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空气质量即时投射和立即投射的初学者指南。
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href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//id'><div title='Indonesian' class='sprite-isprt-web-id flag-id'>🇮🇩</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//nl'><div title='Dutch' class='sprite-isprt-web-nl flag-nl'>🇳🇱</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//fa'><div title='Persian' class='sprite-isprt-web-ir flag-fa'>🇮🇷</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//th'><div title='Thai' class='sprite-isprt-web-th flag-th'>🇹🇭</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hu'><div title='Hungarian' class='sprite-isprt-web-hu flag-hu'>🇭🇺</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//el'><div title='Greek' class='sprite-isprt-web-gr flag-el'>🇬🇷</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ro'><div title='Romanian' class='sprite-isprt-web-ro flag-ro'>🇷🇴</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bg'><div title='Bulgarian' class='sprite-isprt-web-bg flag-bg'>🇧🇬</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ur'><div title='Urdu' class='sprite-isprt-web-pk flag-ur'>🇵🇰</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hi'><div title='Hindi' class='sprite-isprt-web-in flag-hi'>🇮🇳</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ar'><div title='Arabic' class='sprite-isprt-web-ae flag-ar'>🇦🇪</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//sr'><div title='Serbian' class='sprite-isprt-web-rs flag-sr'>🇷🇸</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bn'><div title='Bangla' class='sprite-isprt-web-bd flag-bn'>🇧🇩</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bs'><div title='Bosnian' class='sprite-isprt-web-ba flag-bs'>🇧🇦</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hr'><div title='Croatian' class='sprite-isprt-web-hr flag-hr'>🇭🇷</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//tr'><div title='Turkish' class='sprite-isprt-web-tr flag-tr'>🇹🇷</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//uk'><div title='Ukrainian' class='sprite-isprt-web-ua flag-uk'>🇺🇦</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//cs'><div title='Czech' class='sprite-isprt-web-cz flag-cs'>🇨🇿</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//be'><div title='Belarusian' class='sprite-isprt-web-by flag-be'>🇧🇾</div></a></div><div id='hdrlang-navigation'><div id='hdrlang-navigation-inner' class='hdrlang-navigation'><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide/' class='lang-en'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-gb'></div><span class='name'>英语 <span>- English</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//cn' class='lang-zh-CN'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-cn'></div><span class='name'>简体中文</span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//jp' class='lang-ja'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-jp'></div><span class='name'>日本</span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//es' class='lang-es'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-es'></div><span class='name'>西班牙人 <span>- español</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//kr' class='lang-ko'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-kr'></div><span class='name'>韩国 <span>- 한국의</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ru' class='lang-ru'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ru'></div><span class='name'>俄 <span>- русский</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hk' class='lang-zh-TW'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-hk'></div><span class='name'>繁体中文 <span>- 繁體中文</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//fr' class='lang-fr'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-fr'></div><span class='name'>法国人 <span>- Francais</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//pl' class='lang-pl'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-pl'></div><span