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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sastav" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sastav"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sastav</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sastav-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Sastav</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sastav-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Različite_količine_kozmičkih_zraka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Različite_količine_kozmičkih_zraka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Različite količine kozmičkih zraka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Različite_količine_kozmičkih_zraka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otkrivanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otkrivanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Otkrivanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otkrivanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Međudjelovanje_sa_Zemljinom_atmosferom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Međudjelovanje_sa_Zemljinom_atmosferom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Međudjelovanje sa Zemljinom atmosferom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Međudjelovanje_sa_Zemljinom_atmosferom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istraživanje_i_pokusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istraživanje_i_pokusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Istraživanje i pokusi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istraživanje_i_pokusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povijesne_činjenice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijesne_činjenice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Povijesne činjenice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povijesne_činjenice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Djelovanje_kozmičkih_zraka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Djelovanje_kozmičkih_zraka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Djelovanje kozmičkih zraka</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Djelovanje_kozmičkih_zraka-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Djelovanje kozmičkih zraka</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Djelovanje_kozmičkih_zraka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Promjene_u_atmosferi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promjene_u_atmosferi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Promjene u atmosferi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promjene_u_atmosferi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utjecaj_na_ljude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utjecaj_na_ljude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Utjecaj na ljude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utjecaj_na_ljude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utjecaj_na_elektroničke_uređaje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utjecaj_na_elektroničke_uređaje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Utjecaj na elektroničke uređaje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utjecaj_na_elektroničke_uređaje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povezano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povezano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Povezano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povezano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vanjske veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kozmičke zrake</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 86 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmiese_straling" title="Kosmiese straling — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kosmiese straling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayo_cosmico" title="Rayo cosmico — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rayo cosmico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أشعة كونية — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أشعة كونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_c%C3%B3smico" title="Radiación cósmico — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Radiación cósmico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmik_%C5%9F%C3%BCalar" title="Kosmik şüalar — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosmik şüalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Касмічныя прамяні — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Касмічныя прамяні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Космически лъчи — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Космически лъчи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%90%E1%80%86%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA" title="ကော့မစ်ရောင်ႏတဆဝ် — Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကော့မစ်ရောင်ႏတဆဝ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="মহাজাগতিক রশ্মি — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাজাগতিক রশ্মি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmi%C4%8Dko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Kosmičko zračenje — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kosmičko zračenje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raigs_c%C3%B2smics" title="Raigs còsmics — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raigs còsmics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تیشکی گەردوونی — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیشکی گەردوونی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmick%C3%A9_z%C3%A1%C5%99en%C3%AD" title="Kosmické záření — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kosmické