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</li> <li id="toc-Genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_original_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_original_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable original characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_original_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illustrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Illustrators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors_and_editors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors_and_editors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Authors and editors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors_and_editors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors_featured" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors_featured"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Authors featured</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors_featured-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publishers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pulp magazine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulptydskrif" title="Pulptydskrif – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pulptydskrif" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8" title="مجلة اللب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلة اللب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BF-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пълп-списания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пълп-списания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(literatura)" title="Pulp (literatura) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pulp (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodokaps" title="Rodokaps – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rodokaps" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviallitteratur" title="Triviallitteratur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Triviallitteratur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp-Magazin" title="Pulp-Magazin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pulp-Magazin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(literatura)" title="Pulp (literatura) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pulp (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpa_magazino" title="Pulpa magazino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pulpa magazino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(literatura)" title="Pulp (literatura) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pulp (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مجله زرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجله زرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(magazine)" title="Pulp (magazine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pulp (magazine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpbl%C3%AAd" title="Pulpblêd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pulpblêd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulps" title="Pulps – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pulps" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%84%ED%94%84_%EB%A7%A4%EA%B1%B0%EC%A7%84" title="펄프 매거진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펄프 매거진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paplo_revuo" title="Paplo revuo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paplo revuo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pulp magazine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_(%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94)" title="ספרות זולה (סוגה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרות זולה (סוגה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulvarinis_%C5%BEurnalas" title="Bulvarinis žurnalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bulvarinis žurnalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponyvairodalom" title="Ponyvairodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ponyvairodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalah_pulpa" title="Majalah pulpa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Majalah pulpa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(literatuur)" title="Pulp (literatuur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pulp (literatuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%97%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" title="パルプ・マガジン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パルプ・マガジン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviallitteratur" title="Triviallitteratur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Triviallitteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pulp magazine" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_pulp" title="Revista pulp – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revista pulp" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revist%C4%83_de_literatur%C4%83_de_consum" title="Revistă de literatură de consum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revistă de literatură de consum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp-%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Pulp-журналы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Pulp-журналы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%BE" title="گۆڤاری پەڵپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆڤاری پەڵپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рото-роман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рото-роман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp" title="Pulp – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pulp" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="காகிதக்கூழ் புனைவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காகிதக்கூழ் புனைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp-%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Pulp-журнал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Pulp-журнал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99%E6%BC%BF%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C" title="紙漿雜誌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紙漿雜誌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q865585#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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magazines made from 1896 to the 1950s</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Pulp magazines</b> (also referred to as "<b>the pulps</b>") were inexpensive fiction <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a> that were published from 1896 until around 1955. The term "pulp" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">wood pulp</a> paper on which the magazines were printed, due to their cheap nature. In contrast, magazines printed on higher-quality paper were called "glossies" or "slicks". The typical pulp magazine had 128 pages;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was 7 inches (18 cm) wide by 10 inches (25 cm) high, and 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) thick, with ragged, untrimmed edges. Pulps were the successors to the <a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">penny dreadfuls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">dime novels</a>, and short-fiction magazines of the 19th century. </p><p>Although many respected writers wrote for pulps, the magazines were best known for their lurid, <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_fiction" title="Exploitation fiction">exploitative</a>, and sensational subject matter, even though this was but a small part of what existed in the pulps. Digest magazines and men's adventure magazines were also regarded as pulps. Modern <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> <a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">comic books</a> are sometimes considered descendants of "hero pulps"; pulp magazines often featured illustrated novel-length stories of heroic characters, such as <a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon" title="Flash Gordon">Flash Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow" title="The Shadow">The Shadow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doc_Savage" title="Doc Savage">Doc Savage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Detective" title="The Phantom Detective">The Phantom Detective</a>. </p><p>The pulps gave rise to the term <b>pulp fiction</b> in reference to run-of-the-mill, low-quality literature. Successors of pulps include paperback books, such as <a href="/wiki/Hardboiled" title="Hardboiled">hardboiled</a> detective stories and <a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature#Erotic_fiction" title="Erotic literature">erotic fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Romney_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romney-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rabinowitz2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabinowitz2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before pulp magazines, <a href="/wiki/Newgate_novel" title="Newgate novel">Newgate novels</a> (1840s-1860s) fictionalized the exploits of real-life criminals. Later, British <a href="/wiki/Sensation_novel" title="Sensation novel">sensation novels</a> gained peak popularity in the 1860s-1870s. Sensation novels focused on shocking stories that reflected modern-day anxieties, and were the direct precursors of pulp fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first "pulp" was <a href="/wiki/Frank_Munsey" title="Frank Munsey">Frank Munsey</a>'s revamped <i><a href="/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)" title="Argosy (magazine)">Argosy</a></i> magazine of 1896, with about 135,000 words (192 pages) per issue, on pulp paper with untrimmed edges, and no illustrations, even on the cover. The steam-powered printing press had been in widespread use for some time, enabling the boom in dime novels; prior to Munsey, however, no one had combined cheap printing, cheap paper and cheap authors in a package that provided affordable entertainment to young working-class people. In six years, <i>Argosy</i> went from a few thousand copies per month to over half a million.