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<ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Modern Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Asian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bengali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Bengali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gujarati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gujarati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Gujarati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gujarati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Hebrew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urdu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urdu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Urdu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urdu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Indonesian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_Malayo-Polynesian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_Malayo-Polynesian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sindhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sindhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>Sindhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sindhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tagalog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tagalog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10</span> <span>Tagalog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tagalog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.11</span> <span>Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.12</span> <span>Turkish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>African languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esperanto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esperanto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Esperanto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esperanto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quran translations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="ترجمة القرآن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترجمة القرآن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="কুরআন অনুবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুরআন অনুবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Превод на Свещения Коран – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Превод на Свещения Коран" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traduccions_de_l%27Alcor%C3%A0" title="Traduccions de l'Alcorà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Traduccions de l'Alcorà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%C3%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Куран куçарăвĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Куран куçарăвĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran%C3%BCbersetzung" title="Koranübersetzung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koranübersetzung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traducciones_del_Cor%C3%A1n" title="Traducciones del Corán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Traducciones del Corán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="ترجمه قرآن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترجمه قرآن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traductions_du_Coran" title="Traductions du Coran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traductions du Coran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerjemahan_al-Qur%27an" title="Penerjemahan al-Qur'an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penerjemahan al-Qur'an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83" title="Құранды басқа тілге аудару – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құранды басқа тілге аудару" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wergera_Quran%C3%AA" title="Wergera Quranê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wergera Quranê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretationes_Alcorani" title="Interpretationes Alcorani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Interpretationes Alcorani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penterjemahan_Al-Quran" title="Penterjemahan Al-Quran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penterjemahan Al-Quran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversettelser_av_Koranen" title="Oversettelser av Koranen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oversettelser av Koranen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradu%C3%A7%C3%B5es_do_Cor%C3%A3o" title="Traduções do Corão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Traduções do Corão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Переводы Корана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Переводы Корана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraanin_k%C3%A4%C3%A4nn%C3%B6kset" title="Koraanin käännökset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koraanin käännökset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%27an_mealleri" title="Kur'an mealleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kur'an mealleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1236219#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Quran_translations" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender;;background:none;font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran" title="History of the Quran">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B8%A5y" title="Waḥy">Waḥy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" title="Muhammad's first revelation">First revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbab_al-Nuzul" title="Asbab al-Nuzul">Asbab al-Nuzul</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Quran" title="Historical reliability of the Quran">Historicity</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Manuscripts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Kufic_Quran" title="Samarkand Kufic Quran">Samarkand Kufic Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa_manuscript" title="Sanaa manuscript">Sanaa manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkapi_manuscript" title="Topkapi manuscript">Topkapi manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">Birmingham manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Mashhad" title="Codex Mashhad">Codex Mashhad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Divisions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran" title="List of chapters in the Quran">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meccan_surah" title="Meccan surah">Meccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medinan_surah" title="Medinan surah">Medinan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80yah" title="Āyah">Āyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juz%27" title="Juz'">Juz'</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muqatta%CA%BFat" title="Muqattaʿat">Muqatta'at</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Content</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_counter-discourse" title="Quranic counter-discourse">Quranic counter-discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referential_discourse_of_the_Quran" title="Self-referential discourse of the Quran">Self-referential discourse of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_cosmology" title="Quranic cosmology">Quranic cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Punishment narratives in the Quran">Punishment narratives in the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara_256" title="Al-Baqara 256">No compulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Quran" title="Women in the Quran">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam#Qur'an" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_parables" title="Quranic parables">Parables</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science#Science_and_the_Quran" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Quran_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran reading">Reading</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE" title="Qāriʾ">Qāriʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hifz</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarteel" title="Tarteel">Tarteel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahruf" title="Ahruf">Ahruf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at">Qira'at</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Translations</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_the_Quran" title="List of translations of the Quran">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_translations_of_the_Quran" title="Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations_into_Bengali" title="Quran translations into Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Quran" title="English translations of the Quran">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations_into_Hebrew" title="Quran translations into Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Exegesis</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tafsir_works" title="List of tafsir works">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_hermeneutics" title="Quranic hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">Abrogation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical parallels</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_related_to_Quranic_verses" title="List of people related to Quranic verses">Related persons</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Mentioned by name</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Characteristics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">I'jaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_inerrancy" title="Quranic inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_imitations_of_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Attempted imitations of the Quran">Attempted imitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_Quran_and_Sunnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the Quran and Sunnah">Quran and Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_the_Quran" title="Shia view of the Quran">Shi’a view</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quran" title="Category:Quran">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quran" title="Template:Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quran" title="Template talk:Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Translation" title="Category:Translation">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/100px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/150px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/200px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_translation" title="Legal translation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation#Literary_translation" title="Translation">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukkural_translations" title="Tirukkural translations">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_validation" title="Linguistic validation">Linguistic validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_translation" title="Medical translation">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_translation" title="Regulatory translation">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_translation" title="Technical translation">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">Word-for-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense-for-sense_translation" title="Sense-for-sense translation">Sense-for-sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">Homophonic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translation studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopos_theory" title="Skopos theory">Skopos theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_project" title="Translation project">Translation project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_criticism" title="Translation criticism">Translation criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_(translation)" title="Equivalence (translation)">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_linguistics" title="Contrastive linguistics">Contrastive linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysystem_theory" title="Polysystem theory">Polysystem theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Technologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">CAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_management_system" title="Translation management system">Translation management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing" title="Dubbing">Dubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">Subtitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-editing" title="Pre-editing">Pre-editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postediting" title="Postediting">Postediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_translation" title="Multimedia translation">Multimedia translation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Localization</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glocalization" title="Glocalization">Glocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization and localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_localisation" title="Language localisation">Language localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">Video game localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)#Localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dub localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_localization" title="Website localization">Website localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Software localization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Institutional</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_associations" title="Category:Translation associations">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_awards" title="Category:Translation awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_organizations" title="Category:Translation organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_and_interpreting_schools" title="Category:Translation and interpreting schools">Schools</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">Untranslatability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_relay_service" title="Video relay service">Video relay service</a> (VRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_interpreting" title="Telephone interpreting">Telephone interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_barrier" title="Language barrier">Language barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fan_translation_of_video_games" title="Fan translation of video games">of video games</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_translation" title="Journalistic translation">Journalistic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_publications" title="Category:Translation publications">Books and magazines on translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_translations_by_language" title="Category:Bible translations by language">Bible translations by language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translations" title="Category:Translations">Translated books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_works_by_number_of_translations" title="List of literary works by number of translations">List of most translated works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators" title="Category:Translators">Translators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tirukkural_translations_by_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirukkural translations by language">Kural translations by language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Translation_info" title="Template:Translation info"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Translation_info" title="Template talk:Translation info"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Translation_info" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Translation info"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> has been <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translated</a> into most major African, Asian and European languages from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-translation_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies involving understanding, interpreting and translating the Quran can contain individual tendencies, reflections and even distortions<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused by the region, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_sects" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sects">sect</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> education, religious ideology<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and knowledge of the people who made them. These distortions can manifest themselves in many areas of belief and practices. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_theology">Islamic theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Islamic theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Translation of the Qur'an from Arabic into other languages has always been a difficult issue in Islamic theology. Because Muslims revere the Qur'an as miraculous and inimitable (<i>i'jaz al-Qur'an</i>), they argue that the Qur'anic text should not be isolated from its true language or written form, at least not without keeping the Arabic text with it.<sup id="cite_ref-translation_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Islamic theology, the Qur'an is a <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> very specifically in Arabic, and so it should only be recited in <a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranic Arabic">Quranic Arabic</a>. Translations into other languages are the work of humans and so, according to Muslims, no longer possess the uniquely sacred character of the Arabic original. Since these translations subtly change the meaning, they are often called "interpretations"<sup id="cite_ref-Malise_Ruthven_Page_90_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malise_Ruthven_Page_90-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "translation[s] of the meanings" (with "meanings" being ambiguous between the meanings of the various passages and the multiple possible meanings with which each word taken in isolation can be associated, and with the latter connotation amounting to an acknowledgement that the so-called translation is but one possible interpretation and is not claimed to be the full equivalent of the original). For instance, <a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Pickthall" title="Marmaduke Pickthall">Pickthall</a> called his translation <i><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_the_Glorious_Koran" title="The Meaning of the Glorious Koran">The Meaning of the Glorious Koran</a></i> rather than simply <i>The Koran</i>. </p><p>The task of translation of the Qur'an is not an easy one; some native Arab speakers will argue that some Qur'anic passages are difficult to understand even in the original Arabic script. A part of this is the innate difficulty of any translation; in Arabic, as in other languages, a single word can have a variety of meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-Malise_Ruthven_Page_90_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malise_Ruthven_Page_90-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is always an element of human judgement involved in understanding and translating a text. This factor is made more complex by the fact that the usage of words has changed a great deal between classical and modern Arabic. As a result, even Qur'anic verses which seem perfectly clear to native Arab speakers accustomed to modern vocabulary and usage may have an original meaning that is not obvious. </p><p>The original meaning of a Qur'anic passage will also be dependent on the historical circumstances of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s life and the early community in which it originated. Investigating that context usually requires a detailed knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">sirah</a>, which are themselves vast and complex texts. This introduces an additional element of uncertainty that cannot be eliminated by any linguistic rules of translation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first translation of the Qur'an was performed by <a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a>, who translated <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">al-Fatiha</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> in the early seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Islamic tradition contained in the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Negus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> received letters from Muhammad containing verses from the Qur'an<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. However, during Muhammad's lifetime, no passage from the Qur'an was ever translated into these languages nor any other.<sup id="cite_ref-translation_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second known translation was into Greek and was used by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicetas_Byzantius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicetas Byzantius (page does not exist)">Nicetas Byzantius</a>, a scholar from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, in his 'Refutation of Qur'an' written between 855 and 870. However, we know nothing about who and for what purpose had made this translation. It is said that it was a complete translation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first fully attested complete translations of the Qur'an were done between the 10th and 12th centuries into <a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Classical_Persian" title="Persian language">Classical Persian</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansur_I" title="Mansur I">Mansur I</a> (961–976), ordered a group of scholars from <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> to translate the <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Tabari" title="Tafsir al-Tabari">Tafsir al-Tabari</a></i>, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> wrote a complete <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a> of the Qur'an in Persian. In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a> translated the Qur'an into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times. </p><p>In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known.<sup id="cite_ref-translation_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_languages">European languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin">Latin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re_offers_a_Koran_to_Duke_Philip_(detail_of_Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re_offers_a_Koran_to_Duke_Philip_%28detail_of_Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re%29.jpg/220px-Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re_offers_a_Koran_to_Duke_Philip_%28detail_of_Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re_offers_a_Koran_to_Duke_Philip_%28detail_of_Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re%29.jpg/330px-Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re_offers_a_Koran_to_Duke_Philip_%28detail_of_Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re_offers_a_Koran_to_Duke_Philip_%28detail_of_Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re%29.jpg/440px-Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re_offers_a_Koran_to_Duke_Philip_%28detail_of_Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re" title="Bertrandon de la Broquière">Bertrandon de la Broquière</a> giving a Latin translation of the Qur'an to <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a> (detail). Illustration (folio 152v) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Le_Tavernier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Le Tavernier (page does not exist)">Jean Le Tavernier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Le_Tavernier" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Le Tavernier">fr</a>]</span> from <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BnF</a>, MS fr. 9087, made in Lille in 1455.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Ketton" title="Robert of Ketton">Robertus Ketenensis</a> produced the first Latin translation of the Qur'an in 1143 <sup id="cite_ref-translation_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Mahumet_pseudoprophete" title="Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete">Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete</a></i> ("The law of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Mahomet</a> the pseudo prophet"). The translation was made at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Venerable" title="Peter the Venerable">Peter the Venerable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Cluny" title="Abbot of Cluny">abbot of Cluny</a>, and currently exists in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Arsenal" title="Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal">Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal</a> in Paris. Ketenensis' work was republished in 1543 in three editions by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Bibliander" title="Theodore Bibliander">Theodore Bibliander</a> at <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>. All editions contained a preface by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>. Many later European translations of the Qur'an merely translated Ketenensis' Latin version into their own language, as opposed to translating the Qur'an directly from Arabic. </p><p>In the early thirteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Toledo" title="Mark of Toledo">Mark of Toledo</a> made another, more literal, translation into Latin, which survives in several manuscripts. In the fifteenth century, Juan of Segovia produced another translation in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudejar</a> writer, Isa of Segovia. Only the prologue survives. In the sixteenth century, Juan Gabriel Terrolensis aided Cardenal Eguida da Viterbo in another translation into Latin. In the early seventeenth century, another translation was made, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Lucaris" title="Cyril Lucaris">Cyril Lucaris</a>. </p><p>In 1518, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gabriel_of_Teruel" title="Juan Gabriel of Teruel">Juan Gabriel of Teruel</a> (formerly known as Ali Alayzar), a Muslim convert to Christianity, prepared a Latin translation of the Quran for <a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Viterbo" title="Giles of Viterbo">Giles of Viterbo</a>, who had commissioned the translation for the purpose of converting Muslims to Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a>, a Muslim convert who was a godson of Giles of Viterbo, revised the translation in 1525.