záření" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Космосри пайăркасем — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Космосри пайăркасем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmisk_str%C3%A5ling" title="Kosmisk stråling — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kosmisk stråling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmische_Strahlung" title="Kosmische Strahlung — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kosmische Strahlung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Κοσμικές ακτίνες — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοσμικές ακτίνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%9B_c%C3%B2%C5%9Bmig" title="Raś còśmig — Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Raś còśmig" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cosmic ray" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosma_radiado" title="Kosma radiado — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosma radiado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_c%C3%B3smica" title="Radiación cósmica — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiación cósmica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmiline_kiirgus" title="Kosmiline kiirgus — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosmiline kiirgus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erradiazio_kosmiko" title="Erradiazio kosmiko — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erradiazio kosmiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پرتو کیهانی — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرتو کیهانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosminen_s%C3%A4teily" title="Kosminen säteily — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kosminen säteily" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonnement_cosmique" title="Rayonnement cosmique — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rayonnement cosmique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gathanna_cosmacha" title="Gathanna cosmacha — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gathanna cosmacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קרן קוסמית — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרן קוסמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="ब्रह्माण्ड किरण — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रह्माण्ड किरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Kozmičke zrake — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kozmičke zrake" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmikus_sug%C3%A1rz%C3%A1s" title="Kozmikus sugárzás — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kozmikus sugárzás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տիեզերական ճառագայթներ — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիեզերական ճառագայթներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinar_kosmik" title="Sinar kosmik — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinar kosmik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbara_igwe_radieshon" title="Mbara igwe radieshon — Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mbara igwe radieshon" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmala_radiaco" title="Kosmala radiaco — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kosmala radiaco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggi_cosmici" title="Raggi cosmici — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raggi cosmici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%B7%9A" title="宇宙線 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="კოსმოსური სხივი — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოსმოსური სხივი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%81%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Ғарыш сәулелері — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғарыш сәулелері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ವಿಶ್ವಕಿರಣ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಶ್ವಕಿರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%A0_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC)" title="우주선 (물리) — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주선 (물리)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Космос нурлары — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Космос нурлары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiatio_cosmica" title="Radiatio cosmica — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radiatio cosmica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmesch_Stralung" title="Kosmesch Stralung — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kosmesch Stralung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmische_straoling" title="Kosmische straoling — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kosmische straoling" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragg_c%C3%B2smich" title="Ragg còsmich — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ragg còsmich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosminiai_spinduliai" title="Kosminiai spinduliai — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kosminiai spinduliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmiskais_starojums" title="Kosmiskais starojums — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kosmiskais starojums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Космичко зрачење — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Космичко зрачење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="കോസ്മിക് കിരണം — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോസ്മിക് കിരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="वैश्विक किरण — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वैश्विक किरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinar_kosmos" title="Sinar kosmos — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sinar