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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia_and_Eritrea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Ethiopia and Eritrea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia_and_Eritrea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mozambique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mozambique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Mozambique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mozambique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Somalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taiwanese_Aborigines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwanese_Aborigines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Taiwanese Aborigines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwanese_Aborigines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Indian diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>West Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Armenian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Azerbaijani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semitic_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semitic_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Semitic cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semitic_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3.1</span> <span>Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aramaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aramaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3.2</span> <span>Aramaic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aramaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3.3</span> <span>Hebrew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3.4</span> <span>Assyrian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.5</span> <span>Turkish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.6</span> <span>Kurdish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish,_Scottish,_and_Manx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish,_Scottish,_and_Manx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Irish, Scottish, and Manx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish,_Scottish,_and_Manx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh_and_Cornish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh_and_Cornish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.3</span> <span>Welsh and Cornish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh_and_Cornish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.4</span> <span>Dutch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.5</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.6</span> <span>Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iberian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.7</span> <span>Iberian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norse_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norse_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.8</span> <span>Norse languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norse_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.9</span> <span>Finnish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.10</span> <span>Bulgarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.11</span> <span>Georgian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.12</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.13</span> <span>Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.14</span> <span>Romanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.15</span> <span>Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.16</span> <span>Serbian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.17</span> <span>Ukrainian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Patronymic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroniem" title="Patroniem – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Patroniem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8" title="الاسم المنسوب لأب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاسم المنسوب لأب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_ad%C4%B1" title="Ata adı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ata adı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93-mi%C3%A2" title="Pē-miâ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pē-miâ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Патронім – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Патронім" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Імя па бацьку – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Імя па бацьку" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Патроним – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патроним" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronimik" title="Patronimik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Patronimik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron%C3%ADmic" title="Patronímic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Patronímic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%88%C4%95%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85" title="Ашшĕлĕх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ашшĕлĕх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymum" title="Patronymum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Patronymum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymig" title="Patronymig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Patronymig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronym" title="Patronym – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Patronym" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronym" title="Patronym – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Patronym" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron%C3%BC%C3%BCm" title="Patronüüm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Patronüüm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron%C3%ADmico" title="Patronímico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patronímico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronomo" title="Patronomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patronomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronimiko" title="Patronimiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Patronimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="پدرنامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پدرنامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronyme" title="Patronyme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Patronyme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronym" title="Patronym – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Patronym" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%B9%AD" title="부칭 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부칭" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronomo" title="Patronomo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Patronomo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronimik" title="Patronimik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Patronimik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronimico" title="Patronimico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Patronimico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פטרונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטרונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Әке текті есім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әке текті есім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93vv%C4%81rds" title="Tēvvārds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tēvvārds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronym" title="Patronym – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Patronym" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%97vavardis" title="Tėvavardis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tėvavardis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Патроним – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Патроним" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroniem" title="Patroniem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Patroniem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E7%A7%B0" title="父称 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="父称" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymikon" title="Patronymikon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Patronymikon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymikon" title="Patronymikon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Patronymikon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronim" title="Patronim – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Patronim" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronym" title="Patronym – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Patronym" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imi%C4%99_odojcowskie" title="Imię odojcowskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imię odojcowskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron%C3%ADmico" title="Patronímico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Patronímico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronimic" title="Patronimic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Patronimic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Патроним – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Патроним" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Отчество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отчество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronimia" title="Patronimia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Patronimia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronimik" title="Patronimik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Patronimik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Патроним – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Патроним" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronim" title="Patronim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Patronim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronyymi" title="Patronyymi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Patronyymi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymikon" title="Patronymikon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Patronymikon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தந்தைவழிப் பெயர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தந்தைவழிப் பெயர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%27%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Ім'я по батькові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ім'я по батькові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%A5_danh" title="Phụ danh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phụ danh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E5%90%8D" title="父名 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="父名" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q110874#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Patronymic suffix" redirects here. For such suffixes in English-language usage specifically, see <a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)#Generational_titles" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix (name) § Generational titles</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Patronymic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Patronymic (disambiguation)">Patronymic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Patronymic%22">"Patronymic"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Patronymic%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Patronymic%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Patronymic%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Patronymic%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Patronymic%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> A <b>patronymic</b>, or <b>patronym</b>, is a component of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> of one's father, grandfather (more specifically an <b>avonymic</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an earlier male ancestor. It is the male equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">matronymic</a>. </p><p>Patronymics are used, by custom or official policy, in many countries worldwide, although elsewhere their use has been replaced by or transformed into <a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">patronymic surnames</a>. Examples of such transformations include common English surnames such as <a href="/wiki/Johnson_(surname)" title="Johnson (surname)">Johnson</a> (son of John). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_terms">Origins of terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The usual noun and adjective in English is <i>patronymic</i>, but as a noun this exists in <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> alongside <i>patronym</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part of the word <i>patronym</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> πατήρ <i>patēr</i> '<a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">father</a>' (<small><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">GEN</a></small> πατρός <i>patros</i> whence the <a href="/wiki/Combining_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Combining form">combining form</a> πατρο- <i>patro</i>-);<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second part comes from Greek ὄνυμα <i>onyma</i>, a variant form of ὄνομα <i>onoma</i> 'name'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the form <i>patronymic</i>, this stands with the addition of the suffix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ικός">-ικός</a> (<i>-ikos</i>), which was originally used to form adjectives with the sense 'pertaining to' (thus 'pertaining to the father's name'). These forms are attested in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Greek">Hellenistic Greek</a> as πατρώνυμος (<i>patrōnymos</i>) and πατρωνυμικός (<i>patrōnymikos</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form <i>patronym</i>, first attested in English in 1834, was borrowed into English from French <i>patronyme</i>, which had previously borrowed the word directly from Greek. <i>Patronymic</i>, first attested in English in 1612, has a more complex history. Both Greek words had entered Latin, and, from Latin, French. The English form <i>patronymic</i> was borrowed through the mutual influence of French and Latin on English.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In many areas around the world, patronyms predate the use of <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family names</a>. Family names in many <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> languages originate from patronyms, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wilson_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson (surname)">Wilson</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/William_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="William (name)">William</a>), <a href="/wiki/FitzGerald_(surname)" title="FitzGerald (surname)">FitzGerald</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Gerald" title="Gerald">Gerald</a>), <a href="/wiki/Powell_(surname)" title="Powell (surname)">Powell</a> (from "ap <a href="/wiki/Hywel" title="Hywel">Hywel</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Fernández">Fernández</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Fernando" title="Fernando">Fernando</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rodr%C3%ADguez_(surname)" title="Rodríguez (surname)">Rodríguez</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo" title="Rodrigo">Rodrigo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Andersson_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersson (surname)">Andersson</a> or <a href="/wiki/Andersen" title="Andersen">Andersen</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Anders" title="Anders">Anders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew (given name)">Andrew</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carlsen_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlsen (name)">Carlsen</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Carl_(name)" title="Carl (name)">Carl</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ilyin" title="Ilyin">Ilyin</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Ilya" title="Ilya">Ilya</a>), <a href="/wiki/Petrov_(surname)" title="Petrov (surname)">Petrov</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Peter_(given_name)" title="Peter (given name)">Peter</a>), <a href="/wiki/Grigorovich" title="Grigorovich">Grigorovich</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Grigory" title="Grigory">Grigory</a>, Russian form of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_(given_name)" title="Gregory (given name)">Gregory</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stefanovi%C4%87" title="Stefanović">Stefanović</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_(given_name)" title="Stefan (given name)">Stefan</a>, little Stefan), <a href="/wiki/MacAllister" class="mw-redirect" title="MacAllister">MacAllister</a> (from "mac Alistair", meaning son of <a href="/wiki/Alistair" title="Alistair">Alistair</a>, anglicized Scottish form of <a href="/wiki/Alexander" title="Alexander">Alexander</a>) and <a href="/wiki/O%27Conor" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Conor">O'Conor</a> (from "Ó Conchobhair", meaning grandson/descendant of <a href="/wiki/Conchobhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Conchobhar">Conchobhar</a>). Other cultures which formerly used patronyms have switched to the more widespread style of passing the father's last name to the children (and wife) as their own. In <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">family names</a> are unusual; Icelandic law favours the use of patronyms (and more recently, matronyms) over family names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_and_current_use">Historical and current use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical and current use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally Muslim and non-Arabic speaking African people, such as <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a> people, usually (with some exceptions) follow the Arab naming pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word or phrase meaning "son of" is, however, omitted. As such, Mohamed son of Ibrahim son of Ahmed is "Mohamed Ibrahim Ahmed", and Mohamed Ibrahim Ahmed's son Ali is "Ali Mohamed Ibrahim". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopia_and_Eritrea">Ethiopia and Eritrea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ethiopia and Eritrea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions in Ethiopia and Eritrea">Naming conventions in Ethiopia and Eritrea</a></div> <p>The naming convention used in Eritrea and Ethiopia does not have family names and surnames. A person is referred to by a single name: this is always the person's given name. Ethiopians and Eritreans use a naming pattern very similar to the Arab naming pattern, but with one exception: no suffix or prefix. The full name of a person is usually two but officially registered with three names. The person's given name comes first, followed by their father's given name and (optionally, for official purposes) their grandfather's name last. For example, a person named Lemlem Mengesha Abraha has Lemlem as her given name, Mengesha (from her father's name) Abraha (grandfather's name). The grandfather's name is usually only added in official documents and not used in everyday life. The father's name is not considered a middle name but a last name, without it being a family name or surname. Women do not take their husband's last name. They continue to go independently by their given name, followed by their father's name, and then their grandfather's name, even after marriage. In both Ethiopia and Eritrea, a person is always addressed by their first name; for example Mrs. Lemlem or Dr. Lemlem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenya">Kenya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Kenyan communities used patronyms. As of 2010, the practice has largely dropped off with the use of just the father's last name as a surname. <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalenjin language">Kalenjin</a> use 'arap' meaning 'son of'; <a href="/wiki/Gikuyu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikuyu language">Kikuyu</a> used 'wa' meaning 'of'. Because of polygamy, matronyms were also used and 'wa' used to identify which wife the child was born of; <a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a> use 'ole' meaning 'son of'; <a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Meru</a> use 'mto' abbreviated M' thus son of Mkindia would be M'Mkindia, pronounced Mto Mkindia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mozambique">Mozambique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mozambique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patronymic naming is very common in parts of Mozambique. Although the practice is not universal, patronymic naming has been documented in the Zambezia province.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although not as prominent as during the pre-colonial period, some Nigerians (particularly in the North) continue using patronymics — either as a middle name, as the first part of a hyphenated surname, or as a surname. An example of the use of patronymic middle names would be a man named Adamu Abdulkabiru Jibril — whereby "Adamu" would be his given first name, "Abdulkabiru" would be his father's given name as a patronymic middle name, and "Jibril" would be his hereditary family surname. Other people hyphenate their surname to include a patronymic, in which case the example would be named Adamu Abdulkabiru-Jibril with "Abdulkabiru-Jibril" acting as his surname. Using patronymics as the sole surname is also possible, with the example being named Adamu Abdulkabiru with "Abdulkabiru" acting as his surname.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somalia">Somalia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Somalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Somalis use their paternal grandfather's given name as their legal surname for documentation purposes. They also use the term "ina" or "iña" meaning "the son of" or "the daughter of," which is similar to other African and Arab naming patterns. For example, the name "Ahmed Mohamed Ali Farah" means "Ahmed son of Mohamed son of Ali son of Farah." When stating one's lineage, one will say "Ahmed ina Mohamed" (meaning Ahmed, the son of Mohamed). To identify themselves and the sub-clan they belong to, Somalis memorize their long lineage back to a common ancestor. Women never adopt their husband's patronym but keep their own for life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a>, patronymics were used in the pre-colonial era. The prefix "ka" was attached to the father's name, for example <a href="/wiki/Shaka_kaSenzangakhona" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaka kaSenzangakhona">Shaka kaSenzangakhona</a> means Shaka son of Senzangakhona. The practice disappeared from everyday use with the introduction of the European-style surname system but still remains part of traditional cultural practices, particularly in the case of chieftains and royalty where reciting lineages forms a part of many ceremonial occasions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwanese_Aborigines">Taiwanese Aborigines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Taiwanese Aborigines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Atayal_people" title="Atayal people">Atayal people</a>'s given names are followed by the name of their father; both son and daughter use patronymics. <a href="/wiki/Amis_people" title="Amis people">Amis people</a>'s sons’ given names are also followed by their father's name, while daughters’ given names are followed by their mother's name. By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Seediq_people" title="Seediq people">Seediqs</a> often get to choose which parent's name goes after their own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mongol_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol people">Mongol people</a>'s names are preceded by the name of their father and possessive marker; both son and daughter are patronymics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many indigenous ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jino_people" title="Jino people">Jino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derung_people" title="Derung people">Derung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu_people" title="Nu people">Nu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a>, use a son-father patronymic naming system (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%B2%E5%AD%90%E8%BF%9E%E5%90%8D%E5%88%B6" class="extiw" title="zh:亲子连名制">亲子连名制</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Naxi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxi people">Naxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a> have also used the patronymic system.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last one or two syllables of the father's name transfers to become the first one or two syllables of the son's name. The last one or two syllables of the son's name is then used as the first one or two syllables of the grandson's name. The naming tradition is closely tied to <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This system can be seen in the names of Nanzhao, Dali and Lijiang rulers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a> kings: Xinuluo (細奴邏)－<i>Luo</i>sheng (邏盛)－<i>Sheng</i>luopi (盛邏皮)－<a href="/wiki/Piluoge" title="Piluoge"><i>Pi</i>luoge</a> (皮邏閣)－<i>Ge</i>luofeng (閣邏鳳)－<i>Feng</i>jiayi (鳳迦異)－<i>Yi</i>mouxun (異牟尋)－<i>Xun</i>gequan (尋閣勸)－<i>Quan</i>longsheng (勸龍晟) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali</a> kings: Duan Zhixiang (段智祥)－Duan <i>Xiang</i>xing (段祥興)－Duan <i>Xing</i>zhi (段興智) </p><p>Regents of <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gao_Shengtai" title="Gao Shengtai">Gao Shengtai</a> (高升泰)－Gao <i>Tai</i>ming (高泰明)－Gao <i>Ming</i>shun (高明順)－Gao <i>Shun</i>zhen (高順貞)－Gao <i>Zhen</i>shou (高貞壽)－Gao <i>Shou</i>chang (高壽昌) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chiefdom_of_Lijiang" title="Chiefdom of Lijiang">Lijiang chiefs</a>: A-ts'ung A-liang (阿琮阿良)－<i>A-liang</i> A-hu (阿良阿胡)－<i>A-hu</i> A-lieh (阿胡阿烈)－<i>A-lieh</i> A-chia (阿烈阿甲)－<i>A-chia</i> A-te (阿甲阿得)－<i>A-te</i> A-ch'u (阿得阿初)－<i>A-ch'u</i> A-t'u (阿初阿土)－<i>A-t'u</i> A-ti (阿土阿地)－<i>A-ti</i> A-hsi (阿地阿習)－<i>A-hsi</i> A-ya (阿習阿牙)－<i>A-ya</i> A-ch'iu (阿牙阿秋)－<i>A-ch'iu</i> A-kung (阿秋阿公)－<i>A-kung</i> A-mu (阿公阿目)－<i>A-mu</i> A-tu (阿目阿都)－<i>A-tu</i> A-sheng (阿都阿勝)－<a href="/wiki/Mu_Qing_(chieftain)" title="Mu Qing (chieftain)"><i>A-sheng</i> A-chai</a> (阿勝阿宅)－<a href="/wiki/Mu_Zeng" title="Mu Zeng"><i>A-chai</i> A-ssu</a> (阿宅阿寺)－<i>A-ssu</i> A-ch'un (阿寺阿春)－<i>A-ch'un</i> A-su (阿春阿俗)－<i>A-su</i> A-wei (阿俗阿胃)－<i>A-wei</i> A-hui (阿胃阿揮)－<i>A-hui</i> A-chu (阿揮阿住) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A patronymic is common in parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. For example, if a father is named Ramprasad Sachin Pandey (a masculine name), he might name his son Sunil Ramprasad Pandey, who in turn might name his son Sanjeev Sunil Pandey. As a result, unlike surnames, patronymics will not pass down through many generations. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Karnataka" title="South Karnataka">South Karnataka</a>, patronymy is predominant. This is a significant departure from the rest of the country where caste names are mostly employed as surnames. This came into common use during the 1950s and 1960s when the Dravidian movement campaigned against the use of one's caste as part of the name. </p><p>However, rather than using the father's full name, only the first letter, popularly known as the initial, is prefixed to the given name. For example, if a person's given name is <i>Nikhilesh</i> and his father's <i>Rajaraman</i>, then the full name is <i>R. Nikhilesh</i> and is seldom expanded, even in official records. Only if absolutely necessary, such as when applying for an Indian passport, which does not usually allow initials, is the initial expanded and the name rendered in reverse order as "Nikhilesh Rajaraman" or sometime in the original order as "Rajaraman Nikhilesh". Some families follow the tradition of retaining the name of the hometown, the grandfather's name, or both as initials. The celebrated Indian English novelist <a href="/wiki/R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">R. K. Narayan</a>'s name at birth was Rasipuram Krishnaswami Ayyar Narayanaswami, which was shortened at the behest of his writer friend <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>. Rasipuram is a <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a>, and Krishnaswami Ayyar is a patronym. </p><p>In Tamil Nadu, the patronymic naming convention diverges significantly from other regions of India, influenced by a social justice movement aimed at eliminating <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste-based discrimination</a>. Traditionally, many Indian states used patronyms or surnames to reflect familial heritage and caste, but Tamil Nadu's system intentionally disrupts this structure.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this system, individuals often use their father's given name as an initial or surname. For example, "R. Karthik" signifies Karthik, son of Rajesh, with "R" representing his father's name. Unlike other Indian states, where the patronym serves as a marker of lineage or <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>, Tamil Nadu's system allows for the patronym to change with each generation, ensuring that no permanent surname is passed down. This shift reflects the state's broader efforts to dismantle <a href="/wiki/Periyar_and_the_eradication_of_caste" title="Periyar and the eradication of caste">caste markers</a> in society, a key initiative of the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_movement" title="Dravidian movement">Dravidian movement</a> led by figures like <a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar E.V. Ramasamy</a> in the 20th century. </p><p>However, the use of initials and surnames in Tamil Nadu remains flexible, leaving it to the individual's discretion. For instance, the late Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a> preferred to be addressed as M. Karunanidhi, where "M" stood for his father, Muthuvel's, name. His son, <a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a>, incorporates both his father's and grandfather's names, while Stalin's son chooses to go by <a href="/wiki/Udhayanidhi_Stalin" title="Udhayanidhi Stalin">Udhayanidhi Stalin</a>, using his father’s name as his surname rather than as an initial. </p><p>This flexibility extends beyond political figures. In sports, cricketer <a href="/wiki/Ravichandran_Ashwin" title="Ravichandran Ashwin">Ravichandran Ashwin</a>, whose father's name is Ravichandran, prefers to be known as "R. Ashwin" or "<a href="/wiki/Ravichandran_Ashwin" title="Ravichandran Ashwin">Ravichandran Ashwin</a>." This choice is particularly relevant in sports commentary, where players are often referred to by their surnames. Since it would be incorrect to call him by his father’s name alone, Ashwin uses his given name in conjunction with his father's name. </p><p>There is also a growing trend in Tamil Nadu to expand initials in ways that align with how names sound in the Tamil language. For example, some choose to expand names phonetically, such as "<a href="/wiki/Pala._Karuppiah" title="Pala. Karuppiah">Pala. Karuppiah</a>" instead of "P. Karuppiah," or "<a href="/wiki/Pa._Ranjith" title="Pa. Ranjith">Pa. Ranjith</a>" rather than "P. Ranjith," to reflect a closer approximation of the name in Tamil. </p><p>In the academic and professional world, scientists like <a href="/wiki/Mylswamy_Annadurai" title="Mylswamy Annadurai">M. Annadurai</a> expand their names to "Mayilsami Annadurai," though it would be inappropriate to address him by his father's name, Mayilsami. Instead, he is referred to by his given name, Annadurai, underscoring the unique flexibility and personalization that Tamil Nadu's naming conventions allow. </p><p>This evolution in Tamil naming practices highlights both the influence of social justice reforms and the cultural adaptability within the state. While Tamil Nadu has largely moved away from caste-based surnames, the naming system retains a focus on individual identity, free from rigid lineage-based structures, distinguishing it from other Indian states. </p><p>While the usage of caste names as surnames/last names is discouraged (but not banned) in Tamil Nadu, such usage by out-of-state people is greeted with indifference. So, Lakshmi Menon, Shilpa Shetty, etc. are referred by their preferred names which include their caste names. Likewise, old Tamil names with the caste in them are also fully used while referring to them such as <a href="/wiki/Pasumpon_Muthuramalinga_Thevar" title="Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar">Pasumpoan Muthuramalinga Thevar</a>, <a href="/wiki/U._V._Swaminatha_Iyer" title="U. V. Swaminatha Iyer">U.Ve. Swaminatha Iyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V.O Chidambaram Pillai</a> etc. </p><p>To further reinforce Tamil Nadu's efforts in promoting social equality through its naming conventions, the Madras High Court recently directed the removal of community and caste names from government school names across the state. This move aligns with the state's long-standing policies to reduce caste-based distinctions in public life, including naming practices. The court’s decision reflects the state’s dedication to social justice by eliminating caste markers, particularly in institutions that shape young minds. This legal step ensures that the caste system is not perpetuated through the education system, aligning with the larger movement that has shaped Tamil Nadu's approach to names and identity over the past century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This final ruling serves as an important reminder of the state's commitment to dismantling caste-based identity and promoting a more egalitarian social structure, further cementing Tamil Nadu's unique position in its approach to names, identity, and social justice. </p><p>In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the naming pattern is a family name, given name and caste name in that order, but sometimes the caste name is omitted. If a name appears like Alugupally Sudhir Reddy, Alugupally is the family name, Sudhir is the given name and Reddy is the caste name. If you find a name like Gorle Sunil Kumar, Gorle is the family name, and Sunil Kumar the given name. Here, the caste name is omitted. Of late, some people are writing their names in the order of given name, caste name, and family name. Sometimes, the caste name is omitted here too. It can be seen in names like Satyanarayana Bandi, where Satyanarayana is the given name, and Bandi the family name. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, Karnataka, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, a very common convention among the Hindu communities is to have the patronymic as the middle name. Examples: </p> <ul><li>First Deputy Prime Minister and first Home Minister <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</a>'s full name is Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel, where Jhaverbhai is his father's given name.</li> <li>Cricketer <a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a>'s full name is Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar, where Ramesh is his father's given name.</li> <li>Cricketer <a href="/wiki/Sunil_Gavaskar" title="Sunil Gavaskar">Sunil Gavaskar</a>'s full name is Sunil Manohar Gavaskar, where Manohar is his father's given name. Sunil Gavaskar's son <a href="/wiki/Rohan_Gavaskar" title="Rohan Gavaskar">Rohan Gavaskar</a> would be Rohan Sunil Gavaskar, and so on.</li> <li>India's 15th Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> famously took the oath of office as the Prime Minister of India as Narendra Damodardas Modi, wherein Damodardas is his father's given name. He prefers to write his full name, including his father's name as his middle name.</li></ul> <p>This system works for both boys and girls, except that after marriage, a woman takes her husband's given name as her middle name – her new middle name is no longer a patronymic. <a href="/wiki/Russian_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian name">East Slavic naming customs</a> are similar, except that the suffix <i>-yevich</i>, <i>-yevna</i>, or something similar is used in a Russian language patronymic. </p><p>Indians of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">sect</a> also have patronymic middle names that use the father's first name and the grandfather's first name plus a family name. Someone called "Ramazan Rahim Ali Manji" might call his son "Karim Ramazan Rahim Manji" and his granddaughter might be called "Zahra Karim Ramazan Manji". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_diaspora">Indian diaspora</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Indian diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indians in Singapore and Malaysia, particularly those of Tamil descent, often continue the patronymic tradition. This entails having a single given name, followed by son/daughter of, followed by their father's name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, Singapore and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> and Indians generally follow the Arabic patronymic naming system of <i>given name</i> + bin/binti or son of/daughter of (often abbreviated SO/DO) + <i>father's name</i>. Non-Muslim indigenous Malaysians in Sarawak use the "anak" in place of bin/binti or SO/DO, "anak" being the Malay word for "child", while non-muslim indigenous Malaysians in Sabah may use "bin" or "binti". However, not all Malays use patronymics, in Thailand they have adopted surnames, while in Indonesia they do not usually have either. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean Indians">Singaporean Indians</a> use the abbreviations s/o (son of) or d/o (daughter of), while <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Malaysian Indians</a> typically use the respective <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Malaysia">Malay</a> variations "anak lelaki" (abbreviated <i>a/l</i>) or "anak perempuan" (abbreviated <i>a/p</i>). In some cases, individuals may opt to omit the patronymic indicator and abbreviate the patronymic for ease of usage. For example, a former deputy minister of Malaysia Pathmanaban a/l Kunjamboo was more commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/K._Pathmanaban" title="K. Pathmanaban">K. Pathmanaban</a> and veteran Singaporean politicians Shanmugam Kasiviswanathan and Suppiah Dhanabalan went by <a href="/wiki/K._Shanmugam" title="K. Shanmugam">K. Shanmugam</a> and <a href="/wiki/S._Dhanabalan" title="S. Dhanabalan">S. Dhanabalan</a> respectively. The individual may opt not to include "son of" or "daughter of" in their legal name, as in the case of Shanmugam and Dhanabalan. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, the ruling family of the monarch uses <i>given name</i> + <i>ibni</i> + <i>father's name</i> instead of using bin/binti. </p><p>In Indonesia, there are a number of ethnic groups with different naming systems. The <a href="/wiki/Batak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak people">Batak</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> (Sumatra Utara) give every child the family's name. Sometimes the family's name is prefixed by Huta-, Batu-, etc., but most use Si-, such as Sitanggang, Sihombing, Sibutar-butar, Sinaga, or Sitohang. The family's name is given from the father's family. For example, if the father's name is Boggi Sinaga who married Moetia Siregar then all children will be given the family's name of Sinaga. </p><p>In Sunda, a similar cultural rule is used to that of the Batak. The family's name for <a href="/wiki/Sunda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda language">Sunda</a> is -Wijaya, but that is not true for all <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: West Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian">Armenian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Armenian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian surnames">Armenian surnames</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The use of patronymics was introduced in Armenia by Russians during the times of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Before that period, the use of patronymics was very limited. Patronymics are usually formed by the addition of "i" ("of", pronounced as <i>ee</i>) to the father's name, e.g. if the father's name is "Armen", the corresponding patronymic would be "Armeni" (of Armen). The Russified version of the same patronymic would be "Armenovich" for males and "Armenovna" for females. After Armenia regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 there was a massive decline in the use of Russified patronymics; nowadays few Armenians use patronymics outside of official contexts. </p><p>Many Armenian surnames were once patronymics first used by distant ancestors or clan founders. These are characterized by the suffix "-ian" in Western Armenian, often transliterated as "-yan" in Eastern Armenian. These are appended to the given name, i.e. Kardash<b>ian</b>, Asdvadzadour<b>ian</b>, Tank<b>ian</b>, Hagop<b>ian</b>, Khachadour<b>ian</b>, Mardiros<b>ian</b>, Bedros<b>ian</b>, Sarkiss<b>ian</b>, etc. Note that the suffix "-ian" was also appended to trades, as in Adakhtsakordz<b>ian</b> (issued from the carpenter), Chal<b>ian</b> (issued from the candlemaker), Darbin<b>ian</b> (issued from the smith). </p><p>Of particular note are the surnames of the children of married priests, or <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy" style="font-style: normal;">kahanas</span></span>. Though not as common nowadays, it was customary for a long time for these children (particularly the sons) to change their last names to the name-in-religion of their father. For example, the son of Ter (Reverend) Bartev would change his last name to Ter Bartevian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Azerbaijani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a>, patronymics are formed through <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/o%C4%9Ful" class="extiw" title="wikt:oğul">-oğlu</a></i> (sometimes transliterated as <i>ogly</i>) for males and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/q%C4%B1z" class="extiw" title="wikt:qız">qızı</a></i> (often transliterated as <i>gizi</i> or <i>kizi</i>) for females. Before the late 19th–early 20th century, patronymics were used as an essential part of a person's full name, i.e. <i>Sərdar İlyas oğlu</i> ("Sardar, son of Ilyas") and <i>Mina Nebi qızı</i> ("Mina, daughter of Nabi"), since surnames were mostly non-existent before <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a> (with the exception of the upper and some middle-class families). After surnames were commonly adopted in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> in the 1920s, patronymics still remained parts of full names, i.e. <i>Sardar Ilyas oğlu Aliyev</i> ("Sardar Aliyev, son of Ilyas"). Nowadays in Azerbaijan, patronymics sometimes replace surnames in unofficial use. Normally in such case, they are spelled as one word (i.e. <i>Eldar Mammadoğlu</i>, <i>Sabina Yusifqızı</i>). Many Azeri surnames are also derived from Persian-style patronymics ending in <i>-zadeh</i> (<i>Kazimzadeh</i>, <i>Mehdizadeh</i>, etc.). They are found among both Caucasian and Iranian Azeris. However, unlike the former, Azeris in Iran do not generally use patronymics in <i>oglu</i> / <i>qizi</i>. Azeri patronymics are not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> surnames in <i>-oğlu</i> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> surnames in -ογλού (<i>-oglou</i>), which do not have specific female versions and do not reflect names of fathers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Semitic_cultures">Semitic cultures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Semitic cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common feature of historical Semitic names is use of a patronymic system. Since ancient times, men and women have been named using this system. This was not limited to any certain region or religion. It was only in the 17th and 18th centuries when laws were put in place in European nations demanded that those of Semitic descent abandoned the patronymic naming scheme in favor of consistent legal surnames. It was only after these laws were ratified that most of the Jews and Muslims in these nations received surnames. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Arabic">Arabic</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_name#Nasab" title="Arabic name">Arabic name § Nasab</a></div> <p>In Arabic, the word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="#Arabic">ibn</a></i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ابن</span></span> or <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بن</span></span>: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">bin</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ben</i></span> and sometimes <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ibni</i></span> and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ibnu</i></span> to show the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives#Case" title="Arabic nouns and adjectives">grammatical case</a> of the noun) is the equivalent of the "-son" suffix discussed above, and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bint" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bint">bint</a></i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بنت</span></span>) means "daughter of". Thus, for example, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ali ibn ʿAmr</i></span> means "Ali son of ʿAmr". In Classical Arabic, the word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ibn</i></span> is written as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">bn</i></span> between two names, since the case ending of the first name then supplies a vowel. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ibn</i></span> is often written as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">b.</i></span>, and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">bint</i></span> as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">bt.</i></span>, in name formulas <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">rendered from Arabic into Roman characters</a>. Thus Hisham ibn al-Kalbi is alternatively written as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hisham b. al-Kalbi</i></span>. However, the pronunciation <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">bin</i></span> is dialectal and has nothing to do with either the spelling or pronunciation in Classical Arabic. The word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Abu</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Aba</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Abi</i></span> in different grammatical cases) means "father of", so <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Abu ʿAli</i></span> is another name for <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAmr</i></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Africa">Northwest Africa</a>, the patronymic is romanized as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ben</i></span>, reflecting <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">local pronunciation</a>. See for example <span title="Algerian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="arq-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></i></span> (<span title="Algerian Arabic-language text"><span lang="arq" dir="rtl">أحمد بن بلّة</span></span>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Ben Ali</a></i> (<span title="Algerian Arabic-language text"><span lang="arq" dir="rtl">بن علي</span></span>). </p><p>In medieval times, an <a href="/wiki/Illegitimacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimacy">illegitimate child</a> of unknown parentage would sometimes be termed <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ibn Abihi</i></span>, "son of his father" (notably <a href="/wiki/Ziyad_ibn_Abihi" title="Ziyad ibn Abihi">Ziyad ibn Abihi</a>.) In the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, Jesus (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Jesus">Isa</a> in Arabic) is consistently termed <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Isa ibn Maryam</i></span> – a <a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">matronymic</a> (in the Qur'an, Jesus <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">has no father</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a>). An Arabic patronymic can be extended as far back as family tree records will allow: thus, for example, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> gave his own full name as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn ʿAbd ar-Rahman ibn Khaldun</i></span>. </p><p>Patronymics are still standard in parts of the Arab world, notably Saudi Arabia and Iraq (in the case of Iraq, with <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ibn</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">bint</i></span> omitted.) However, some of the Arab world has switched to a family name system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> As in English, the new family names are sometimes based on what was formerly a patronymic. The form most used in the Arab world is the usage of both the patronymic and a family name, often using both the father's and paternal grandfathers given name in sequence after the own given name, and then the family name. In Iraq, for example, full names are formed by combining the given name of an individual with the given name of their father (sometimes the father is skipped and the paternal grandfather's given name is used instead, sometimes both father and paternal grandfather are used), along with the town, village, or clan name. For instance, Hayder Karar Hussein al-Mousawi is named Hayder, the son of Karrar, the grandson of Hussein, and from the family of Mousawi (This is the surname given to the offspring of the Imam <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a>). In Saudi Arabia, naming conventions are similar to Iraq's but family names are used much more often. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Aramaic">Aramaic</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Aramaic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, the prefix <i><b>bar-</b></i> means "son" and is used as a prefix meaning "son of". In the Bible, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> is called Bar-Jonah in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:17" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew 16:17">Matthew 16:17</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a> is possibly called <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> because he is the son of Tolmai (or son of Ptolemy, with "P" being reduced). The titles can also be figurative, for example in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Acts</a> 4:36–37 a man named Joseph is called <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> meaning "son of consolation". The feminine equivalent, <i><b>b'rat-</b></i>, is found in the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean names</a> also often make use of the prefix <i>bar-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hebrew">Hebrew</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hebrew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a></div> <p>In the Hebrew patronymic system, commonly used by Jews, the first name is followed by <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ben_(Hebrew)" title="Ben (Hebrew)">ben-</a></b></i> ("son of") or <i><b>bat-</b></i> ("daughter of"), and then the father's or mother's name, or both. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Assyrian">Assyrian</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Assyrian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> for centuries have used the patronymic <i><b>bet</b></i> or <i><b>bit</b></i> literally meaning "house" in <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a>; however, in the context of the name it means "from the house of [the father's name]." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persian">Persian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, patronymics <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پَسوَند</span></span> are formed by names ending with the suffix "-pur" <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پور</span></span> for men and "-dokht" <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دُخت</span></span> for women. For example: Shahpur (son of king) and Sinapur (son of Sina). Depending on country, some suffixes are more common than others. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, the suffix "-pur" is common while in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, the suffix "-Zadah" <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">زاده</span></span> or "-Zad" <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">زاد</span></span> is common, although --<a href="/wiki/Zadeh" title="Zadeh">Zadeh</a> is common in Iran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkish">Turkish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Turkish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish name</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> used to indicate paternal ancestry are <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/o%C4%9Ful" class="extiw" title="wikt:oğul">-oğlu</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zadeh" class="extiw" title="wikt:zadeh">-zade</a></i>, which indicate the ancestry as coming from a certain man. Like many other patronymics in other languages, with the formalization of naming conventions by laws in the <a href="/wiki/Late_modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern history">late modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">contemporary age</a> many turned into surnames. After the '<a href="/wiki/Surname_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Surname Law">Surname revolution</a>' in 1934, many people chose professions or habitat as surnames with or without the suffix <i>-oğlu</i>, such as <i>Elbeyioğlu</i>, <i>Bakkaloğlu</i> or <i>Giritlioğlu</i> and with <i>-zade</i> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Begzada" title="Begzada">Beyzade</a></i>, <i>Mehmedzade</i>, <i>Yusufzade</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kurdish">Kurdish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Kurdish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Language">Kurdish Language</a>, generally, a triple name system is used which is patronymic and avonymic. That is the name of the individual followed by the father's name and the paternal grandfather's name without any modification of the names and are completely gender neutral. This style of naming is used in all official documentation in the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan Region</a>. Surnames are not officially used and most people do not even have a surname or family name, those who do, they usually derive their surnames from the name of their place of birth, place of origin, clan or tribe names, etc. The Kurdish names in Turkey, Iran and Syria are heavily influenced by the official naming systems in the respective countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, patronyms were formerly widespread but later became confined to Scandinavia, Iceland, and some Eastern Slavic cultures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English">English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In England, names ending with the suffix "-son" or "-ing" were often originally patronymic. In addition, the archaic French (more specifically, <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>) prefix <i>fitz</i> (cognate with the modern French <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fils" class="extiw" title="wikt:fils">fils</a></i>, meaning "son") appears in England's aristocratic family lines dating from the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>, and also among the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a>. Thus there are names such as Fitzgerald and Fitzhugh. Of particular interest is the name <i><a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_(surname)" title="Fitzroy (surname)">Fitzroy</a></i>, meaning "son of [the] king" (<i><a href="/wiki/Roy" title="Roy">roy</a></i>), which was sometimes used by illegitimate royal children.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irish,_Scottish,_and_Manx"><span id="Irish.2C_Scottish.2C_and_Manx"></span>Irish, Scottish, and Manx</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Irish, Scottish, and Manx"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_name#Patronyms_and_other_additives" title="Irish name">Irish name § Patronyms and other additives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics#Surname_prefixes" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic onomastics § Surname prefixes</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Ireland"></span><span class="anchor" id="Scotland"></span><span class="anchor" id="Celtic"></span><span class="anchor" id="Gaelic"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The use of "Mac" in some form was prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, Irish, and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>, in all of which it denotes "son." "Mc" is also a frequent anglicisation in both Scotland and Ireland. In Ireland, the forms "Mag" and "M'" are encountered. The prefix "Mac" is used to form a patronym, such as "Mac Coinnich"—or the anglicized "Mackenzie"—son of Coinneach/Kenneth. The female equivalent of <i>Mac</i> is <i>Nic</i>, condensed from <i>nighean mhic</i> (in Scottish Gaelic) or <i>iníon mhic</i> (in Irish), both meaning daughter. For example, the Scottish Gaelic surname, <i>Nic Dhòmhnaill</i> meaning "daughter of a son of Dòmhnall" (in English, Donald), as in <i>Mairi Nic Dhòmhnaill</i>, or Mary MacDonald. </p><p>At the north end of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a> (indeed as far north as <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a>), "Mac" was frequently truncated in speech to /k/. This led to such anglicisations as "Qualtrough" (Son of Walter) and "Quayle" (son of Paul, cf. <a href="/wiki/MacPhail" class="mw-redirect" title="MacPhail">MacPhail</a>), usually beginning with "C," "K," or "Q." In Ireland, this truncation resulted in surnames such as "Guinness" (son of Aonghus, cf. MacAonghusa), beginning usually in "C" or "G" for patronymics prefixed with Mac, and in "H" (e.g., "Hurley" [descendant of Iarlath, cf. Ua h-Iarfhlatha/O'Hurley]) for surnames prefixed with "O." Colloquial Scottish Gaelic also has other patronymics of a slightly different form for individuals, still in use (for more information please see: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_personal_naming_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic personal naming system">Scottish Gaelic personal naming system</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Welsh_and_Cornish">Welsh and Cornish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Welsh and Cornish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Wales"></span><span class="anchor" id="Cornwall"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh surnames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish surnames</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Before the 1536 <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542">Act of Union</a>, the Welsh did not generally employ surnames, but instead used <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Selyf_Sarffgadau" class="mw-redirect" title="Selyf Sarffgadau">Selyf Sarffgadau</a>, "Selyf the Battle-Serpent"), patronyms (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodri the Great">Rhodri ap Merfyn</a>, "Rhodri son of Merfyn"), and (much less often) matronyms (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodri the Great">Rhodri map Nest</a>, "Rhodri son of Nest") to identify people. </p><p>Welsh, as a <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Brittonic_languages" title="Gallo-Brittonic languages">P-Celtic language</a>, originally used <i>map</i> or <i>mab</i> instead of the <a href="/wiki/P-Celtic_and_Q-Celtic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages">Q-Celtic</a> <i>mac</i> employed in Ireland and Scotland. These were later simplified to the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Welsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Welsh">modern Welsh</a> <i>ap</i> and <i>ab</i>. A common practice is to use <i>mab</i>/<i>ab</i> before a father's name beginning with a vowel (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Llywelyn the Great">Llywelyn mab Iorwerth</a>), but the two alternative forms are also employed arbitrarily in many sources. </p><p>Daughters were indicated by <i>ferch</i> or <i>verch</i> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language#mutation" title="Welsh language">mutated</a> from <i>merch</i>, "girl, daughter"). <i>Angharad verch Owain</i> would be "Angharad, daughter of Owain". </p><p>After the Acts of Union, this led to many Welsh surnames being variants of their father or ancestor's personal name: <i>ap</i> or <i>ab Ieuan</i> often became "Evans"; <i>ap Rhys</i>, "Price"; <i>ap</i> or <i>ab Owain</i>, "Bowen"; <i>ap Hywel</i>, "Powell" or "Howell". In addition to these Anglicised baptismal and official names, patronyms continued to be commonly employed in Welsh until the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, particularly in the north and west of Wales. Patronyms were sometimes employed within the English names as well by using the father's personal name as the sons' <a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">middle name</a>. </p><p>Perhaps because <a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornwall</a> was legally incorporated into England earlier than Wales was, patronyms (e.g.<span title="Cornish-language text"><span lang="kw" style="font-style: normal;">[m]ap Ros>Rouse, [m]ap Richard>Pritchard, Davies, Evans</span></span>) are less common there than <a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">toponyms</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tresillian" title="Tresillian">Tresillian</a>, Trevithick, <a href="/wiki/Nankivell" title="Nankivell">Nanskeval/Nankeville</a>) and occupational surnames (e.g. <a href="/wiki/An_Gof" title="An Gof">An Gof</a>, [An] Gove, <i>(<a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">Blacksmith</a>)</i>; Helyer (Cornish dialect – possibly a <a href="/wiki/Slater" title="Slater">slater</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter">huntsman</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><span lang="kw" style="font-style: normal;">helgher</span></span>)).<sup id="cite_ref-Kernow_names_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kernow_names-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch">Dutch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dutch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, patronymics were often used in place of <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family names</a> or as middle names. Patronymics were composed of the father's name plus an ending <i>-zoon</i> for sons, <i>-dochter</i> for daughters. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Janszoon Tasman</a> is "Abel son of Jan Tasman", and <a href="/wiki/Kenau_Simonsdochter_Hasselaer" title="Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer">Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer</a>: "Kenau, daughter of Simon Hasselaer". In written form, these endings were often abbreviated as <i>-sz.</i> and <i>-dr.</i> respectively e.g. Jeroen Corneli<b>sz</b>. "Jeroen son of Cornelis", or <a href="/wiki/Dirck_Jacobsz." title="Dirck Jacobsz.">Dirck Jacobsz</a>. The endings <i>-s</i>, <i>-se</i> and <i>-sen</i> were also commonly used for sons and often for daughters too. In the northern provinces, <i>-s</i>, as <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>, was almost universally used for both sons and daughters. The suffix -<i>x</i> as in "Tacx" or "Hendrix" also denoted the son or daughter of... and is now integrated as a complete name. </p><p>Patronymics were common in the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a> until the French invasion in 1795 and subsequent annexation in 1810. As the Netherlands were now a province of France, a registry of births, deaths and marriages was established in 1811, whereupon emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> forced the Dutch to register and adopt a distinct surname.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French">French</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In France, the terms <i>patronyme</i> and <i>nom patronymique</i> had long been used interchangeably to designate the family name, meaning that it is inherited from the father. </p><p>The tradition of patronymic lineage is still used among some Canadian descendants of French colonists: in the oral tradition of many <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>, for example, <i>Marc à Pierre à Gérard</i> (lit. "Marc of Pierre of Gérard"), means "Marc, son of Pierre, grandson of Gérard". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian">Italian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> used to designate patronymics in formal writing up to 1975 using the preposition <i>di</i> (English <i>of</i>) for a living father and <i>fu</i> (English <i>late</i>) for a deceased one. That is, <i><a href="/wiki/Marius_(name)" title="Marius (name)">Mario</a> di <a href="/wiki/John_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="John (name)">Giovanni</a> Rossi</i> meant that Mario Rossi is the son of a living man named Giovanni; <i><a href="/wiki/Francis_(given_name)" title="Francis (given name)">Francesco</a> fu <a href="/wiki/Peter_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter (name)">Pietro</a> Verdi</i> meant that Francesco Verdi is the son of a deceased man named Pietro. When the father's name was unknown, institutions could use the formula N.N. (<i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i>, Latin for "I don't know the name") or use the mother's name or omit this part entirely. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Parish_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish record">parish records</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, the father's name would be written in <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> with no preposition. For a deceased father, the particle <i>quondam</i> (English <i>once/formerly</i>) was added. The examples above would have been translated as <i>Marius Johannis Rossi</i> and <i>Franciscus quondam Petri Verdi</i>. </p><p>Patronymics are not in common usage in modern Italian. However, some of them have been the source of various surnames. As an example, the individuals descended from a man named <i><a href="/wiki/Paul_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul (name)">Paolo</a></i> could have gained the patronymic surnames <i>Paolo</i>, <i>Di Paolo</i>, <i>De Paoli</i>, <i>Paoli</i>, <i>Polo</i>, <i>Pagolo</i>, <i>Pagoli</i>, <i>Paolino</i>, <i>Lino</i>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iberian_languages">Iberian languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Iberian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish naming customs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_naming_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese naming customs">Portuguese naming customs</a></div> <p>In the past, both in Spanish and Portuguese, the endings <i>-ez</i> and <i>-es</i> tended to be conflated since pronunciation was quite similar in the two languages. Today, Portuguese has been fully standardized to <i>-es</i>; Spanish is also standardized to <i>-ez</i>, but it is very common to see archaic endings in <i>-es</i>. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Pires_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pires (disambiguation)">Pires</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peres" title="Peres">Peres</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rez" title="Pérez">Pérez</a> are the modern equivalents of English "<a href="/wiki/Peterson_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterson (name)">Peterson</a>" in Portuguese and Spanish. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, there are some surnames that had a patronymic genesis but, while still common, no longer indicate patronymic usage. For instance, <i>Álvares</i> was the son of <i>Álvaro</i> and <i>Gonçalves</i> was the son of <i>Gonçalo</i> (it was the case of <a href="/wiki/Nuno_%C3%81lvares_Pereira" title="Nuno Álvares Pereira">Nuno Álvares Pereira</a>, son of Álvaro and Gonçalves Pereira, son of Gonçalo Pereira). Other cases include <i>Rodrigues</i> (<i>son of Rodrigo</i>), <i>Nunes</i> (<i>son of Nuno</i>) and <i>Fernandes</i> (<i>son of Fernando</i>). In the same way, the surname Soares means son of Soeiro (in Latin Suarius). It comes from Latin Suaricius (son of Suarius); the Latin <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> suffix <i>-icius/a</i> was used to indicate a patronymic. Later it became Suáriz, Suárez (both Spanish), and eventually Soares (Portuguese). Another theory attributes the Iberian -ez style patronymics to Germanic (Visigothic) rather than Latin influence.<sup id="cite_ref-port-names1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-port-names1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-port-names2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-port-names2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish patronyms follow a similar pattern to the Portuguese (e.g., <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3pez" title="López">López</a>: son of Lope; <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Fernández">Fernández</a>: son of Fernando; <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADnez_(surname)" title="Martínez (surname)">Martínez</a>: son of Martín; <a href="/wiki/Rodr%C3%ADguez_(surname)" title="Rodríguez (surname)">Rodríguez</a>: son of Rodrigo; <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvarez_(surname)" title="Álvarez (surname)">Álvarez</a>: son of Álvaro). Common endings include -ez, -az, -iz, -is and -oz. However, not all surnames with similar endings are necessarily patronymic. For example, Chávez is not the son of <i>Chavo</i>, but comes from <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <i>chaves</i>, meaning "keys", with the "s" denoting the plural form of <i>chave</i>, as is the case of key/keys in English.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, these kinds of surnames were unusual outside the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>. Apart from natural spelling variations (such as using Giménez or Ximénez), modern orthographic standardisation in each Iberian dialect brought a number of crossed versions. It is possible to find the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a> politician Jordi Sànchez (whose surname, while Spanish, has a grave accent – characteristic of Catalan – instead of the acute accent used in Spanish) or the journalist Vicenç Sanchis (who spells his surname in a way that is closer to Catalan, but with the ch digraph characteristic of Spanish). </p><p>Due to the letters, z and s being pronounced alike in <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> dialects of Spanish, many non-patronymic surnames with an -es have come to be written with an -ez. In Hispano-American Spanish, the -ez spellings of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1vez_(surname)" title="Chávez (surname)">Chávez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cortes_(surname)" title="Cortes (surname)">Cortez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alberto_Cortez" title="Alberto Cortez">Alberto Cortez</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Valdez_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdez (surname)">Valdez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nelson_Valdez" title="Nelson Valdez">Nelson Valdez</a>) are not patronymic surnames, but simply variant spellings of the Iberian Spanish spelling with -es, as in the names of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Chaves_(politician)" title="Manuel Chaves (politician)">Manuel Chaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Víctor Valdés">Víctor Valdés</a>. For more on the -z surnames in Spanish see <a href="/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language" title="Influences on the Spanish language">Influences on the Spanish language</a>. </p><p>A list of some Iberian patronymics:<sup id="cite_ref-port-names1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-port-names1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-port-names2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-port-names2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Original given name </th> <th>Castilian patronymic </th> <th>Galician-Portuguese patronymic </th></tr> <tr> <td>Álvaro </td> <td>Álvarez </td> <td>Álvares, Alves </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antom, Antão, António </td> <td>Antúnez </td> <td>Antunes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benito, Bento, Bieito </td> <td>Benítez </td> <td>Bentes, Bieites, Viéitez </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bermudo, Vermudo </td> <td>Bermúdez, Vermúdez </td> <td>Bermudes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bernardo </td> <td>Bernárdez </td> <td>Bernardes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diego" title="Diego">Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diogo_(name)" title="Diogo (name)">Diogo</a> </td> <td>Díaz, Díez, Diéguez </td> <td>Dias, Diegues </td></tr> <tr> <td>Domingo, Domingos </td> <td>Domínguez </td> <td>Domingues </td></tr> <tr> <td>Egaz, Egas </td> <td>Viegaz </td> <td>Viegas </td></tr> <tr> <td>Enrique, Henrique </td> <td>Enríquez </td> <td>Henriques </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ermígio, Hermígio </td> <td>Ermíguez </td> <td>Hermigues </td></tr> <tr> <td>Esteban, Estêvão </td> <td>Estébanez </td> <td>Esteves, Estévez </td></tr> <tr> <td>Facundo </td> <td>Fagúndez </td> <td>Fagundes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fáfila, Fávila </td> <td>Fáfez, Fáfilaz </td> <td>Fafes, Fáfilas </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fernão, Fernando </td> <td>Fernández </td> <td>Fernandes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Froila, Fruela </td> <td>Fróilaz, Fruelaz </td> <td>Froilas, Fruelas </td></tr> <tr> <td>García, Garcia </td> <td>Garcés </td> <td>Garcês </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geraldo </td> <td>Geráldez </td> <td>Geraldes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Godinho, Godím </td> <td>Godins, Godínez </td> <td>Godins </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gomes<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>Gómez </td> <td>Gomes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gonzalo, Gonçalo </td> <td>González </td> <td>Gonçalves </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gutier, Gutierre, Guterre² </td> <td>Gutiérrez </td> <td>Guterres </td></tr> <tr> <td>Juan, João<br />(from the Latin <i>Ioannes</i>) </td> <td>Yáñez, Yanes, Ibáñez </td> <td>Eanes, Anes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lope, Lopo<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>López </td> <td>Lopes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marco, Marcos </td> <td>Márquez </td> <td>Marques </td></tr> <tr> <td>Martín, Martim, Martinho </td> <td>Martínez </td> <td>Martins </td></tr> <tr> <td>Menendo, Mendo, Mem, <sup>1</sup> </td> <td>Menéndez, Méndez </td> <td>Mendes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muño, Monio<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>Muñoz </td> <td>Moniz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nuño, Nuno </td> <td>Núñez </td> <td>Nunes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ordoño, Ordonho </td> <td>Ordóñez </td> <td>Ordonhes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pelayo, Paio<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>Peláez, Páez </td> <td>Paes, Pais </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pero, Pedro </td> <td>Pérez, Píriz </td> <td>Peres, Pires </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ramiro </td> <td>Ramírez </td> <td>Ramires </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rodrigo </td> <td>Rodríguez </td> <td>Rodrigues </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruy, Rui-Roi³ </td> <td>Ruíz </td> <td>Ruis, Rois </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sancho </td> <td>Sánchez </td> <td>Sanches </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suero, Soeiro<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>Suárez </td> <td>Soares </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tello, Telo </td> <td>Téllez </td> <td>Teles </td></tr> <tr> <td>Varão </td> <td>Varón </td> <td>Varão </td></tr> <tr> <td>Velasco, Vasco </td> <td>Velázquez, Vázquez </td> <td>Vasques, Vaz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vímara </td> <td>Vimaránez </td> <td>Vimaranes, Guimarães </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ximeno, Jimeno, Gimeno, Chemene, Exemeno<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>Ximénez, Jiménez, Jimenes, Ximenes, Giménez, Gimenes, Chiménez, Chimenes, Seménez, Semenes, Ximenis, Eiximenis, Scimemi, Scimeni, Chimenz, Jimeno, Eiximinis, Eximenis </td> <td>Ximenes </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li><small>Archaic given name, not in use.</small></li> <li><small>Archaic given name, not in use. Equivalent to the German <i>Gunther</i>.</small></li> <li><small><i>Ruy</i> or <i>Rui</i> is an archaic hypocoristic form of <i>Rodrigo</i>.</small></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norse_languages">Norse languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Norse languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic name</a></div> <p>In Norse custom, patronyms and matronyms were formed by using the ending -son (later -søn and -sen in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and German) to the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> form of the father's name to indicate "son of", and -dóttir (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> and Faroese -dóttir, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and Norwegian -dotter, Danish and Norwegian -datter) for "daughter of". The resulting patronymic was generally not used as a surname; however, a third name, a so-called byname based on location or personal characteristic, was often added to differentiate people and could eventually develop into a kind of <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a> examples of the latter practice, where the patronymic was placed after the given name and was followed by the surname, are Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Peder_Clauss%C3%B8n_Friis" title="Peder Claussøn Friis">Peder Claussøn Friis</a>, the son of Nicolas Thorolfsen Friis (Claus in Claussøn being short for Nicolas) and Danish <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kingo" title="Thomas Kingo">Thomas Hansen Kingo</a>, the son of Hans Thomsen Kingo. </p><p>Eventually, most Nordic countries replaced or complemented this system with the prevailing "international" standard of inherited family names. In Norway, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">parliament</a> passed a family name act in 1923, citing the rising population and the need to avoid the confusion of new last names in every generation. The law does allow a person to retain a patronymic as a <a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">middle name</a> in addition to the surname, as was common in Early Modern times; this is not a common practice but does occur, a modern example being <a href="/wiki/Audhild_Gregoriusdotter_Rotevatn" title="Audhild Gregoriusdotter Rotevatn">Audhild Gregoriusdotter Rotevatn</a>. The Danish government outlawed the practice in 1856 and eased the regulations in 1904 to deal with the limited number of patronymics. In Sweden the practice of children keeping their father's and wives taking their husband's patronymic as a surname occurred in the 18th century but was first prevalent in the late 19th century. Patronymics were normal in Sweden, at least in rural Sweden, until the 19th century. From the end of the 19th-century patronymics gradually became less common in Sweden until they were abolished in 1966. In 1982 the right to use patronyms (and matronyms) was partially restored; a person (or the parents of a child) had to apply and pay a fee. From 1 July 2017 parents in Sweden are free to give their children patronyms/matronyms at birth instead of inherited family names, and any person can change their last name to a matronymic or patronymic.