class='name'>Polish <span>- Polski</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//de' class='lang-de'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-de'></div><span class='name'>German <span>- Deutsch</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//pt' class='lang-pt'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-br'></div><span class='name'>Portuguese <span>- Português</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//vn' class='lang-vi'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-vn'></div><span class='name'>Vietnamese <span>- Tiếng Việt</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//it' class='lang-it'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-it'>🇮🇹</div><span class='name'>Italian <span>- Italiano</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//id' class='lang-id'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-id'>🇮🇩</div><span class='name'>Indonesian <span>- bahasa Indonesia</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//nl' class='lang-nl'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-nl'>🇳🇱</div><span class='name'>Dutch <span>- Nederlands</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//fa' class='lang-fa'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ir'>🇮🇷</div><span class='name'>Persian <span>- فارسی</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//th' class='lang-th'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-th'>🇹🇭</div><span class='name'>Thai <span>- ภาษาไทย</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hu' class='lang-hu'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-hu'>🇭🇺</div><span class='name'>Hungarian <span>- Magyar</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//el' class='lang-el'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-gr'>🇬🇷</div><span class='name'>Greek <span>- Ελληνικά</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ro' class='lang-ro'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ro'>🇷🇴</div><span class='name'>Romanian <span>- Română</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bg' class='lang-bg'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-bg'>🇧🇬</div><span class='name'>Bulgarian <span>- български</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ur' class='lang-ur'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-pk'>🇵🇰</div><span class='name'>Urdu <span>- اردو</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hi' class='lang-hi'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-in'>🇮🇳</div><span class='name'>Hindi <span>- हिंदी</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ar' class='lang-ar'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ae'>🇦🇪</div><span class='name'>Arabic <span>- العربية</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//sr' class='lang-sr'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-rs'>🇷🇸</div><span class='name'>Serbian <span>- Српски</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bn' class='lang-bn'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-bd'>🇧🇩</div><span class='name'>Bangla <span>- বাংলা</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bs' class='lang-bs'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ba'>🇧🇦</div><span class='name'>Bosnian <span>- босански</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hr' class='lang-hr'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-hr'>🇭🇷</div><span class='name'>Croatian <span>- hrvatski</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//tr' class='lang-tr'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-tr'>🇹🇷</div><span class='name'>Turkish <span>- Türkçe</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//uk' class='lang-uk'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ua'>🇺🇦</div><span class='name'>Ukrainian <span>- українська</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//cs' class='lang-cs'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-cz'>🇨🇿</div><span class='name'>Czech <span>- čeština</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//be' class='lang-be'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-by'>🇧🇾</div><span class='name'>Belarusian <span>- беларускі</span></span></div></a></div></div></div><div class="hdrshare"><script type="text/javascript"> function initSharing(){aqisrv.here().then(function(where){country = where.Country.IsoCode;if (country!