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Orang utan - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taksonomi_dan_filogeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taksonomi_dan_filogeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taksonomi dan filogeni</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taksonomi_dan_filogeni-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Taksonomi dan filogeni</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taksonomi_dan_filogeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catatan_fosil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_fosil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Catatan fosil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_fosil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karakteristik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Karakteristik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekologi_dan_perilaku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekologi_dan_perilaku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ekologi dan perilaku</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekologi_dan_perilaku-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Ekologi dan perilaku</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekologi_dan_perilaku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Makanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Makanan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kehidupan_sosial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kehidupan_sosial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Kehidupan sosial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kehidupan_sosial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komunikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komunikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Komunikasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komunikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduksi_dan_perkembangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduksi_dan_perkembangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Reproduksi dan perkembangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduksi_dan_perkembangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bersarang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bersarang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bersarang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bersarang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kecerdasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kecerdasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kecerdasan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kecerdasan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Kecerdasan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kecerdasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_peralatan_dan_budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_peralatan_dan_budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Penggunaan peralatan dan budaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_peralatan_dan_budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hak_asasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hak_asasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hak asasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hak_asasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orang_utan_dan_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orang_utan_dan_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orang utan dan manusia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orang_utan_dan_manusia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Orang utan dan manusia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orang_utan_dan_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dalam_fiksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalam_fiksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Dalam fiksi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalam_fiksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalam_penangkaran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalam_penangkaran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Dalam penangkaran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalam_penangkaran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konservasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konservasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Konservasi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Konservasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Konservasi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Konservasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status_dan_ancaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_dan_ancaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Status dan ancaman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_dan_ancaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisasi_dan_pusat_konservasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisasi_dan_pusat_konservasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Organisasi dan pusat konservasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisasi_dan_pusat_konservasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orang utan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 112 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangoetang" title="Orangoetang – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Orangoetang" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang-Utans" title="Orang-Utans – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Orang-Utans" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongo" title="Pongo – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pongo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7" title="वनमानुष – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वनमानुष" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="إنسان الغاب – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنسان الغاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="انسان الغاب – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انسان الغاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82" title="ওৰাঙোটাং – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ওৰাঙোটাং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangut%C3%A1n" title="Orangután – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orangután" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parbol_(Pongo)" title="Parbol (Pongo) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Parbol (Pongo)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99snas" title="Nəsnas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəsnas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Орангутандар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Орангутандар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Арангутаны – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арангутаны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Арангутаны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арангутаны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Орангутани – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Орангутани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_utan" title="Urang utan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Urang utan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7" title="বনমানুষ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বনমানুষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="སྤྲ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྤྲ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangoutan" title="Orangoutan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Orangoutan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutani" title="Orangutani – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Orangutani" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongo" title="Pongo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pongo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangwtang" title="Orangwtang – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Orangwtang" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanger" title="Orangutanger – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Orangutanger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang-Utans" title="Orang-Utans – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orang-Utans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ουρακοτάγκος – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουρακοτάγκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutano" title="Orangutano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orangutano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongo" title="Pongo – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pongo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongo" title="Pongo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pongo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اورانگوتان – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اورانگوتان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangit" title="Orangit – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orangit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutang" title="Orangutang – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Orangutang" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang-outan" title="Orang-outan – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orang-outan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang-Utans" title="Orang-Utans – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Orang-Utans" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rang-%C3%BAtan" title="Órang-útan – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Órang-útan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangut%C3%A1n" title="Orangután – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orangután" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27iporo" title="Ka&#039;iporo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ka&#039;iporo" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9F" title="אורנגאוטן – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורנגאוטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओरंगउटान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओरंगउटान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangut%C3%A1n" title="Orangután – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orangután" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Օրանգուտան – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրանգուտան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongo_(taxon)" title="Pongo (taxon) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pongo (taxon)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutano" title="Orangutano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Orangutano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rang%C3%BAtan" title="Órangútan – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Órangútan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongo_(zoologia)" title="Pongo (zoologia) – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pongo (zoologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="オランウータン – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オランウータン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urangutan" title="Urangutan – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Urangutan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ორანგუტანი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორანგუტანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Орангутандар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орангутандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಒರಾಂಗೂಟಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒರಾಂಗೂಟಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%9E%91%EC%9A%B0%ED%83%84" title="오랑우탄 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오랑우탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орангутан – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орангутан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongo" title="Pongo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pongo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang-Utanen" title="Orang-Utanen – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Orang-Utanen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орангутан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Орангутан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanai" title="Orangutanai – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orangutanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutani" title="Orangutani – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Orangutani" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2r%C3%A2ngodh%C3%A2n" title="Bârângodhân – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bârângodhân" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangot%C3%A0na" title="Orangotàna – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Orangotàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орангутан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Орангутан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орангутан – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Орангутан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഒറാങ്ങ്ഉട്ടാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒറാങ്ങ്ഉട്ടാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орангутан – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Орангутан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орангутан – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Орангутан" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_utan" title="Orang utan – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang utan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B6" title="လူဝံ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူဝံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اورانگوتان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اورانگوتان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangutango" title="Rangutango – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Rangutango" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87" title="वनमान्छे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वनमान्छे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang-oetans" title="Orang-oetans – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orang-oetans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanger" title="Orangutanger – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orangutanger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%AD_di%CA%BCil%C3%AD" title="Magí diʼilí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Magí diʼilí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangotan" title="Orangotan – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Orangotan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Орангутантæ – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Орангутантæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اورینگوٹان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اورینگوٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اورنګوتان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اورنګوتان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangotango" title="Orangotango – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orangotango" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urangutan" title="Urangutan – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Urangutan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Орангутаны – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орангутаны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орангутан – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Орангутан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutani" title="Orangutani – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Orangutani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan%C3%ABt" title="Orangutanët – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Orangutanët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Орангутани – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Орангутани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayas" title="Mayas – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mayas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanger" title="Orangutanger – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Orangutanger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanu" title="Orangutanu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Orangutanu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uorangut%C5%AFn" title="Uorangutůn – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Uorangutůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓராங் ஊத்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓராங் ஊத்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఒరంగుటాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఒరంగుటాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="อุรังอุตัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุรังอุตัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орангутан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Орангутан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орангутан – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орангутан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanlar" title="Orangutanlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Orangutanlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_%C6%B0%C6%A1i" title="Đười ươi – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đười ươi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Orangutan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%A9%E7%8C%A9%E5%B1%9E" title="猩猩属 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="猩猩属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ორანგუტანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ორანგუტანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%A9%E7%8C%A9%E5%B1%AC" title="猩猩屬 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="猩猩屬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ng-seng-seng" title="Âng-seng-seng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Âng-seng-seng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%AF%9B%E7%8C%A9%E7%8C%A9" title="紅毛猩猩 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅毛猩猩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-orengithengi" title="I-orengithengi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-orengithengi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41050#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Orang utan</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Rentang waktu: <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Pleistosen Awal–Sekarang</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.46153846154px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Prakambrium" title="Prakambrium">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:36.553846153846px; width:18.175384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium">Є</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:54.729230769231px; width:15.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovisium" title="Ordovisium">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.824615384615px; width:9.3753846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Silur" title="Silur">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:79.2px; width:19.224615384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Devon_(zaman)" title="Devon (zaman)">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.424615384615px; width:20.375384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon_(zaman)" title="Karbon (zaman)">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.8px; width:16.246153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Perem" title="Perem">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:135.04615384615px; width:17.396923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:152.44307692308px; width:18.310769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Jura_(zaman)" title="Jura (zaman)">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.75384615385px; width:27.076923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Kapur_(zaman)" title="Kapur (zaman)">K</a></div> <span style="font-size:85%; line-height: 1.89em;"><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.83076923077px; width:14.374461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen">Pg</a></div></span> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen"><span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;">N</span></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.38873846154px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">&#8595;</div></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Orang_Utan,_Semenggok_Forest_Reserve,_Sarawak,_Borneo,_Malaysia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Orang_Utan%2C_Semenggok_Forest_Reserve%2C_Sarawak%2C_Borneo%2C_Malaysia.JPG/220px-Orang_Utan%2C_Semenggok_Forest_Reserve%2C_Sarawak%2C_Borneo%2C_Malaysia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Orang_Utan%2C_Semenggok_Forest_Reserve%2C_Sarawak%2C_Borneo%2C_Malaysia.JPG/330px-Orang_Utan%2C_Semenggok_Forest_Reserve%2C_Sarawak%2C_Borneo%2C_Malaysia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Orang_Utan%2C_Semenggok_Forest_Reserve%2C_Sarawak%2C_Borneo%2C_Malaysia.JPG/440px-Orang_Utan%2C_Semenggok_Forest_Reserve%2C_Sarawak%2C_Borneo%2C_Malaysia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="2251" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_kalimantan" title="Orang utan kalimantan">Orang utan kalimantan</a><br />(<i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">Klasifikasi ilmiah</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Taxonomy/Pongo" title="Sunting klasifikasi ini"><img alt="Sunting klasifikasi ini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kerajaan: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Filum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kelas: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ordo: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primata" title="Primata">Primata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subordo: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraordo: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simiiformes" title="Simiiformes">Simiiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Famili: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamili: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Pongo</i></a><br /><small>Lacépède, 1799</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Spesies_tipe" title="Spesies tipe">Spesies tipe</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_kalimantan" title="Orang utan kalimantan">Pongo pygmaeus</a></i><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Lacépède</a>, 1799 (<i>Simia satyrus</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1760)</small><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Spesies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_kalimantan" title="Orang utan kalimantan">Pongo pygmaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_sumatra" title="Orang utan sumatra">Pongo abelii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_tapanuli" title="Orang utan tapanuli">Pongo tapanuliensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pongo_hooijeri" title="Pongo hooijeri">Pongo hooijeri</a></i>†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pongo_weidenreichi" title="Pongo weidenreichi">Pongo weidenreichi</a></i>†</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Orangutan_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orangutan_distribution.png/220px-Orangutan_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orangutan_distribution.png/330px-Orangutan_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orangutan_distribution.png/440px-Orangutan_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Sebaran tiga spesies orang utan yang masih ada </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Sinonim_(taksonomi)" title="Sinonim (taksonomi)">Sinonim</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Faunus</i> <small>Oken, 1816</small> <br /> <i>Lophotus</i> <small>Fischer, 1813</small> <br /> <i>Macrobates</i> <small>Billberg, 1828</small> <br /> <i>Satyrus</i> <small>Lesson, 1840</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Orang utan</b> (bentuk tidak baku: <b>orangutan</b>) atau <b>mawas</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">kera besar</a> yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Hutan_hujan" title="Hutan hujan">hutan hujan</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Sekarang hewan ini hanya ditemukan di sebagian <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, tetapi selama era <a href="/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen">Pleistosen</a>, mereka tersebar di seluruh <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok_selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiongkok selatan">Tiongkok Selatan</a>. Orang utan diklasifikasikan dalam genus <i><b>Pongo</b></i> dan awalnya dianggap hanya terdiri dari satu spesies. Sejak tahun 1996, orang utan dibagi menjadi dua spesies: <a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_kalimantan" title="Orang utan kalimantan">orang utan kalimantan</a> (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>, dengan tiga subspesies) dan <a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_sumatra" title="Orang utan sumatra">orang utan sumatra</a> (<i>P. abelii</i>). Spesies ketiga, <a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_tapanuli" title="Orang utan tapanuli">orang utan tapanuli</a> (<i>P. tapanuliensis</i>), diidentifikasi secara definitif pada tahun 2017. Orang utan adalah satu-satunya genus yang <a href="/wiki/Takson_sintas" title="Takson sintas">masih hidup</a> dari subfamili Ponginae, yang secara genetik terpisah dari <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a> lain (<a href="/wiki/Gorila" title="Gorila">gorila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simpanse" title="Simpanse">simpanse</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a>) antara 19,3 dan 15,7 juta tahun lalu. </p><p>Orang utan adalah kera besar yang paling <a href="/wiki/Lokomosi_arboreal" title="Lokomosi arboreal">arboreal</a> karena mereka menghabiskan sebagian besar waktu mereka di pohon. Orang utan memiliki kaki yang relatif pendek dibandingkan lengannya yang relatif panjang dan memiliki rambut cokelat kemerahan yang menutupi tubuh mereka. Orang utan jantan dewasa memiliki berat sekitar 75&#160;kg, sedangkan betina mencapai sekitar 37&#160;kg. Pejantan dewasa yang dominan memiliki bantalan pipi atau flensa yang khas dan kerap mengeluarkan teriakan panjang untuk menarik perhatian betina dan mengintimidasi lawan; hal yang sama tidak dijumpai pada orang utan jantan yang lebih muda dan mereka cenderung lebih menyerupai betina dewasa. Orang utan adalah kera besar yang paling soliter; ikatan sosialnya terbatas dan terutama terbentuk antara induk dan anaknya yang bergantung padanya. Buah-buahan merupakan komponen makanan orang utan yang paling penting; tetapi mereka juga dapat memakan dedaunan, <a href="/wiki/Pepagan" title="Pepagan">kulit kayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madu" title="Madu">madu</a>, serangga, dan telur burung. Orang utan dapat hidup lebih dari 30 tahun, baik di alam liar maupun di penangkaran. </p><p>Orang utan termasuk <a href="/wiki/Primata" title="Primata">primata</a> yang paling cerdas. Mereka <a href="/wiki/Penggunaan_alat_pada_hewan" title="Penggunaan alat pada hewan">menggunakan berbagai peralatan rumit</a> dan membangun sarang tidur yang kompleks setiap malam dari ranting-ranting dan dedaunan. Penelitian tentang kemampuan belajar mereka telah dilakukan secara ekstensif. Para peneliti memperkirakan bahwa pada masing-masing populasi orang utan terdapat kultur-kulturnya tersendiri. Orang utan telah muncul dalam karya literatur dan seni dunia setidaknya sejak abad ke-18, terutama untuk mengomentari komunitas manusia. Seorang ahli <a href="/wiki/Primatologi" title="Primatologi">primatologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birute_Galdikas" title="Birute Galdikas">Birute Galdikas</a>, memelopori studi lapangan tentang orang utan dan beberapa dari mereka telah diletakkan di fasilitas penangkaran di seluruh dunia setidaknya sejak awal abad ke-19. </p><p>Ketiga spesies orang utan ditempatkan dalam kategori <a href="/wiki/Terancam_kritis" title="Terancam kritis">terancam kritis</a>. Aktivitas manusia sangat mengurangi populasi dan sebaran mereka. Ancaman terhadap populasi orang utan liar meliputi <a href="/wiki/Perburuan_liar" class="mw-redirect" title="Perburuan liar">perburuan liar</a> (untuk dikonsumsi <a href="/wiki/Daging_semak" title="Daging semak">dagingnya</a> dan sebagai tindakan balas dendam karena mereka memakan tanaman), <a href="/wiki/Perusakan_habitat" title="Perusakan habitat">perusakan habitat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Deforestasi" title="Deforestasi">deforestasi</a> (untuk penanaman <a href="/wiki/Kelapa_sawit" title="Kelapa sawit">kelapa sawit</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Penebangan" title="Penebangan">penebangan hutan</a>), serta perdagangan <a href="/wiki/Hewan_peliharaan_eksotis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewan peliharaan eksotis">hewan peliharaan</a> ilegal. Sejumlah organisasi <a href="/wiki/Konservasi" class="mw-disambig" title="Konservasi">konservasi</a> dan rehabilitasi telah didedikasikan untuk menjaga kelangsungan hidup orang utan di alam liar. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2></div> <p>Istilah orang utan berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">bahasa Melayu</a>. Awalnya istilah ini digunakan untuk menyebut manusia penghuni hutan. Namun, pada periode awal sejarah Melayu, istilah ini mengalami perluasan <a href="/wiki/Semantik" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantik">semantik</a> sehingga juga digunakan untuk kera dari genus <i>Pongo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sastrawan2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sastrawan2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mahdi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahdi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istilah <i>urang utan</i> muncul dalam berbagai sumber dari abad ke-9 sampai abad ke-15 dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Kuno" title="Bahasa Jawa Kuno">bahasa Jawa Kuno</a>. Salah satu sumber awal bersumber dari <a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Ramayana" title="Kakawin Ramayana">Kakawin Ramayana</a> yang merupakan karya adaptasi dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta">Bahasa Sanskerta</a> ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">bahasa Jawa</a> dari karya <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> yang ditulis pada abad kesembilan atau awal abad kesepuluh. Dalam sumber Jawa Kuno ini, istilah urang utan hanya mengacu pada <a href="/wiki/Kera" title="Kera">kera</a> dan bukan pada manusia penghuni hutan. Istilah ini bukanlah dari kata-kata asli bahasa Jawa, tetapi diserap dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">bahasa Melayu</a> awal, setidaknya seribu tahun yang lalu. Oleh karena itu, asal mula utama istilah "orang utan" untuk kera <i>Pongo</i> kemungkinan besar adalah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kuno" title="Bahasa Melayu Kuno">bahasa Melayu Kuno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sastrawan2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sastrawan2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Man-of-the-Woods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Orangutan sketch by George Edwards" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Man-of-the-Woods.jpg/220px-Man-of-the-Woods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Man-of-the-Woods.jpg/330px-Man-of-the-Woods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Man-of-the-Woods.jpg/440px-Man-of-the-Woods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>Sketsa "The Man of the Woods (Orang hutan)" oleh <a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(naturalis)" title="George Edwards (naturalis)">George Edwards</a>, 1758</figcaption></figure> <p>Orang Eropa pertama yang mencatat penggunaan istilah orang utan adalah <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Bontius" title="Jacobus Bontius">Jacobus Bontius</a>. Dia menulis kata ini di dalam bukunya yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1631 yang berjudul <i>Historiae naturalis et medicae Indiae orientalis</i>. Dia mencatat bahwa orang-orang Melayu memberitahunya kalau orang utan tersebut dapat berbicara, tetapi memilih untuk tidak "agar dia tidak dipaksa untuk bekerja".<sup id="cite_ref-Dellios_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dellios-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah ini juga muncul dalam beberapa deskripsi zoologi Indonesia dalam bahasa Jerman pada abad ke-17 dan mungkin juga secara khusus berasal dari ragam bahasa Melayu <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Banjar" title="Bahasa Banjar">Banjar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mahdi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahdi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tetapi usia sumber-sumber Jawa Kuno yang disebutkan di atas menjadikan bahasa Melayu Kuno lebih memungkinkan sebagai asal muasal istilah ini. Namun, catatan dari Jacobus Bontius tidak merujuk pada kera (karena deskripsi ini dari <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Jawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Jawa">Pulau Jawa</a> yang saat itu tidak ditemukan orang utan di sana) melainkan merujuk pada manusia yang menderita kondisi medis serius (kemungkinan besar <a href="/wiki/Kretinisme" title="Kretinisme">kretinisme</a>) dan bahwa penggunaan istilah ini disalahpahami oleh <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Tulp" title="Nicolaes Tulp">Nicolaes Tulp</a>, yang pertama kali menggunakan istilah ini dalam sebuah publikasi satu dekade kemudian.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:10–18</sup></span> </p><p>Istilah orang utan pertama kali dicantumkan dalam catatan berbahasa Inggris pada tahun 1693 oleh dokter <a href="/wiki/John_Bulwer" title="John Bulwer">John Bulwer</a> dalam bentuk <i>Orang-Outang.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hilangnya "h" dalam utan dan pergeseran dari -n ke -ng telah dianggap menunjukkan bahwa kata tersebut masuk ke bahasa Inggris melalui <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Portugis" title="Bahasa Portugis">bahasa Portugis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mahdi2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahdi2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Varian yang diakhiri dengan -ng juga ditemukan dalam banyak bahasa.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam bahasa Melayu, istilah ini pertama kali dikonfirmasi pada tahun 1840, bukan sebagai nama asli tetapi mengacu pada bagaimana orang Inggris menyebut hewan tersebut. Kata 'orang utan' dalam bahasa Melayu dan Indonesia saat ini diserap dari bahasa Inggris atau <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda">Belanda</a> pada abad ke-20, yang menjelaskan mengapa huruf 'h' awal dari 'hutan' juga hilang.<sup id="cite_ref-mahdi2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahdi2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nama genus orang utan yakni, <i>Pongo</i>, berasal dari catatan abad ke-16 oleh <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Battel" title="Andrew Battel">Andrew Battel</a>, seorang pelaut Inggris yang ditawan oleh Portugis di <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, yang mendeskripsikan dua "monster" berbentuk menyerupai manusia bernama Pongo dan Engeco. "Monster" yang ia lihat tersebut sekarang diyakini adalah gorila, tetapi pada abad ke-18, istilah orang utan dan pongo digunakan untuk semua <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">kera besar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_alam" title="Sejarah alam">Naturalis</a> Prancis <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a> menggunakan istilah <i>Pongo</i> untuk <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> orang utan pada 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:24–25</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-Groves2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kata pongo yang digunakan oleh Battel berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kongo" title="Bahasa Kongo">bahasa Kongo</a> yakni <i>mpongi<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></i> atau bahasa lainnya yang serumpun: bahasa Lumbu <i>pungu</i>, bahasa Vili <i>mpungu</i>, atau bahasa Yombi <i>yimpungu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taksonomi_dan_filogeni">Taksonomi dan filogeni</h2></div> <p>Orang utan pertama kali <a href="/wiki/Deskripsi_spesies" title="Deskripsi spesies">dideskripsikan secara ilmiah</a> pada tahun 1758 dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> oleh <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Carolus Linnaeus</a> sebagai <i>Homo troglodytes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:20</sup></span> Nama ini kemudian diganti menjadi <i>Simia pygmaeus</i> pada tahun 1760 oleh muridnya, Christian Emmanuel Hopp, dan kemudian dinamai sebagai <i>Pongo</i> oleh Lacépède pada tahun 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:24–25</sup></span> Naturalis Perancis, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lesson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Lesson">René Lesson</a> mengusulkan bahwa populasi orang utan di Sumatra dan Kalimantan merupakan dua spesies yang berbeda ketika dirinya mendeskripsikan <i><a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_sumatra" title="Orang utan sumatra">P. abelii</a></i> pada tahun 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-Lesson1827_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lesson1827-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2001, <i>P. abelii</i> diresmikan sebagai spesies tersendiri berdasarkan bukti molekuler yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-XuArnason1996_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XuArnason1996-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:53</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-curbio_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curbio-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sementara tiga populasi yang berbeda di <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> ditingkatkan taksonnya menjadi subspesies (<i>P. p. pygmaeus</i>, <i>P. p. morio</i> dan <i>P. p. wurmbii</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Asian_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pendeskripsian pada tahun 2017 dilakukan untuk spesies ketiga, yakni <i><a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_tapanuli" title="Orang utan tapanuli">P. tapanuliensis</a></i> yang hidup di Sumatra, tepatnya di wilayah selatan <a href="/wiki/Danau_Toba" title="Danau Toba">Danau Toba</a>. <i>Pongo tapanuliensis</i> memiliki hubungan kekerabatan yang lebih dekat dengan spesies orang utan kalimantan, <i>P. pygmaeus</i>, dibandingkan dengan sesama spesies yang berasal dari Sumatra, <i>P. abelii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-curbio_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curbio-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bornean,_Sumatran_%26_Tapanuli_orangs_(horizontal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head shots of male Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bornean%2C_Sumatran_%26_Tapanuli_orangs_%28horizontal%29.jpg/220px-Bornean%2C_Sumatran_%26_Tapanuli_orangs_%28horizontal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bornean%2C_Sumatran_%26_Tapanuli_orangs_%28horizontal%29.jpg/330px-Bornean%2C_Sumatran_%26_Tapanuli_orangs_%28horizontal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bornean%2C_Sumatran_%26_Tapanuli_orangs_%28horizontal%29.jpg/440px-Bornean%2C_Sumatran_%26_Tapanuli_orangs_%28horizontal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_kalimantan" title="Orang utan kalimantan">Orang utan kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_sumatra" title="Orang utan sumatra">sumatra</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_tapanuli" title="Orang utan tapanuli">tapanuli</a> jantan berbantalan pipi</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pengurutan_DNA" title="Pengurutan DNA">Pengurutan genom</a> orang utan sumatra diselesaikan pada Januari 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-Locke2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Locke2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nature_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan hal ini menjadikan <i>P. abelii</i> sebagai spesies <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">kera besar</a> ketiga yang genomnya berhasil diurutkan setelah manusia dan <a href="/wiki/Simpanse" title="Simpanse">simpanse</a>. Selanjutnya, spesies orang utan kalimantan juga diurutkan genomnya. Orang utan kalimantan (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>) memiliki keragaman genetik yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan orang utan sumatra (<i>P. abelii</i>), meskipun populasinya berjumlah enam hingga tujuh kali lebih banyak. Temuan ini mungkin dapat membantu para <a href="/wiki/Biologi_konservasi" title="Biologi konservasi">konservasionis</a> melestarikan kera yang terancam punah tersebut, serta mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_genetik" title="Penyakit genetik">penyakit genetik</a> manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-nature_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sama halnya dengan gorila dan simpanse, orang utan memiliki 48 <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a> <a href="/wiki/Diploid" title="Diploid">diploid</a>, berbeda dengan manusia yang memiliki 46 kromosom diploid.