<sup id="cite_ref-DeGruyter_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGruyter-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harrassowitz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrassowitz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Starczewska_thesis_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starczewska_thesis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving manuscripts of the translation are Cambridge MS Mm. v. 26 (C) and Milan MS D 100 inf. (M).<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jstor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MS D 100 Inf was copied by Scottish scholar David Colville in 1621, from a manuscript at the library of <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a> in Spain. Colville later brought the manuscript to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. Today, it is archived at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Ambrosiana" title="Biblioteca Ambrosiana">Biblioteca Ambrosiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1622, the Genoese Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Lomellini" title="Ignazio Lomellini">Ignazio Lomellini</a> (1560–1645) translated the Quran into Latin in the little-known <i>Animadversiones, Notae ac Disputationes in Pestilentem Alcoranum</i> (MS A-IV-4), a 1622 manuscript that is the oldest surviving example of a European translation of the Quran which also includes the complete original Arabic text.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroque_Jesuits_Encounter_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroque_Jesuits_Encounter-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Maracci" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Maracci">Louis Maracci</a> (1612–1700), a teacher of Arabic at the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University of Rome</a> and confessor to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a>, issued an <a href="/wiki/Marracci_edition" title="Marracci edition">Arabic edition</a> and a second Latin translation in 1698 in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His edition contains the Qur'an's Arabic text with a Latin translation, annotations to further understanding and – embued by the time's spirit of controversy – an essay titled "Refutation of the Qur'an", where Marracci disproves Islam from the then Catholic point of view. Despite the <i>Refutation</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s anti-Islamic tendency, Marracci's translation is accurate, suitably commented, and quotes many Islamic sources.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marracci's translation too became the source of other European translations (one in France by Savory, and one in German by Nerreter). These later translations were quite inauthentic, and one even claimed to be published in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in 1165 AH.<sup id="cite_ref-translation_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_languages">Modern languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first translation in a modern European language was in <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> by the convert <a href="/wiki/Juan_Andr%C3%A9s" title="Juan Andrés">Juan Andrés</a> (or so he claims in his <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Confusión o Confutación de la secta mahomética y del alcorán</i></span>) but this translation is lost. A few dozen Qur'an verses into Castilian are found within the Confusión itself. There were lost translations in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, one of them by Francesc Pons Saclota in 1382, the other appeared in <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a> in 1384.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Romance translation was made into Italian, 1547 by Andrea Arrivabene, derived from Ketenensis'. The Italian translation was used to derive the first German translation <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Schweigger" title="Salomon Schweigger">Salomon Schweigger</a> in 1616 in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, which in turn was used to derive the first Dutch translation in 1641.<sup id="cite_ref-translation_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first French translation came out in 1647, and again in 1775, issued by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_du_Ryer" title="André du Ryer">André du Ryer</a>. The Du Ryer translation also fathered many re-translations, most notably an English version by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ross_(writer)" title="Alexander Ross (writer)">Alexander Ross</a> in 1649. Ross' version was used to derive several others: a Dutch version by Glazemaker, a German version by Lange.<sup id="cite_ref-translation_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adyghe">Adyghe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adyghe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The first <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> translation of the Qur'an was done by <a href="/wiki/Iskhak_Mashbash" title="Iskhak Mashbash">Iskhak Mashbash</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a> edition was also published. It was translated from Russian.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English">English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Quran" title="English translations of the Quran">English translations of the Quran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Promotional plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lifeofmahomet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lifeofmahomet.jpg/330px-Lifeofmahomet.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lifeofmahomet.jpg/495px-Lifeofmahomet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Lifeofmahomet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in <i>The Life of Mahomet</i>, containing an English translation of the Qur'an derived from the French translation <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27Alcoran_de_Mahomet" title="L'Alcoran de Mahomet">L'Alcoran de Mahomet</a></i></span>, initially published in 1649. Edition dating to 1719.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known translation of the Qur'an in any European language was the Latin works by <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Ketton" title="Robert of Ketton">Robert of Ketton</a> at the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Cluny" title="Abbot of Cluny">Abbot of Cluny</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1143</span>. This translation remained the only one until 1649 when the first English language translation was done by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ross_(writer)" title="Alexander Ross (writer)">Alexander Ross</a>, chaplain to King Charles I, who translated from a French work <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Alcoran de Mahomet</i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_du_Ryer" title="André du Ryer">du Ryer</a>. </p><p>In 1734, <a href="/wiki/George_Sale" title="George Sale">George Sale</a> produced the first translation of the Qur'an direct from Arabic into English but relying heavily on <a href="/wiki/Clerics_Regular_of_the_Mother_of_God_of_Lucca" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca">O.M.D.</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Maracci" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Maracci">Louis Maracci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Quran">Vatican Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, there have been English translations by the clergyman <a href="/wiki/John_Medows_Rodwell" title="John Medows Rodwell">John Medows Rodwell</a> in 1861, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Henry_Palmer" title="Edward Henry Palmer">Edward Henry Palmer</a> in 1880, both showing in their works several mistakes of mistranslation and misinterpretation. These were followed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bell_(Arabist)" title="Richard Bell (Arabist)">Richard Bell</a> in 1937 and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_John_Arberry" title="Arthur John Arberry">Arthur John Arberry</a> in the 1950s. </p><p><i>The Qur'an</i> (1910) by <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Abul_Fazl" title="Mirza Abul Fazl">Mirza Abul Fazl</a> (1865–1956), a native of <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>), later moved to <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, India. He was the first Muslim to present a translation of the Qur'an into English along with the original Arabic text. Among the contemporary Muslim scholars, Abul Fazl was a pioneer who took interest in the study of the chronological order of the Qur'an and drew the attention of Muslim scholars to its importance. </p><p>With the increasing population of English-speaking Muslims around the start of the 20th century, three Muslim translations of the Qur'an into English made their first appearance. The first was <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_(writer)" title="Muhammad Ali (writer)">Muhammad Ali</a>'s 1917 translation, which is composed from an <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> perspective, with some small parts being rejected as unorthodox by the vast majority of Muslims. This was followed in 1930 by the English convert to Islam <a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Pickthall" title="Marmaduke Pickthall">Marmaduke Pickthall</a>'s more literalist translation. </p><p>Soon thereafter in 1934, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Abdullah Yusuf Ali</a>, published his translation, featuring copious explanatory annotation – over 6000 notes, generally being around 95% of the text on a given page, to supplement the main text of the translation. This translation has gone through over 30 printings by several different publishing houses, and is one of the most popular amongst English-speaking Muslims, alongside the Pickthall and Saudi-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Noble_Quran_(Hilali%E2%80%93Khan)" title="Noble Quran (Hilali–Khan)">Hilali-Khan</a> translations.<sup id="cite_ref-meforum_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meforum-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With few new English translations over the 1950–1980 period, these three Muslim translations were to flourish and cement reputations that were to ensure their survival into the 21st century, finding favor among readers often in newly revised updated editions. Orientalist Arthur Arberry's 1955 translation and native <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Jew">Iraqi Jew</a> <a href="/wiki/N._J._Dawood" title="N. J. Dawood">N. J. Dawood</a>'s unorthodox translation in 1956 were to be the only major works to appear in the post-war period. A. J. Arberry's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Koran_Interpreted" title="The Koran Interpreted">The Koran Interpreted</a></i> remains the scholarly standard for English translations, and is widely used by academics.<sup id="cite_ref-meforum_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meforum-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English translation of <a href="/wiki/Kanzul_Iman" title="Kanzul Iman">Kanzul Iman</a> is called <i>The Treasure of Faith</i>, which is translated by Farid Ul Haq. It is in simple, easy-to-understand modern-day English. Explanations are given in brackets to avoid ambiguity, provide better understanding and references to similar verses elsewhere. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Syed_Abdul_Latif_(writer)" title="Syed Abdul Latif (writer)">Syed Abdul Latif's</a> translation published in 1967, is regarded highly by some. He was a professor of English at <a href="/wiki/Osmania_University" title="Osmania University">Osmania University</a>, Hyderabad. It was nevertheless short-lived due to criticism of his foregoing accuracy for the price of fluency. </p><p><i>The Message of the Qur'an: Presented in Perspective</i> (1974) was published by <a href="/wiki/Hashim_Amir_Ali" title="Hashim Amir Ali">Hashim Amir Ali</a>. He translated the Qur'an into English and arranged it according to chronological order. Hashim Amir-Ali (1903-<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1987</span>) was a native of <a href="/wiki/Salar_Jung_family" title="Salar Jung family">Salar Jung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>. In 1938, he came under the influence of Abul Fazl and took a deep interest in the study of the Qur'an, and was aware of the significance of the chronological order of the passages contained in it. </p><p>Another Jewish convert to Islam, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a>'s monumental work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Message_of_The_Qur%27an" title="The Message of The Qur'an">The Message of The Qur'an</a></i> made its appearance for the first time in 1980. </p><p>Professor <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_(writer)" title="Ahmed Ali (writer)">Ahmed Ali</a>'s <i>Al-Qur'an: A Contemporary Translation</i> (Akrash Publishing, Karachi, 1984, Reprinted by Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1987; <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, New Jersey, 1988, with 9th reprinting 2001). <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Fazlur Rahman Malik</a> of the University of Chicago writes, "It brings out the original rhythms of the Qur'anic language and the cadences. It also departs from traditional translations in that it gives more refined and differentiated shades of important concepts". According to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Edward_Peters" title="Francis Edward Peters">Francis Edward Peters</a> of New York University, "Ahmed Ali's work is clear, direct, and elegant – a combination of stylistic virtues seldom found in translations of the Qur'an. His is the best I have read." </p><p>At the cusp of the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> and a new wave of cold-war-generated Muslim immigrants to Europe and North America brought Islam squarely into the public limelight for the first time in Western Europe and North America. This resulted in a wave of translations as Western publishers tried to capitalize on the new demand for English translations of the Qur'an. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> were all to release editions at this time, as did indeed the Saudi Government, which came out with its own re-tooled version of the original Yusuf Ali translation. Canadian Muslim Professor <a href="/wiki/T._B._Irving" title="T. B. Irving">T. B. Irving</a>'s 'modern English' translation (1985) was a major Muslim effort during that time. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Qur'an: The Final Testament</i>, Islamic Productions, Tucson, Arizona, (1989) was published by <a href="/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رشاد خليفة</span></span>; 19 November 1935 – 31 January 1990) Khalifa wrote that he was a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">messenger of God</a> and that the archangel Gabriel 'most assertively' told him that chapter 36, verse 3, of the Qur'an, 'specifically' referred to him.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is referred to as God's Messenger of the Covenant by his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote that the Qur'an contains a mathematical structure based on the number 19. He made the controversial claim that the last two verses of chapter nine in the Qur'an were not canonical, telling his followers to reject them.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reasoned that the verses disrupted an otherwise flawless nineteen-based pattern and were sacrilegious since they appeared to endorse worship of Muhammad. Khalifa's research received little attention in the West. In 1980, Martin Gardner mentioned it in <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gardner later wrote a more extensive and critical review of Khalifa and his work.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arrival of the 1990s ushered in the phenomenon of an extensive English-speaking Muslim population well-settled in Western Europe and North America. As a result, several major Muslim translations emerged to meet the ensuing demand. One of them was published in 1990, and it is by the first woman to translate the Qur'an into English, Amatul Rahman Omar, together with her husband, Abdul Mannan Omar.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991 appeared an English translation under the title: <i>The Clarion Call Of The Eternal Qur-aan</i>, by Muhammad Khalilur Rahman (b. 1906–1988), <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, Bangladesh. He was the eldest son of Shamsul Ulama Moulana Muhammad Ishaque of Burdwan, West Bengal, India, – a former lecturer of Dhaka University. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1996 the Saudi government financed a new translation "the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Quran_(Hilali-Khan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble Quran (Hilali-Khan)">Hilali-Khan Qur'an</a>" which was distributed free worldwide by the Saudi government. It has been criticized for being in line with their particular interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Saheeh_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Saheeh International">Saheeh International</a></i> Qur'an translation was published in 1997 in Saudi Arabia by three women converts. It remains extremely popular. </p><p>In 1999, a fresh translation of the Qur'an into English entitled <i>The Noble Qur'an – A New Rendering of its Meaning in English</i> by Abdalhaqq and the American <a href="/wiki/Aisha_Bewley" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisha Bewley">Aisha Bewley</a> was published by Bookwork,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with revised editions being published in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Majestic_Qur%27an:_An_English_Rendition_of_Its_Meanings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Majestic Qur'an: An English Rendition of Its Meanings">The Majestic Qur'an: An English Rendition of Its Meanings</a></i> was published by a committee of four Turkish <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> scholars who have divided the work as follows: <a href="/wiki/Nurettin_Uzuno%C4%9Flu" title="Nurettin Uzunoğlu">Nurettin Uzunoğlu</a> translated <a href="/wiki/Surahs" class="mw-redirect" title="Surahs">Surahs</a> (chapters) 1 to 8; Tevfik Rüştü Topuzoğlu: 9 to 20; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_%C3%96zek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Özek (page does not exist)">Ali Özek</a>: 21 to 39; Mehmet Maksutoğlu: 40 to 114. The translation comes with an extensive commentary and annotations in modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">standard English</a>, makes it easier to understand than the older translations. </p><p><i>The Qur'an in Persian and English</i> (Bilingual Edition, 2001) features an English translation by the Iranian poet and author <a href="/wiki/Tahereh_Saffarzadeh" title="Tahereh Saffarzadeh">Tahereh Saffarzadeh</a>. This was the third translation of the Qur'an into English by a woman, after Amatul Rahman Omar,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Aisha Bewley – and the first bilingual translation of the Qur'an.<sup id="cite_ref-amazon.com_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amazon.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, the English translation of the 8-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ariful_Qur%27an" title="Ma'ariful Qur'an">Ma'ariful Qur'an</a></i> was completed and the translation of the Qurʻan used for it was newly done by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi_Usmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Taqi Usmani">Muhammad Taqi Usmani</a> in collaboration with his brother Wali Raazi Usmani and his teachers, Professors Hasan Askari and Muhammad Shameem. </p><p>In 2004, a new translation of the Qur'an by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abdel-Haleem" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Abdel-Haleem">Muhammad Abdel-Haleem</a> was also published, with revised editions being published in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Qur%27an_with_Annotated_Interpretation_in_Modern_English" title="The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English">The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a> was published. The work is more like a simplified <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a> (Qur'anic exegesis) than a translation. He uses <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">modern English</a>, and adds short notes between brackets amidst the translation when needed. </p><p>In 2007, <i>Qur'an: a Reformist Translation</i> by <a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a>, Layth Saleh al-Shaiban, and Martha Schulte-Nafeh, was published. </p><p>In 2007, <i>The Meanings of the Noble Qur'an with Explanatory Notes</i> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi_Usmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Taqi Usmani">Muhammad Taqi Usmani</a> was published. It has been published in 2 volumes at first and later, in a single volume. He also translated the Qur'an in simple Urdu, making him a translator of the Qur'an in dual languages. </p><p>In 2007 <i>The Sublime Qur'an</i> appeared by <a href="/wiki/Laleh_Bakhtiar" title="Laleh Bakhtiar">Laleh Bakhtiar</a>; it is the second translation of the Qur'an by an American woman.<sup id="cite_ref-amazon.com_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amazon.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slate_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Tarif_Khalidi" title="Tarif Khalidi">Tarif Khalidi</a> completed <i>The Qur'an: A New Translation</i> for Penguin Classics and Viking Press. It did not include commentary, so as to give readers a sense of how the earliest Muslims would have read and listened to the Qur'an. It serves as a replacement to Penguin Classics' older translation by NJ Dawood, although the Dawood translation remains in print. </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Wahiduddin_Khan" title="Wahiduddin Khan">Wahiduddin Khan</a> translated the Qur'an in English, which was published by Goodword Books entitled <i>The Qur'an: Translation and Commentary with Parallel Arabic Text</i>. This translation is considered as the easiest to understand due to simple and modern English. The pocket-size version of this translation with only English text is widely distributed as part of dawah work.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rhymed verse edition of the entire Qur'an rendered in English by Thomas McElwain in 2010 includes rhymed commentary under the hardback title <i>The Beloved and I, Volume Five</i>, and the paperback title <i>The Beloved and I: Contemplations on the Qur'an</i>. </p><p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Khattab" title="Mustafa Khattab">Mustafa Khattab</a> of Al-Azhar University completed <i>The Clear Qur'an: A Thematic English Translation</i>, after three years of collaboration with a team of scholars, editors, and proof-readers. Noted for its clarity, accuracy, and flow, this work is believed to be the first English translation done in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Turkish Scholar Hakkı Yılmaz worked on the Qur'an through the root meanings of the Arabic words and published a study called <i>Tebyin-ül Qur'an</i>, and he also published a Division by Division Interpretation in the Order of Revelation in Turkish. His work was translated into English.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Musharraf_Hussain" title="Musharraf Hussain">Musharraf Hussain</a> released <i>The Majestic Quran: A Plain English Translation</i>, a reader-friendly presentation of the translation of the Qur'an aiming to help readers understand the topic being read, and learn the moving and transformative message of the Qur'an. There are 1500 sections with headings. Approved by <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Ifta%27_al-Misriyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-Ifta' al-Misriyya">Dar al-Ifta' al-Misriyya</a> (Egyptian institute of Fatwas).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Tahir Mahmood Kiani released <i>The Easy Quran</i>. The translation was intended for readers at age 12, but was also comprehensible to readers as young as 6.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Talal Itani released <i>Quran in English: Super-easy to read. For ages 9 to 99.</i> A Quran translation for children and adults. </p><p>In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller" title="Nuh Ha Mim Keller">Nuh Ha Mim Keller</a> released <i>The Quran Beheld</i>. Based on two integral study readings over fifteen years with a teacher,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was described by a reviewer as "the first reliable plenary translation of the Quran into English." </p><p>In 2023, a new translation of the Quran was produced through a collaboration between Talal Itani and artificial intelligence. This translation is noted for its attempt to balance readability with linguistic precision. It aims to be accessible to a wide range of readers, including children and adults, as well as both Muslims and non-Muslims. The translation strives for a non-sectarian approach and emphasizes grammatical accuracy. The collaboration between Itani, a scholar in Quranic studies, and machine learning algorithms represents an innovative approach in the field of Quran translations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French">French</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcoran_de_Mahomet_1647.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Alcoran_de_Mahomet_1647.jpg/170px-Alcoran_de_Mahomet_1647.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Alcoran_de_Mahomet_1647.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27Alcoran_de_Mahomet" title="L'Alcoran de Mahomet">L'Alcoran de Mahomet</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_du_Ryer" title="André du Ryer">André du Ryer</a>, 1647.</div></figcaption></figure> <p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Alcoran de Mahomet</i></span> / translaté d'Arabe François par le Sieur Du Ryer, Sieur de la Garde Malezair., 1647, 1649, 1672, 1683, 1719, 1734, 1770, 1775, by André Du Ryer, was the first French translation. This was followed two centuries later in Paris by the 1840 translation by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kazimirski_de_Biberstein" title="Albert Kazimirski de Biberstein">Kasimirski</a> who was an interpreter for the French Persian legation. Then in the mid-twentieth century, a new translation was done by <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Blach%C3%A8re" title="Régis Blachère">Régis Blachère</a> a French Orientalist followed a few years later in 1959 by the first translation by a Muslim into the French Language from the original Arabic. This work of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hamidullah" title="Muhammad Hamidullah">Muhammad Hamidullah</a> continues to be reprinted and published in Paris and Lebanon as it is regarded as the most linguistically accurate of all translations although critics may complain there is some loss of the spirit of the Arabic original. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Greek">Modern Greek</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Modern Greek translation was done by Gerasimos Pentakis in 1886, after receiving royal approval from <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I of Greece</a>. A second edition was published in 1928. Another three were published in 1958, 1980 and 2002, the most recent was done from Persa Koumoutsi. There is also an online translation. In Greek, there is also the 9th century translation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicetas_Byzantios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicetas Byzantios (page does not exist)">Nicetas Byzantios</a> referred earlier in the article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian">Russian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1716, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Postinkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Postinkov (page does not exist)">Pyotr Postinkov</a> published the first translation of the Quran in Russian based on the French translation of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_du_Ryer" title="André du Ryer">André du Ryer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gordiy_Sablukov" title="Gordiy Sablukov">Gordiy Sablukov</a> published the first Russian translation of the Quran from the original Arabic text in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 20 translations in Russian have been published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish">Spanish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four complete translations of the Qur'an in modern Spanish that are commonly available. </p> <ul><li><b>Julio Cortes</b> translation 'El Coran' is widely available in North America, being published by New York-based <i>Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an</i> publishing house.</li> <li><b>Ahmed Abboud and Rafael Castellanos</b>, two converts to Islam of Argentine origin, published 'El Sagrado Coran' (El Nilo, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1953).</li> <li><b>Kamel Mustafa Hallak</b> fine deluxe hardback print 'El Coran Sagrado' is printed by Maryland-based <i>Amana Publications</i>.</li> <li><b>Abdel Ghani Melara Navio</b> a Spaniard who converted to Islam in 1979, his 'Traduccion-Comentario Del Noble Coran' was originally published by <i>Darussalam Publications</i>, Riyadh, in December 1997. The <i>King Fahd Printing Complex</i> has its own version of this translation, with editing by Omar Kaddoura and Isa Amer Quevedo.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_languages">Asian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Quran_translations" title="Special:EditPage/Quran translations">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg/220px-Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg/330px-Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg/440px-Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali" title="Mir Sayyid Ali">Mir Sayyid Ali</a>, writing a <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a> on the Qur'an during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bengali">Bengali</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bengali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1389, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Muhammad_Sagir" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Muhammad Sagir">Shah Muhammad Sagir</a>, one of the oldest poets of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a>, was the first to translate <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">surahs</a> of the Qur'an into the old Bengali language.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Girish_Chandra_Sen" title="Girish Chandra Sen">Girish Chandra Sen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> missionary, was the first person to produce a complete translation of the Qur'an into the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> in 1886, although an incomplete translation was made by Amiruddin Basunia in 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbas Ali of Chandipur, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> was the first Muslim to translate the entire Qur'an into the Bengali language. <a href="/wiki/Naimuddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Naimuddin">Muhammad Naimuddin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tangail_District" title="Tangail District">Tangail</a> translated the first ten chapters of the Qur'an into Bengali in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides many translated Qur'anic exegesis are available in Bengali language.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Akram_Khan" title="Mohammad Akram Khan">Mohammad Akram Khan</a> translated the 30th chapter of the Quran with commentary in 1926. In 1938, Muhammad Naqibullah Khan published a Bengali translation.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhiuddin_Khan" title="Muhiuddin Khan">Muhiuddin Khan</a> was also a known Bangladeshi who translated the Ma'arif al-Qur'an into Bengali. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese">Chinese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is claimed that <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ma_Dexin" title="Yusuf Ma Dexin">Yusuf Ma Dexin</a> (1794–1874) is the first translator of the Qur'an into Chinese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the first complete translations into Chinese did not appear until 1927, although Islam had been present in China since the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907). <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingzhai" title="Wang Jingzhai">Wang Jingzhai</a> was one of the first Chinese Muslims to translate the Qur'an. His translation, the Gǔlánjīng yìjiě, appeared in either 1927<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1932, with new revised versions being issued in 1943 and 1946. The translation by <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C7%90_Ti%C4%9Bzh%C4%93ng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lǐ Tiězhēng (page does not exist)">Lǐ Tiězhēng</a>, a non-Muslim, was not from the original Arabic, but from <a href="/wiki/John_Medows_Rodwell" title="John Medows Rodwell">John Medows Rodwell</a>'s English via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakamoto_Ken-ichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakamoto Ken-ichi (page does not exist)">Sakamoto Ken-ichi</a>'s Japanese. A second non-Muslim translation appeared in 1931, edited by Jī Juémí. Other translations appeared in 1943, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li%C3%BA_J%C7%90nbi%C4%81o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liú Jǐnbiāo (page does not exist)">Liú Jǐnbiāo</a>, and 1947, by Yáng Zhòngmíng.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most popular version today is the Gǔlánjīng, translated by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ma_Jian" title="Muhammad Ma Jian">Mǎ Jiān</a>, parts of which appeared between 1949 and 1951, with the full edition being published posthumously only in 1981. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%B3ng_D%C3%A0ozh%C4%81ng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tóng Dàozhāng (page does not exist)">Tóng Dàozhāng</a>, a Muslim Chinese American, produced a modern translation, entitled Gǔlánjīng, in 1989. The most recent translation appeared in Taipei in 1996, the Qīngzhēn xīliú – Gǔlánjīng xīnyì, translated by Shěn Xiázhǔn, but it has not found favor with Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latest translation 古兰经暨中文译注 was translated and published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunus_Chiao_Shien_Ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunus Chiao Shien Ma (page does not exist)">Yunus Chiao Shien Ma</a> in 2016 in Taipei <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-43-3984-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-957-43-3984-6">978-957-43-3984-6</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gujarati">Gujarati</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gujarati"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Imam Ahmed Raza Khan</a> translated the first Gujarati Quran in 1911 called <a href="/wiki/Kanzul_Iman" title="Kanzul Iman">Kanzul Iman</a> based on the Urdu Translation of Shah Abdul Qadir Dehlvi. <i>Quran Majeed Gujarati Tarjuma Sathe</i> by Ahmedbhai Sulaiman Jumani in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hebrew">Hebrew</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hebrew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The translation of the Qur'an to Hebrew by Oz Yona and his staff was published by Goodword books in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urdu">Urdu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Urdu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Modern Urdu translation <i>Mouzeh i Quran</i> was done by Shah Abdul Qadir, son of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Waliullah</a>, in 1826.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1305837#:~:text=The%20language%20used%20is%20Old,Urdu%20translation%20of%20the%20Quran.">[1]</a> A translation of Quran in both Hindi and Urdu was done by <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Imam Ahmed Raza Khan</a> in 1911 named as <a href="/wiki/Kanzul_Iman" title="Kanzul Iman">Kanzul Iman</a>. One of the authentic translations of the Qur'an in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> was done by <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a> and was named <a href="/wiki/Tafhim-ul-Quran" title="Tafhim-ul-Quran">Tafhimu'l-Qur'an</a>. Molana <a href="/wiki/Ashiq_Elahi_Merathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashiq Elahi Merathi">Ashiq Elahi Merathi</a> also translated the Qur'an in Urdu. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafseer_e_Merathi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tafseer e Merathi (page does not exist)">Tafseer e Merathi</a> is a renowned translation of Qur'an along with tarsier and Shan e Nazool in Urdu by <a href="/wiki/Ashiq_Ilahi_Bulandshahri" title="Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri">Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri</a>, In 1961 <i>Mafhoom-ul-Quran</i> was written by <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Perwez" title="Ghulam Ahmed Perwez">Ghulam Ahmed Perwez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Wahiduddin_Khan" title="Wahiduddin Khan">Maulana Wahiduddin Khan</a> wrote the Urdu Translation and Commentary titled <a href="/wiki/Tazkirul_Quran" title="Tazkirul Quran">Tazkirul Quran</a>. He also translated Quran in Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arshad Madani & Pro Sulaiman translated Hindi Quran titled, <i>Quran Sharif: Anuvad aur Vakhya</i> in 1991. Irfan-ul-Qurʻan is an Urdu translation by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Tahir-ul-Qadri" title="Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri">Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [Mutalaeh Qur'an مطالعہ قرآن] by ABDULLAH, 2014, is an Urdu Translation.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesian_languages">Indonesian languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indonesian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Qur'an has also been translated to <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the most populous Muslim country in the world. Translation into Acehnese was done by Mahijiddin Yusuf in 1995; into Buginese by Daude Ismaile and Nuh Daeng Manompo in 1982; into Gorontalo by Lukman Katili in 2008; into Javanese by Ngarpah (1913), Kyai Bisyri Mustafa Rembang (1964), and K. H. R. Muhamad Adnan; in Sundanese by A.A. Dallan, H. Qamaruddin Shaleh, Jus Rusamsi in 1965; and in Indonesian at least in three versions: A Dt. Madjoindo, H.M Kasim Bakery, Imam M. Nur Idris, A. Hassan, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Yunus" title="Mahmud Yunus">Mahmud Yunus</a>, H.S. Fachruddin, H., Hamidy (all in the 1960s), Mohammad Diponegoro, Bachtiar Surin (all in the 1970s), and Departemen Agama Republik Indonesia (Indonesian Department of Religious Affair).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese">Japanese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first translation into Japanese was done by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakamoto_Ken-ichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakamoto Ken-ichi (page does not exist)">Sakamoto Ken-ichi</a> in 1920. Sakamoto worked from <a href="/wiki/John_Medows_Rodwell" title="John Medows Rodwell">Rodwell</a>'s English translation. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takahashi_Goro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takahashi Goro (page does not exist)">Takahashi Goro</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunpachiro_(Ahmad)_Ariga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunpachiro (Ahmad) Ariga (page does not exist)">Bunpachiro (Ahmad) Ariga</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mizuho_Yamaguchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mizuho Yamaguchi (page does not exist)">Mizuho Yamaguchi</a> produced Japan's second translation in 1938. The first translation from the Arabic was done by <a href="/wiki/Toshihiko_Izutsu" title="Toshihiko Izutsu">Toshihiko Izutsu</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, another translation appeared by <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Shūmei Ōkawa</a>. Other translations have appeared more recently by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ban_Yasunari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ban Yasunari (page does not exist)">Ban Yasunari</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osamu_Ikeda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osamu Ikeda (page does not exist)">Osamu Ikeda</a> in 1970 and by Umar <a href="/wiki/Ryoichi_Mita" title="Ryoichi Mita">Ryoichi Mita</a> in 1972. </p><p>In 2015, a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> adaptation of the Qur'an was published in Japan as part of the East Press <i><a href="/wiki/Manga_de_Dokuha" title="Manga de Dokuha">Manga de Dokuha</a></i> series, which seeks to adapt historic books into an accessible manga format.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version is framed for Japanese cultural sensibilities around a narrative in which a <a href="/wiki/Wise_old_man" title="Wise old man">wise old Muslim man</a> meets a <a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">kawaii</a>-coded <a href="/wiki/Djinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Djinn">djinn</a> in a mosque who is drawn to the sound of Qur'an recitation and wishes to learn more about Islam. The two then embark on a journey through time and space as the story of the Qur'an unfolds. Various surahs are included in full throughout. The nameless protagonist, not Muhammad, is the man on the book's cover. Muhammad does appear and even speaks to the two main characters, but he is depicted as a cloaked figure without a face.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_Malayo-Polynesian_languages">Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Shellabear" title="William Shellabear">William Shellabear</a> (1862–1948) a British scholar and missionary in Malaysia, after translating the Bible into the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> began a translation of the Qur'an, but died in 1948 without finishing it.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sindhi">Sindhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sindhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (Urdu: آخوند أعزاز الله) (Sindhi: مولانا اعزاز اللہ ) was a Muslim theologian from Sindh. Akhund Azaz is considered to be the first person who translated the Qur'an from Arabic to Sindhi. According to Sindhi tradition the first translation was made by in 270 AH / 883 CE by an Arab scholar. Later, it was translated into the Sindhi language by Imam Abul Hassan bin Mohammad Sadiq Al-Sindhi Al-Ma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tagalog">Tagalog</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tagalog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, Abdul Rakman H. Bruce translated the quran in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> which is locally known as "Ang Banal na Kuran".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tamil">Tamil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tamil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Translated as Fathhur-Rahma Fi Tarjimati Tafsir al-Qur'an (Qur'an translation) by Sheikh Mustafa (1836 – 25 July 1888) Beruwala Sri Lanka; Later on Abdul Hameed Bhakavi Tamil Nadu- India </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkish">Turkish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Turkish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest Quranic translation in the Turkish or Turkic language dates back to the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his later translation works is the copy written in the Khorezmian Turkic language in 1363, which is registered in Istanbul's Suleymaniye Library, Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa mosque No:2.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This translation in Khorezmian Turkic, like other translations of the Qur'an, is important for language studies. Because the sanctity of the text that is subject to translation will cause the translator to behave more carefully, the errors encountered in the text are not included in such works. Besides, attention was paid to the religious terminology to be understood by the public and that is why Turkic words are given weight.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> G. Sağol worked on the translation in question.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Hamdi_Yaz%C4%B1r" title="Muhammed Hamdi Yazır">Muhammed Hamdi Yazır</a> worked on <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a> (Qur'anic exegesis) in the <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a> context, and published his <i><a href="/wiki/Hak_D%C4%ABni_Kur%27an_Dili" title="Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili">Hakk Dīni Kur'an Dili</a></i>, the first <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Modern Turkish</a> translation of Quran in 1935 by the orders of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Ataturk</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmal%C4%B1_35_bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Elmal%C4%B1_35_bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Elmal%C4%B1_35_bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Elmal%C4%B1_35_bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1.jpg/330px-Elmal%C4%B1_35_bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Elmal%C4%B1_35_bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1.jpg/440px-Elmal%C4%B1_35_bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption> The first edition 1935 prints of <a href="/wiki/Hak_D%C4%ABni_Kur%27an_Dili" title="Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili">Hakk Dīni Kur'an Dili</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a> and translation of the Qur'an in the modern Turkish language ordered by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1999, the Turkish translation of the Qur'an, MESAJ by <a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a> was published, about seven years after the publication of his book, <i>Türkçe Kuran Çevirilerindeki Hatalar</i> ("Errors in Turkish Translations of the Qur'an"). The translation is a <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranist</a> translation, similar to the translation by <a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Nuri_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Yaşar Nuri Öztürk">Yaşar Nuri Öztürk</a>, and does not consider hadith and sectarian traditional jurisprudence as an authority in understanding the Qur'an. It differs greatly from Sunni and Shia traditions in the translation of numerous crucial words and verses. </p><p>Hakkı Yılmaz worked on the Qur'an through the root meanings of the Arabic words and published a study called Tebyin-ül Qur'an. And he also published a Division by Division Interpretation in the Order of Revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_languages">African languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: African languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Translation of the Qur'an to <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a> by Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Rashad_Abdulle" title="Mohammed Rashad Abdulle">Mohammed Rashad Abdulle </a>.</li> <li>Translation of the Qur'an to <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> by Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Ali_Muhsin_al-Barwani" title="Ali Muhsin al-Barwani">Ali Muhsin al-Barwani</a>.</li> <li>Translation of the Qur'an to <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili language</a> by Sheikh Said Moosa Mohamed al-Kindy.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Translation of the Qur'an to <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> by Sheikh Muhamud Gumi.</li> <li>Translation of the Qur'an to <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> by Sheikh Adam Abdullah Al-Ilory.</li> <li>Translation of the Qur'an to <a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbanli</a> by Sheikh M. Baba Gbetobu.<sup id="cite_ref-dag_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dag-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esperanto">Esperanto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Esperanto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of the Shah, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> of Iran called on Muslims to learn <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>. Shortly thereafter, an official Esperanto translation of the Qur'an was produced by the state. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muztar_Abbasi" title="Muztar Abbasi">Muztar Abbasi</a> also translated the Qur'an into Esperanto and wrote a biography of Muhammad and several other books in Esperanto and Urdu. </p><p>In 1970, Professor Italo Chiussi, an Ahmadi, translated the Qur'an into Esperanto.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_the_Quran" title="List of translations of the Quran">List of translations of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Qur'an">History of the Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary translation">Literary translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-translation-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-translation_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translation_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translation_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translation_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translation_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translation_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translation_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translation_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFatani2006" class="citation book cs1">Fatani, Afnan (2006). "Translation and the Qurʻan". In Leaman, Oliver (ed.). <i>The Qurʻan: an encyclopaedia</i>. Great Britain: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">657–</span>669.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translation+and+the+Qur%CA%BBan&rft.btitle=The+Qur%CA%BBan%3A+an+encyclopaedia&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E657-%3C%2Fspan%3E669&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fatani&rft.aufirst=Afnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are occasional misinterpretations, mistranslations, and even distortions. Translating the meanings of the Holy Quran has always been challenging for translators, as the Quran has an exoteric and an esoteric meaning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED613311.pdf">https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED613311.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jspt.ir/article_167055_d4455677421c8d1c8ab05b048e5fb3a9.pdf">https://www.jspt.ir/article_167055_d4455677421c8d1c8ab05b048e5fb3a9.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19576529.pdf">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19576529.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Therefore, it can be noted that the ideology of religion, attitude, and social context of the translators, as well as the involvement of the state, might affect the translation of the Holy Qur’an into various target languages. Gunawan, F. (2022). The ideology of translators in Quranic translation: lessons learned from Indonesia. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 9(1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2088438">https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2088438</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malise_Ruthven_Page_90-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malise_Ruthven_Page_90_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malise_Ruthven_Page_90_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (2006). <i>Islam in the World</i>. Granta. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-906-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-906-9"><bdi>978-1-86207-906-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Granta&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86207-906-9&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An-Nawawi, Al-Majmu', (Cairo, Matbacat at-'Tadamun n.d.), 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Høgel, "An early anonymous Greek translation of the Qurʻan. The fragments from Niketas Byzantios' Refutatio and the anonymous Abjuratio", <i>Collectanea Christiana Orientalia</i> 7 (2010), pp. 65–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh1991" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kees_Versteegh" title="Kees Versteegh">Versteegh, Kees</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/150525">"Greek translations of the Qurʻan in Christian polemics (9th century)"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Greek+translations+of+the+Qur%CA%BBan+in+Christian+polemics+%289th+century%29&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fdmg%2Fperiodical%2Ftitleinfo%2F150525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Astérios Argyriou, "Perception de l'Islam et traductions du Coran dans le monde byzantin grec", <i>Byzantion</i> 75 (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeGruyter-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeGruyter_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarczewska2022" class="citation book cs1">Starczewska, Katarzyna K. (5 September 2022). "Translations from Arabic of Iberian Origin in Egidio da Viterbo's Qur'an". <i>The Iberian Qur’an</i>. De Gruyter. p. 399–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110778847-015">10.1515/9783110778847-015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-077884-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-077884-7"><bdi>978-3-11-077884-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translations+from+Arabic+of+Iberian+Origin+in+Egidio+da+Viterbo%E2%80%99s+Qur%E2%80%99an&rft.btitle=The+Iberian+Qur%E2%80%99an&rft.pages=399-420&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022-09-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110778847-015&rft.isbn=978-3-11-077884-7&rft.aulast=Starczewska&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrassowitz-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrassowitz_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarczewska2018" class="citation book cs1">Starczewska, Katarzyna K. (2018). <i>Latin Translation of the Qur'an (1518/1621)</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10862-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10862-1"><bdi>978-3-447-10862-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1027703412">1027703412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Translation+of+the+Qur%27an+%281518%2F1621%29&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1027703412&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10862-1&rft.aulast=Starczewska&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starczewska_thesis-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Starczewska_thesis_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarczewska2012" class="citation web cs1">Starczewska, Katarzyna Krystyna (29 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/311416">"Latin translation of the Qur'ān (1518/1621) commissioned by Egidio da Viterbo. Critical edition and introductory study"</a>. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+translation+of+the+Qur%E2%80%99%C4%81n+%281518%2F1621%29+commissioned+by+Egidio+da+Viterbo.+Critical+edition+and+introductory+study&rft.pub=Universitat+Aut%C3%B2noma+de+Barcelona&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft.aulast=Starczewska&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna+Krystyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdx.cat%2Fhandle%2F10803%2F311416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gale-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gale_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA629723738&prodId=GVRL">"Institution Finder"</a>. <i>Gale</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gale&rft.atitle=Institution+Finder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaleapps.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fauth%3FuserGroupName%3D%26origURL%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fgo.gale.com%252Fps%252Fi.do%253Fid%253DGALE%25257CA629723738%26prodId%3DGVRL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jstor_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarczewska2018" class="citation book cs1">Starczewska, Katarzyna K. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11sn5pr"><i>Latin Translation of the Qur'ān (1518/1621): Commissioned by Egidio da Viterbo. Critical Edition and Case Study</i></a> (1 ed.). Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10862-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10862-1"><bdi>978-3-447-10862-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11sn5pr">j.ctv11sn5pr</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Translation+of+the+Qur%27%C4%81n+%281518%2F1621%29%3A+Commissioned+by+Egidio+da+Viterbo.+Critical+Edition+and+Case+Study&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv11sn5pr%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10862-1&rft.aulast=Starczewska&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv11sn5pr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTommasino2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tommasino, Pier Mattia (2020). "Latin Translation of the Qur'ān (1518/1621), Commissioned by Egidio da Viterbo: Critical Edition and Case Study. Katarzyna Starczewska. Diskurse der Arabistik 24. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2018. cxxiv + 828 pp. €138". <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i>. <b>73</b> (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): <span class="nowrap">311–</span>312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Frqx.2019.558">10.1017/rqx.2019.558</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4338">0034-4338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Latin+Translation+of+the+Qur%E2%80%99%C4%81n+%281518%2F1621%29%2C+Commissioned+by+Egidio+da+Viterbo%3A+Critical+Edition+and+Case+Study.+Katarzyna+Starczewska.+Diskurse+der+Arabistik+24.+Wiesbaden%3A+Harrassowitz%2C+2018.+cxxiv+%2B+828+pp.+%E2%82%AC138.&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Frqx.2019.558&rft.issn=0034-4338&rft.aulast=Tommasino&rft.aufirst=Pier+Mattia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baroque_Jesuits_Encounter-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baroque_Jesuits_Encounter_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShore2023" class="citation book cs1">Shore, Paul (2023). <i>A Baroque Jesuit's Encounter with the Qur'an</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-12044-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-12044-9"><bdi>978-3-447-12044-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Baroque+Jesuit%27s+Encounter+with+the+Qur%27an&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-447-12044-9&rft.aulast=Shore&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Marinus_Zwemer" title="Samuel Marinus Zwemer">Samuel Marinus Zwemer</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muhammadanism.org/Quran/translations_koran.pdf">Translations of the Koran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025222146/http://www.muhammadanism.org/Quran/translations_koran.pdf">Archived</a> 25 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Moslem World, 1915</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrmans2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borrmans, Maurice (2002). "Ludovico Marracci et sa traduction latine du Coran" [Ludovico Marracci and its Latin translation of the Qur'ân]. <i><a href="/wiki/Islamochristiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamochristiana">Islamochristiana</a></i> (in French) (28): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=14639389">14639389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamochristiana&rft.atitle=Ludovico+Marracci+et+sa+traduction+latine+du+Coran&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Borrmans&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historical.cat/?msgOrigen=6&CODART=ART00513">"El català, primera llengua europea a la qual va ser traduït l'Alcorà"</a> (in Catalan). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180528134019/http://www.histocat.cat/?msgOrigen=6&CODART=ART00513">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+catal%C3%A0%2C+primera+llengua+europea+a+la+qual+va+ser+tradu%C3%AFt+l%27Alcor%C3%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historical.cat%2F%3FmsgOrigen%3D6%26CODART%3DART00513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnoud Vrolijk, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/24529">Sale, George</a> <a href="/wiki/ODNB" class="mw-redirect" title="ODNB">ODNB</a>, 28 May 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meforum-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meforum_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meforum_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mohammed, Khaleel (1 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/717/assessing-english-translations-of-the-quran">"Assessing English Translations of the Qurʻan"</a>. <i>Middle East Quarterly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627113335/http://www.meforum.org/717/assessing-english-translations-of-the-quran">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Assessing+English+Translations+of+the+Qur%CA%BBan&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft.aulast=Mohammed&rft.aufirst=Khaleel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F717%2Fassessing-english-translations-of-the-quran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appendix ii, (21), Authorized English Translation of the Qurʻan, Rashad Khalifa, Ph.D.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724025606/http://submission.org/quran/app2.html">"God or Allah in Islam (Submission in English), Islam (Submission). Your best source for Islam on the Internet. Happiness is submission to God – Allah, God, Islam, Muslims, Moslems, Arabic, Farsi, Urdu, Indonesia, Arabia, Mecca, USA-Prophet Muhammed's Last S"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://submission.org/quran/app2.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=God+or+Allah+in+Islam+%28Submission+in+English%29%2C+Islam+%28Submission%29.+Your+best+source+for+Islam+on+the+Internet.+Happiness+is+submission+to+God+%E2%80%93+Allah%2C+God%2C+Islam%2C+Muslims%2C+Moslems%2C+Arabic%2C+Farsi%2C+Urdu%2C+Indonesia%2C+Arabia%2C+Mecca%2C+USA-Prophet+Muhammed%27s+Last+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsubmission.org%2Fquran%2Fapp2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://submission.org/messenger/">"God's Messenger of the Covenant, the truth, the covenant, the issues, the proofs, the duties and the Quran.God in Islam (Submission in English),Islam (Submission). Your best source for Islam on the Intenet. Happiness is submission to God-Allah, God, Islam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080805062550/http://submission.org/messenger/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=God%27s+Messenger+of+the+Covenant%2C+the+truth%2C+the+covenant%2C+the+issues%2C+the+proofs%2C+the+duties+and+the+Quran.God+in+Islam+%28Submission+in+English%29%2CIslam+%28Submission%29.+Your+best+source+for+Islam+on+the+Intenet.+Happiness+is+submission+to+God-Allah%2C+God%2C+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsubmission.org%2Fmessenger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The idol worshipers were destined to tamper with the Qurʻan by adding 2 false verses (9:128–129)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1980" class="citation journal cs1">Gardner, Martin (1980). "Mathematical Games". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>243</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980SciAm.243c..20G">1980SciAm.243c..20G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0980-20">10.1038/scientificamerican0980-20</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Mathematical+Games&rft.volume=243&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0980-20&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980SciAm.243c..20G&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner" class="citation web cs1">Gardner, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1997/09/22165003/p16.pdf">"The numerology of Dr. Rashad Khalifa – scientist"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+numerology+of+Dr.+Rashad+Khalifa+%E2%80%93+scientist&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.centerforinquiry.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F29%2F1997%2F09%2F22165003%2Fp16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamusa.org/Authors/">Amatul Rahman Omar – The First Woman to Translate the Qurʻan into English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306062725/http://www.islamusa.org/Authors/">Archived</a> 6 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilali-Khan1999" class="citation web cs1">Hilali-Khan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noblequran.com/">"Interpretation of the Meanings of The Noble Quran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_Complex_for_the_Printing_of_the_Holy_Quran" title="King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran">King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=King+Fahd+Complex+for+the+Printing+of+the+Holy+Quran&rft.atitle=Interpretation+of+the+Meanings+of+The+Noble+Quran&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Hilali-Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoblequran.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolloy2001" class="citation journal cs1">Molloy, Rebecca B. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/the-noble-qurn-a-new-rendering-of-its-meaning-in-english-translated-by-bewleyabdallhaqq-and-bewleyaisha-651-pages-glossary-norwich-uk-bookwork-1999-isbn-1-874216-36-3/65DAD9FAF6338DBDBE6C80A24DBE67F6">"The Noble Qur'ān: A New Rendering of its Meaning in English, translated by BewleyAbdallhaqq and BewleyAisha. 651 pages, glossary. Norwich, UK: Bookwork, 1999. ISBN 1-874216-36-3"</a>. <i>Review of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026318400042188">10.1017/S0026318400042188</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191934801">191934801</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220215302/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/the-noble-qurn-a-new-rendering-of-its-meaning-in-english-translated-by-bewleyabdallhaqq-and-bewleyaisha-651-pages-glossary-norwich-uk-bookwork-1999-isbn-1-874216-36-3/65DAD9FAF6338DBDBE6C80A24DBE67F6">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span> – via Cambridge Core.