kosmos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="ကော့မစ်ရောင်ခြည် — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကော့မစ်ရောင်ခြည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmische_straling" title="Kosmische straling — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kosmische straling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmisk_str%C3%A5ling" title="Kosmisk stråling — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kosmisk stråling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmisk_str%C3%A5ling" title="Kosmisk stråling — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kosmisk stråling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmal_radiatione" title="Kosmal radiatione — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kosmal radiatione" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_cosmic" title="Rai cosmic — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rai cosmic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੌਸਮਿਕ ਕਿਰਨ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਸਮਿਕ ਕਿਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promieniowanie_kosmiczne" title="Promieniowanie kosmiczne — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Promieniowanie kosmiczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_c%C3%B2smich" title="Raj còsmich — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Raj còsmich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%B1%DB%92" title="کازمک رے — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کازمک رے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%90" title="کازمېکي وړانگې — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کازمېکي وړانگې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raio_c%C3%B3smico" title="Raio cósmico — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raio cósmico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_cosmic%C4%83" title="Radiație cosmică — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radiație cosmică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Космические лучи — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космические лучи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cosmic ray" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB" title="කොස්මික් කිරණ — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොස්මික් කිරණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cosmic ray" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmick%C3%A9_%C5%BEiarenie" title="Kozmické žiarenie — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kozmické žiarenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dni_%C5%BEarki" title="Kozmični žarki — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kozmični žarki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Космичко зрачење — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Космичко зрачење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinar_kosmik" title="Sinar kosmik — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sinar kosmik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmiska_partiklar" title="Kosmiska partiklar — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kosmiska partiklar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="அண்டக் கதிர் — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அண்டக் கதிர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="รังสีคอสมิก — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รังสีคอสมิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cosmic ray" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmik_%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1n" title="Kozmik ışın — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kozmik ışın" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Космічні промені — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космічні промені" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="کوسمک ریز — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوسمک ریز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Tia vũ trụ — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tia vũ trụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cosmic ray" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%BA%BF" title="宇宙线 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宇宙线" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="კოსმოსური ჩხორიეფი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოსმოსური ჩხორიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%B7%9A" title="宇宙線 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宇宙線" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" title="宇宙射線 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="宇宙射線" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11547#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" rel="discussion" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Latinica</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sh-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&variant=sh-latn" lang="sh-Latn" hreflang="sh-Latn"><span>Latinica</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sh-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&variant=sh-cyrl" lang="sh-Cyrl" hreflang="sh-Cyrl"><span>Ћирилица</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Teme"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=history"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane izmjene</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Pregledajte listu svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&oldid=42171374" title="Nabavite trajnu vezu do ove verzije stranice"><span>Trajna veza</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=info" title="Pronađite