='CN') 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class='section-content' ><i>Posted on March 15<sup>th</sup> 2015</i><div style='height:1px;background-color:#aaaaaa;width:300px;margin-top:5px;'></div><small><i>(re-edited on January 12<sup>th</sup> 2020)</i></small><br><div id="gtrans-div-id" style="float:right" class="gtrans-div"></div><script>try { googleTranslate(); } catch (e) {}</script><div class='ui-share-btns'><a id='share-facebook' href='https://www.facebook.com/dialog/share?app_id=643196515742584&display=popup&href=https%3A%2F%2Faqicn.org%2Ffaq%2F2015-03-15%2Fair-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide%2Fcn%2F&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Faqicn.org%2Ffaq%2F2015-03-15%2Fair-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide%2Fcn%2F' class='ui-share-btn' title=''><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width=24px height=24px xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M24 12.073c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.99 4.388 10.954 10.125 11.854v-8.385H7.078v-3.47h3.047V9.43c0-3.007 1.792-4.669 4.533-4.669 1.312 0 2.686.235 2.686.235v2.953H15.83c-1.491 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0;vertical-align: middle;}.ui-share-btns svg {height: 20px;vertical-align: middle;fill: white;}.ui-share-btn {background-color: #25a1de;color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);font-size: 15px;line-height: 20px;display: inline-block;text-align: center;border: 1px solid #0086c8;cursor: pointer;border-radius: 4px;padding: 3px 5px;margin: 3px;max-width: 800px;min-width: 30px;}.ui-share-btn:first-child {margin-left: 0px;}.ui-share-btn:hover {background-color: #f8f8f8;border-color: #adadad;text-decoration: none;color: black;}.ui-share-btn:hover svg {fill: black;}.ui-share-btn:hover svg g {fill: black;}.ui-share-btn a:hover {text-decoration: none;}</style><i style='color:#888;font-size:13px;word-break: break-all;'>分享: <a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide/cn/'>aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide/cn/</a></i><br><div class='entry-content' ng-controller='MainController as ctrl'> <div style='float:right;padding-left:10px;'> <img src='/images/nowcast/typhoon-asia-2004293.jpg' width=468> <center> <small> Typhoon and Dust on East Asia, Courtesy of NASA (<a href='http://alliance.la.asu.edu/mywonderfulworld/GeoLiteracy/WilliamsNature/williamsnature.html'>attribution</a>) </small> </center> <script> if (0) cityShowAd("6885275862", 300, 100); </script> <br> </div> <p>早在 2015 年 3 月，我们就有机会在北京会见了来自美国国务院以及中国代表团（<i>在北京美国大使馆运行 PM <sub>2.5</sub>监测器的著名实体</i>）的几位环境专家。</p> <p>在所有讨论的主题中，有一个值得一写，即“<i><b>即时广播</b></i>”系统。美国 EPA 使用该系统将原始污染物读数（以 µg/m3 或<i>ppb</i>表示）转换为 AQI（范围从 0 到 500）。它用于<a href='http://airnow.gov'>airnow.gov</a>网站上报告的所有 AQI 值。</p> <p>临近<i>预报</i>背后的概念是补偿“ <i>24 小时平均值</i>”，在将浓度转换为 AQI 时应使用该平均值。进行此平均的原因是， <a href='http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi'>AQI 量表</a>指定每个健康问题级别（即良好、中等、...不健康...）在 24 小时暴露条件下有效<sup><a href="#nowcast-footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> 。例如，当看到188 AQI（不健康）时，需要将其解读为“<i style='color:#888;'>如果我在外面呆了24小时，并且<span style='color:#cc0033;'>这24小时内</span>AQI为188，那么对健康的影响就是不健康</i>”。这与“<i style='color:#888;'>如果现在报告的AQI是188，那么对健康的影响就是不健康</i>”的说法有很大不同。</p> <p>问题是 24 小时平均是一个<b>非常糟糕的主意</b>，应该废除<sup><a href="#nowcast-footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> ，至少有以下两个原因：</p> <ul> <li> <span>首先，空气污染的动态是这样的，风可以在不到 30 分钟的时间内完全净化空气！