporation of Christianity itself into the Hungarian Native Faith, such as in the case of groups developing in the wake of the teachings of Ferenc Badinyi-Jós.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201269_ff_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201269_ff-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, like the Community of Hungarian Religion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Bolyanest, are instead outspokenly anti-Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215–216_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215–216-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fundamental notion in Hungarian Native Faith is that each "nation" should have its own "faith", and a "Christian Hungary" represents an anomaly which needs to be rectified. This rectification should come from a liquidation of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi2012101_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi2012101-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even among those Hungarian Native Faith groups which nourish warm feelings towards Jesus, regarded as compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religion</a>, including the Yotengrit Church, the Christian religious institution as it developed after Jesus—the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a>"—is in any case perceived as a corrupt entity to be dismantled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201295_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201295-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More in particular, among these groups it is <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> to be valued as compatible with the indigenous religion, and to be considered closer to what Jesus intended, while <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> (the forms which have historically been dominant in Hungary) is seen as its antithesis and as a deviant, evil teaching. In these groups, Jesus is reinterpreted as a powerful ancestor and shaman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi2012102_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi2012102-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the Bolyanest, most of the members deem Christianity a <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a> aimed at the control of people. Christian symbolic motifs such as the cross and the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">tree of life</a> are appropriated and treated, together with the sun and the moon, as symbols of natural pre-Christian religion which were later appropriated by the Christian churches. The majority of believers regards Christianity as the force which eradicated this natural ancient knowledge, including original Hungarian religion, and as the force responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">disenchantment</a> of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215–216_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215–216-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Central_Asian_Tengrism">Relationship with Central Asian Tengrism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Relationship with Central Asian Tengrism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Those taltoses who espouse Turanist theories sometimes declare explicit affiliation with <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>, the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201262_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201262-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the case of Zoltán Sólyomfi. These taltoses are generally characterised by their use of the Turkic name <i><a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a></i>, instead of the Hungarian term <i>Isten</i>. </p><p>In 2012 a nine-meters high <i>élet fa</i> (tree of life) was donated by Hungarian Native Faith groups to the Tengrists of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Ojun Adigzsi See-Oglu, a shaman from <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>, was invited to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Parliament_Building" title="Hungarian Parliament Building">Hungarian Parliament Building</a> to perform a ritual dance around the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown of Hungary</a> for the welfare of the Hungarian nation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013230–231-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013230–231_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013230–231_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, pp. 230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201236–62-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201236–62_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201236–62_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, pp. 36–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201266-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201266_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201237–38-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201237–38_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201243–47-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201243–47_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201243–47_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, pp. 43–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201264–65-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201264–65_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201237Szilárdi2013230–231-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201237Szilárdi2013230–231_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 37; <a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, pp. 230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013231-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013231_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013231_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201247-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201247_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201248-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201248_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013232–234-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013232–234_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013232–234_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, pp. 232–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201250–52-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201250–52_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, pp. 50–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201253-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201253_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238Szilárdi2013231-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238Szilárdi2013231_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201252–53-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201252–53_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013passim-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013passim_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201239-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201239_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201239_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238–39-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201238–39_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201240_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013235_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201242-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201242_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201242–43-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201242–43_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241–42-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201241–42_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201261-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201261_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201261_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201261_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013236-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013236_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013229-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013229_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbes2013">Hubbes 2013</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013226,_note_10-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013226,_note_10_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbes2013">Hubbes 2013</a>, p. 226, note 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013226–227-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013226–227_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbes2013">Hubbes 2013</a>, pp. 