više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podaci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&id=42171374&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Saznajte kako da citirate ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKozmi%25C4%258Dke_zrake"><span>Skrati URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKozmi%25C4%258Dke_zrake"><span>Preuzmi QR kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Štampanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kozmi%C4%8Dke+zrake"><span>Napravi knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Odštampaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cosmic_rays" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11547" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg/350px-Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg/525px-Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg/700px-Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Kondenzirajuća komora s vidljivim linijama ionizirajućeg zračenja (kratke, debele: alfa-čestice; duge, tanke: beta-čestice). Vidi također <a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Cloud_chamber_ani_bionerd.gif" title="Datoteka:Cloud chamber ani bionerd.gif"> video verziju</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kozmičke zrake</b> su energetske električki nabijene <a href="/wiki/Subatomska_%C4%8Destica" class="mw-redirect" title="Subatomska čestica">subatomske čestice</a>, koje dolaze iz vanjskog <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">svemira</a> i sudaraju se sa <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">Zemljinom atmosferom</a>. One mogu stvoriti sekundarne čestice (<a href="/wiki/Spalacija" title="Spalacija">spalacija</a>) koje mogu proći Zemljinu površinu, pa i dublje. Kozmičke zrake su iste čestice koje se kao stabilni dijelovi atoma, mogu pronaći na Zemlji: protoni, atomske jezgre ili elektroni. To su slične čestice koje kruže unutar <a href="/wiki/Akcelerator_%C4%8Destica" title="Akcelerator čestica">akceleratora čestica</a>, s tom razlikom da su energije kozmičkih zraka veće. </p><p>Pojam "zrake" dolazi iz ranih dana istraživanja radijacije, kada se bila koja struja ionizirane radijacije nazivala pod pojmom "zrake". U to vrijeme kada su nazvane kozmičke zrake, još se nije poznavala njihova priroda i pretpostavljalo se da bi mogle biti oblik <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetskog zračenja</a>, kao γ-zrake. Čestice kozmičkih zraka dolaze pojedinačno, ne u obliku zraka – iako jedna čestica može stvoriti “pljusak” puno sekundarnih čestica. Danas se priroda čestica kozmičkih zraka treba naglasiti, tako da bi ispravnije bilo ih zvati <b>kozmičke čestice</b> </p><p>Oko 89% dolazećih kozmičkih zraka su jednostavni <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protoni</a> (jezgre vodika), 10% su jezgre <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helija</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfa-%C4%8Destica" title="Alfa-čestica">alfa-čestice</a>) i 1% su teži elementi. Te jezgre vodika i helija čine 99% kozmičkih zraka. Pojedinačni elektroni (poput <a href="/wiki/Beta-%C4%8Destica" title="Beta-čestica">beta-čestica</a>) čine ostalih 1% galaktičkih kozmičkih zraka – to su kozmičke zrake koje dolaze izvan <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_sustav" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunčev sustav">Sunčevog sustava</a>. Zasad je nepoznato odakle ti elektroni dolaze i zašto imaju ubrzanje manje od atomskih jezgri.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Podrijetlo kozmičkih zraka je različito, jedan dio dolazi od <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunca</a>, kao i od ostalih zvijezda, a drugi dio dolazi od nepoznatih događaja iz najudaljenijih dijelova vidljivog <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">Svemira</a>. Kozmičke zrake imaju energiju veću od 10<sup>20</sup> eV, puno veću nego što stvara akcelerator čestica - 10<sup>12</sup> do 10<sup>13</sup> eV.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kozmičke zrake imaju najznačajniju ulogu u stvaranju <a href="/wiki/Litij" title="Litij">litija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berilij" class="mw-redirect" title="Berilij">berilija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bor" class="mw-disambig" title="Bor">bora</a> u svemiru, kroz proces koji se zove nukleosinteza. One stvaraju neke radioizotope na Zemlji, kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljik-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugljik-14 (stranica ne postoji)">ugljik-14</a>. U povijesti fizike, značajne su jer uz njihove reakcije došlo se do otkrića <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitrona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mion" title="Mion">miona</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">piona</a> (pi-mezon). Zračenje kozmičkih zraka je najvećim dijelom sastav prirodnog pozadinskog zračenja na površini Zemlje i jako se teško zaštiti od njega, tako da je to jedan od najvećih problema za međuplanetarna putovanja. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:PositronDiscovery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="track of subatomic particle moving upward through cloud chamber and bending left (an electron would have turned right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PositronDiscovery.jpg/350px-PositronDiscovery.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PositronDiscovery.jpg/525px-PositronDiscovery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PositronDiscovery.jpg/700px-PositronDiscovery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="2374" /></a><figcaption>Prva ikad napravljena slika <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitrona</a> </figcaption></figure><p>. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sastav">Sastav</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Sastav" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sastav"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kozmičke zrake se mogu podijeliti na primarne i sekundarne. Galaktičke kozmičke zrake koje dolaze do Sunčevog sustava su primarni izvor, koje zatim reagiraju s međuzvjezdanom materijom i stvaraju sekundarne kozmičke zrake. Sunce isto emitira niskoenergetske kozmičke zrake, koje su povezane sa <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_baklja" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunčeva baklja">Sunčevim bakljama</a>. </p><p>Teži elementi kozmičkih zraka, kao što su jezgre <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kisik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisik">kisika</a>, sudaraju se s međuzvjezdanom materijom i lome se na lakše jezgre – <a href="/wiki/Litij" title="Litij">litij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berilij" class="mw-redirect" title="Berilij">berilij</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bor" class="mw-disambig" title="Bor">bor</a>. Osim toga, još teže jezgre, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezo</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikal">nikal</a>, kada se sudaraju s međuzvjezdanom materijom, nastaje <a href="/wiki/Skandij" title="Skandij">skandij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanij" title="Titanij">titanij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadij" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadij">vanadij</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a> ioni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Različite_količine_kozmičkih_zraka"><span id="Razli.C4.8Dite_koli.C4.8Dine_kozmi.C4.8Dkih_zraka"></span>Različite količine kozmičkih zraka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Različite količine kozmičkih zraka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Različite količine kozmičkih zraka"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kada tok kozmičkih zraka ulazi u gornju atmosferu Zemlje, količina dolaska na Zemljinu površinu, ovisi o dvije pojave: <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_vjetar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunčev vjetar">Sunčevom vjetru</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zemljino_magnetsko_polje" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemljino magnetsko polje">Zemljinom magnetskom polju</a>. Sunčev vjetar je raspršena magnetizirana <a href="/wiki/Plazma" class="mw-disambig" title="Plazma">plazma</a>, koja dolazi sa Sunca i koja može usporiti dolazeće kozmičke čestice, kao i odbiti neke čestice koje imaju energiju manju od 1 GeV. Količina Sunčevog vjetra je promjenjiva i ovisi o 11 godišnjem <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_ciklus" title="Sunčev ciklus">Sunčevom ciklusu</a>, tako da za vrijeme Sunčevog maksimuma, najmanja količina kozmičkih zraka dođe do Zemljine površine. Osim toga, Zemljino magnetsko polje odbija i lomi jedan dio kozmičkih zraka, pa tako količina kozmičkih zraka koje padnu na Zemljinu površinu ovisi i o <a href="/wiki/Zemljopisna_%C5%A1irina" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemljopisna širina">zemljopisnoj širini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zemljopisna_du%C5%BEina" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemljopisna dužina">zemljopisnoj dužini</a> i kutu <a href="/wiki/Azimut" title="Azimut">azimuta</a>. U smjeru istok-zapad, količina kozmičkih zraka se mijenja zbog polarnosti Zemljinog magnetskog polja. Količina kozmičkih zraka na <a href="/wiki/Ekvator" title="Ekvator">ekvatoru</a> je manja nego na polovima, zato što je i gustoća magnetskih linija rjeđa na polovima. Treba još napomenuti da se magnetski polovi ne podudaraju sa zemljopisnim polovima. </p><p>Na velikoj udaljenosti od Sunca, otprilike 94 <a href="/wiki/Astronomska_jedinica" title="Astronomska jedinica">astronomske jedinice</a>, do kuda seže <a href="/wiki/Heliosfera" title="Heliosfera">heliosfera</a>, postoji područje do kojeg stiže Sunčev vjetar i s nadzvučne brzine prelazi ispod brzine zvuka, pa se stvara “krajnji udar Sunčevog vjetra”. Između krajnje granice heliosfere, koja se zove heliopauza i “krajnjeg udara Sunčevog vjetra”, nalazi se područje koje se naziva <b>Sunčeva ravnica</b> i ono smanjuje energiju kozmičkih zraka za 90%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Otkrivanje">Otkrivanje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Otkrivanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Otkrivanje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jezgre atoma koje čine kozmičke zrake, mogu putovati velike udaljenosti do Zemlje, zbog male gustoće materije u svemiru. Jezgre atoma snažno udaraju u jezgre atmosferskih plinova, kada stignu do Zemlje. Ti sudari, koje još zovemo pljusak subatomskih čestica, stvaraju pione (pi-mezone) i K-mezone, nestabilne mezone koji brzo prelaze u mione. Mioni ne reagiraju s atmosferom i dodatno zbog vremenske dilatacije, oni lako stižu do Zemljine površine i čak mogu prodrijeti do unutrašnjosti plitkih rudnika. Mioni prestavljaju ionizirajuće zračenje, pa se lako mogu otkriti sa Wilsonovom komorom. </p><p>Kozmičke zrake koje se sudaraju izvan Zemljine atmosfere, s elementima težim od vodika i helija, mogu se otkriti s visokoenergetskim emisijama <a href="/wiki/Gama-%C4%8Destica" title="Gama-čestica">gama-čestica</a>, koristeći teleskope s gama-česticama. </p><p>Kozmičke zrake se mogu otkriti ako prolaze kroz <b>detektor čestica</b>, koji se nalaze na satelitima ili balonima na velikim visinama. Detektor čestica se sastoji od dvije ploče polikarbonatske plastike, koje se diretno izlažu kozmičkom zračenju. Nakon povratka u laboratorij, ploče