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matronyms were used exceptionally if the child was born out of wedlock, or if the mother was much more high-born or well-known than the father, a historical example being <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Estridsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweyn Estridsson">Sweyn Estridsson</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">In Iceland</a>, patronymics or matronymics are still used as last names, and this is, in fact, required by law, with a handful of exceptions. For almost all cases, the father's name (usually in the genitive case) is used, plus the word <i>son</i> for sons or <i>dóttir</i> for daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-namelaw_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namelaw-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3hanna_Sigur%C3%B0ard%C3%B3ttir" title="Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir">Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir</a> (i.e. "Jóhanna, daughter of Sigurð[ur]"). People who do not identify as male or female (<a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">nonbinary people</a>) can also use the suffix <i>-bur</i>, which means <i>child of''</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Tax_Agency" title="Swedish Tax Agency">Swedish Tax Agency</a> denied a <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> woman's application to change her surname to one with the <a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gutnish</a> ending <i>-dotri</i> (instead of <i>-dotter</i>) on the grounds that it did not follow Swedish conventions. The administrative court in Stockholm decided in her favour on appeal,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Tax Agency in turn taking the case to the Court of Appeal; in early 2023, the Court of Appeal finally ruled that she was allowed to use a Gutnish surname.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finnish">Finnish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, the use of patronymics was a result of relatively-recent Swedish influence and remained uncommon outside official documents. It was only in the 19th century that the use of patronymics gained any sort of popularity among the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>-speaking lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-paikkala_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paikkala-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family names became obligatory in Finland by law in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, patronymics were composed in Swedish fashion: the father's name and the suffix <i>-n</i> for genitive plus the word <i>poika</i> for sons, <i>tytär</i> for daughters. For example, Tuomas Abrahaminpoika means "Tuomas, Abraham's son", and Martta Heikintytär means "Martta, Heikki's daughter".<sup id="cite_ref-paikkala_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paikkala-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgarian">Bulgarian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bulgarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, the patronymics are <i>-ov</i> / <i>-ev</i> for men and <i>-ova</i> / <i>-eva</i> for women. They are identical to the endings of family names in Bulgarian and some other Slavic family names, such as those in Russian and <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>. In Bulgarian official documents, the patronymic comes before the surname, so <i>Ivan Marinov Yordanov</i> would be <i>Ivan</i>, son of <i>Marin Yordanov</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Georgian">Georgian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Georgian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian surname">Georgian surname</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, patronymics, when used, add <i>s</i> to the end of the father's name, followed by <i>dze</i> for a man and <i>asuli</i> for a woman. For example, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s original name was Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili. After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, patronymics in Georgia have become disused as a Russian tradition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Georgian family names derive mostly from patronymics, nicknames and places of origin. Two common elements, <i>dze</i> and <i>shvili</i> mean "son of" and "child" respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek">Greek</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> surnames are patronymics by origin albeit in various forms depending on the ancestral locality. Diminutive suffixes that denote "son of" or, more generally, "descendant of" start with the given name such as Δημήτριος <i>Dēmétrios</i> and then have the patronymic surname such as Dēmētr<i>ópoulos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>), Dēmētr<i>ákos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>), Dēmētr<i>éas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani</a>), Dēmētr<i>átos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cephalonia" title="Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a>), Dēmētr<i>ákēs</i> (<a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>), Dēmētr<i>iádēs</i>/Dēmētr<i>-ídēs</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>), Dēmētr<i>éllēs</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>), Dēmétr<i>oglou</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>) (identical to Turkish patronym <i>-oğlu</i>), or simply <i>Dēmētríou</i> (especially common in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, with the first name in the <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>) are formed. The same principle can apply to surnames deriving from professions. For example, as from παπάς, <i>papás</i> "priest", are derived the surnames <i>Papadópoulos</i>, <i>Papadákos</i>, <i>Papadéas</i>, <i>Papadátos</i>, <i>Papadákēs</i>, <i>Papadéllēs</i>, <i>Papazoglou</i> etc., all of which signify a "priest's son". The same principle(s) may apply in combination: <i>Papanikoláou, Papanikolópoulos</i>, "the son of the priest Nikolaos". A daughter's family name is the same as the son's but is <i>always</i> declined in the genitive: <i>Dēmētropoúlou, Papanikoláou</i>. </p><p>In addition to those surnames, actual patronymics are used in official documents as "middle names" preceding the surname. For example, the children of a <i>Ioánnis Papadópoulos</i> can be <i>María Ioánnou Papadopoúlou</i> and <i>Andréas Ioánnou Papadópoulos</i> (<i>Ioánnou</i> is the genitive of <i>Ioánnis</i>). Traditionally, a married woman would adopt her husband's family name. Now, however, women in Greece can keep their own surnames if they choose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, patronyms were traditionally formed with the ending <i>-fi</i> (sometimes spelled as <i>-fy</i> or <i>-ffy</i>). That system is no longer in common use, but traces can still be found in some frequent current surnames such as <i>Pálfi</i> (son of Paul), <i>Győrfi</i>, <i>Bánfi</i> or <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi" title="Sándor Petőfi">Sándor Petőfi</a> (a famous poet who chose the Hungarian form instead of his Slavic birth name, <i>Petrovics</i>). In the Old Hungarian period (10th–16th century, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hungarian">History of Hungarian</a>), surnames were not in common use, and the full genitive was represented as in <i>Péter fia András</i> (<i>Peter's son Andrew</i>). Such forms are in frequent use in charters and legal documents from that time. In Hungarian, the surname precedes the given name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romanian">Romanian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Romanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, the endings <i>-escu</i> and <i>-eanu</i> were used, as in <i>Petrescu</i>, 'son of Petre (Peter)'; many modern Romanian family names were formed from such patronymics. Less commonly, matronymics formed with the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> form (using the prefix <i>a-</i>) were used, as in <i>Amariei</i>, '(son/daughter) of Maria'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian">Russian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Russian the endings <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">-ovich, -evich</i></span> and <i>-ich</i> are used to form patronymics for men. It would be cognate to the Latin genitive -ici, used for marking the family line, and also as equivalent to 'little' -Vladic= 'the little Vlad'. For women, the respective endings are <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">-ovna, -yevna</i></span> or <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">-ichna</i></span>. For example, in Russian, a man named Ivan with a father named Nikolay would be known as Ivan Nikolayevich or "Ivan, son of Nikolay" (<i>Nikolayevich</i> being a patronymic). Likewise, a woman named Lyudmila with a father named Nikolay would be known as Lyudmila Nikolayevna or "Lyudmila, daughter of Nikolay" (<i>Nikolayevna</i> being a patronymic). For masculine names ending in a vowel, such as Ilya or Foma, when they are used as a base for the patronymic, the corresponding endings are <i>-ich</i> (for men) and <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">-inichna</i></span> (for women). Examples in titles of classical Russian literature include<i> <a href="/wiki/The_Belkin_Tales" title="The Belkin Tales">The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="The Death of Ivan Ilyich">The Death of Ivan Ilyich</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_How_Ivan_Ivanovich_Quarreled_with_Ivan_Nikiforovich" title="The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich">The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich</a></i>. </p><p>In Russia, the patronymic is an official part of the name, used in all official documents, and when addressing somebody both formally and among friends.<sup id="cite_ref-rus1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rus2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The correct written order of a full name is surname, given name, then patronymic – this order would be found on official documents, business cards, and formal addresses. For example, a woman named Mariya Iosifovna Zhukova would hand you a business card that says Zhukova Mariya Iosifovna. Use of the given name followed by the patronymic in Russian is always the neutral, correct and polite way to address any person except close friends, family members, or children – in such cases usage of the patronymic adds humorous intonation of exaggerated but well-meant respect. This form would be congruent to the Western use of Mr. and the surname for the polite and proper use and reference. Instead of schoolchildren calling their teacher Ms. and surname, the proper form would be given name and patronymic. For example, a teacher named Anna Borisovna Kopylova would always be called Anna Borisovna by her pupils. When addressing a much younger person, only the first name is commonly used. Individuals are addressed by their given name followed by the patronymic (e.g., "Mikhail Nikolayevich") in many situations including on formal occasions, by colleagues at work, by acquaintances, or when being addressed by someone younger in age.<sup id="cite_ref-rus1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rus3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is becoming more common for younger individuals (under 50) to drop the patronymic at work.<sup id="cite_ref-rus3_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In informal situations, if a person is called by a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> (such as Misha for Mikhail or Nastya for Anastasia), the patronymic is not used.