<sup id="cite_ref-ahgttp_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahgttp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Street_%26_Smith" title="Street & Smith">Street & Smith</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">dime novel</a> and boys' weekly publisher, was next on the market. Seeing <i>Argosy</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s success, they launched <i><a href="/wiki/The_Popular_Magazine" title="The Popular Magazine">The Popular Magazine</a></i> in 1903, which they billed as the "biggest magazine in the world" by virtue of its being two pages (the interior sides of the front and back cover) longer than <i>Argosy</i>. Due to differences in <a href="/wiki/Page_layout" title="Page layout">page layout</a> however, the magazine had substantially less text than <i>Argosy</i>. <i>The Popular Magazine</i> did introduce color covers to pulp publishing, and the magazine began to take off when in 1905 the publishers acquired the rights to serialize <i><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_(novel)" title="Ayesha (novel)">Ayesha</a></i> (1905), by <a href="/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard" title="H. Rider Haggard">H. Rider Haggard</a>, a sequel to his popular novel <i><a href="/wiki/She:_A_History_of_Adventure" title="She: A History of Adventure">She</a></i> (1887). Haggard's <a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost World</a> genre influenced several key pulp writers, including <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talbot_Mundy" title="Talbot Mundy">Talbot Mundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._Merritt" title="A. Merritt">Abraham Merritt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, the cover price rose to 15 cents and 30 pages were added to each issue; along with establishing a stable of authors for each magazine, this change proved successful and circulation began to approach that of <i>Argosy</i>. Street and Smith's next innovation was the introduction of specialized genre pulps, with each magazine focusing on a particular genre, such as detective stories, romance, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spicy_Detective_Stories_April_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Spicy_Detective_Stories_April_1935.jpg/180px-Spicy_Detective_Stories_April_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Spicy_Detective_Stories_April_1935.jpg/270px-Spicy_Detective_Stories_April_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Spicy_Detective_Stories_April_1935.jpg/360px-Spicy_Detective_Stories_April_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the pulp magazine <i>Spicy Detective Stories</i> vol. 2, #6 (April 1935) featuring "Bullet from Nowhere" by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Leslie_Bellem" title="Robert Leslie Bellem">Robert Leslie Bellem</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak_of_popularity">Peak of popularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Peak of popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At their peak of popularity in the 1920s–1940s,<sup id="cite_ref-illustrationhistory.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illustrationhistory.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most successful pulps sold up to one million copies per issue. In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gruber" title="Frank Gruber">Frank Gruber</a> said there were some 150 pulp titles. The most successful pulp magazines were <i><a href="/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)" title="Argosy (magazine)">Argosy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_(magazine)" title="Adventure (magazine)">Adventure</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(magazine)" title="Blue Book (magazine)">Blue Book</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Short_Stories_(magazine)" title="Short Stories (magazine)">Short Stories</a></i>, collectively described by some pulp historians as "The Big Four".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the best-known other titles of this period were <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)" title="Black Mask (magazine)">Black Mask</a></i>, <i>Dime Detective</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Aces_(magazine)" title="Flying Aces (magazine)">Flying Aces</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Horror_Stories_(magazine)" title="Horror Stories (magazine)">Horror Stories</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Love_Story_Magazine" title="Love Story Magazine">Love Story Magazine</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Tales_and_Unusual_Stories" title="Marvel Tales and Unusual Stories">Marvel Tales</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ls_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ls-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Stories" title="Oriental Stories">Oriental Stories</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Stories" title="Planet Stories">Planet Stories</a></i>, <i>Spicy Detective</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Startling_Stories" title="Startling Stories">Startling Stories</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Stories" title="Wonder Stories">Thrilling Wonder Stories</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Story_Magazine" title="Western Story Magazine">Western Story Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ls_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ls-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the economic hardships of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, pulps provided affordable content to the masses, and were one of the primary forms of entertainment, along with <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Radio" title="Golden Age of Radio">radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-illustrationhistory.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illustrationhistory.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although pulp magazines were primarily an American phenomenon, there were also a number of British pulp magazines published between the <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Notable UK pulps included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pall_Mall_Magazine" title="The Pall Mall Magazine">The Pall Mall Magazine</a></i>, <i>The Novel Magazine</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cassell%27s_Magazine" title="Cassell's Magazine">Cassell's Magazine</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story-Teller" title="The Story-Teller">The Story-Teller</a></i>, <i>The Sovereign Magazine</i>, <i>Hutchinson's Adventure-Story</i> and <i>Hutchinson's Mystery-Story</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-age_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German fantasy magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Orchideengarten" title="Der Orchideengarten">Der Orchideengarten</a></i> had a similar format to American pulp magazines, in that it was printed on rough pulp paper and heavily illustrated.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_market_decline">World War II and market decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II and market decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DetectiveBookMagazine002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DetectiveBookMagazine002.jpg/100px-DetectiveBookMagazine002.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DetectiveBookMagazine002.jpg/150px-DetectiveBookMagazine002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DetectiveBookMagazine002.jpg/200px-DetectiveBookMagazine002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952sum_n6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952sum_n6.jpg/100px-Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952sum_n6.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952sum_n6.jpg/150px-Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952sum_n6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952sum_n6.jpg/200px-Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952sum_n6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tops_in_Science_Fiction_Fall_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tops_in_Science_Fiction_Fall_1953.jpg/100px-Tops_in_Science_Fiction_Fall_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tops_in_Science_Fiction_Fall_1953.jpg/150px-Tops_in_Science_Fiction_Fall_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tops_in_Science_Fiction_Fall_1953.jpg/200px-Tops_in_Science_Fiction_Fall_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><small>Pulp magazines began to decline during the 1940s, giving way to paperbacks, comics and digest-sized novels</small></div></div></div></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, paper shortages had a serious impact on pulp production, starting a steady rise in costs and the decline of the pulps. Following the model of <i><a href="/wiki/Ellery_Queen%27s_Mystery_Magazine" title="Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine">Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine</a></i> in 1941, some magazines began to switch to <a href="/wiki/Digest_size" title="Digest size">digest size</a>: smaller, sometimes thicker magazines. In 1949, Street & Smith closed most of their pulp magazines in order to move upmarket and produce <a href="/wiki/Slick_(magazine_format)" title="Slick (magazine format)">slicks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Competition from <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic-books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback novels</a> further eroded the pulps' market share, but it has been suggested the widespread expansion of <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> also drew away the readership of the pulps.<sup id="cite_ref-illustrationhistory.org_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illustrationhistory.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a more affluent post-war America, the price gap compared to slick magazines was far less significant. In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_adventure" title="Men's adventure">men's adventure</a> magazines also began to draw some former pulp readers. </p><p>The 1957 liquidation of the <a href="/wiki/American_News_Company" title="American News Company">American News Company</a>, then the primary distributor of pulp magazines, has sometimes been taken as marking the end of the "pulp era"; by that date, many of the famous pulps of the previous generation, including <i>Black Mask,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_(magazine)" title="The Shadow (magazine)">The Shadow</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Doc_Savage_(magazine)" title="Doc Savage (magazine)">Doc Savage</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a>,</i> were defunct (though some of those titles have been revived in various formats in the decades since).<sup id="cite_ref-ahgttp_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahgttp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all of the few remaining former pulp magazines are science fiction or <a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">mystery</a> magazines, now in formats similar to "<a href="/wiki/Digest_size" title="Digest size">digest size</a>", such as <i><a href="/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact" title="Analog Science Fiction and Fact">Analog Science Fiction and Fact</a></i>, though the most durable revival of <i>Weird Tales</i> began in pulp format, though published on good-quality paper. The old format is still in use for some lengthy serials, like the German science fiction weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Perry_Rhodan" title="Perry Rhodan">Perry Rhodan</a></i> (over 3,000 issues as of 2019). </p><p>Over the course of their evolution, there were a huge number of pulp magazine titles; <a href="/wiki/Harry_Steeger" title="Harry Steeger">Harry Steeger</a> of <a href="/wiki/Popular_Publications" title="Popular Publications">Popular Publications</a> claimed that his company alone had published over 300, and at their peak they were publishing 42 titles per month.<sup id="cite_ref-Haining02_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haining02-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many titles of course survived only briefly. While the most popular titles were monthly, many were bimonthly and some were quarterly. </p><p>The collapse of the pulp industry changed the landscape of publishing because pulps were the single largest sales outlet for short stories. Combined with the decrease in slick magazine fiction markets, writers trying to support themselves by creating fiction switched to novels and book-length anthologies of shorter pieces. Some ex-pulp writers like <a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cave" title="Hugh B. Cave">Hugh B. Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Leslie_Bellem" title="Robert Leslie Bellem">Robert Leslie Bellem</a> had moved on to writing for television by the 1950s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genres">Genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planet_stories_1940fal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Planet_stories_1940fal.jpg/250px-Planet_stories_1940fal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Planet_stories_1940fal.jpg/375px-Planet_stories_1940fal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Planet_stories_1940fal.jpg/500px-Planet_stories_1940fal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="2865" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Stories" title="Planet Stories">Planet Stories</a></i>, a science fiction pulp published between 1939 and 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>Pulp magazines often contained a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">genre fiction</a>, including, but not limited to: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure novel">adventure</a></li> <li>aviation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">detective</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_fiction" title="Spy fiction">espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster" title="Gangster">gangster</a></li> <li>"<b>girlie pulps</b>",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called "saucy/spicy pulps" or "sex pulps" (including <a href="/wiki/Soft_porn" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft porn">soft porn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror (genre)">horror</a>/<a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> (including "<a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">weird menace</a>")</li> <li>humor</li> <li>railroad</li> <li>romance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noir_fiction" title="Noir fiction"><i>série noire</i></a> (French <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a>)</li> <li>sports</li> <li>war</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerns">Westerns</a> (also see <a href="/wiki/Dime_Western" title="Dime Western">dime Westerns</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Roy_Mitchell" title="Arthur Roy Mitchell">Arthur Roy Mitchell</a> is particularly known for his sketches of the covers of such magazines.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Old West">American Old West</a> was a mainstay genre of early turn of the 20th-century novels as well as later pulp magazines, and lasted longest of all the traditional pulps. In many ways, the later <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_adventure" title="Men's adventure">men's adventure</a> ("the sweats") was the replacement of pulps. </p><p>Many classic science fiction and crime novels were originally <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serialized</a> in pulp magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)" title="Black Mask (magazine)">Black Mask</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_original_characters">Notable original characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable original characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Mask_November_1927_-_Poisonville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Black_Mask_November_1927_-_Poisonville.jpg/220px-Black_Mask_November_1927_-_Poisonville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Black_Mask_November_1927_-_Poisonville.jpg/330px-Black_Mask_November_1927_-_Poisonville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Black_Mask_November_1927_-_Poisonville.jpg/440px-Black_Mask_November_1927_-_Poisonville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>November 1927 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)" title="Black Mask (magazine)">Black Mask</a></i>, featuring <a href="/wiki/The_Continental_Op" title="The Continental Op">The Continental Op</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While the majority of pulp magazines were anthology titles featuring many different authors, characters and settings, some of the most enduring magazines were those that featured a single recurring character. These were often referred to as "hero pulps" because the recurring character was almost always a larger-than-life hero in the mold of <a href="/wiki/Doc_Savage" title="Doc Savage">Doc Savage</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow" title="The Shadow">The Shadow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchison_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchison-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular pulp characters that headlined in their own magazines: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avenger_(pulp-magazine_character)" title="Avenger (pulp-magazine character)">The Avenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Bat" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Bat">The Black Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Future" title="Captain Future">Captain Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Coyote_(character)" title="El Coyote (character)">El Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Turner,_Hollywood_Detective" title="Dan Turner, Hollywood Detective">Dan Turner, Hollywood Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Savage" title="Doc Savage">Doc Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Death_(magazine)" title="Doctor Death (magazine)">Doctor Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Yen_Sin" title="Dr. Yen Sin">Dr. Yen Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-8_(character)" title="G-8 (character)">G-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopalong_Cassidy" title="Hopalong Cassidy">Hopalong Cassidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka-Zar_(pulp_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka-Zar (pulp series)">Ka-Zar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffles_(Lord_Lister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffles (Lord Lister)">Lord Lister (aka Raffles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Carter_(literary_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Carter (literary character)">Nick Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operator_No._5" title="Operator No. 5">Operator No. 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Detective" title="The Phantom Detective">The Phantom Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_X" title="Secret Agent X">Secret Agent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow" title="The Shadow">The Shadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spider" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spider">The Spider</a></li></ul></div> <p>Popular pulp characters who appeared in anthology titles such as <i><a href="/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)" title="Argosy (magazine)">All-Story</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles">Biggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bran_Mak_Morn" title="Bran Mak Morn">Bran Mak Morn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers" title="Buck Rogers">Buck Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian" title="Conan the Barbarian">Conan the Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Continental_Op" title="The Continental Op">The Continental Op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_Lady" title="Domino Lady">Domino Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eel_(fictional_character)" title="The Eel (fictional character)">The Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Lama" title="Green Lama">Green Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Anthony" title="Jim Anthony">Jim Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carter_of_Mars" title="John Carter of Mars">John Carter of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Grandin" title="Jules de Grandin">Jules de Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlit_the_Cossack" title="Khlit the Cossack">Khlit the Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kull_of_Atlantis" title="Kull of Atlantis">Kull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Man_(literary_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon Man (literary character)">Moon Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexton_Blake" title="Sexton Blake">Sexton Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Kane" title="Solomon Kane">Solomon Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarzan" title="Tarzan">Tarzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorro" title="Zorro">Zorro</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illustrators">Illustrators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Illustrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pulp covers were printed in color on higher-quality (slick) paper. They were famous for their half-dressed <a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">damsels in distress</a>, usually awaiting a rescuing <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a>. Cover art played a major part in the marketing of pulp magazines. The early pulp magazines could boast covers by some distinguished American artists; <i>The Popular Magazine</i> had covers by <a href="/wiki/N._C._Wyeth" title="N. C. Wyeth">N. C. Wyeth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Franklin_Wittmack" title="Edgar Franklin Wittmack">Edgar Franklin Wittmack</a> contributed cover art to <i>Argosy</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Short Stories</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, many artists specialized in creating covers mainly for the pulps; a number of the most successful cover artists became as popular as the authors featured on the interior pages. Among the most famous pulp artists were <a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Baumhofer" title="Walter M. Baumhofer">Walter M. Baumhofer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earle_K._Bergey" title="Earle K. Bergey">Earle K. Bergey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Brundage" title="Margaret Brundage">Margaret Brundage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edd_Cartier" title="Edd Cartier">Edd Cartier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Finlay" title="Virgil Finlay">Virgil Finlay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Paul" title="Frank R. Paul">Frank R. Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Saunders" title="Norman Saunders">Norman Saunders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Watson_(illustrator)" title="Emmett Watson (illustrator)">Emmett Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Eggenhofer" title="Nick Eggenhofer">Nick Eggenhofer</a>, (who specialized in <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> illustrations), <a href="/wiki/H._J._Ward" title="H. J. Ward">Hugh J. Ward</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Rozen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Rozen (page does not exist)">George Rozen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Belarski" title="Rudolph Belarski">Rudolph Belarski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Covers were important enough to sales that sometimes they would be designed first; authors would then be shown the cover art and asked to write a story to match. </p><p>Later pulps began to feature interior illustrations, depicting elements of the stories. The drawings were printed in black ink on the same cream-colored paper used for the text, and had to use specific techniques to avoid blotting on the coarse texture of the cheap pulp. Thus, fine lines and heavy detail were usually not an option. Shading was by <a href="/wiki/Crosshatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosshatch">crosshatching</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">pointillism</a>, and even that had to be limited and coarse. Usually the art was black lines on the paper's background, but Finlay and a few others did some work that was primarily white lines against large dark areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authors_and_editors">Authors and editors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Authors and editors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another way pulps kept costs down was by paying authors less than other markets; thus many eminent authors started out in the pulps before they were successful enough to sell to better-paying markets, and similarly, well-known authors whose careers were slumping or who wanted a few quick dollars could bolster their income with sales to pulps. Additionally, some of the earlier pulps solicited stories from amateurs who were quite happy to see their words in print and could thus be paid token amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also career pulp writers, capable of turning out huge amounts of prose on a steady basis, often with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Dictation_(exercise)" title="Dictation (exercise)">dictation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stenographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenographer">stenographers</a>, machines or <a href="/wiki/Copy_typist" title="Copy typist">typists</a>. Before he became a novelist, <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> was turning out at least 8,000 words per day seven days a week for the pulps, keeping two stenographers fully employed. Pulps would often have their authors use multiple pen names so that they could use multiple stories by the same person in one issue, or use a given author's stories in three or more successive issues, while still appearing to have varied content. One advantage pulps provided to authors was that they paid <i>upon acceptance</i> for material instead of on publication. Since a story might be accepted months or even years before publication, to a working writer this was a crucial difference in <a href="/wiki/Cash_flow" title="Cash flow">cash flow</a>. </p><p>Some pulp editors became known for cultivating good fiction and interesting features in their magazines. Preeminent pulp magazine editors included <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivant_Hoffman" title="Arthur Sullivant Hoffman">Arthur Sullivant Hoffman</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_(magazine)" title="Adventure (magazine)">Adventure</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_H._Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert H. Davis (page does not exist)">Robert H. Davis</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_All-Story_Magazine" title="The All-Story Magazine">All-Story Weekly</a></i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_E._Maule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry E. Maule (page does not exist)">Harry E. Maule</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Short_Stories_(magazine)" title="Short Stories (magazine)">Short Stories</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Kennicott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Kennicott (page does not exist)">Donald Kennicott</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(magazine)" title="Blue Book (magazine)">Blue Book</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Shaw_(editor)" title="Joseph Shaw (editor)">Joseph Shaw</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)" title="Black Mask (magazine)">Black Mask</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Farnsworth_Wright" title="Farnsworth Wright">Farnsworth Wright</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Stories" title="Oriental Stories">Oriental Stories</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell" title="John W. Campbell">John W. Campbell</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact" title="Analog Science Fiction and Fact">Astounding Science Fiction</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bacon" title="Daisy Bacon">Daisy Bacon</a> (<i>Love Story Magazine</i>, <i>Detective Story Magazine</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authors_featured">Authors featured</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Authors featured"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Well-known authors who wrote for pulps include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Beadle" title="Charles Beadle">Charles Beadle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Bedford-Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Bedford-Jones">H. Bedford-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Leslie_Bellem" title="Robert Leslie Bellem">Robert Leslie Bellem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Benson" title="E. F. Benson">E. F. Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bester" title="Alfred Bester">Alfred Bester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bloch" title="Robert Bloch">Robert Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._M._Bower" title="B. M. Bower">B. M. Bower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Brand" title="Max Brand">Max Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brandon_(author)" title="William Brandon (author)">William Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Brown" title="Fredric Brown">Fredric Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">John Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Robert_Buckley" title="Frederick Robert Buckley">F. R. Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Parker_Butler" title="Ellis Parker Butler">Ellis Parker Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cain_(pen_name)" title="Paul Cain (pen name)">Paul Cain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cave" title="Hugh B. Cave">Hugh B. Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Chadwick_(author)" title="Paul Chadwick (author)">Paul Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler">Raymond Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crane" title="Stephen Crane">Stephen Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Cummings" title="Ray Cummings">Ray Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Curry_(writer)" title="Tom Curry (writer)">Tom Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_John_Daly" title="Carroll John Daly">Carroll John Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Dent" title="Lester Dent">Lester Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Derleth" title="August Derleth">August Derleth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Allan_Dunn" title="J. Allan Dunn">J. Allan Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunsany" title="Lord Dunsany">Lord Dunsany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Eddy_Jr." title="C. M. Eddy Jr.">C. M. Eddy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Guy_Empey" title="Arthur Guy Empey">Arthur Guy Empey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Allan_England" title="George Allan England">George Allan England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Forester" title="C. S. Forester">C. S. Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_O._Friel" title="Arthur O. Friel">Arthur O. Friel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erle_Stanley_Gardner" title="Erle Stanley Gardner">Erle Stanley Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Gibson" title="Walter B. Gibson">Walter B. Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodis" title="David Goodis">David Goodis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Patrick_Greene" title="Lewis Patrick Greene">L. Patrick Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane_Grey" title="Zane Grey">Zane Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gruber_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Gruber (writer)">Frank Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard" title="H. Rider Haggard">H. Rider Haggard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Hamilton" title="Edmond Hamilton">Edmond Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margie_Harris" title="Margie Harris">Margie Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Headley" title="Victor Headley">Victor Headley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Henry" title="O. Henry">O. Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Richard_Jacobi" title="Carl Richard Jacobi">Carl Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jakes" title="John Jakes">John Jakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardyth_Kennelly" title="Ardyth Kennelly">Ardyth Kennelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Keyhoe" title="Donald Keyhoe">Donald Keyhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kuttner" title="Henry Kuttner">Henry Kuttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lamb" title="Harold Lamb">Harold Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_L%27Amour" title="Louis L'Amour">Louis L'Amour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margery_Lawrence" title="Margery Lawrence">Margery Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Leinster" title="Murray Leinster">Murray Leinster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmore_Leonard" title="Elmore Leonard">Elmore John Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_A._Lutz" title="Giles A. Lutz">Giles A. Lutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._MacDonald" title="John D. MacDonald">John D. MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Colt_MacDonald" title="William Colt MacDonald">William Colt MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Brown_Mason" title="Elmer Brown Mason">Elmer Brown Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Van_Wyck_Mason" title="F. Van Wyck Mason">F. Van Wyck Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_McCoy" title="Horace McCoy">Horace McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_McCulley" title="Johnston McCulley">Johnston McCulley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldred_Kurtz_Means" title="Eldred Kurtz Means">Eldred Kurtz Means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merriam_Modell" title="Merriam Modell">Merriam Modell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._Moore" title="C. L. Moore">C. L. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ferdinand_Moore" title="Frederick Ferdinand Moore">Frederick Ferdinand Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Morey" title="Walt Morey">Walt Morey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_Mundy" title="Talbot Mundy">Talbot Mundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Nowlan" title="Philip Francis Nowlan">Philip Francis Nowlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Oursler" title="Fulton Oursler">Fulton Oursler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Pendexter" title="Hugh Pendexter">Hugh Pendexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Petaja" title="Emil Petaja">Emil Petaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Hoffmann_Price" title="E. Hoffmann Price">E. Hoffmann Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellery_Queen" title="Ellery Queen">Ellery Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabury_Quinn" title="Seabury Quinn">Seabury Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reese" title="John H. Reese">John H. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Reeve" title="Arthur B. Reeve">Arthur B. Reeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tod_Robbins" title="Tod Robbins">Tod Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sax_Rohmer" title="Sax Rohmer">Sax Rohmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roscoe" title="Theodore Roscoe">Theodore Roscoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Sabatini" title="Rafael Sabatini">Rafael Sabatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alden_Seltzer" title="Charles Alden Seltzer">Charles Alden Seltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shadegg" title="Stephen Shadegg">Stephen Shadegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Shaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard S. Shaver">Richard S. Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_William_Sinclair" title="Bertrand William Sinclair">Bertrand William Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Howden_Smith" title="Arthur D. Howden Smith">Arthur D. Howden Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Ashton_Smith" title="Clark Ashton Smith">Clark Ashton Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Smith" title="E. E. Smith">E. E. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Spillane" title="Mickey Spillane">Mickey Spillane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sigismund_Stribling" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Sigismund Stribling">T. S. Stribling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thompson_(writer)" title="Jim Thompson (writer)">Jim Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thursday" title="Thomas Thursday">Thomas Thursday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._C._Tuttle" title="W. C. Tuttle">W. C. Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Vance" title="Jack Vance">Jack Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._Vivian" title="E. C. Vivian">E. C. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wallace" title="Edgar Wallace">Edgar Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Whitehead" title="Henry S. Whitehead">Henry S. Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Whitfield" title="Raoul Whitfield">Raoul Whitfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse" title="P. G. Wodehouse">P. G. Wodehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Woolrich" title="Cornell Woolrich">Cornell Woolrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Young_(writer)" title="Gordon Young (writer)">Gordon Young</a></li></ul></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a>, first American winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, worked as an editor for <i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_(magazine)" title="Adventure (magazine)">Adventure</a></i>, writing filler paragraphs (brief facts or amusing anecdotes designed to fill small gaps in page layout), advertising copy and a few stories.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publishers">Publishers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publishers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dime_Mystery_Book_Magazine_January_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dime_Mystery_Book_Magazine_January_1933.jpg/180px-Dime_Mystery_Book_Magazine_January_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Dime_Mystery_Book_Magazine_January_1933.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the pulp magazine <i>Dime Mystery Book Magazine</i>, January 1933</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._A._Wyn%27s_Magazine_Publishers" title="A. A. Wyn's Magazine Publishers">A. A. Wyn's Magazine Publishers</a> (Periodical House/Ace Magazines) published <i>Secret Agent X</i>, <i>Flying Aces</i> and others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrilling_Publications" title="Thrilling Publications">Better/Standard/Thrilling (The Thrilling Group)</a> published <i>Captain Future</i>, <i>Startling Stories</i>, <i>The Phantom Detective</i>, and <i>The Black Bat</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clayton_(publisher)" title="William Clayton (publisher)">William Clayton</a> published <i>Ginger Stories</i>, <i>Pep Stories</i> and <i>Snappy Stories</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Publications" title="Columbia Publications">Columbia Publications</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Future_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Future Science Fiction">Future Science Fiction</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_(American_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction (American magazine)">Science Fiction</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Quarterly" title="Science Fiction Quarterly">Science Fiction Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell_Publishing" title="Dell Publishing">Dell Publishing</a> published <i>I Confess</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday, Page and Company</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Short_Stories_(magazine)" title="Short Stories (magazine)">Short Stories</a></i>, <i>West</i> and <i>The Frontier</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_House" title="Fiction House">Fiction House</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Stories" title="Planet Stories">Planet Stories</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Munsey" title="Frank Munsey">Frank A. Munsey Co.</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)" title="Argosy (magazine)">Argosy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hersey" title="Harold Hersey">Harold Hersey</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Gangster_Stories" title="Gangster Stories">Gangster Stories</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Donenfeld" title="Harry Donenfeld">Harry Donenfeld</a>'s Culture Publications published <i>Spicy Detective</i>, <i>Spicy Mystery</i> and <i>Spicy Adventure</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gernsback" title="Hugo Gernsback">Hugo Gernsback</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Stories" title="Wonder Stories">Wonder Stories</a></i></li> <li>J. C. Henneberger's Rural Publications published <i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i> and <i>Oriental Tales</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(publisher)" title="Martin Goodman (publisher)">Martin Goodman</a> published <i>Ka-Zar</i>, <i>Marvel Tales</i> and <i>Marvel Science Stories</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson (publisher)">Hutchinson</a>, main publisher of UK pulps<sup id="cite_ref-age_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Publications" title="Popular Publications">Popular Publications</a> published <i>The Spider</i>, <i>G-8</i>, <i>Horror Stories,</i> <i>Black Mask,</i> <i>True Love</i> and later <i>Argosy</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterick_Publishing_Company" title="Butterick Publishing Company">The Ridgway Company</a> published <i>Adventure</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Magazine" title="Everybody's Magazine">Everybody's Magazine</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romance (magazine) (page does not exist)">Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_%26_Smith" title="Street & Smith">Street & Smith</a> published <i>Astounding</i>, <i>Unknown</i>, <i>Doc Savage</i> and <i>The Shadow</i></li> <li>Courtland Young's C.H. Young Publishing published <i>Breezy Stories</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>pulp fiction</i> is often used for massmarket paperbacks since the 1950s. The Browne Popular Culture Library News noted: </p> <blockquote><p>Many of the paperback houses that contributed to the decline of the genre–Ace, Dell, Avon, among others–were actually started by pulp magazine publishers. They had the presses, the expertise, and the newsstand distribution networks which made the success of the mass-market paperback possible. These pulp-oriented paperback houses mined the old magazines for reprints. This kept pulp literature, if not pulp magazines, alive. <i>The Return of the Continental Op</i> reprints material first published in <i>Black Mask</i>; <i>Five Sinister Characters</i> contains stories first published in <i>Dime Detective</i>; and <i>The Pocket Book of Science Fiction</i> collects material from <i>Thrilling Wonder Stories</i>, <i>Astounding Science Fiction</i> and <i>Amazing Stories</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But note that mass market paperbacks are not pulps.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1991, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pulpster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Pulpster (page does not exist)">The Pulpster</a></i> debuted at that year's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulpcon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulpcon (page does not exist)">Pulpcon</a>, the annual pulp magazine convention that had begun in 1972. The magazine, devoted to the history and legacy of the pulp magazines, has published each year since. It now appears in connection with <a href="/w/index.php?title=PulpFest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PulpFest (page does not exist)">PulpFest</a>, the summer pulp convention that grew out of and replaced Pulpcon. <i>The Pulpster</i> was originally edited by Tony Davis and is currently edited by William Lampkin, who also runs the website ThePulp.Net. Contributors have included Don Hutchison, Robert Sampson, <a href="/wiki/Will_Murray" title="Will Murray">Will Murray</a>, Al Tonik, Nick Carr, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Resnick" title="Mike Resnick">Mike Resnick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cave" title="Hugh B. Cave">Hugh B. Cave</a>, Joseph Wrzos, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Amanda_Salmonson" title="Jessica Amanda Salmonson">Jessica Amanda Salmonson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chet_Williamson" title="Chet Williamson">Chet Williamson</a>, and many others. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, Rich W. Harvey came out with a magazine called <i>Pulp Adventures</i> reprinting old classics. It came out regularly until 2001, and then started up again in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> directed the film <i><a href="/wiki/Pulp_Fiction" title="Pulp Fiction">Pulp Fiction</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Working_title" title="Working title">working title</a> of the film was <i>Black Mask</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in homage to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)" title="Black Mask (magazine)">pulp magazine of that name</a>, and it embodied the seedy, violent, often crime-related spirit found in pulp magazines. </p><p>In 1997 C. Cazadessus Jr. launched <i>Pulpdom</i>, a continuation of his Hugo Award-winning <i>ERB-dom</i> which began in 1960. It ran for 75 issues and featured articles about the content and selected fiction from the pulps. It became <i>Pulpdom Online</i> in 2013 and continues quarterly publication. </p><p>After 2000, several small independent publishers released magazines which published short fiction, either short stories or novel-length presentations, in the tradition of the pulp magazines of the early 20th century. These included <i>Blood 'N Thunder</i>, <i>High Adventure</i> and a short-lived magazine which revived the title <i>Argosy</i>. These specialist publications, printed in limited press runs, were pointedly not printed on the brittle, high-acid wood pulp paper of the old publications and were not mass market publications targeted at a wide audience. In 2004, Lost Continent Library published <i>Secret of the Amazon Queen</i> by E.A. Guest, their first contribution to a "New Pulp Era", featuring the hallmarks of pulp fiction for contemporary mature readers: violence, horror and sex. E.A. Guest was likened to a blend of pulp era icon Talbot Mundy and Stephen King by real-life explorer David Hatcher Childress. </p><p>In 2002, the tenth issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Timothy_McSweeney%27s_Quarterly_Concern" title="Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern">McSweeney's Quarterly</a></i> was guest edited by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a>. Published as <i>McSweeney's Mammoth Treasury of Thrilling Tales</i>, it is a collection of "pulp fiction" stories written by such current well-known authors as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Hornby" title="Nick Hornby">Nick Hornby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Bender" title="Aimee Bender">Aimee Bender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Eggers" title="Dave Eggers">Dave Eggers</a>. Explaining his vision for the project, Chabon wrote in the introduction, "I think that we have forgotten how much fun reading a short story can be, and I hope that if nothing else, this treasury goes some small distance toward reminding us of that lost but fundamental truth." </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> publisher <a href="/wiki/DC_Thomson" title="DC Thomson">DC Thomson</a> publishes "My Weekly Compact Novel" every week.