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013229–230-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013229–230_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbes2013">Hubbes 2013</a>, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013230–231-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbes2013230–231_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbes2013">Hubbes 2013</a>, pp. 230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201259_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201260–61-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201260–61_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201260–61_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013238–239-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013238–239_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, pp. 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013238-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013238_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239–244-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013239–244_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, pp. 239–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013244_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013240_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201290Szilárdi2013241-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201290Szilárdi2013241_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 90; <a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013241_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201289-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201289_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201289–98Szilárdi2013241-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201289–98Szilárdi2013241_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, pp. 89–98; <a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013242_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201260-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201260_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017214-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017214_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCsáji2017">Csáji 2017</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCsáji2017">Csáji 2017</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017219–220-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017219–220_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCsáji2017">Csáji 2017</a>, pp. 219–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017218-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017218_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCsáji2017">Csáji 2017</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017216-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017216_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCsáji2017">Csáji 2017</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013245-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013245_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013230-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilárdi2013230_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzilárdi2013">Szilárdi 2013</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201269_ff-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201269_ff_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 69 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215–216-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215–216_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsáji2017215–216_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCsáji2017">Csáji 2017</a>, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi2012101-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi2012101_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201295-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201295_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi2012102-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi2012102_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201262-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolozsi201262_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolozsi2012">Kolozsi 2012</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620135853/http://www.hu-lala.org/2012/05/17/hongrie-le-retour-en-force-du-neo-paganisme/">"Hongrie: le retour en force du néo-paganisme"</a>. <i>Hulala</i>. 17 May 2012. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hulala&rft.atitle=Hongrie%3A+le+retour+en+force+du+n%C3%A9o-paganisme&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hu-lala.org%2F2012%2F05%2F17%2Fhongrie-le-retour-en-force-du-neo-paganisme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Native+Faith" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartner2012" class="citation web cs1">Baumgartner, Vincent (28 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922184958/https://hu-lala.org/un-chamane-au-secours-de-la-hongrie/">"Un chamane au secours de la Hongrie!"</a>. <i>Hulala</i>. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hulala&rft.atitle=Un+chamane+au+secours+de+la+Hongrie%21&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft.aulast=Baumgartner&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhu-lala.org%2Fun-chamane-au-secours-de-la-hongrie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Native+Faith" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakóHubbes2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bakó, Rozália Klára; Hubbes, László-Attila (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233960637">"Religious Minorities' Web Rhetoric: Romanian and Hungarian Ethno-Pagan Organizations"</a>. <i>Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies</i>. <b>10</b> (30): 127–158. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1583-0039">1583-0039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Religions+and+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Religious+Minorities%27+Web+Rhetoric%3A+Romanian+and+Hungarian+Ethno-Pagan+Organizations&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=127-158&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1583-0039&rft.aulast=Bak%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Roz%C3%A1lia+Kl%C3%A1ra&rft.au=Hubbes%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3-Attila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233960637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Native+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsáji2017" class="citation journal cs1">Csáji, László Koppány (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419155053/https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/opth.2017.3.issue-1/opth-2017-0017/opth-2017-0017.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I joined the Party to keep ourselves out of the System'. Neo-Pagan Survival Strategies in Socialist Hungary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Open Theology</i>. <b>3</b> (1). De Gruyter: 211–223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopth-2017-0017">10.1515/opth-2017-0017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:172031600">172031600</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/opth.2017.3.issue-1/opth-2017-0017/opth-2017-0017.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Theology&rft.atitle=%27I+joined+the+Party+to+keep+ourselves+out+of+the+System%27.+Neo-Pagan+Survival+Strategies+in+Socialist+Hungary&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=211-223&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fopth-2017-0017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A172031600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cs%C3%A1ji&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Kopp%C3%A1ny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fj%2Fopth.2017.3.issue-1%2Fopth-2017-0017%2Fopth-2017-0017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Native+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbes2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hubbes, László Attila (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419155431/http://www.acta.sapientia.ro/acta-philo/C5-2/philo52-8.pdf">"New Hungarian Mythology Animated. Self-Portraits of the Nation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 223–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fausp-2014-0016">10.2478/ausp-2014-0016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170309528">170309528</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acta.sapientia.ro/acta-philo/C5-2/philo52-8.