</span> <span>这种现象在北京经常出现，强劲的北风能够在不到一小时的时间内将PM <sub>2.5</sub> AQI从300以上降至50以下<sup><a href="#nowcast-footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> 。当这种情况发生时，没有人愿意等待 24 小时才知道空气质量良好（并出去散步享受新鲜空气！）</span> <br> <br> <li> <span>第二个原因是空气质量突然变差。一个著名的例子是印尼山火造成的新加坡烟雾，在风向偏北的情况下，AQI可以在短短一小时内从50以下上升到150以上。事实上，当新加坡还只提供24小时平均读数时，我们已经收到了很多哮喘/敏感人群的请求。</span> </ul> <p>正是出于这些原因，美国环保署引入了<i>临近预报</i>系统：它是一种替代转换公式，用于平衡不断变化的空气质量条件下的平均值需求。从<a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowcast_%28Air_Quality_Index%29'>维基百科</a>来看，它是这样描述的：</p> <blockquote> <span>NowCast 是根据最近 12 小时的 PM 监测数据计算得出的，但当污染物水平发生变化时，NowCast 对最近几小时数据的权重比普通 12 小时平均值更大。在计算 AQI 时，使用 NowCast 代替 24 小时平均 PM 浓度，直到监测到整个日历日的每小时浓度为止。”</span> </blockquote> <p>对于非科学家来说，用于计算<i>NowCast</i> AQI 的公式可能看起来很野蛮。</p> <center style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <img src='/images/nowcast/nowcast-formula-generalized.png' width=600 style='vertical-align: middle;'> <span style='color:#888'>and </span> <i style='color:#1166c7'>W<sub>min</sub></i> = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> <span style='color:#888'>and </span> <i style='color:#1166c7'>N</i> = 12 </center> <br> <p>但实际上，看这个北京空气质量的应用例子就很简单了。</p> <style type="text/css"> .axis path, .axis line { fill: none; font-size: 12px; stroke: black; shape-rendering: crispEdges; } .nowcastgraphs { font-size: 15px; border: 1px solid #cccccc; background-color: #f8f8f8; display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding: 10px; text-align: left; color: #888888; margin: 0 0 5px 0; box-sizing: border-box; } </style> <center> <span class='nowcastgraphs'> Instant AQI (no averaging, AQI converted directly from the 1 hour readings): <div id='instantAQI' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> <br> NowCast AQI: <div id='nowcastAQI' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> <br> </span> </center> <p><i>即时</i>预报计算的 AQI 结果在平均值方面仍然非常明显，至少比生活在亚洲沙尘中的人所期望的要高得多。原因之一是用于确定变化程度的权重因子的阈值设置为最小为0.5，而实际上，很多情况下其值远低于0.5。下图显示了这个阈值权重因子，其中红色用于表示那些低于 0.5 的权重</p> <center> <span class='nowcastgraphs'> NowCast weight factors: <div id='weightfactor' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> </span> </center> <p>现在定义的临近预报公式是基于美国空气质量水平的研究成果。虽然对于美国来说，它可以准确地报告当前的状况，但对于亚洲来说，情况可能并非如此，因为亚洲的空气质量动态要强得多。出于这个原因，我们确实认为<i>临近预报</i>公式应该适应每个大陆。</p> <span>对于亚洲来说，它可以被定义为</span> <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <i style='color:#1166c7'>W<sub>min</sub></i> = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub> <span style='color:#888'>and </span> <i style='color:#1166c7'>N</i> = 3 </span>, <span>对应下图：</span> <center> <span class='nowcastgraphs'> <span>修改后的亚洲 NowCast（又名 NowCast 亚洲 AQI）：</span> <div id='nowcastasiaAQI' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> <center> <small> <br> <span>如果你愿意，也可以直接自己更改这两个参数：</span> <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <i style='color:#1166c7'>W<sub>min</sub></i> = <input type='number' value=.1 class='nowcastparams' id='nowcastwmin'> <span style='color:#888'> and </span> <i style='color:#1166c7'>N</i> = <input type='number' value=3 class='nowcastparams' id='nowcastn'> </span> </small> </center> <span>作为参考，即时 AQI：</span> <div id='instantAQI2' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> </span> </center> <style type="text/css"> .nowcastparams { padding: 3px; font-size: 18px; text-align: center; width: 50px; } </style> <p>目前，<a href='/home/cn/'>世界空气质量指数项目</a>以及中国代表团AQI（又名北京美国大使馆、上海美国领事馆等）使用的转换公式仍然基于“ <b>Instant AQI</b> ”，又名“InstantCast” （即根本没有平均）。但是，根据“亚洲即时预报”提案的结果，该提案可能很快就会更新。</p> <script src='/jscripts/d3/d3.min.js?_=20190418.093123&type=script'></script><script src='/jscripts/moment/bundle.min.js?_=20200103.150752&type=script'></script><script src='/air/view/stats/plot.js?_=20190418.093129&type=script'></script><script src='/air/view/stats/nowcast-plot.js?_=20190418.093129&type=script'></script><link href='/air/view/stats/style.css?