<sup id="cite_ref-RijksenMeijaard1999_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RijksenMeijaard1999-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:30</sup></span> </p><p>Berdasarkan penelitian pada <a href="/wiki/Jam_molekuler" title="Jam molekuler">tingkat molekuler</a> untuk garis keturunan kera (superfamili Hominoidea), <a href="/wiki/Ungka" title="Ungka">owa</a> berpisah menjadi spesies yang berbeda pada awal periode <a href="/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen">Miosen</a>, yaitu sekitar antara 24,1 dan 19,7 juta tahun lalu. Sementara itu, orang utan diperkirakan berpisah antara 19,3 dan 15,7 juta tahun lalu. Sebuah penelitian pada 2011 memperkirakan bahwa orang utan sumatra dan orang utan kalimantan berpisah antara 4,9 dan 2,9 juta tahun yang lalu bila merujuk pada <a href="/wiki/Lokus_(genetika)" title="Lokus (genetika)">lokus-lokus</a> pada <a href="/wiki/DNA_mitokondria" title="DNA mitokondria">DNA mitokondria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromosom_X" title="Kromosom X">kromosom X</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kromosom-Y" title="Kromosom-Y">kromosom Y</a> pada kedua spesies ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Israfil_et_al_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israfil_et_al-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(Gbr. 4)</sup></span> Sebaliknya, studi genom lain pada tahun yang sama menunjukkan bahwa kedua spesies ini baru saja berpisah sekitar 400.000 tahun yang lalu. Studi ini juga menemukan bahwa orang utan berevolusi lebih lambat daripada simpanse dan manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-nature_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebuah studi genom pada tahun 2017 menemukan bahwa orang utan kalimantan dan tapanuli berpisah dari orang utan sumatra sekitar 3,4 juta tahun yang lalu dan dari satu sama lain sekitar 2,4 juga tahun yang lalu. Jutaan tahun yang lalu, orang utan melakukan perjalanan dari daratan Asia ke Sumatra dan kemudian ke Kalimantan karena pulau-pulau tersebut dihubungkan oleh jembatan darat selama periode <a href="/wiki/Glasiasi_Kuarter" title="Glasiasi Kuarter">glasial kuarter</a>, ketika permukaan air laut jauh lebih rendah. Sebaran orang utan tapanuli saat ini diperkirakan dekat dengan tempat leluhur orang utan pertama kali memasuki wilayah yang sekarang menjadi Indonesia dari daratan Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-curbio_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curbio-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_2017_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo_2017-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:750pt;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Taksonomi dari genus <i>Pongo</i><sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Filogeni dari superfamili Hominoidea<sup id="cite_ref-Israfil_et_al_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israfil_et_al-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(Gbr. 4)</sup></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Genus <i>Pongo</i></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_kalimantan" title="Orang utan kalimantan">Orang utan kalimantan</a> (<i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>) <ul><li><i>Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus</i> – populasi barat laut</li> <li><i>Pongo pygmaeus morio</i> – populasi timur</li> <li><i>Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii</i> – populasi barat daya</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_sumatra" title="Orang utan sumatra">Orang utan sumatra</a> (<i>Pongo abelii</i> – Sumatra, barat laut dari <a href="/wiki/Danau_Toba" title="Danau Toba">Danau Toba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_tapanuli" title="Orang utan tapanuli">Orang utan tapanuli</a> (<i>Pongo tapanuliensis</i> – Sumatra, selatan dari Danau Toba)</li></ul> </td> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17572906">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">&#160;Hominoidea </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&#32;<br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px black; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: 0px solid black;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&#32;<br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px black; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: 0px solid black;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&#32;<br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px black; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: 0px solid black;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&#32;<br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px black; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: 0px solid black;"> <p>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a>&#160;(genus&#160;<i><a href="/wiki/Homo_(genus)" title="Homo (genus)">Homo</a></i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&#32;<br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px black; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: solid 0px black;"> <p>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan (genus)">simpanse</a>&#160;(genus&#160;<i>Pan</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&#32;<br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px black; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: solid 0px black;"> <p>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gorila" title="Gorila">gorila</a>&#160;(genus <i>Gorilla</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&#32;<br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px black; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: solid 0px black;"> <p>&#160;<b>orang utan&#160;(genus <i>Pongo</i>)</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align:top;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&#32;<br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px black; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: solid 0px black;"> <p>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ungka" title="Ungka">ungka</a>&#160;(famili&#160;<i>Hylobatidae</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sivapithecus_sivalensis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Partial fossil skull of ape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sivapithecus_sivalensis.JPG/170px-Sivapithecus_sivalensis.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sivapithecus_sivalensis.JPG/255px-Sivapithecus_sivalensis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sivapithecus_sivalensis.JPG/340px-Sivapithecus_sivalensis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Fosil tengkorak <i>Sivapithecus sivalensis</i>, kerabat orang utan yang telah punah</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catatan_fosil">Catatan fosil</h3></div> <p>Tiga spesies orang utan merupakan sisa anggota <a href="/wiki/Subfamili" title="Subfamili">subfamili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a> yang masih sintas. Subfamili ini juga mencakup <a href="/wiki/Kera" title="Kera">kera-kera</a> yang telah punah seperti <i><a href="/wiki/Lufengpithecus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lufengpithecus">Lufengpithecus</a></i>, yang hidup 8–2 juta tahun lalu di <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok_selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiongkok selatan">Tiongkok selatan</a> dan Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:50</sup></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Indopithecus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indopithecus">Indopithecus</a></i>, yang hidup di India dari 9,2–8,6 juta tahun lalu; dan <i><a href="/wiki/Sivapithecus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></i>, yang hidup di India dan Pakistan dari 12,5 juta tahun lalu hingga 8,5 juta tahun lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hewan-hewan ini kemungkinan hidup di lingkungan yang lebih kering dan lebih dingin daripada lingkungan orang utan saat ini. <i><a href="/wiki/Khoratpithecus" title="Khoratpithecus">Khoratpithecus</a> piriyai</i>, yang hidup 5–7 juta tahun lalu di Thailand, diyakini sebagai kerabat terdekat orang utan dan mendiami lingkungan yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:50</sup></span> Primata terbesar yang diketahui, <i><a href="/wiki/Gigantopithecus" title="Gigantopithecus">Gigantopithecus</a></i>, juga merupakan anggota Ponginae dan hidup di Tiongkok, dari 2 juta hingga 300.000 tahun yang lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:50</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catatan fosil tertua dari <i>Pongo</i> yang diketahui berasal dari zaman <a href="/wiki/Pleistosen_Awal" title="Pleistosen Awal">Pleistosen Awal</a> di <a href="/wiki/Chongzuo" title="Chongzuo">Chongzuo</a>, yang terdiri dari gigi yang dianggap berasal dari spesies <i><a href="/wiki/Pongo_weidenreichi" title="Pongo weidenreichi">P. weidenreichi</a></i> yang telah punah.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di sekumpulan gua Pleistosen di Vietnam, <i>Pongo</i> ditemukan bersama dengan <i>Giganopithecus</i> sebagai bagian dari kelompok fauna, meskipun hanya diketahui dari giginya. Beberapa fosil di Vietnam telah dideskripsikan dengan nama <i><a href="/wiki/Pongo_hooijeri" title="Pongo hooijeri">P. hooijeri</a></i>, sedangkan beberapa subspesies fosil lain telah dideskripsikan di beberapa bagian Asia Tenggara. Namun, tidak jelas apakah fosil-fosil ini termasuk dalam <i>P. pygmaeus</i> atau <i>P. abelii</i> atau malah mewakili spesies yang berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selama Pleistosen, <i>Pongo</i> memiliki daerah sebaran yang jauh lebih luas daripada saat ini, membentang di seluruh <a href="/wiki/Daratan_Sunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Daratan Sunda">daratan Sunda</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara_daratan" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Tenggara daratan">Asia Tenggara daratan</a> dan Tiongkok Selatan. Di <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Semenanjung Malaysia">Semenanjung Malaysia</a>, ditemukan gigi orang utan yang berasal dari 60.000 tahun yang lalu. Pada akhir Pleistosen, daerah sebaran orang utan telah menyusut secara signifikan, yang kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh berkurangnya habitat hutan selama <a href="/wiki/Glasial_Maksimum_Terakhir" title="Glasial Maksimum Terakhir">Glasial Maksimum Terakhir</a>, meskipun mereka mungkin selamat hingga <a href="/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen">Holosen</a> di Kamboja dan Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristik">Karakteristik</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pongo_tapanuliensis_male_female.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulder shots of an adult male and female orangutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pongo_tapanuliensis_male_female.jpg/220px-Pongo_tapanuliensis_male_female.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pongo_tapanuliensis_male_female.jpg/330px-Pongo_tapanuliensis_male_female.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pongo_tapanuliensis_male_female.jpg/440px-Pongo_tapanuliensis_male_female.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Orang utan tapanuli jantan dewasa (kiri) dan betina (kanan)</figcaption></figure> <p>Orang utan menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Dimorfisme_seksual" title="Dimorfisme seksual">dimorfisme seksual</a> yang signifikan; orang utan betina biasanya memiliki tinggi 115&#160;cm dan berat sekitar 37&#160;kg, sementara orang utan jantan dewasa memiliki tinggi 137&#160;cm dan berat 75&#160;kg. Mereka memiliki lengan yang secara proporsional lebih panjang dibandingkan dengan manusia; orang utan jantan memiliki rentang lengan sekitar 2 m dan kaki yang pendek. Tubuh mereka ditutupi rambut kemerahan panjang yang dimulai dengan warna oranye terang dan menggelap menjadi <a href="/wiki/Merah_marun" class="mw-redirect" title="Merah marun">merah marun</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Cokelat_(warna)" title="Cokelat (warna)">cokelat</a> seiring bertambahnya usia, sementara kulitnya berwarna abu-abu kehitaman. Meskipun sebagian besar dari wajah orang utan tidak berambut, wajah hewan jantan dapat ditumbuhi rambut sehingga mereka memiliki janggut.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:13–15</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-Groves19712_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves19712-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orang utan memiliki telinga dan hidung yang kecil; daun telinganya tidak memiliki lobus yang menggantung seperti manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-Groves19712_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves19712-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Volume <a href="/wiki/Endokranium" title="Endokranium">endokranialnya</a> rata-rata berukuran 397 sentimeter kubik.<sup id="cite_ref-aiello_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiello-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tempurung kepala orang utan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan wajahnya yang melengkung dan prognatik.<sup id="cite_ref-Groves19712_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves19712-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dibandingkan dengan simpanse dan gorila, tonjolan alis orang utan kurang berkembang.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan betina dan remaja memiliki tengkorak yang relatif melingkar dan wajah yang tipis, sementara orang utan jantan dewasa memiliki <a href="/wiki/Jambul_sagittal" title="Jambul sagittal">jambul sagittal</a> yang menonjol, bantalan pipi atau flensa yang besar,<sup id="cite_ref-Groves19712_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves19712-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> kantung tenggorokan yang luas, dan gigi taring yang panjang.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:14</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-Groves19712_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves19712-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bantalan pipi sebagian besar terbuat dari jaringan lemak dan ditopang oleh otot-otot wajah.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kantung tenggorokan berfungsi sebagai ruang resonansi untuk membuat seruan panjang.<sup id="cite_ref-Utami_2002_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utami_2002-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tangan orang utan memiliki empat jari yang panjang dengan jempol yang jauh lebih pendek dari jari lainnya untuk menghasilkan cengkeraman yang kuat pada cabang-cabang saat mereka berayunan di pepohonan. Saat tangan beristirahat, jari-jarinya melengkung dan menciptakan cengkeraman menggantung. Dengan ibu jari yang lebih pendek, jari-jari (dan tangan)-nya dapat mencengkeram dengan aman di sekeliling benda-benda berdiameter kecil dengan menempatkan ujung jari-jari mereka ke bagian dalam telapak tangan mereka sehingga menciptakan cengkeraman kunci ganda. Kaki mereka memiliki empat jari kaki yang panjang dan jempol kaki yang dapat ditekuk melintang dengan jari-jari yang lain sehingga memberikan kaki-kaki mereka ketangkasan seperti tangan mereka. Sendi pinggulnya juga memberikan kemampuan berputar pada kaki seperti lengan dan bahunya.