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Noble+Qur%27%C4%81n%3A+A+New+Rendering+of+its+Meaning+in+English%2C+translated+by+BewleyAbdallhaqq+and+BewleyAisha.+651+pages%2C+glossary.+Norwich%2C+UK%3A+Bookwork%2C+1999.+ISBN+1-874216-36-3&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=134&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026318400042188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191934801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Molloy&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Freview-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Fthe-noble-qurn-a-new-rendering-of-its-meaning-in-english-translated-by-bewleyabdallhaqq-and-bewleyaisha-651-pages-glossary-norwich-uk-bookwork-1999-isbn-1-874216-36-3%2F65DAD9FAF6338DBDBE6C80A24DBE67F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Noble Qurʻan: A New Rendering of Its Meaning in English</i>. Bookwork. 23 June 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9538639-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9538639-3-8"><bdi>978-0-9538639-3-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Noble+Qur%CA%BBan%3A+A+New+Rendering+of+Its+Meaning+in+English&rft.pub=Bookwork&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft.isbn=978-0-9538639-3-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diwanpress.com/shop/books-and-ebooks/the-core-collection/noble-quran-new-rendering-meaning-english/">"The Noble Qurʻan – a New Rendering of its Meaning in English – Diwan Press"</a>. <i>www.diwanpress.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701040508/http://www.diwanpress.com/shop/books-and-ebooks/the-core-collection/noble-quran-new-rendering-meaning-english/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.diwanpress.com&rft.atitle=The+Noble+Qur%CA%BBan+%E2%80%93+a+New+Rendering+of+its+Meaning+in+English+%E2%80%93+Diwan+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diwanpress.com%2Fshop%2Fbooks-and-ebooks%2Fthe-core-collection%2Fnoble-quran-new-rendering-meaning-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amatul Rahman Omar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Quran-Translation-Only/dp/097669722X/">"The Holy Qurʻan – English"</a>, <i>The Holy Qurʻan – English</i>, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9766972-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9766972-3-8">0-9766972-3-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amazon.com-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amazon.com_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amazon.com_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuran2007" class="citation book cs1">Quran (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sublimequranbas00bakh"><i>The Sublime Qurʻan: Laleh Bakhtiar: 9781567447507: Amazon.com: Books</i></a>. Islamicworld.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56744-750-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56744-750-7"><bdi>978-1-56744-750-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sublime+Qur%CA%BBan%3A+Laleh+Bakhtiar%3A+9781567447507%3A+Amazon.com%3A+Books&rft.pub=Islamicworld.com&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56744-750-7&rft.au=Quran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsublimequranbas00bakh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/7/26/MainPaper/3803/Page/12/MainPaper_3803_12.pdf">Saffarzadeh Commemoration Due</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511034453/http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/7/26/MainPaper/3803/Page/12/MainPaper_3803_12.pdf">Archived</a> 11 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Iran Daily, 18 October 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=181087">Art News in Brief</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911152103/http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=181087">Archived</a> 11 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tehran Times, 28 October 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurobuch.com/buch/isbn/0192831933.html"><i>The Qurʻan</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192831933" title="Special:BookSources/0192831933"><bdi>0192831933</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824012157/https://www.eurobuch.com/buch/isbn/0192831933.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+new+look+at+a+holy+text+%E2%80%93+tribunedigital-chicagotribune&rft.pub=Articles.chicagotribune.com&rft.date=2007-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2007%2F04%2F10%2Fa-new-look-at-a-holy-text%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUseem2007" class="citation web cs1">Useem, Andrea (18 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/1-legacy/37-religion-book-reviews/article/10309-laleh-bakhtiar-an-american-woman-translates-the-qur-an-.html">"Laleh Bakhtiar: An American Woman Translates the Qurʻan"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Majestic+Qur%CA%BBan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.majesticquran.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tahapublishers.com/book/the-easy-quran">"The Easy Quran: A Translation in Simple English"</a>. <i>tahapublishers.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tahapublishers.com&rft.atitle=The+Easy+Quran%3A+A+Translation+in+Simple+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftahapublishers.com%2Fbook%2Fthe-easy-quran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jis/article-abstract/34/2/242/7022053">"The Quran Beheld: An English Translation from the Arabic English text and Appendices by NUH HA MIM KELLER (transl.)"</a>. <i>Journal of Islamic Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a>, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441127884" title="Special:BookSources/9781441127884">9781441127884</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn2007" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Aliya Ma (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC"><i>Muslims in China</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribuneindia+News+Service&rft.atitle=Maulana+Wahiduddin+Khan%3A+He+lived+in+faith+and+forgiveness&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Tribune+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fmusings%2Fmaulana-wahiduddin-khan-he-lived-in-faith-and-forgiveness-245030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irfan-ul-quran.com/quran/urdu/index.html">"Urdu Qurʻan اردو قرآن - عرفان القرآن : قرآنِ مجید کا عام فہم اور جدید ترین پہلا آن لائن يونيکوڈ اُردو ترجمہ - Irfan-ul-Qurʻan, Read Listen Search Download & Buy"</a>. <i>www.irfan-ul-quran.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629024054/http://www.irfan-ul-quran.com/quran/urdu/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from the original on 2 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Bulletin+of+Missionary+Research&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+William+Shellabear&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F239693930202600108&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151333563%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalbulletin.org%2Ffiles%2Fhtml%2F2002-01-contents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Rakman_Bruce" class="citation web cs1">Abdul Rakman Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quranphil.com/home">"Ang Banal na Kuran"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822052747/http://quranphil.com/home">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ang+Banal+na+Kuran&rft.au=Abdul+Rakman+Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquranphil.com%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. İnan, Kuran-ı Kerim’in Türkçe Tercümeleri Üzerinde Bir İnceleme, Ankara 1961, s.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Eckmann, “Eastern Turkic Translations of the Koran”, Studia Turcica, Budapest 1971, s. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Erdoğan, “Kur’an tercemelerinin Dil Bakımından Değerleri”, Vakıflar Dergisi, 1 (1969), s. 47-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Interlinear Translatıon of the Qur’an Into Khwarazm Turkish, I. Introduction-Text, Turkish Sources XIX, Harvard University 1993, XL+369[2]s.; II. Glossary, Harvard University 1993; III. Facsimile, Harvard University 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istekuran.net">"Hakkı Yılmaz – İşte Kuran"</a>. <i>www.istekuran.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325031821/http://istekuran.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.istekuran.net&rft.atitle=Hakk%C4%B1+Y%C4%B1lmaz+%E2%80%93+%C4%B0%C5%9Fte+Kuran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istekuran.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">title: asili ya uongofu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dag-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dag_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/First-Dagbani-Version-of-Holy-Quran-Launched-154886">"First Dagbani Version of Holy Quran Launched"</a>. GhanaWeb. 19 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927123513/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/First-Dagbani-Version-of-Holy-Quran-Launched-154886">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=First+Dagbani+Version+of+Holy+Quran+Launched&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghanaweb.com%2FGhanaHomePage%2Freligion%2FFirst-Dagbani-Version-of-Holy-Quran-Launched-154886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-Esperanto.pdf">"La Nobla Korano"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074626/https://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-Esperanto.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Nobla+Korano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Fquran%2FHoly-Quran-Esperanto.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mohar_Ali" title="Muhammad Mohar Ali">Ali, Muhammad Mohar</a> (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Quran_And_Orientalists_Mohar_Ali/page/n3">The Qurʻan and the Orientalists</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ihyaa_Minhaaj_al-Sunnah" title="Jamiat Ihyaa Minhaaj al-Sunnah">Jamiat Ihyaa Minhaaj al-Sunnah</a> (JIMAS), Ipswich, United Kingdom. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0954036972" title="Special:BookSources/0954036972">0954036972</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTibawi1962" class="citation journal cs1">Tibawi, A. L. (1962). "Is the Qur'ān Translatable?". <i>The Muslim World</i>. <b>52</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1962.tb02588.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.1962.tb02588.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Is+the+Qur%27%C4%81n+Translatable%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1962.tb02588.x&rft.aulast=Tibawi&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pearson, J.D., ‟Bibliography of Translations of the Qur'ān into European Languages", in: A.F.L. Beeston et al. (eds), <i>Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 502–520.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, M. Brett (2009). "The First Translations of the Qurʾan in Modern Turkey (1924–38)". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">419–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743809091132">10.1017/S0020743809091132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73683493">73683493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+First+Translations+of+the+Qur%CA%BEan+in+Modern+Turkey+%281924%E2%80%9338%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743809091132&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73683493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=M.+Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBein2011" class="citation book cs1">Bein, Amit (2011). <i>Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7311-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7311-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-7311-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Ulema%2C+Turkish+Republic+Agents+of+Change+and+Guardians+of+Tradition&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7311-9&rft.aulast=Bein&rft.aufirst=Amit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrickWalker2014" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam (2014). <i>Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God</i>. Abc-Clio Incorporated. pp. <span class="nowrap">510–</span>512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-177-2"><bdi>978-1-61069-177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E510-%3C%2Fspan%3E512&rft.pub=Abc-Clio+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-177-2&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Coeli&rft.au=Walker%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuran+translations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_translations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Grigore" title="George Grigore">George Grigore</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4048918/George_Grigore_Les_contraires_-_al-_a_dad_-_dans_le_Coran_et_leur_equivalence_dans_les_traductions_in_Romano-Arabica_no._4._Bucharest_Center_for_Arab_Studies._2004_33-46">Les contraires – al-aDdad – dans le Coran et leur equivalence dans les traductions, Bucarest, 2004</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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