_=20190418.093129&type=css' rel='stylesheet'/> <script type='text/javascript'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> function calculatePm25Aqi(val) { var c = parseFloat(val); var range = [0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500]; var scale = [0, 12, 35.5, 55.5, 150.5, 250.5, 350.5, 500.5]; for (var i = 0; i < scale.length - 1; i++) { if (c >= scale[i] && c < scale[i + 1]) { var aqi = range[i] + (c - scale[i]) * (range[i + 1] - range[i]) / (scale[i + 1] - scale[i]); aqi = Math.round(aqi); return aqi; } } return 500; } function instantAQI(val) { return calculatePm25Aqi(val / 1000); } function nowcastAQI(val, p, opt) { var minweight = opt.minweight || .5; var cmin = -1, cmax = -1; p.forEach(function(c) { if (cmin == -1 || cmin > c) cmin = c; if (cmax == -1 || cmax < c) cmax = c; }); var w = Math.max(minweight, cmin / cmax); var v = (val / 1000); var i = 1, div = 1, s = 1; p.forEach(function(c) { s *= w; v += c * s / 1000; div += s; }); v /= div; v = calculatePm25Aqi(v); return Math.round(v); } function 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2000, "", 21000, "", -19000, "", -5000, "", -24000, "", -15000, "", -49000, "", -19000, "", -9000, "", -20000, "", -13000, "", -10000, "", -8000, "", 5000, "", -5000, "", 2000, "", 4000, "", -1000, "", -10000, "", 0, "", 4000, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", 6000, "", -9000, "", -10000, "", 3000, "", -4000, "", 4000, "", -12000, "", 0, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", -9000, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", 2000, "", 4000, "", -6000, "", 0, "", 4000, "", -1000, "", 5000, "", 2000, "", -3000, "", 0, "", -6000, "", 7000, "", -3000, "", 4000, "", -3000, "", 7000, "", -11000, "", 4000, "", 1000, "", -5000, "", 3000, "", -5000, "", 2000, "", 4000, "", 16000, "", -8000, "", -4000, "", 8000, "", -12000], "utime": "2015-03-14 07:00:00", "step": -3600 }; function initPage() { $('.nowcastparams').bind('input propertychange', function() { var wmin = $("#nowcastwmin").val(); var n = $("#nowcastn").val(); console.log(typeof parseInt(n)); if (typeof parseInt(wmin) == 'number' && typeof parseInt(n) == 'number') { $("#nowcastasiaAQI").html(""); new NowCastGraph("#nowcastasiaAQI").plot(beijing, width, height, nowcastAQI, { minweight: wmin, qlen: n }); } }); var width = document.getElementById("instantAQI").clientWidth - 20; var height = 100; new NowCastGraph("#instantAQI2").plot(beijing, width, 80, instantAQI); new NowCastGraph("#instantAQI").plot(beijing, width, height, instantAQI); new NowCastGraph("#nowcastAQI").plot(beijing, width, height, nowcastAQI, { minweight: .5 }); new NowCastGraph("#weightfactor").plot(beijing, width, 88, weightfactor, { colorf: weightcolor, minv: -.1, maxv: 1 }); new NowCastGraph("#nowcastasiaAQI").plot(beijing, width, height, nowcastAQI, { minweight: .1, qlen: 3 }); } </script> <br> <br> ... <br> <br> <div style='border-top:1px solid black;width:120px;'></div> <small> <div id='nowcast-footnote-1'> <span>[1] 24 小时持续时间基于数十年的<a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology'>流行病学研究，这些研究</a>用于将空气污染暴露与健康风险增加联系起来。目前正在进行新的流行病学研究来关联<b>即时暴露</b>（即暴露约 1 小时或更短时间）的影响，但可能需要几年时间才能将其结果转换为新的官方“即时 AQI 量表”。</span> </div> <div id='nowcast-footnote-2'> <span>[2] 由于灰尘重新悬浮，强风经常会增加 PM <sub>10</sub> AQI。</span> </div> <div id='nowcast-footnote-3'> <span>[3] 在撰写本文时，2015年3月，有许多国家仍然只提供平均24小时的服务。如今，截至 2016 年 9 月，仅有的两个已知仍只提供平均 24 小时服务的国家是<a href='http://apims.doe.gov.my'>马来西亚</a>和<a href='http://www.env.gov.bn/'>文莱</a>。所有其他国家不仅提供未成年人（每小时）数据，还提供每种污染物的单独浓度。</span> </small> <br> <br> </div></div></div></div><center style='border-top: 1px solid #ccc'><center style='margin:10px 0;'><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-0281575029452656" data-ad-slot="2455076269" data-ad-format="auto"></ins></center><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script><div class='section-content'><a href='/faq/" . srvLang() . "'><span>单击此处查看所有常见问题解答条目</span></a><div style='margin-left: 20px;line-heigh:1.5;color:#888;' class='faqmore'><style type='text/css'>.faqmore li a:hover {background: #62a6c8;color: white;text-decoration: none;}.faqmore li a {color: #888;}</style><li><a href='https://aqicn.org/scale/cn/'>AQI Scale: What do the colors and numbers mean?