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:15</sup></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Orang-Utan_Tournai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An orangutan skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Orang-Utan_Tournai.jpg/220px-Orang-Utan_Tournai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Orang-Utan_Tournai.jpg/330px-Orang-Utan_Tournai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Orang-Utan_Tournai.jpg/440px-Orang-Utan_Tournai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="3688" /></a><figcaption>Kerangka <a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_kalimantan" title="Orang utan kalimantan">orang utan kalimantan</a> remaja</figcaption></figure> <p>Orang utan berpindah dari pohon ke pohon dengan cara memanjat secara vertikal dan <a href="/wiki/Perilaku_suspensori" title="Perilaku suspensori">menggantung</a>. Dibandingkan dengan kera besar lainnya, mereka jarang turun ke tanah karena membuat mereka kurang leluasa bergerak. Orang utan memanfaatkan kaki dan tangannya untuk berjalan sebagaimana <a href="/wiki/Simpanse" title="Simpanse">simpanse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobo</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Gorila" title="Gorila">gorila</a>. Namun, tidak seperti ketiga kera besar tersebut yang menggunakan buku jari tangan mereka ketika berjalan, orang utan membengkokkan jari-jarinya dan berjalan menggunakan bagian sisi tangan dan kakinya.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dibandingkan dengan kerabatnya di Kalimantan, orang utan sumatra lebih ramping dengan rambut yang lebih panjang dan pucat serta wajah yang lebih panjang.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan tapanuli lebih mirip orang utan sumatra daripada orang utan kalimantan dalam hal bentuk tubuh dan warna rambut.<sup id="cite_ref-curbio_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curbio-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mereka memiliki rambut yang lebih berantakan, tengkorak yang lebih kecil, dan wajah yang lebih datar daripada dua spesies lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Reese_A_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reese_A-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekologi_dan_perilaku">Ekologi dan perilaku</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm/220px--Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm/Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm/Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8&quot;" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm/Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm/Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm/Video_wild_orangutan_Borneo.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Orang utan liar di Lembah Danum (<a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, Malaysia, Pulau Kalimantan)</figcaption></figure> <p>Orang utan umumnya <a href="/wiki/Lokomosi_arboreal" title="Lokomosi arboreal">beraktivitas dari pohon ke pohon</a>. Mereka mendiami <a href="/wiki/Hutan_hujan_tropika" title="Hutan hujan tropika">hutan hujan tropika</a>, terutama dataran rendah yang ditumbuhi pepohonan <a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">dipterokarpa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hutan_sekunder" title="Hutan sekunder">hutan sekunder</a> tua.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-international_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Populasi orang utan lebih banyak hidup di dekat habitat tepi sungai, seperti <a href="/wiki/Hutan_air_tawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutan air tawar">air tawar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hutan_gambut" title="Hutan gambut">hutan rawa gambut</a>, sementara hutan yang lebih kering yang jaraknya jauh dari daerah berair akan memiliki populasi orang utan yang lebih sedikit. Kepadatan populasi juga menurun seiring elevasi yang bertambah tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-RijksenMeijaard1999_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RijksenMeijaard1999-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:92</sup></span> Orang utan terkadang memasuki padang rumput, lahan pertanian, kebun, hutan sekunder muda, dan danau dangkal.<sup id="cite_ref-international_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mereka menghabiskan sebagian besar waktu untuk mencari makan, beristirahat, dan bepergian.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mereka memulai hari dengan makan selama dua hingga tiga jam pada pagi hari, lalu beristirahat selama tengah hari, dan kemudian melakukan perjalanan di sore hari. Ketika malam tiba, mereka mempersiapkan sarangnya untuk bermalam.<sup id="cite_ref-international_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pemangsa potensial orang utan antara lain <a href="/wiki/Harimau" title="Harimau">harimau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macan_dahan" title="Macan dahan">macan dahan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ajak" title="Ajak">anjing liar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RijksenMeijaard1999_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RijksenMeijaard1999-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:91</sup></span> Parasit yang banyak ditemukan pada orang utan adalah <a href="/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda">nematoda</a> dari genus <i><a href="/wiki/Strongyloides" title="Strongyloides">Strongyloides</a></i> dan <a href="/wiki/Ciliata" title="Ciliata">ciliata</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Balantidium_coli" title="Balantidium coli">Balantidium coli</a></i>. Di antara <i>Strongyloides</i>, spesies <i>S. fuelleborni</i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Strongyloides_stercoralis" title="Strongyloides stercoralis">S. stercoralis</a></i> dilaporkan menjangkit beberapa individu orang utan muda.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan juga mengunyah spesies tumbuhan <i><a href="/wiki/Dracaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Dracaena">Dracaena cantleyi</a></i> dan kemudian mengoleskannya ke bagian tubuh untuk dijadikan <a href="/wiki/Antiinflamasi" title="Antiinflamasi">antiinflamasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makanan">Makanan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Orangutan_-Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin-8a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Orangutan on a branch eating some leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orangutan_-Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin-8a.jpg/220px-Orangutan_-Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin-8a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orangutan_-Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin-8a.jpg/330px-Orangutan_-Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin-8a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orangutan_-Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin-8a.jpg/440px-Orangutan_-Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin-8a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>Meskipun orang utan bisa mengonsumsi daun, pucuk, dan telur burung; buah adalah komponen terpenting dari makanan mereka.</figcaption></figure> <p>Makanan utama orang utan adalah <a href="/wiki/Frugivor" title="Frugivor">buah-buahan</a>. Konsumsi buah-buahan menghabiskan 57–80% waktu mencari makanan. Bahkan saat musim ketersediaan buah-buahan sedang sedikit, mengonsumsi buah tetaplah menghabiskan sekitar 16% dari waktu mencari makan mereka. Buah dengan <a href="/wiki/Salut_biji" title="Salut biji">salut biji</a> dan daging yang lembut adalah makanan kesukaan orang utan, khususnya buah <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">ara</a>, selain itu mereka juga suka buah <a href="/wiki/Drupa" title="Drupa">drupa</a> dan buah <a href="/wiki/Buah_buni" title="Buah buni">beri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RijksenMeijaard1999_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RijksenMeijaard1999-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Buah_buni" title="Buah buni"><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:65</sup></span></a> </p><p>Dedaunan juga menjadi salah satu sumber makanan orang utan. Konsumsinya menghabiskan rata-rata 25% waktu mencari makanan. Mereka lebih banyak memakan dedaunan ketika buah-buahan tersedia dalam jumlah yang sedikit. Namun, ketika buah sedang melimpah pun, mereka tetap memakan dedaunan yang menghabiskan waktu sekitar 11–20% waktu makan mereka. Mereka tampaknya bergantung pada daun dan batang dari <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borassodendron_borneensis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Borassodendron borneensis (halaman belum tersedia)">Borassodendron borneensis</a></i> saat persediaan buah berada dalam jumlah yang sedikit. Makanan lain yang dikonsumsi oleh orang utan di antaranya <a href="/wiki/Pepagan" title="Pepagan">kulit kayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madu" title="Madu">madu</a>, telur burung, serangga, dan <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata">vertebrata</a> kecil termasuk <a href="/wiki/Kukang" title="Kukang">kukang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RijksenMeijaard1999_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RijksenMeijaard1999-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:65–66</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-international_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di beberapa daerah, orang utan bisa melakukan praktik <a href="/wiki/Geofagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Geofagi">geofagi</a>, yaitu memakan tanah dan zat-zat yang berbentuk tanah. Mereka akan mengambil tanah dari permukaan serta memakan sarang <a href="/wiki/Rayap" title="Rayap">rayap</a> di batang pepohonan. Orang utan juga suka mengunjungi sisi tebing atau cekungan tanah untuk <a href="/wiki/Menjilat_mineral" title="Menjilat mineral">menjilat mineral</a>. Orang utan mengonsumsi tanah demi memperoleh mineral <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a> yang bersifat antiracun karena makanan mereka mengandung <a href="/wiki/Tanin" title="Tanin">tanin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_fenolik" title="Asam fenolik">asam fenolik</a> yang beracun.<sup id="cite_ref-RijksenMeijaard1999_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RijksenMeijaard1999-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:67</sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kehidupan_sosial">Kehidupan sosial</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Leuser-orangs_09N8683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two orangutans swinging on tree branches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Leuser-orangs_09N8683.jpg/220px-Leuser-orangs_09N8683.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Leuser-orangs_09N8683.jpg/330px-Leuser-orangs_09N8683.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Leuser-orangs_09N8683.jpg/440px-Leuser-orangs_09N8683.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Orang utan merupakan kera besar yang tingkat sosialnya paling rendah tingkat sosialnya di antara kera-kera besar lainnya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Struktur sosial orang utan dapat dideskripsikan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sosialitas" title="Sosialitas">soliter tetapi memiliki hubungan sosial</a> karena mereka menjalani gaya hidup yang lebih soliter daripada kera besar lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Boekhorst_1990_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boekhorst_1990-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan kalimantan umumnya lebih soliter daripada orang utan sumatra.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar ikatan sosial terjadi antara orang utan betina dewasa dengan anaknya yang masih bergantung dan disapih. Sejumlah orang utan betina hidup menetap; mereka tinggal bersama anaknya di daerah jelajah yang tumpang tindih dengan betina dewasa lainnya. Betina dewasa lain ini mungkin merupakan kerabat dekat mereka. Satu hingga beberapa daerah jelajah betina dewasa yang menetap berada di dalam daerah jelajah jantan dewasa, yang merupakan pasangan kawin utama mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-Boekhorst_1990_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boekhorst_1990-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singleton_2002_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singleton_2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Interaksi antara betina-betina dewasa bervariasi, mulai dari bersahabat, menghindar, hingga antagonis. Jantan yang berbantalan pipi umumnya memusuhi jantan yang berbantalan pipi lain dan jantan yang tidak berbantalan pipi,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sementara jantan yang tidak berbantalan pipi lebih damai terhadap satu sama lain.<sup id="cite_ref-male_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-male-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orang utan mulai menyebar dan membangun daerah jelajahnya pada usia 11 tahun. Orang utan betina cenderung tinggal di dekat daerah jelajah kelahirannya, sedangkan orang utan jantan menyebar lebih jauh tetapi masih dapat mengunjungi daerah jelajah kelahirannya di dalam daerah jelajahnya yang lebih luas.<sup id="cite_ref-Singleton_2002_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singleton_2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-van_Noordwijk_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Noordwijk-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mereka kemudian akan memasuki fase peralihan (transien), yang berlangsung hingga orang utan jantan dapat menantang dan menyingkirkan orang utan jantan dominan yang menetap di daerah jelajahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Delgrado_2000_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delgrado_2000-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baik orang utan yang menetap maupun yang masih dalam fase peralihan berkerumun di pohon-pohon besar yang berbuah untuk mencari makan. Buah-buahan cenderung berlimpah sehingga persaingan tidak terlalu ketat dan tiap-tiap mereka dapat terlibat dalam interaksi sosial.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Schaik2004_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Schaik2004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan juga akan membentuk kelompok bepergian dengan anggotanya yang berpindah-pindah dari satu sumber makanan ke sumber makanan lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Delgrado_2000_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delgrado_2000-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kelompok ini sering kali merupakan persekutuan antara jantan dewasa dan betina.