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is literally a pulp novel, though it does not fall into the hard-edged genre most associated with pulp fiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From 2006 through 2019, Anthony Tollin's imprint Sanctum Books has reprinted all 182 <i>Doc Savage</i> pulp novels, all 24 of Paul Ernst's <i>Avenger</i> novels, the 14 <i>Whisperer</i> novels from the original pulp series and all but three novels of the entire run of <i>The Shadow</i> (most of his publications featuring two novels in one book).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crimefighters" title="Crimefighters">Crimefighters</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">Dime novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kelley_Paperback_and_Pulp_Fiction_Collection" title="George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection">George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Case_Crime" title="Hard Case Crime">Hard Case Crime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Giallo_Mondadori" title="Il Giallo Mondadori">Il Giallo Mondadori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Science fiction magazine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavis2021" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Tony (October 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepulp.net/pulp-articles/pulps-the-early-years/">"Pulps: the early years"</a>. <i>ThePulp.Net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePulp.Net&rft.atitle=Pulps%3A+the+early+years&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepulp.net%2Fpulp-articles%2Fpulps-the-early-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romney-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Romney_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomney2018" class="citation web cs1">Romney, Rebecca (April 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crimereads.com/when-classic-detective-novels-became-sexy-pulps/">"When Classic Detective Novels Became Sexy Pulps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CrimeReads" class="mw-redirect" title="CrimeReads">CrimeReads</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CrimeReads&rft.atitle=When+Classic+Detective+Novels+Became+Sexy+Pulps&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft.aulast=Romney&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrimereads.com%2Fwhen-classic-detective-novels-became-sexy-pulps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Sharp, Sarah Rose (August 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hyperallergic.com/667108/erotic-nostalgia-of-lesbian-pulp-fiction/">"The Erotic Nostalgia of Lesbian Pulp Fiction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hyperallergic" title="Hyperallergic">Hyperallergic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hyperallergic&rft.atitle=The+Erotic+Nostalgia+of+Lesbian+Pulp+Fiction&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhyperallergic.com%2F667108%2Ferotic-nostalgia-of-lesbian-pulp-fiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabinowitz2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rabinowitz2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitz2014" class="citation book cs1">Rabinowitz, Paula (2014). <i>American Pulp: How Paperbacks Brought Modernism to Main Street</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691150604" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691150604"><bdi>978-0691150604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Pulp%3A+How+Paperbacks+Brought+Modernism+to+Main+Street&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0691150604&rft.aulast=Rabinowitz&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoglund2016" class="citation book cs1">Hoglund, Johan (March 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBrACwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Sensation+novel%22+vs+%22pulp+fiction%22&pg=PA42"><i>The American Imperial Gothic: Popular Culture, Empire, Violence</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04519-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04519-9"><bdi>978-1-317-04519-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Imperial+Gothic%3A+Popular+Culture%2C+Empire%2C+Violence&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-317-04519-9&rft.aulast=Hoglund&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBrACwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Sensation%2Bnovel%2522%2Bvs%2B%2522pulp%2Bfiction%2522%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_o3fI-b5WGAC&dq=%22Sensation+novel%22+vs+%22pulp+fiction%22&pg=PA146"><i>Acting with the Voice: The Art of Recording Books</i></a>. Hal Leonard Corporation. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-301-9"><bdi>978-0-87910-301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acting+with+the+Voice%3A+The+Art+of+Recording+Books&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87910-301-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_o3fI-b5WGAC%26dq%3D%2522Sensation%2Bnovel%2522%2Bvs%2B%2522pulp%2Bfiction%2522%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahgttp-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahgttp_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahgttp_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Two-Minute History of the Pulps", in <i>The Adventure House Guide to the Pulps</i>, edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doug_Ellis_(editor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doug Ellis (editor) (page does not exist)">Doug Ellis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Locke_(editor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Locke (editor) (page does not exist)">John Locke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Gunnison" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gunnison">John Gunnison</a>. Silver Spring, MD, Adventure House, 2000. (p. ii–iv).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Lee Server, <i>Encyclopedia of Pulp Fiction Writers</i> (2002), pg.131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, Quentin. <i>The Fiction Factory ; Or, From Pulp Row to Quality Street: The Story of 100 Years of Publishing at Street & Smith</i>. Random House, 1955. (Covers: Street & Smith, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Carter_(literary_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Carter (literary character)">Nick Carter</a>, Max Brand, Buffalo Bill, Frank Merriwell, Gerald Smith, Richard Duffy, Frederick Faust, dime novel, Horatio Alger, Henry Ralston, Ned Buntline, Ormond Smith, Beadle's, Edward Stratemeyer, detective fiction, Laura Jean Libbey, <i>Astounding Science Fiction</i>, Edith Evans)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-illustrationhistory.org-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-illustrationhistory.org_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-illustrationhistory.org_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-illustrationhistory.org_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.illustrationhistory.org/genres/pulp-illustration-pulp-magazines">"Pulp Illustration: Pulp Magazines – Illustration History"</a>. <i>illustrationhistory.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214193300/https://www.illustrationhistory.org/genres/pulp-illustration-pulp-magazines">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=illustrationhistory.org&rft.atitle=Pulp+Illustration%3A+Pulp+Magazines+%E2%80%93+Illustration+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.illustrationhistory.org%2Fgenres%2Fpulp-illustration-pulp-magazines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulse2009" class="citation book cs1">Hulse, Ed (2009). "The Big Four (Plus One)". <i>The Blood 'n' Thunder Guide to Collecting Pulps</i>. Murania Press. pp. 19–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9795955-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9795955-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9795955-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Big+Four+%28Plus+One%29&rft.btitle=The+Blood+%27n%27+Thunder+Guide+to+Collecting+Pulps&rft.pages=19-47&rft.pub=Murania+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9795955-0-9&rft.aulast=Hulse&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ls-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ls_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ls_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFServer1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Server" title="Lee Server">Server, Lee</a> (1993). <i>Danger Is My Business: an illustrated history of the Fabulous Pulp Magazines</i>. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. pp. 62–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-0112-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-0112-6"><bdi>978-0-8118-0112-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danger+Is+My+Business%3A+an+illustrated+history+of+the+Fabulous+Pulp+Magazines&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=62-65&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-0112-6&rft.aulast=Server&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-age-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-age_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-age_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashley, Michael (2006). <i>The Age of the Storytellers: British Popular Fiction Magazines, 1880–1950</i>. British Library. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58456-170-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58456-170-X">1-58456-170-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Orchideengarten, Der". in: M.B. Tymn and Mike Ashley, <i>Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines</i>. Westport: Greenwood, 1985. pp. 866. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-21221-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-21221-X">0-313-21221-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashley, Michael. <i>Transformations: The Story of the Science Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970</i>, Volume 2 (2005), pg. 3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-779-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-779-2">978-0-85323-779-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haining02-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haining02_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaining1975" class="citation book cs1">Haining, Peter (1975). <i>The Fantastic Pulps</i>. Vintage Books, a division of Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-72109-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-72109-8"><bdi>0-394-72109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fantastic+Pulps&rft.pub=Vintage+Books%2C+a+division+of+Random+House&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-394-72109-8&rft.aulast=Haining&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Ellis, <i>Uncovered: The Hidden Art of the Girlie Pulp</i>, Adventure House, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutchison-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hutchison_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchison1995" class="citation book cs1">Hutchison, Don (1995). <i>The Great Pulp Heroes</i>. Mosaic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88962-585-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88962-585-9"><bdi>0-88962-585-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Pulp+Heroes&rft.pub=Mosaic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-88962-585-9&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulse2009" class="citation book cs1">Hulse, Ed (2009). <i>The Blood 'n' Thunder Guide to Collecting Pulps</i>. Muriana Press. pp. 26, 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0979595509" title="Special:BookSources/978-0979595509"><bdi>978-0979595509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blood+%27n%27+Thunder+Guide+to+Collecting+Pulps&rft.pages=26%2C+163&rft.pub=Muriana+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0979595509&rft.aulast=Hulse&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Frank M., and Davidson, Lawrence. <i>Pulp Culture – The Art of Fiction Magazines</i>. Collectors Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-933112-30-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-933112-30-1">1-933112-30-1</a> (p.42).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Adventure House Guide to the Pulps</i>, edited by Doug Ellis, John Locke, and John Gunnison. Silver Spring, MD, Adventure House, 2000. (p. xi–xii).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Dinan, <i>Sports in the Pulp Magazines</i>. McFarland, 1998, ISB0786404817 (pp. 130–32).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bleiler" title="Richard Bleiler">Bleiler,Richard</a> "Forgotten Giant: Hoffman's Adventure". Purple Prose Magazine, November 1998, p. 3-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sampson,Robert.(1991) <i>Yesterday's Faces:Dangerous Horizons Popular Press</i>, 1991, (p.87).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Locke, John ed. "Editors You Want to Know: Daisy Bacon" by Joa Humphrey in <i>Pulpwood Days: Editors You Want to Know</i>. Off-Trail, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9786836-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9786836-2-5">0-9786836-2-5</a> (p. 77). Daisy Bacon (1899?–1986) was nicknamed "Queen of the Woodpulps".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schorer, M. <i>Sinclair Lewis: An American Life</i>, pp. 3–22. McGraw-Hill, 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006073905/http://blogs.bgsu.edu/pclnews/?p=9">"They Came from the Newsstand: Pulp Magazines from the Browne Library"</a>. <i>Browne Popular Culture Library News</i>. Bowling Green State University. May 31, 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.bgsu.edu/pclnews/?p=9">the original</a> on October 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Browne+Popular+Culture+Library+News&rft.atitle=They+Came+from+the+Newsstand%3A+Pulp+Magazines+from+the+Browne+Library&rft.date=1994-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bgsu.edu%2Fpclnews%2F%3Fp%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepulpster.com/about/">"About "The Pulpster"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Pulpster</i>. March 5, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304045941/https://thepulpster.com/about/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pulpster&rft.atitle=About+%22The+Pulpster%22&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepulpster.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensen-Payne2018" class="citation web cs1">Stephensen-Payne, Phil (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philsp.com/data/data392.html#PULPADVENTURES">"Pulp Adventures"</a>. <i>Magazine Data File</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195907/http://www.philsp.com/data/data392.html#PULPADVENTURES">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magazine+Data+File&rft.atitle=Pulp+Adventures&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Stephensen-Payne&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philsp.com%2Fdata%2Fdata392.html%23PULPADVENTURES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110912/releaseinfo">"Pulp Fiction (1994) – Release Info"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190312001546/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110912/releaseinfo">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2020</span> – via IMDb.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulp+Fiction+%281994%29+%E2%80%93+Release+Info&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0110912%2Freleaseinfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818010637/http://www.dcthomson.co.uk/subscriptions/default.asp?pageName=productDetails&productID=15">"DC Thomson Shop – Home Page"</a>. Dcthomson.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcthomson.co.uk/subscriptions/default.asp?pageName=productDetails&productID=15">the original</a> on August 18, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DC+Thomson+Shop+%E2%80%93+Home+Page&rft.pub=Dcthomson.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcthomson.co.uk%2Fsubscriptions%2Fdefault.asp%3FpageName%3DproductDetails%26productID%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pulpfest.com/2016/06/ten-years-shadows-sanctum-anthony-tollins-sanctum-books/">"Ten Years in the Shadow's Sanctum — Anthony Tollin's Sanctum Books – PulpFest"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923191858/https://www.pulpfest.com/2016/06/ten-years-shadows-sanctum-anthony-tollins-sanctum-books/">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Years+in+the+Shadow%27s+Sanctum+%E2%80%94+Anthony+Tollin%27s+Sanctum+Books+%E2%80%93+PulpFest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulpfest.com%2F2016%2F06%2Ften-years-shadows-sanctum-anthony-tollins-sanctum-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulp+magazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Chambliss, Julian and William Svitavsky, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.rollins.edu/as_facpub/2/">From Pulp Hero to Superhero: Culture, Race, and Identity in AmericanPopular Culture, 1900–1940</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330220838/http://scholarship.rollins.edu/as_facpub/2/">Archived</a> March 30, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i>Studies in American Culture</i> 30 (1) (October 2008)</li> <li>Ellis, Doug. <i>Uncovered: The Hidden Art of the Girlie Pulps – Gold Medal Winner for Best Popular Culture Book BEA 2004</i> (Adventure House, −2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886937-74-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-886937-74-5">1-886937-74-5</a></li> <li>Gunnison, Locke and Ellis. <i>Adventure House Guide to the Pulps</i> (Adventure House, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886937-45-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-886937-45-1">1-886937-45-1</a></li> <li>Hersey, Harold. <i>The New Pulpwood Editor</i> (Adventure House, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886937-68-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-886937-68-0">1-886937-68-0</a></li> <li>Lesser, Robert. <i>Pulp Art: Original Cover Paintings for the Great American Pulp Magazines</i> (Book Sales, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-1707-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7858-1707-7">0-7858-1707-7</a></li> <li>Locke, John-editor. <i>Pulp Fictioneers – Adventures in the Storytelling Business</i> (Adventure House, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886937-83-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-886937-83-4">1-886937-83-4</a></li> <li>Locke, John-editor. <i>Pulpwood Days – Vol. 1 Editors You Want To Know</i> (Off-Trail Publications, 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9786836-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9786836-2-5">0-9786836-2-5</a></li> <li>Parfrey, Adam, et al. <i>It's a Man's World: Men's Adventure Magazines, the Postwar Pulps</i> (Feral House, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-922915-81-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-922915-81-4">0-922915-81-4</a></li> <li>Robinson, Frank and Davidson, Lawrence. <i>Pulp Culture</i> (Collector's Press, 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933112-30-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933112-30-5">978-1-933112-30-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dinan, John A. (1983). <i>The Pulp Western: A Popular History of the Western Fiction Magazine in America</i>. Borgo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89370-161-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89370-161-0">0-89370-161-0</a>.</li> <li>Goodstone, Tony (1970). <i>The Pulps: 50 Years of American Pop Culture</i>. Bonanza Books (Crown Publishers, Inc.). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-44186-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-44186-3">978-0-394-44186-3</a>.</li> <li>Goulart, Ron (1972). <i>Cheap Thrills: An Informal History of the Pulp Magazine</i>. Arlington House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87000-172-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87000-172-7">978-0-87000-172-7</a>.</li> <li>Goulart, Ron (1988). <i>The Dime Detectives</i>. Mysterious Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89296-191-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89296-191-0">0-89296-191-0</a>.</li> <li>Hamilton, Frank and Hullar, Link (1988). <i>Amazing Pulp Heroes</i>. Gryphon Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936071-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-936071-09-5">0-936071-09-5</a>.</li> <li>Robbins, Leonard A. (1988). <i>The Pulp Magazine Index</i> (six volumes). Starmont House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55742-111-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55742-111-0">1-55742-111-0</a>.