</a></li><li><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/using-statistical-distances-for-real-time-sensor-networks-validation/cn/'>Using Statistical Distances for Real-time Sensor Networks Validation</a></li><li><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2017-01-10/nitrogen-dioxyde-no2-in-our-atmosphere/cn/'>Nitrogen Dioxyde (NO<sub>2</sub>) in our atmosphere</a></li></div><div style='height:1px;background-color:#aaaaaa;width:220px;margin-top:5px;'></div><center><script>var 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class='h1section-rainbow'><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div></div><h1><div id='h1header3' style='padding:2px;font-family:"Noto Serif",Cambria,"Palatino Linotype","Book Antiqua","URW Palladio L",serif;;'>关于空气质量与空气污染指数</div></h1></div><script type='text/javascript'> ; if (!isMobileUA) { fitLine('#h1header3',.88,{maxfs:45}); }; </script><div class='whitebody' style='font-family:"Noto Serif",Cambria,"Palatino Linotype","Book Antiqua","URW Palladio L",serif;'><div class='section-outer'><div class='section-content' ><center>本网站采用的污染指数和颜色与EPA是完全相同的。 EPA的指数可以从<a href='http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0>维基百科</a>和<a href='http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi'> AirNow</a>上查到<br><br><style type="text/css">#legend-full table.infoaqitable {line-height: 1.5;background-color: white;max-width: 1000px;width: 95%;margin: 0px;border: 1px solid black;cursor: pointer;}#legend-full table.infoaqitable td {padding: 5px;font-size: 15px;text-shadow: none;}#legend-full .aqiwtxt {color: #ffffff;}#legend-full .aqibtxt {color: #000000;}@media only screen and (max-width: 800px) {#legend-full table.infoaqitable {width: 98%;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 800px) {#legend-full table.infoaqitable td {display: block;}#legend-full table.infoaqitable td:nth-child(1) {display: inline-block;font-size: 1.2em;}#legend-full table.infoaqitable td:nth-child(2) {display: inline-block;font-weight: 800;font-size: 1.2em;}}</style><div id='legend-full' onclick='window.location="/scale/"'><table class="infoaqitable"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;">空气质量指数</td><td style="text-align:center;">空气质量指数级别（状况）及表示颜色</td><td>对健康影响情况</td><td>建议采取的措施</td></tr><tr style="background-color:#009966;color:white"><td nowrap="true">0 - 50</td><td style="text-align:center;">一级（优）</td><td>空气质量令人满意，基本无空气污染</td><td>各类人群可正常活动</td></tr><tr style="background-color:#ffde33"><td nowrap="true">51 -100</td><td style="text-align:center;">二级（良）</td><td>空气质量可接受，但某些污染物可能对极少数异常敏感人群健康有较弱影响</td><td>极少数异常敏感人群应减少户外活动</td></tr><tr style="background-color:#ff9933;color:white"><td nowrap="true">101-150</td><td style="text-align:center;">三级（轻度污染）</td><td>易感人群症状有轻度加剧，健康人群出现刺激症状</td><td>儿童、老年人及心脏病、呼吸系统疾病患者应减少长时间、高强度的户外锻炼</td></tr><tr style="background-color:#cc0033;color:white"><td nowrap="true">151-200</td><td style="text-align:center;color:white">四级（中度污染）</td><td>进一步加剧易感人群症状，可能对健康人群心脏、呼吸系统有影响</td><td>儿童、老年人及心脏病、呼吸系统疾病患者避免长时间、高强度的户外锻炼，一般人群适量减少户外运动</td></tr><tr style="background-color:#660099;color:white"><td nowrap="true">201-300</td><td style="text-align:center;color:white">五级（重度污染）</td><td>心脏病和肺病患者症状显著加剧，运动耐受力降低，健康人群普遍出现症状</td><td>儿童、老年人及心脏病、肺病患者应停留在室内，停止户外运动，一般人群减少户外运动</td></tr><tr style="background-color:#7e0023;color:white"><td nowrap="true">300+</td><td style="text-align:center;color:white">六级（严重污染）</td><td>健康人群运动耐受力降低，有明显强烈症状，提前出现某些疾病</td><td>儿童、老年人和病人应停留在室内，避免体力消耗，一般人群避免户外活动</td></tr></tbody></table>(参考详见<a href='http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0'>http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/空气质量指数</a>)<br></div><br>如果你想了解更多有关空气质量与污染，详见<a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality'>维基百科</a>或者<a href='http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi'> AirNow</a><br><br>有关健康建议详见北京的Richard Saint Cyr MD医生的博客：<a href='http://www.myhealthbeijing.com/'>www.myhealthbeijing.com</a><br><br></center></div></div></div><center><br><!