<sup id="cite_ref-rus2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a>, informal speech, it is also possible to contract the ending of a patronymic: thus Nikolayevich becomes Nikolaich, and Stepan Ivanovich becomes Stepan Ivanych or simply Ivanych as the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> may be omitted altogether. In this case, the contraction, if possible, is obligatory: Ivan Sergeyevich Sidorov may be called "Sergeich" or, more rarely, "Sergeyevich". In contrast to male names, if a woman is called by her patronymic name without a given name, the patronymic is usually not contracted: "Ivanovna" but "Mar' Ivanna"; "Sergeyevna" or "Sergevna" is one exception, where both forms are fine. Typically, a patronymic name alone is a familiar form of addressing an older female. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbian">Serbian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Serbian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Patronymic" title="Special:EditPage/Patronymic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Vuk Karadžić">Vuk Karadžić</a> reported in the 19th century that Serbs sometimes used their old family names, and sometimes patronymics. Vuk Karadžić himself used patronymic “Stefanović” (son of Stefan, equivalent of Steven), and sometimes Karadžić, old family name. However, nowadays, the patronymic names in Serbia are mostly used on legal documents, and have the form of the father's name that says the child is 'of so and so'... example: Marija Dragoljuba Pavlović, where Dragoljub is the father's name and 'Dragoljuba' literally means 'of Dragoljub'. There are also other forms, like to include – the father's name – in brackets: Maria (Dragoljub) Pavlović. </p><p>It became more common to include the name of any one of the parents in legal documents ('ime jednog roditelja') – in practice this is usually still the father's name </p><p>In Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia, the patronymic names do not change form between <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masculine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine</a>. Example: Marija Dragoljuba Pavlović (Dragoljub is the father's name; Dragoljuba is the form that says she is his daughter or literally 'of Dragoljub'). However, in the past, unmarried Serbian women's surnames ended in -eva, while married Serbian women's surnames ended in -ka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukrainian">Ukrainian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Ukrainian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian name</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, the female patronymic always ends with -івна (-<i>ivna</i>) or -ївна (-<i>yivna</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-LPUkraine_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPUkraine-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male patronymic always ends with -ович (-<i>ovych</i>) or -йович (-<i>yovych</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-LPUkraine_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPUkraine-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exception: <i>Illia</i> (Ілля) → <i>Illich</i> (Ілліч) (e.g. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Illia Illich Mechnikov</a>), <i>Sava</i> (Сава) → <i>Savych</i> (Савич), <i>Yakiv</i> (Яків) → <i>Yakovych</i> (Якович).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patronyms are part of the full name and are obligatory in formal messages. They are frequent in common speech, such as to call a person in a respectful manner (by using the name, followed by the patronym) and to accent an informal message in formal environments, as between colleagues with good relationships at work (by using the patronym with neither the name nor the family name). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions#Filiation" title="Roman naming conventions">Filiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Toponymic surname</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> records the corresponding <i>metronymic</i> and <i>metronym</i>, alongside <i>matronymic</i> but not, however, <i>matronym</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willy van Langendonck. 2007. <i>Theory and Typology of Proper Names</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eichler, Ernst et al. (eds.). 1995. <i>Namenforschung</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, p. 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=path/r"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πατήρ</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=o)/noma"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄνομα</span></span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=patrw/numos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πατρώνυμος</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=patrwnumiko/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πατρωνυμικός</span></span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"patronym, n."; "patronymic, n. and adj.", <i>OED Online</i> (3rd edition). March 2018. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nombres+y+Patron%C3%ADmicos+Leoneses%2C+s.+X&rft.pub=Historia+Viva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historiaviva.org%2Fnombres%2Fnombres_leon10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatronymic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/juliana/isabella/patronymic.html">"Spanish Names from the Late 15th Century: Patronymic Surnames"</a>. The Academy of Saint Gabriel. 1999–2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=En+ny+lag+om+personnamn&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regeringen.se%2Frattsdokument%2Flagradsremiss%2F2016%2F04%2Fen-ny-lag-om-personnamn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatronymic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-namelaw-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-namelaw_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFslands" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">slands, Alþingi Í. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.althingi.is/lagas/135a/1996045.html">"Lög um mannanöfn"</a> (in Icelandic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C3%B6g+um+mannan%C3%B6fn&rft.aulast=slands&rft.aufirst=Al%C3%BEingi+%C3%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.althingi.is%2Flagas%2F135a%2F1996045.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatronymic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/udland/island-bryder-med-tradition-son-eller-dottir">Kristeligt Dagblad: <i>Island bryder med tradition for son eller dottir</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/skatteverket-darfor-overklagar-vi-beslutet-om-gutniska-efternamnet">Sveriges Radio P4 Gotland: <i>Skatteverket: Därför överklagar vi beslutet om gutniska efternamnet</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/vandningen-julia-far-heta-andersdotri-i-efternamn">Sveriges Radio P4 Gotland: <i>Vändningen: Julia får heta Andersdotri i efternamn</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paikkala-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paikkala_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paikkala_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaikkala" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paikkala, Sirkka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040547/http://www.genealogia.fi/nimet/nimi16s.htm">"Patronyymit ja matronyymit sukututkimuksissa"</a>. <i>genealogia.fi</i> (in Finnish). Suomen Sukututkimusseura. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogia.fi/nimet/nimi16s.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=genealogia.fi&rft.atitle=Patronyymit+ja+matronyymit+sukututkimuksissa&rft.aulast=Paikkala&rft.aufirst=Sirkka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogia.fi%2Fnimet%2Fnimi16s.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatronymic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206074059/https://agricolaverkko.fi/vintti/julkaisut/historiakone/dokumentti.php?id=1283">"Sukunimilaki 1920 :: Dokumentit :: Historiakone :: Julkaisut :: Agricola - Suomen historiaverkko"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agricolaverkko.fi/vintti/julkaisut/historiakone/dokumentti.php?id=1283">the original</a> on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sukunimilaki+1920+%3A%3A+Dokumentit+%3A%3A+Historiakone+%3A%3A+Julkaisut+%3A%3A+Agricola+-+Suomen+historiaverkko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagricolaverkko.fi%2Fvintti%2Fjulkaisut%2Fhistoriakone%2Fdokumentti.php%3Fid%3D1283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatronymic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rus1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rus1_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rus1_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCubberley2002" class="citation book cs1">Cubberley, Paul (17 October 2002). <i>Russian: A Linguistic Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521796415" title="Special:BookSources/9780521796415"><bdi>9780521796415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-10-17&rft.isbn=9780521796415&rft.aulast=Cubberley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatronymic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rus2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rus2_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rus2_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStakhnevich2007" class="citation book cs1">Stakhnevich, Julia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everythinglearni0000stak/page/74"><i>The Everything Learning Russian Book</i></a>. Everything Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everythinglearni0000stak/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598693874" title="Special:BookSources/9781598693874"><bdi>9781598693874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Learning+Russian+Book&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Everything+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781598693874&rft.aulast=Stakhnevich&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverythinglearni0000stak%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatronymic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rus3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rus3_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rus3_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmorodinskayaEvans-RomaineGoscilo2007" class="citation book cs1">Smorodinskaya, Tatiana; Evans-Romaine, Karen; Goscilo, Helena, eds. (2007). <i>Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136787867" title="Special:BookSources/9781136787867"><bdi>9781136787867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Contemporary+Russian&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781136787867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatronymic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPUkraine-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LPUkraine_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LPUkraine_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUmCGXMhQuYC&pg=PA52">Ukrainian:Lonely Planet Phrasebook</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marko_Pavlyshyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marko Pavlyshyn (page does not exist)">Marko Pavlyshyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-605-2">978-1-74104-605-2</a> (page 52)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Потелло Н. Я. Теорія і практика ділового мовлення: Навч. посібник.— К.: МАУП, 1999.— 132 с.— Бібліогр.: с. 129.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronymic&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Patronymics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Patronymics">Patronymics</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patronymic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:patronymic">patronymic</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107204309/http://homepage.mac.com/sootica/Sites/DenmarkFAQ/namingtraditions.html">"Danish Naming Traditions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.mac.com/sootica/Sites/DenmarkFAQ/namingtraditions.html">the original</a> on 7 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Danish+Naming+Traditions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.mac.com%2Fsootica%2FSites%2FDenmarkFAQ%2Fnamingtraditions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatronymic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061015011121/http://www.amlwchdata.co.uk/welsh_surnames.htm">"Welsh Patronymic Surnames"</a>. 25 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amlwchdata.co.uk/welsh_surnames.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+Patronymic+Surnames&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amlwchdata.co.uk%2Fwelsh_surnames.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatronymic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/dutch-note.html">17th Century Dutch Surnames</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327031531/http://www.data-wales.co.uk/names.htm">Data Wales Surnames</a> (archived 27 March 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatica.com/nl/life_in/leisure/whats-the-story-with-dutch-surnames-858.html">What's the story with Dutch surnames?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202040200/http://www.expatica.com/nl/life_in/leisure/whats-the-story-with-dutch-surnames-858.html">Archived</a> 2 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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