</li> <li>Sampson, Robert (1983). <i>Yesterday's Faces: A Study of Series Characters in the Early Pulp Magazines</i>. Volume 1 <i>Glory Figures</i>. Vol. 2 <i>Strange Days</i>. Vol. 3 <i>From the Dark Side</i>. Vol. 4 <i>The Solvers</i>. Vol 5. <i>Dangerous Horizons</i>. Vol. 6. <i>Violent Lives</i>. Bowling Green University Popular Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-217-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87972-217-7">0-87972-217-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pulp_magazines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pulp magazines">Pulp magazines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulpmags.org/default.htm">The Pulp Magazines Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepulp.net/">ThePulp.Net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peaps.net/">PEAPS – Pulp Era Amateur Press Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulpillustrationart.com">Pulp Illustration Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulpinternational.com/">Pulp International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/books/11/01/hard.case.books/index.html">CNN: "Girls, Guns and Money," November 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msvu.ca/en/home/library/aboutthelibrary/policiesprocedures/collectionpolicy/lesbianpulpfictioncollection.aspx">Mt. St. Vincent University Lesbian Pulp Fiction Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630093807/http://www.gravedistractions.com/pulp-winds.php">"Pulp Winds", December 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/pulp.html">Pulp Fiction Collection</a> at the Library of Congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ead.ohiolink.edu/xtf-ead/view?docId=ead/OCl0090.xml;chunk.id=headerlink;brand=default">Clark Pulp Fiction Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Public_Library" title="Cleveland Public Library">Cleveland Public Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/List_of_horror_anime" title="List of horror anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror video game">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of horror video games">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_horror" title="Black horror">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">Creepypasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_based_on_Faust" title="Works based on Faust">Faustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" 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href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Gothic" title="Southern Ontario Gothic">Southern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">Penny dreadful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-horror" title="Techno-horror">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction" title="Mutants in fiction">Mutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">Sea monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">Piranha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Therianthropes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror fiction">LGBT themes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of horror television series with LGBT characters">characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">Horror host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulp magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award" title="Bram Stoker Award">Bram Stoker Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction" title="Category:Horror fiction">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Horror" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Horror">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction_and_fantasy_pulp_magazines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ScienceFictionFantasyWeirdPulpMagazines" title="Template:ScienceFictionFantasyWeirdPulpMagazines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ScienceFictionFantasyWeirdPulpMagazines" title="Template talk:ScienceFictionFantasyWeirdPulpMagazines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ScienceFictionFantasyWeirdPulpMagazines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ScienceFictionFantasyWeirdPulpMagazines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction_and_fantasy_pulp_magazines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine#The_pulp_era" title="Science fiction magazine">Science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">fantasy</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pulp magazines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ace_Mystery" title="Ace Mystery">Ace Mystery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories_Annual" title="Amazing Stories Annual">Amazing Stories Annual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories_Quarterly" title="Amazing Stories Quarterly">Amazing Stories Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A._Merritt%27s_Fantasy_Magazine" title="A. Merritt's Fantasy Magazine">A. Merritt's Fantasy Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astonishing_Stories" title="Astonishing Stories">Astonishing Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact" title="Analog Science Fiction and Fact">Astounding Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Future_(magazine)" title="Captain Future (magazine)">Captain Future</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hazzard" title="Captain Hazzard">Captain Hazzard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Zero_(magazine)" title="Captain Zero (magazine)">Captain Zero</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comet_(magazine)" title="Comet (magazine)">Comet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Stories_and_Stirring_Science_Stories" title="Cosmic Stories and Stirring Science Stories">Cosmic Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doc_Savage_(magazine)" title="Doc Savage (magazine)">Doc Savage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Death_(magazine)" title="Doctor Death (magazine)">Doctor Death</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Birds" title="Battle Birds">Dusty Ayres and His Battle Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Science_Fiction" title="Dynamic Science Fiction">Dynamic Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Science_Stories" title="Dynamic Science Stories">Dynamic Science Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Famous_Fantastic_Mysteries" title="Famous Fantastic Mysteries">Famous Fantastic Mysteries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Novels" title="Fantastic Novels">Fantastic Novels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Story_Quarterly" title="Fantastic Story Quarterly">Fantastic Story Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_(1938_magazine)" title="Fantasy (1938 magazine)">Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_Strange_Adventure_Magazine" title="Flash Gordon Strange Adventure Magazine">Flash Gordon Strange Adventure Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Future_Science_Fiction_and_Science_Fiction_Stories" title="Future Science Fiction and Science Fiction Stories">Future Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G-8_and_His_Battle_Aces" title="G-8 and His Battle Aces">G-8 and His Battle Aces</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Stories_(magazine)" title="Ghost Stories (magazine)">Ghost Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Stories_(magazine)" title="Jungle Stories (magazine)">Jungle Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Science_Stories" title="Marvel Science Stories">Marvel Science Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mind_Magic_(magazine)" title="Mind Magic (magazine)">Mind Magic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Science_and_Fantasy_Stories" title="Miracle Science and Fantasy Stories">Miracle Science and Fantasy Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_(magazine)" title="New Worlds (magazine)">New Worlds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Raider" title="The Western Raider">The Octopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operator_No._5_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operator No. 5 (magazine)">Operator #5</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Stories" title="Oriental Stories">Oriental Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Other_Worlds,_Universe_Science_Fiction,_and_Science_Stories" title="Other Worlds, Universe Science Fiction, and Science Stories">Other Worlds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_This_World_Adventures" title="Out of This World Adventures">Out of This World Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Stories" title="Planet Stories">Planet Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Future_Science_Fiction_and_Science_Fiction_Stories" title="Future Science Fiction and Science Fiction Stories">Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science-Fiction_Plus" title="Science-Fiction Plus">Science-Fiction Plus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Quarterly" title="Science Fiction Quarterly">Science Fiction Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Detective_Monthly" title="Scientific Detective Monthly">Scientific Detective Monthly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Raider" title="The Western Raider">The Scorpion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_X" title="Secret Agent X">Secret Agent X</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Stories" title="Space Stories">Space Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spider_(magazine)" title="The Spider (magazine)">The Spider</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Startling_Stories" title="Startling Stories">Startling Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Stories_and_Stirring_Science_Stories" title="Cosmic Stories and Stirring Science Stories">Stirring Science Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Stories_(magazine)" title="Strange Stories (magazine)">Strange Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Tales_(pulp_magazine)" title="Strange Tales (pulp magazine)">Strange Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Science_Stories" title="Super Science Stories">Super Science Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Magic_and_Mystery_(magazine)" title="Tales of Magic and Mystery (magazine)">Tales of Magic and Mystery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Wonder_(magazine)" title="Tales of Wonder (magazine)">Tales of Wonder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/10_Story_Fantasy" title="10 Story Fantasy">10 Story Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_Birds" title="War Birds">Terence X. O'Leary's War Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thrill_Book" title="The Thrill Book">The Thrill Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tops_in_Science_Fiction" title="Tops in Science Fiction">Tops in Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Complete_Science-Adventure_Books" title="Two Complete Science-Adventure Books">Two Complete Science-Adventure Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_Stories_(magazine)" title="Uncanny Stories (magazine)">Uncanny Stories</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_Tales_(Canadian_pulp_magazine)" title="Uncanny Tales (Canadian pulp magazine)"><i>Uncanny Tales</i> (Canadian)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vargo_Statten_Science_Fiction_Magazine" title="Vargo Statten Science Fiction Magazine">Vargo Statten Science Fiction Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witch%27s_Tales" title="The Witch's Tales">The Witch's Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Stories" title="Wonder Stories">Wonder Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Story_Annual" title="Wonder Story Annual">Wonder Story Annual</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_US_science_fiction_and_fantasy_magazines_to_1950" title="History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950">History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kelley_Paperback_and_Pulp_Fiction_Collection" title="George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection">George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&oldid=1251726376">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulp_magazine&oldid=1251726376</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magazine_publishing" title="Category:Magazine publishing">Magazine publishing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pulp_fiction" title="Category:Pulp fiction">Pulp fiction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pulp_magazines" title="Category:Pulp magazines">Pulp magazines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magazine_genres" title="Category:Magazine genres">Magazine genres</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2022">Use mdy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 October 2024, at 18:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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