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Schaik2004_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Schaik2004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perawatan_sosial" title="Perawatan sosial">Perawatan sosial</a> jarang terjadi di kalangan orang utan.<sup id="cite_ref-Munn_1997_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munn_1997-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21575556">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans%3F-pone.0036180.s001.ogg" title="Berkas:Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans?-pone.0036180.s001.ogg">Celetukan</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans?-pone.0036180.s001.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans%3F-pone.0036180.s001.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans%3F-pone.0036180.s001.ogg/Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans%3F-pone.0036180.s001.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Celetukan; format <a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">ogg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a>.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans%3F-pone.0036180.s002.ogg" title="Berkas:Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans?-pone.0036180.s002.ogg">Tiupan dengan lidah</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans?-pone.0036180.s002.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans%3F-pone.0036180.s002.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans%3F-pone.0036180.s002.ogg/Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans%3F-pone.0036180.s002.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Tiupan dengan lidah; format <a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">ogg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a>.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans%3F-pone.0036180.s004.ogg" title="Berkas:Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans?-pone.0036180.s004.ogg">Gemeretak tenggorokan</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans?-pone.0036180.s004.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans%3F-pone.0036180.s004.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans%3F-pone.0036180.s004.ogg/Call-Cultures-in-Orang-Utans%3F-pone.0036180.s004.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Gemeretak tenggorokan; format <a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">ogg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Bermasalah memainkan berkas-berkas ini? Lihat <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Media" title="Bantuan:Media">bantuan media</a>.</i></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komunikasi">Komunikasi</h3></div> <p>Orang utan berkomunikasi dengan beragam vokal dan suara. Orang utan jantan akan membuat seruan panjang, baik untuk menarik perhatian betina maupun untuk mempromosikan diri kepada jantan lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Utami_2002_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utami_2002-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Seruan ini memiliki tiga komponen; dimulai dengan gerutuan, puncaknya dengan detupan, dan diakhiri dengan suara gelembung. Kedua jenis kelamin akan mencoba untuk mengintimidasi lawan jenisnya dengan serangkaian suara frekuensi rendah yang dikenal secara kolektif sebagai "seruan bergulir". Ketika merasa tidak nyaman, orang utan akan menghasilkan "decit kecupan", yang dilakukan dengan cara menghisap udara melalui bibir yang dikerucutkan. Induk orang utan akan mengeluarkan bunyi gemeretak tenggorokan untuk menjaga kontak dengan anaknya. Bayi orang utan mengeluarkan lengkingan halus ketika tertekan. Ketika membangun sarang, orang utan akan mengeluarkan suara celetukan atau tiupan dengan lidah.<sup id="cite_ref-vocal2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vocal2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Seruan orang utan menampilkan komponen seperti konsonan dan vokal dan mereka mempertahankan maknanya dalam rentang jarak yang sangat jauh.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Induk orang utan dan anaknya juga menggunakan beberapa gerakan dan ekspresi yang berbeda seperti memberi isyarat, menginjak, mendorong bibir bawah, mengguncang objek, dan " mempresentasikan" bagian tubuh. Hal-hal ini mengkomunikasikan tujuan seperti "dapatkan objek", "panjat saya", "panjat kamu", "panjat", "menjauh", "perubahan permainan: kurangi intensitas", "lanjutkan permainan", dan "hentikan itu".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduksi_dan_perkembangan">Reproduksi dan perkembangan</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Male_Bornean_Orangutan_-_Big_Cheeks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Male_Bornean_Orangutan_-_Big_Cheeks.jpg/200px-Male_Bornean_Orangutan_-_Big_Cheeks.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Male_Bornean_Orangutan_-_Big_Cheeks.jpg/300px-Male_Bornean_Orangutan_-_Big_Cheeks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Male_Bornean_Orangutan_-_Big_Cheeks.jpg/400px-Male_Bornean_Orangutan_-_Big_Cheeks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Orang utan jantan dengan bantalan pipi</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Here%27s_Looking_At_You,_Kid_(5656539778).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Here%27s_Looking_At_You%2C_Kid_%285656539778%29.jpg/200px-Here%27s_Looking_At_You%2C_Kid_%285656539778%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Here%27s_Looking_At_You%2C_Kid_%285656539778%29.jpg/300px-Here%27s_Looking_At_You%2C_Kid_%285656539778%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Here%27s_Looking_At_You%2C_Kid_%285656539778%29.jpg/400px-Here%27s_Looking_At_You%2C_Kid_%285656539778%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4419" data-file-height="2946" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Orang utan jantan tanpa bantalan pipi</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Orang utan jantan menjadi dewasa secara seksual sekitar usia 15 tahun. Mereka mungkin menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Neoteni" title="Neoteni">perkembangan yang tertahan</a> dengan tidak mengembangkan bantalan pipi yang khas, kantong tenggorokan yang menonjol, rambut panjang, atau seruan panjang sampai tidak ada jantan dominan yang tinggal. Transformasi dari tidak berbantalan pipi menjadi berbantalan pipi dapat terjadi dengan cepat. Jantan berbantalan pipi menarik perhatian betina yang sedang ber<a href="/wiki/Ovulasi" title="Ovulasi">ovulasi</a> dengan seruan panjangnya yang khas, yang juga dapat menghambat perkembangan jantan yang lebih muda.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:100</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-Utami_2002_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utami_2002-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jantan yang tidak berbantalan pipi berkeliaran secara luas untuk mencari betina yang sedang berovulasi. Setelah menemukannya, ia akan memaksakan <a href="/wiki/Pemaksaan_sanggama_pada_hewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemaksaan sanggama pada hewan">kopulasi</a> dengannya, yang kejadiannya luar biasa tinggi di antara mamalia. Betina lebih suka kawin dengan pejantan yang lebih bugar, membentuk pasangan dengan mereka, dan mendapat manfaat dari perlindungan mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-Delgrado_2000_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delgrado_2000-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fox_2002_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox_2002-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knott2009_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knott2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Betina yang tidak berovulasi biasanya tidak menolak kopulasi dengan jantan yang tidak berbantalan pipi karena kemungkinan pembuahannya rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-Knott2009_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knott2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perilaku_homoseksual_pada_hewan" title="Perilaku homoseksual pada hewan">Perilaku homoseksual</a> telah terekam dalam konteks interaksi afiliatif dan agresif.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bukit_Lawang,_orangutans_(6785217748).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mother orangutan with her offspring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bukit_Lawang%2C_orangutans_%286785217748%29.jpg/220px-Bukit_Lawang%2C_orangutans_%286785217748%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bukit_Lawang%2C_orangutans_%286785217748%29.jpg/330px-Bukit_Lawang%2C_orangutans_%286785217748%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bukit_Lawang%2C_orangutans_%286785217748%29.jpg/440px-Bukit_Lawang%2C_orangutans_%286785217748%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>Induk orang utan dengan anaknya</figcaption></figure> <p>Tidak seperti betina dari spesies kera besar nonmanusia lainnya, orang utan tidak menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Pembengkakan_seksual" title="Pembengkakan seksual">pembengkakan seksual</a> untuk menandakan kesuburan.<sup id="cite_ref-Knott2009_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knott2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan betina pertama kali dapat melahirkan pada usia sekitar 15 tahun dan mereka memiliki interval melahirkan antara enam hingga sembilan tahun; terlama di antara <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">kera besar</a> lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Wich_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wich-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Masa kehamilan sekitar sembilan bulan dan bayi lahir dengan berat 1,5–2&#160;kg.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:99</sup></span> Biasanya hanya satu bayi yang lahir; kembar jarang terjadi.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tidak seperti primata lainnya, orang utan jantan tampaknya tidak melakukan <a href="/wiki/Infantisida_(zoologi)" title="Infantisida (zoologi)">pembunuhan bayi</a>. Hal ini mungkin karena mereka tidak dapat memastikan bahwa apakah mereka masih bisa menjadi bapak bagi anak berikutnya karena betina tidak segera mulai berovulasi lagi setelah bayinya mati.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ada bukti bahwa orang utan betina yang memiliki anak berusia di bawah enam tahun umumnya menghindari jantan dewasa.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pengasuhan anak paling banyak dilakukan oleh induk betina. Induk betina akan menggendong bayinya saat bepergian, menyusuinya, dan tidur bersamanya.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selama empat bulan pertama, bayi hampir tidak pernah kehilangan kontak fisik dan selalu menempel di perut induknya. Pada bulan-bulan berikutnya, jumlah kontak fisik bayi dengan induknya menurun. Ketika orang utan mencapai usia satu setengah tahun, keterampilan memanjatnya meningkat dan ia akan melakukan perjalanan melalui cabang-cabang pepohonan sambil bergandengan tangan dengan orang utan lain, sebuah perilaku yang dikenal sebagai "perjalanan dengan teman".<sup id="cite_ref-Munn_1997_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munn_1997-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Setelah usia dua tahun, orang utan remaja akan mulai menjauh dari induknya untuk sementara waktu. Mereka mencapai usia remaja pada usia enam atau tujuh tahun dan mampu hidup sendiri tetapi tetap memiliki hubungan dengan induknya.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:100</sup></span> Orang utan betina dapat menyusui anaknya hingga delapan tahun, lebih lama dari mamalia mana pun.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Biasanya, orang utan hidup lebih dari 30 tahun baik di alam liar maupun di penangkaran.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:15</sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bersarang">Bersarang</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bornean_Orangutan_in_nest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Orangutan lying on its back in a nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bornean_Orangutan_in_nest.jpg/220px-Bornean_Orangutan_in_nest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bornean_Orangutan_in_nest.jpg/330px-Bornean_Orangutan_in_nest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bornean_Orangutan_in_nest.jpg/440px-Bornean_Orangutan_in_nest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Orang utan berbaring di sarangnya</figcaption></figure> <p>Orang utan <a href="/wiki/Pembangunan_sarang_pada_primata" title="Pembangunan sarang pada primata">membangun sarang</a> yang khusus digunakan pada siang hari saja atau malam hari saja. Sarang-sarang ini dibangun dengan hati-hati; orang utan muda belajar dari mengamati perilaku pembuatan sarang oleh induknya. Pada faktanya, membangun sarang memungkinkan orang utan muda menjadi tidak terlalu bergantung pada induknya. Sejak usia enam bulan dan seterusnya, orang utan berlatih membuat sarang dan menjadi mahir pada saat mereka berusia tiga tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-WichAtmoko2009_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WichAtmoko2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pembangunan sarang malam dilakukan dengan urutan langkah tertentu. Awalnya, orang utan menemukan pohon yang cocok. Hewan ini sangat pemilih mengenai lokasi, meskipun sarang dapat ditemukan di banyak spesies pohon. Untuk membangun fondasi, orang utan mengambil cabang-cabang besar di bawahnya dan membengkokkannya sehingga saling menyatu. Orang utan kemudian melakukan hal yang sama pada cabang-cabang yang lebih kecil dan lebih berdaun untuk membuat "matras". Setelah itu, mereka berdiri dan menjalin ujung-ujung ranting ke dalam matras untuk meningkatkan stabilitas sarang. Orang utan membuat sarang mereka lebih nyaman dengan membuat "bantal", "selimut", "atap" dan "tempat tidur susun".<sup id="cite_ref-WichAtmoko2009_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WichAtmoko2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kecerdasan">Kecerdasan</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Orangutanspeech.webm/220px--Orangutanspeech.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Orangutanspeech.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Orangutanspeech.