se polijevaju s rastvorom tople natrijeve lužine (NaOH), dok se ne pojave mali stožasti zarezi. Ako se promatra pod mikroskopom, može se utvrditi i električki naboj i energija čestice. Detektor čestica se koristi i kod <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fuzija" title="Nuklearna fuzija">nuklearne fuzije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FPW_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Međudjelovanje_sa_Zemljinom_atmosferom"><span id="Me.C4.91udjelovanje_sa_Zemljinom_atmosferom"></span>Međudjelovanje sa Zemljinom atmosferom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Međudjelovanje sa Zemljinom atmosferom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Međudjelovanje sa Zemljinom atmosferom"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nakon što uđu u Zemljinu atmosferu, kozmičke čestice se sudaraju s molekulama, uglavnom dušikom i kisikom, stvarajući slapove manjih čestica, koje zovemo još pljusak elementarnih čestica. Broj sekundarnih čestica koje nastaju nakon sudara jedne primarne čestice, može biti i na milijarde. Uglavnom nastaju pioni (pi-mezone) i K-mezoni, nestabilni mezoni koji brzo prelaze u mione. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Atmospheric_Collision.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Atmospheric_Collision.svg/400px-Atmospheric_Collision.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Atmospheric_Collision.svg/600px-Atmospheric_Collision.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Atmospheric_Collision.svg/800px-Atmospheric_Collision.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:AirShower.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/AirShower.svg/400px-AirShower.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/AirShower.svg/600px-AirShower.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/AirShower.svg/800px-AirShower.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Kozmičke zrake stalno stvaraju i nestabilne izotope u Zemljinoj atmosferi, kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljik-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugljik-14 (stranica ne postoji)">ugljik-14</a>: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p+\mathrm {N} ^{14}\rightarrow n+\mathrm {C} ^{14}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p+\mathrm {N} ^{14}\rightarrow n+\mathrm {C} ^{14}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d40a798a34a5008765a865bff2f515ecd643c8a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:19.122ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p+\mathrm {N} ^{14}\rightarrow n+\mathrm {C} ^{14}}"></span> </p><p>Kozmičke zrake drže količinu ugljika-14 u atmosferi uglavnom stalnim (70 tona) u zadnjih 100 000 godina, sve do 1950-ih, kada se započelo s testiranjem <a href="/wiki/Nuklearno_oru%C5%BEje" title="Nuklearno oružje">nuklearnog oružja</a>. Ta se činjenica koristi u <a href="/wiki/Arheologija" title="Arheologija">arheologiji</a>, za datiranje ugljikom-14 ili utvrđivanje starosti nekog nalaza. </p><p>Produkti reakcije sekundarnih kozmičkih zraka i vijek trajanja:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricij" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricij">tricij</a> (12,3 godine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berilij" class="mw-redirect" title="Berilij">berilij</a>-7 (53,3 dana)</li> <li>berilij-10 (1 600 000 godina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljik</a>-14 (5730 godina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natrij" title="Natrij">natrij</a>-22 (2,6 godina)</li> <li>natrij -24 (15 sati)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnezij" title="Magnezij">magnezij</a>-28 (20,9 sati)</li> <li>silicij-31 (2,6 sati)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicij" title="Silicij">silicij</a> -32 (101 godina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a>-32 (14,3 dana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpor</a>-35 (87,5 dana)</li> <li>sumpor-38 (2,8 sati)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klor" class="mw-redirect" title="Klor">klor</a>-34 (32 min)</li> <li>klor-36 (300 000 godina)</li> <li>klor-38 (37,2 min)</li> <li>klor-39 (56 min)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>-39 (269 godina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">kripton</a>-85 (10,7 godina)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istraživanje_i_pokusi"><span id="Istra.C5.BEivanje_i_pokusi"></span>Istraživanje i pokusi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Istraživanje i pokusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istraživanje i pokusi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Detektori kozmičkih zraka se postavljaju na Zemlji, u svemirskim letjelicama (<a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini-Huygens</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SOHO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SOHO (stranica ne postoji)">SOHO</a>) i u balonima. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijesne_činjenice"><span id="Povijesne_.C4.8Dinjenice"></span>Povijesne činjenice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Povijesne činjenice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijesne činjenice"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nakon što je <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Antoine Henri Becquerel</a> 1896. godine otkrio radioaktivnost, vjerovalo se da kozmičke zrake dolaze iz zemlje, od zračenja radioaktivnih elemenata kao što je <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>. Godine 1909. Theodor Wulf razvio je elektrometar, uređaj koji je mjerio stvaranje iona, u zatvorenom spremniku. Godine 1912. Victor Franz Hess stavio je elektrometar u balon, koji je podignuo na 5300 m, i otkrio je da se zračenje pojačalo za otprilike 4 puta nego na površini Zemlje.