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Universitatis+Sapientiae%2C+Philologica&rft.atitle=New+Hungarian+Mythology+Animated.+Self-Portraits+of+the+Nation&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-240&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fausp-2014-0016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170309528%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hubbes&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Attila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acta.sapientia.ro%2Facta-philo%2FC5-2%2Fphilo52-8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Native+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolozsi2012" class="citation news cs1">Kolozsi, Ádám (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/B-001-002-866">"Social Constructions of the Native Faith: Mytho-historical Narratives and Identity-discourse in Hungarian Neo-paganism"</a>. Central European University Nationalism Studies Program.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Social+Constructions+of+the+Native+Faith%3A+Mytho-historical+Narratives+and+Identity-discourse+in+Hungarian+Neo-paganism&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kolozsi&rft.aufirst=%C3%81d%C3%A1m&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FB-001-002-866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Native+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzilárdi2007" class="citation conference cs1">Szilárdi, Réka (25–27 October 2007). <i>Awakening of Gods: Neopaganism in Hungary</i>. Civil Religion, Private Spirituality. Szeged: Re-Dial Association for the Study of Religions; Department for the Study of Religions of the University of Szeged.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Awakening+of+Gods%3A+Neopaganism+in+Hungary&rft.place=Szeged&rft.pub=Re-Dial+Association+for+the+Study+of+Religions%3B+Department+for+the+Study+of+Religions+of+the+University+of+Szeged&rft.date=2007-10-25%2F2007-10-27&rft.aulast=Szil%C3%A1rdi&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9ka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Native+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzilárdi2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2013). "Neopaganism in Hungary: Under the Spell of Roots". In Kaarina Aitamurto; Scott Simpson (eds.). <i>Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe</i>. Durham: Acumen. pp. 230–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844656622" title="Special:BookSources/9781844656622"><bdi>9781844656622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neopaganism+in+Hungary%3A+Under+the+Spell+of+Roots&rft.btitle=Modern+Pagan+and+Native+Faith+Movements+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=230-248&rft.pub=Acumen&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781844656622&rft.aulast=Szil%C3%A1rdi&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9ka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Native+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Native_Faith&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arpadegyhaz.hu/">Árpád Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osmagyaregyhaz.hu/">Ancient Hungarian Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ezoterikustanokegyhaza.hu/">Esoteric Doctrines Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.szellemvilag.hu/">Noetic Táltos School</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hunok.hu/">Universe Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yotengrit.hu/">Yotengrit Church</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neopaganism" title="Template:Neopaganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neopaganism" title="Template talk:Neopaganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neopaganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neopaganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_paganism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_paganism" title="Eclectic paganism">Eclectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">Nature religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_and_New_Age" title="Modern paganism and New Age">New Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/50px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/75px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/100px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="608" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Arts and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-pagan_festivals_and_events" title="List of neo-pagan festivals and events">Festivals and events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_music" title="Modern pagan music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_temples" title="List of modern pagan temples">Temples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">By country or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" title="Modern paganism in German-speaking Europe">German-speaking Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Hungary" title="Neopaganism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-paganism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Neo-paganism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Italy" title="Neopaganism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_Scandinavia" title="Modern paganism in Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_South_Africa" title="Neopaganism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern paganism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern paganism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Minnesota" title="Neopaganism in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Movements (<a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian (Berber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian-Scythian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Wicca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Daco-Thracian (Romanian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_Native_Faith_organisations" title="List of Slavic Native Faith organisations">Rodnovery (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Ukrainian_National_Faith" title="Native Ukrainian National Faith">RUNVira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Turko-Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_movements" title="List of Tengrist movements">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Interfaith: <a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a> · <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Traditional_Religions" title="Foundation for Traditional Religions">Foundation for Traditional Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonism" title="Adonism">Adonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christo-Paganism" title="Christo-Paganism">Christo-Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Worlds" title="Church of All Worlds">Church of All Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Aphrodite" title="Church of Aphrodite">Church of Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Unitarian_Universalist_Pagans" title="Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans">Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovism" title="Ivanovism">Ivanovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Federation" title="Pagan Federation">Pagan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringing_Cedars%27_Anastasianism" title="Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism">Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Priapus" title="Temple of Priapus">Temple of Priapus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochranianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-paganism" title="Crypto-paganism">Crypto-paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">LGBTQ+ and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_studies" title="Pagan studies">Pagan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_modern_paganism" title="List of writers on modern paganism">Writers on modern paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a 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