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Orangutanspeech.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/Orangutanspeech.webm/Orangutanspeech.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/Orangutanspeech.webm/Orangutanspeech.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/Orangutanspeech.webm/Orangutanspeech.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/Orangutanspeech.webm/Orangutanspeech.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/Orangutanspeech.webm/Orangutanspeech.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Orang utan menirukan ucapan manusia<sup id="cite_ref-Lameira2015_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lameira2015-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Orang utan adalah salah satu primata nonmanusia yang paling cerdas. Eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa mereka dapat melacak <a href="/wiki/Permanen_objek" title="Permanen objek">perpindahan benda</a> baik yang terlihat maupun yang tersembunyi.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kebun_Binatang_Atlanta" title="Kebun Binatang Atlanta">Kebun Binatang Atlanta</a> memiliki komputer layar sentuh dengan permainan video yang digunakan oleh dua orang utan sumatra mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebuah studi tahun 2008 terhadap dua orang utan di <a href="/wiki/Kebun_Binatang_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebun Binatang Leipzig">Kebun Binatang Leipzig</a> menunjukkan bahwa orang utan dapat mempraktikkan "<a href="/wiki/Resiprositas" class="mw-redirect" title="Resiprositas">resiprositas</a> yang diperhitungkan", yang melibatkan satu individu membantu individu lain dengan harapan mendapatkan imbalan atas apa yang dilakukan. Orang utan adalah spesies nonmanusia pertama yang didokumentasikan melakukannya.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam sebuah studi tahun 1997, dua orang utan dewasa dalam penangkaran diuji dengan <a href="/wiki/Paradigma_penarikan_kooperatif" title="Paradigma penarikan kooperatif">paradigma penarikan kooperatif</a>. Tanpa pelatihan apa pun, orang utan berhasil menarik sebuah objek untuk mendapatkan makanan pada sesi pertama. Dalam kurun waktu 30 sesi, kera-kera tersebut berhasil melakukannya dengan lebih cepat, setelah belajar berkoordinasi.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan dewasa telah didokumentasikan lulus <a href="/wiki/Uji_cermin" title="Uji cermin">uji cermin</a>, yang menunjukkan kesadaran diri.<sup id="cite_ref-Suarez_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suarez-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tes ini gagal ketika dicobakan kepada orang utan yang masih berusia 2 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studi di alam liar menunjukkan bahwa orang utan jantan berbantalan pipi merencanakan gerakan mereka terlebih dahulu dan memberi sinyal kepada individu lain.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Eksperimen juga menunjukkan bahwa orang utan dapat <a href="/wiki/Pergeseran_(linguistik)" title="Pergeseran (linguistik)">berkomunikasi tentang hal-hal yang tidak hadir</a>: induk orang utan tetap diam di tengah ancaman yang dirasakan, tetapi ketika ancaman itu lewat, induk orang utan akan mengeluarkan suara peringatan kepada anak-anaknya untuk mengajarkan mereka tentang bahaya tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan dan kera besar lainnya menunjukkan vokalisasi seperti <a href="/wiki/Tawa_pada_hewan" title="Tawa pada hewan">tawa</a> sebagai respons terhadap kontak fisik seperti bergulat, bermain kejar-kejaran, atau menggelitik. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tawa berasal dari asal usul yang sama di antara spesies <a href="/wiki/Primata" title="Primata">primata</a> yang menunjukkan aktivitas tawa berkembang sebelum kemunculan manusia dari evolusi.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan dapat belajar menirukan suara baru dengan sengaja mengendalikan getaran lipatan vokal mereka, sebuah sifat yang berkembang menjadi kemampuan berbicara pada manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-Lameira2015_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lameira2015-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_(orangutan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie (orangutan)">Bonnie</a>, orang utan di <a href="/wiki/Taman_Zoologi_Nasional_Smithsonian" title="Taman Zoologi Nasional Smithsonian">Taman Zoologi Nasional Smithsonian</a>, terekam bersiul secara spontan, setelah mendengar seorang penjaga. Dia tampaknya bersiul tanpa mengharapkan hadiah makanan.<sup id="cite_ref-Wich_etal2009_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wich_etal2009-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penggunaan_peralatan_dan_budaya">Penggunaan peralatan dan budaya</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Orangutan_using_precision_grip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An orangutan using a stick to pick at a hole in a rock with a cup of orange-juice concentrate." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Orangutan_using_precision_grip.jpg/220px-Orangutan_using_precision_grip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Orangutan_using_precision_grip.jpg/330px-Orangutan_using_precision_grip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Orangutan_using_precision_grip.jpg/440px-Orangutan_using_precision_grip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>Orang utan di <a href="/wiki/Kebun_Binatang_San_Diego" title="Kebun Binatang San Diego">Kebun Binatang San Diego</a> menggunakan alat untuk mengambil konsentrat sari jeruk</figcaption></figure> <p>Seorang <a href="/wiki/Primatologi" title="Primatologi">pakar primata</a> <a href="/wiki/Birute_Galdikas" title="Birute Galdikas">Birutė Galdikas</a> telah mengamati penggunaan alat oleh orang utan pada populasi yang dilepaskan dari penangkaran.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan di Suaq Balimbing, <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Aceh_Selatan" title="Kabupaten Aceh Selatan">Kabupaten Aceh Selatan</a>, tercatat mengembangkan perangkat alat yang digunakan dalam mencari makan. Alat ini terdiri dari tongkat pengambil serangga untuk digunakan di lubang pohon dan tongkat pengambil biji untuk memanen biji dari buah yang keras. Orang utan menyesuaikan alat mereka sesuai dengan tugas yang dihadapi dan mereka cenderung menyukai penggunaan alat yang digunakan dengan mulut.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Preferensi ini juga ditemukan dalam sebuah studi eksperimental terhadap orang utan dalam penangkaran.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan telah diamati menggunakan tongkat untuk menyodok ikan lele yang menyebabkan ikan lele tersebut melompat keluar dari air sehingga si orang utan dapat menangkapnya.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan juga telah tercatat menyimpan peralatan untuk keperluan mendatang.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ketika membangun sarang, orang utan tampaknya mampu menentukan cabang mana yang lebih baik untuk menopang berat badan mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahli primata <a href="/wiki/Carel_van_Schaik" title="Carel van Schaik">Carel P. van Schaik</a> dan antropolog biologi Cheryl D. Knott menyelidiki lebih lanjut penggunaan alat pada populasi orang utan liar yang berbeda. Mereka membandingkan variasi geografis dalam penggunaan alat yang terkait dengan pengolahan buah <a href="/wiki/Bengang" title="Bengang">bengang</a>. Orang utan dari Suaq Balimbing ditemukan lebih gemar menggunakan alat pengambil serangga dan biji-bijian jika dibandingkan dengan orang utan liar lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaik_CP_2001_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaik_CP_2001-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Para ilmuwan berpendapat bahwa perbedaan-perbedaan ini bersifat kultural karena tidak berkorelasi dengan habitat. Orang utan di Suaq Balimbing memiliki jarak antarindividu yang dekat dan relatif toleran satu sama lain; hal ini menciptakan kondisi yang menguntungkan untuk menyebarnya perilaku-perilaku baru.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaik_CP_2001_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaik_CP_2001-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Studi tentang perilaku membawa daun yang dilakukan orang utan yang sedang direhabilitasi di <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Kaja" title="Pulau Kaja">Pulau Kaja</a>, Kalimantan Tengah menunjukkan bukti lebih lanjut bahwa orang utan yang sangat sosial lebih mungkin menunjukkan perilaku kultural.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orang utan liar di Tuanan, <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Kapuas" title="Kabupaten Kapuas">Kabupaten Kapuas</a>, dilaporkan menggunakan alat dalam komunikasi akustik. Mereka menggunakan dedaunan untuk memperkuat suara decit kecupan yang mereka hasilkan. Mereka mungkin menggunakan metode amplifikasi ini untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penipuan_pada_hewan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penipuan pada hewan (halaman belum tersedia)">menipu</a> pendengar agar meyakini bahwa mereka adalah hewan yang lebih besar.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardus_ME_2009_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardus_ME_2009-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2003, para peneliti dari enam lokasi lapangan orang utan yang berbeda yang menggunakan skema pengodean perilaku yang sama membandingkan perilaku orang utan dari setiap lokasi. Mereka menemukan tiap-tiap populasi orang utan menggunakan alat yang berbeda. Bukti-bukti ini menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut bersifat kultural: pertama, tingkat perbedaan meningkat seiring dengan jarak, yang menunjukkan bahwa difusi budaya sedang terjadi, dan kedua, ukuran repertoar kultural orang utan meningkat sesuai dengan jumlah kontak sosial yang ada di dalam kelompok. Kontak sosial memfasilitasi transmisi kultural.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaik_CP_2003_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaik_CP_2003-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hak_asasi">Hak asasi</h3></div> <p>Pada bulan Juni 2008, Spanyol menjadi negara pertama yang mengakui <a href="/wiki/Hak_asasi_hewan" title="Hak asasi hewan">hak asasi</a> beberapa kera besar nonmanusia. Berdasarkan pedoman <a href="/wiki/Proyek_Kera_Besar" title="Proyek Kera Besar">Proyek Kera Besar</a>, simpanse, <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobo</a>, orang utan, dan gorila tidak boleh digunakan untuk eksperimen hewan.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada bulan Desember 2014, pengadilan di <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> memutuskan bahwa orang utan bernama Sandra di <a href="/wiki/Kebun_Binatang_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebun Binatang Buenos Aires">Kebun Binatang Buenos Aires</a> harus dipindahkan ke tempat perlindungan di <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a> untuk memberikan "kebebasan parsial atau terkontrol". Kelompok-kelompok hak asasi hewan seperti Proyek Kera Besar Argentina berpendapat bahwa keputusan tersebut harus berlaku untuk semua spesies di penangkaran, sementara spesialis hukum dari Dewan Kasasi Pidana Federal Argentina menganggap keputusan tersebut hanya berlaku untuk <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a> nonmanusia.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orang_utan_dan_manusia">Orang utan dan manusia</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Birute_Galdikas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Birutė Galdikas shown speaking into a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Birute_Galdikas.jpg/220px-Birute_Galdikas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Birute_Galdikas.jpg/330px-Birute_Galdikas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Birute_Galdikas.jpg/440px-Birute_Galdikas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>Peneliti orang utan <a href="/wiki/Birut%C4%97_Galdikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Birutė Galdikas">Birutė Galdikas</a> mempresentasikan bukunya tentang kera</figcaption></figure> <p>Orang utan dikenal oleh penduduk asli Sumatra dan Kalimantan selama ribuan tahun. Kera ini disebut <i>maias</i> di <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> dan <i>mawas</i> di bagian lain Kalimantan dan Sumatra. Sebagian masyarakat dulunya memburu mereka untuk makanan dan hiasan, sementara yang lain menganggap hal tersebut sebagai praktik yang tabu.<sup id="cite_ref-rubis_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubis-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di Kalimantan Tengah, beberapa kepercayaan rakyat tradisional menganggap bahwa menatap wajah orang utan merupakan kesialan. Beberapa cerita rakyat mengisahkan orang utan kawin dengan manusia dan menculik manusia. Bahkan terdapat cerita tentang pemburu yang ditangkap oleh orang utan betina.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:66–71</sup></span> </p><p>Orang Eropa menyadari keberadaan orang utan pada abad ke-17.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:60</sup></span> Para penjelajah di Kalimantan memburu mereka secara ekstensif selama abad ke-19. Pada tahun 1779, ahli anatomi Belanda <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Camper" title="Petrus Camper">Petrus Camper</a>, yang mengamati mereka dan membedah beberapa spesimen, memberikan deskripsi ilmiah pertama tentang orang utan.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne32_16-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:64–65</sup></span> Camper secara keliru mengira bahwa orang utan jantan yang berbantalan pipi dan yang tidak adalah spesies yang terpisah. Setelah kematian Camper, kesalahpahaman ini dikoreksi.