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pojam kozmičke zrake stvorio je <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a>, koji je dokazao da one dolaze izvan Zemljine atmosfere. Godine 1948. Gottlieb i Van Allen dokazali su da se primarne kozmičke zrake uglavnom sastoje od protona i nešto jezgri helija (alfa-čestice) i sasvim malim udjelom teških atomskih jezgri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Djelovanje_kozmičkih_zraka"><span id="Djelovanje_kozmi.C4.8Dkih_zraka"></span>Djelovanje kozmičkih zraka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Djelovanje kozmičkih zraka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Djelovanje kozmičkih zraka"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promjene_u_atmosferi">Promjene u atmosferi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Promjene u atmosferi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Promjene u atmosferi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kozmičke zrake u atmosferi ioniziraju molekule dušika i kisika, što vodi do brojnih reakcija. Jedna od reakcija vodi do <a href="/wiki/Ozonska_rupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozonska rupa">ozonskih rupa</a>, ali taj udio je puno manji od utjecaja <a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">freona</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utjecaj_na_ljude">Utjecaj na ljude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Utjecaj na ljude" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Utjecaj na ljude"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kozmičke zrake čine udio godišnje radijacije na ljude. Na primjer, u Australiji je ukupno prirodno zračenje na ljude 2,3 miliSieverta, dok kozmičke zrake prosječno zrače na ljude 0,3 miliSieverta (13%).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utjecaj_na_elektroničke_uređaje"><span id="Utjecaj_na_elektroni.C4.8Dke_ure.C4.91aje"></span>Utjecaj na elektroničke uređaje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Utjecaj na elektroničke uređaje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Utjecaj na elektroničke uređaje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kozmičke zrake imaju dovoljno energije da izmijene stanje elemenata u elektroničkim <a href="/wiki/Integrirani_krug" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrirani krug">integriranim krugovima</a>, uzrokujući kratkotrajne greške, kao što je promjena podataka u <a href="/wiki/Radna_memorija" title="Radna memorija">radnoj memoriji</a> ili kriva operacija <a href="/wiki/Procesor" title="Procesor">procesora</a>. To je veliki problem kod elektroničkih uređaja u satelitima. Kako tranzistori postaju sve manji i manji, sve više se pojavljuje sličan problem i na tlu Zemlje.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jedna studija tvtke <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> napravljene 1990. godine, pokazala je da računala dožive jednu pogrešku uzrokovanu kozmičkim zrakama po 256 megabajta memorije i u jednom mjesecu.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da bi se ublažio taj problem, tvrtka <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> predložila je ugradnju detektora kozmičkih zraka, koji bi se mogli ugraditi u buduće male mikroprocesore, kako bi mogli ponoviti zadnju komandu, prije utjecaja kozmičke čestice.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kozmičke zrake su nedavno osumnjičene za mogući uzrok avionske nesreće tvtke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qantas_Airways&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qantas Airways (stranica ne postoji)">Qantas Airways</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Linijski_putni%C4%8Dki_zrakoplov" class="mw-redirect" title="Linijski putnički zrakoplov">linijskom putničkom zrakoplovu</a> Airbus A330, koji je dva puta ponirao stotinjak metara, nakon nepravilnosti u radu kontrolnog sustava leta. Puno putnika i članova posade je ozlijeđeno, neki ozbiljno. Nakon nesreće, istražitelj je utvrdio da je kontrolni sustav leta primio oznaku na ekranu, koja se ne može objasniti, a da je cijeli sustav radio ispravno. To je ponukalo tvrtke u cijelom svijetu da dograde programe za putničke zrakoplove Airbus A330 i A 340, tako da oznake na ekranima budu filtrirane elektronski.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41378145">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Mewaldt, R. A.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830191145/http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/dick/cos_encyc.html">„Cosmic rays”</a>. California Institute of Technology. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/dick/cos_encyc.html">originala</a> na datum 2009-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 22. kolovoza 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cosmic+rays&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Mewaldt&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Mewaldt%2C%26%2332%3BR.+A.&rft.pub=California+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090830191145%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.srl.caltech.edu%2Fpersonnel%2Fdick%2Fcos_encyc.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation Journal">L. Anchordoqui, T. Paul, S. Reucroft, J. Swain (2003). „Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays: The state of the art before the Auger Observatory”. <i>International Journal of Modern Physics A</i> <b>18</b> (13): 2229. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0206072">hep-ph/0206072</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1142%2FS0217751X03013879">10.1142/S0217751X03013879</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ultrahigh+Energy+Cosmic+Rays%3A+The+state+of+the+art+before+the+Auger+Observatory&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Modern+Physics+A&rft.aulast=L.