-- responsive ad --><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block"data-ad-client="ca-pub-0281575029452656"data-ad-slot="2455076269"data-ad-format="auto"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script><style type='text/css'>.usage-notice {line-height:1.5;max-width:95%;width:1000px;margin-top:10px;padding:5px;font-size: 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href='/sources/cn/'>世界上所有的 EPA 在维护、测量和向世界公民提供空气质量信息方面所做的出色工作</a></li><li><a href='http://www.maxmind.com' target=_>该产品包括 MaxMind 创建的 GeoLite2 数据，可从 maxmind.com 获取。</a><li><a href='http://geonames.org' target=_>该产品包括 GeoNames 城市信息，可从 geonames.org 获取。</a><li><a href="http://openweathermap.org/" target="__s">开放式天气地图，结合qweather™改进算法</a><li><a href='http://wxqa.com' target="__s">公民天气观察员计划</a> via <a href='https://cwop.waqi.info' target="__s">cwop.waqi.info</a><li><a href="http://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/" target="__s">包含修改后的哥白尼大气监测服务信息</a><li><a href="https://www.flaticon.com/" target="__s" title="Flaticon">一些由 Freepik 制作的图标，来自 www.flaticon.com</a><li><a href="https://locationiq.com/" target="__s" title="location IQ">通过 locationiq.com 进行反向地理编码</a><li><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" target="__s" title="Open Street Map">来自 OpenStreetMap 的底图和数据。</a></div><div class='footercolumn3 footercolumn'><center>© 2008-2024<br><a 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value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//id' >bahasa Indonesia - Indonesian</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//nl' >Nederlands - Dutch</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//fa' >فارسی - Persian</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//th' >ภาษาไทย - Thai</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hu' >Magyar - Hungarian</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//el' >Ελληνικά - Greek</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ro' >Română - Romanian</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bg' >български - Bulgarian</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ur' >اردو - Urdu</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hi' >हिंदी - Hindi</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ar' >العربية - Arabic</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//sr' >Српски - Serbian</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bn' >বাংলা - Bangla</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bs' >босански - Bosnian</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hr' >hrvatski - Croatian</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//tr' >Türkçe - Turkish</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//uk' >українська - Ukrainian</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//cs' >čeština - Czech</option><option value='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//be' >беларускі - Belarusian</option></select></div><br><table><tr><td><center><i>Temperature unit:</i><br><span style='font-size:18px'><span style='display:;' id='settings-temp-label-on'>Celcius</span><span style='display:none;' id='settings-temp-label-off'>Fahrenheit</span></span></center></td><td><div class="onoffswitch" onclick='settingsMenu.click("temp")'><input type="checkbox" name="onoffswitch" class="onoffswitch-checkbox" id="settings-temp" checked ><label class="onoffswitch-label" for="myonoffswitch"><span class="onoffswitch-inner"></span><span class="onoffswitch-switch"></span></label></div></table></center><br></div><div style='display:none;height:0px;' 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