+Anchordoqui%2C+T.+Paul%2C+S.+Reucroft%2C+J.+Swain&rft.au=L.+Anchordoqui%2C+T.+Paul%2C+S.+Reucroft%2C+J.+Swain&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2229&rft_id=info:arxiv/hep-ph%2F0206072&rft_id=info:doi/10.1142%2FS0217751X03013879&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FPW-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FPW_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation book">R.L. Fleischer, P.B. Price, R.M. Walker (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_yfTBvben3GoC"><i>Nuclear tracks in solids: Principles and applications</i></a>. University of California Press.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+tracks+in+solids%3A+Principles+and+applications&rft.aulast=R.L.+Fleischer%2C+P.B.+Price%2C+R.M.+Walker&rft.au=R.L.+Fleischer%2C+P.B.+Price%2C+R.M.+Walker&rft.date=1975&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_yfTBvben3GoC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203174117/http://www.um.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/is/34839/Natuerliche_durch_kosmische_Strahlung_laufend_erzeugte_Radionuklide.pdf?command=downloadContent&filename=Natuerliche_durch_kosmische_Strahlung_laufend_erzeugte_Radionuklide.pdf">„Natürliche, durch kosmische Strahlung laufend erzeugte Radionuklide”</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/is/34839/Natuerliche_durch_kosmische_Strahlung_laufend_erzeugte_Radionuklide.pdf?command=downloadContent&filename=Natuerliche_durch_kosmische_Strahlung_laufend_erzeugte_Radionuklide.pdf">originala</a> na datum 2010-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. veljače 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nat%C3%BCrliche%2C+durch+kosmische+Strahlung+laufend+erzeugte+Radionuklide&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20100203174117%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.baden-wuerttemberg.de%2Fservlet%2Fis%2F34839%2FNatuerliche_durch_kosmische_Strahlung_laufend_erzeugte_Radionuklide.pdf%3Fcommand%3DdownloadContent%26filename%3DNatuerliche_durch_kosmische_Strahlung_laufend_erzeugte_Radionuklide.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="n(j)emački jezik">(<kbd>de</kbd>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation Journal">D. Pacini (1912). „La radiazione penetrante alla superficie ed in seno alle acque”. <i>Il Nuovo Cimento, Series VI</i> <b>3</b>: 93–100. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02957440">10.1007/BF02957440</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+radiazione+penetrante+alla+superficie+ed+in+seno+alle+acque&rft.jtitle=Il+Nuovo+Cimento%2C+Series+VI&rft.aulast=D.+Pacini&rft.au=D.+Pacini&rft.date=1912&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=93%E2%80%93100&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF02957440&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <dl><dd>Translated and commented in cite arxiv</dd></dl> |author=A. de Angelis |year=2010 |title=Penetrating Radiation at the Surface of and in Water |class=physics.hist-ph |arxiv=1002.1810</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031117124002/http://www.arpansa.gov.au/pubs/baseline/bg_rad.pdf">„Archive copy”</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arpansa.gov.au/pubs/baseline/bg_rad.pdf">originala</a> na datum 2003-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2015-02-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Archive+copy&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20031117124002%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.arpansa.gov.au%2Fpubs%2Fbaseline%2Fbg_rad.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/401/curtis.html"><i>IBM experiments in soft fails in computer electronics (1978-1994)</i></a>, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd40-1.html"><i>Terrestrial cosmic rays and soft errors</i></a>, IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 40, No. 1, 1996., pristupljeno 16. travnja 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Scientific American (21. srpnja 2008.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=solar-storms-fast-facts">„Solar Storms: Fast Facts”</a>. Nature Publishing Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8. prosinca 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Solar+Storms%3A+Fast+Facts&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Scientific+American&rft.au=Scientific+American&rft.date=21.+srpnja+2008.&rft.pub=Nature+Publishing+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dsolar-storms-fast-facts&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7335322.stm"><i>Intel plans to tackle cosmic ray threat</i></a>, BBC News Online, 8. travnja 2008., pristupljeno 16. travnja 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/travel/story/0,28318,26370596-5014090,00.html"><i>Cosmic rays may have hit Qantas plane of the coast of North West Australia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091119214104/http://www.news.com.au/travel/story/0,28318,26370596-5014090,00.html">Arhivirano</a> 2009-11-19 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>, News.com.au, 18. studenog 2009., pristupljeno 19. studenog 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povezano">Povezano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Povezano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povezano"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cerenkovljevo_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Čerenkovljevo zračenje">Čerenkovljevo zračenje</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" style="background:none; 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