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Awalnya tidak banyak yang diketahui tentang perilaku orang utan hingga dilakukannya studi lapangan oleh Birutė Galdikas,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1.29.95_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1.29.95-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang menjadi pakar terkemuka terkait orang utan. Ketika tiba di Kalimantan pada tahun 1971, Galdikas menetap di sebuah gubuk primitif berbahan kulit kayu dan rumbia di sebuah tempat yang ia namakan Kamp Leakey, di <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Puting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Puting">Tanjung Puting</a>. Dia melakukan studi terhadap orang utan selama empat tahun dan mengembangkannya menjadi sebuah disertasi untuk <a href="/wiki/Doktor_Filsafat" title="Doktor Filsafat">program doktoralnya</a> di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_California,_Los_Angeles" title="Universitas California, Los Angeles">Universitas California, Los Angeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Galdikas menjadi advokat yang vokal terkait isu orang utan serta pelestarian hutan hujan sebagai habitat tempat tinggal mereka. Hutan hujan dengan cepat mengalami kerusakan karena aktivitas <a href="/wiki/Penebangan" title="Penebangan">penebangan hutan</a>, penanaman <a href="/wiki/Kelapa_sawit" title="Kelapa sawit">kelapa sawit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penambangan_emas" title="Penambangan emas">penambang emas</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan" title="Kebakaran hutan dan lahan">kebakaran hutan</a> yang tidak terjadi secara alamiah.<sup id="cite_ref-palmoil_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmoil-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bersama <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a>, Galdikas dianggap sebagai salah satu ''<i>Leakey's Angels</i>'', yang diadaptasi dari nama antropolog <a href="/wiki/Louis_Leakey" title="Louis Leakey">Louis Leakey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalam_fiksi">Dalam fiksi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Daniel_Urrabieta_y_Vierge_-_The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of an orangutan attacking a woman from The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Daniel Vierge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Daniel_Urrabieta_y_Vierge_-_The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue.jpg/220px-Daniel_Urrabieta_y_Vierge_-_The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Daniel_Urrabieta_y_Vierge_-_The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue.jpg/330px-Daniel_Urrabieta_y_Vierge_-_The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Daniel_Urrabieta_y_Vierge_-_The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue.jpg/440px-Daniel_Urrabieta_y_Vierge_-_The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="4218" /></a><figcaption>Ilustrasi tahun 1870 untuk "<a href="/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue" title="The Murders in the Rue Morgue">The Murders in the Rue Morgue</a>" oleh Daniel Vierge</figcaption></figure> <p>Orang utan pertama kali muncul dalam fiksi <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Barat" title="Dunia Barat">Barat</a> pada abad ke-18 dan telah dipakai untuk mengomentari kehidupan manusia. Mereka pertama kali ditulis oleh A. Ardra dalam karyanya berjudul <i>Tintinnabulum naturae</i> pada tahun 1772. Buku ini menceritakan sudut pandang seorang hibrida manusia-orang utan yang menyebut dirinya sebagai "pakar metafisika hutan". Sekitar 50 tahun kemudian, karya yang ditulis secara anonim, <i>The Orang Outang</i> yang menceritakan orang utan murni di penangkaran di Amerika Serikat, yang menulis surat yang mengkritik masyarakat Boston kepada temannya di Jawa.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:108–09</sup></span> </p><p>Novel karya <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Love_Peacock" title="Thomas Love Peacock">Thomas Love Peacock</a> yang terbit pada tahun 1817, berjudul <i><a href="/wiki/Melincourt_(novel)" title="Melincourt (novel)">Melincourt</a></i>, menampilkan Sir Oran Haut Ton, seekor orang utan yang hidup di antara orang-orang Inggris dan menjadi calon anggota <a href="/wiki/Parlemen" title="Parlemen">Parlemen</a>. Novel ini menyindir sistem kelas dan politik Inggris. Kemurnian dan status Oran sebagai "manusia alami" sangat kontras dengan amoralitas dan kebobrokan manusia "beradab".<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:110–11</sup></span> Dalam <i>The Curse of Intellect</i> (1895) karya <a href="/wiki/Frank_Challice_Constable" title="Frank Challice Constable">Frank Challice Constable</a>, tokoh protagonis Reuben Power melakukan perjalanan ke Kalimantan dan menangkap seekor orang utan untuk dilatih berbicara sehingga dia bisa "tahu apa yang mungkin dipikirkan binatang buas seperti mereka tentang manusia".<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:114–15</sup></span> Orang utan ditampilkan secara menonjol dalam novel fiksi ilmiah <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet of the Apes (novel)">Planet of the Apes</a></i> tahun 1963 karya <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulle" title="Pierre Boulle">Pierre Boulle</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes" title="Planet of the Apes">waralaba media</a> yang bersumber dari novel tersebut. Orang utan secara khusus digambarkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Birokrat" title="Birokrat">birokrat</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Daftar_karakter_Planet_of_the_Apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar karakter Planet of the Apes">Dr. Zaius</a> yang berprofesi sebagai menteri ilmu pengetahuan.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:118–119, 175–176</sup></span> </p><p>Orang utan terkadang ditampilkan sebagai antagonis, terutama dalam novel <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> tahun 1832 <i><a href="/wiki/Count_Robert_of_Paris" title="Count Robert of Paris">Count Robert of Paris</a></i> dan cerita pendek <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> tahun 1841 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue" title="The Murders in the Rue Morgue">The Murders in the Rue Morgue</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:145</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(film_1967)" title="The Jungle Book (film 1967)">Adaptasi musikal animasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> tahun 1967 dari <i><a href="/wiki/Anak_Didikan_Rimba" title="Anak Didikan Rimba">The Jungle Book</a></i> menambahkan orang utan yang ceria bernama <i>King Louie</i> yang mencoba untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Mowgli" title="Mowgli">Mowgli</a> mengajarinya cara membuat api.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:266</sup></span> Film horor tahun 1986, <i><a href="/wiki/Link_(film)" title="Link (film)">Link</a></i> menampilkan orang utan cerdas yang melayani seorang profesor universitas tetapi memiliki motif jahat; ia berencana melawan kemanusiaan dan menguntit seorang asisten mahasiswa perempuan.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:174–75</sup></span> Kisah-kisah lain menggambarkan orang utan yang membantu manusia, seperti sebagai <i>The Librarian</i> dalam novel fantasi <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a> berjudul <i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i> dan dalam novel karya <a href="/wiki/Dale_Smith_(penyair)" title="Dale Smith (penyair)">Dale Smith</a> pada tahun 2004, <i>What the Orangutan Told Alice</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:123</sup></span> Beberapa penggambaran yang lebih komikal dari orang utan juga terdapat seperti di dalam film <i><a href="/wiki/Dunston_Checks_In" title="Dunston Checks In">Dunston Checks In</a></i> pada tahun 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:181</sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalam_penangkaran">Dalam penangkaran</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:The_Female_Orang_-_Utan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sketch of the female orangutan known as Jenny sitting in a chair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Female_Orang_-_Utan.png/220px-The_Female_Orang_-_Utan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Female_Orang_-_Utan.png/330px-The_Female_Orang_-_Utan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/The_Female_Orang_-_Utan.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Lukisan <i>Orang Utan Betina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jenny_(orangutan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenny (orangutan)">Jenny</a> duduk di kursi)<sup id="cite_ref-vanWyhe2015_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanWyhe2015-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sekitar tahun 1830-an</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada awal abad ke-19, orang utan telah mulai dirawat di penangkaran. Pada tahun 1817, seekor orang utan bergabung dengan beberapa hewan lain di <i>Exeter Exchange</i> di London. Orang utan tersebut tercatat menolak hidup bersama dengan hewan lain, selain seekor anjing, dan lebih suka berada bersama manusia. Dia kadang-kadang dibawa naik kereta dengan mengenakan baju berjenis <a href="/wiki/Gaun_smok" title="Gaun smok">smok</a> dan sebuah topi, dan bahkan diberi minuman di penginapan saat dia berperilaku sopan kepada pemilik penginapan.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:64–65</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Kebun_Binatang_London" title="Kebun Binatang London">Kebun Binatang London</a> menampung seekor orang utan betina bernama <a href="/wiki/Jenny_(orangutan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenny (orangutan)">Jenny</a>, yang mengenakan pakaian manusia dan belajar minum teh. Jenny dikenang karena pertemuannya dengan <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> yang membandingkan reaksi Jenny dengan reaksi seorang anak manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-vanWyhe2015_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanWyhe2015-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer2015_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer2015-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kebun-kebun binatang dan sirkus-sirkus di dunia Barat menggunakan orang utan dan <a href="/wiki/Simiiformes" title="Simiiformes">simian</a> lainnya sebagai sumber hiburan, melatih mereka untuk berperilaku seperti manusia di <a href="/wiki/Pesta_minum_teh_simpanse" title="Pesta minum teh simpanse">pesta minum teh</a>, dan melakukan berbagai trik. Ada banyak orang utan yang terkenal dan menjadi <a href="/wiki/Aktor_karakter" title="Aktor karakter">aktor karakter</a> seperti Jacob dan Rosa dari <i>Tierpark Hagenbeck</i> pada awal abad ke-20 , <i>Joe Martin</i> dari <a href="/wiki/Universal_City_Zoo" title="Universal City Zoo">Universal City Zoo</a> pada dekade 1910-an dan 1920-an serta Jiggs dari <a href="/wiki/Kebun_Binatang_San_Diego" title="Kebun Binatang San Diego">Kebun Binatang San Diego</a> pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:187–89, 193–94</sup></span> Kelompok-kelompok pembela <a href="/wiki/Hak_asasi_hewan" title="Hak asasi hewan">hak asasi hewan</a> telah mendesak penghentian tindakan semacam itu karena dianggap sebagai tindakan yang eksploitatif.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mulai dekade 1960-an, kebun binatang menjadi lebih peduli dengan pendidikan dan pameran orang utan dirancang menyerupai lingkungan alaminya dan menampilkan perilaku alami mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-cribb22_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:185, 206</sup></span> </p><p>Orang utan di Kebun Binatang San Diego bernama Ken Allen menjadi terkenal di dunia pada tahun 1980-an karena beberapa kali melarikan diri dari kandangnya. Dia dijuluki "<a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Houdini</a> berambut lebat" dan menjadi subjek dari klub penggemar, kaus oblong, stiker bumper, dan sebuah lagu berjudul <i>The Ballad of Ken Allen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galdikas melaporkan bahwa juru masaknya diserang secara seksual oleh orang utan jantan yang ditangkarkan.<sup id="cite_ref-WranPete96_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WranPete96-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Si kera mungkin menderita kemiringan identitas spesies dan sanggama paksa adalah standar strategi kawin untuk orang utan jantan berperingkat rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-SchaickSex_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchaickSex-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pedagang satwa Amerika Frank Buck mengaku pernah melihat beberapa ibu manusia menyusui bayi-bayi orang utan yatim piatu dengan harapan bisa menjaga mereka tetap hidup cukup lama untuk dijual ke pengepul yang menjadi praktik salah satu contoh <a href="/wiki/Penyusuan_hewan%E2%80%93manusia" title="Penyusuan hewan–manusia">penyusuan hewan–manusia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konservasi">Konservasi</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_dan_ancaman">Status dan ancaman</h3></div> <p>Menurut <a href="/wiki/Daftar_merah_IUCN" title="Daftar merah IUCN">Daftar Merah IUCN</a>, ketiga spesies orang utan terancam punah.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_abelii_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Pongo_abelii-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_pygmaeus_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Pongo_pygmaeus-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_tapanuliensis_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Pongo_tapanuliensis-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mereka dilindungi secara hukum dari penangkapan, penganiayaan, ataupun pembunuhan di Malaysia dan Indonesia,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan terdaftar dalam <a href="/wiki/CITES#Appendix_I" title="CITES">Apendiks I</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>, yang melarang perdagangan tanpa izin di bawah hukum internasional.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebaran orang utan kalimantan menjadi lebih <a href="/wiki/Fragmentasi_habitat" title="Fragmentasi habitat">terfragmentasi</a>, dengan sedikit atau tidak ada dari spesies ini yang terdokumentasi di wilayah bagian tenggara.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_pygmaeus_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Pongo_pygmaeus-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Populasi terbesar yang tersisa ditemukan di hutan sekitar <a href="/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Sebangau" title="Taman Nasional Sebangau">Sungai Sabangau</a>, tetapi lingkungan di sini terancam.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan sumatra hanya ditemukan di bagian utara Sumatra, yang sebagian besar populasinya menghuni <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem_Leuser" title="Ekosistem Leuser">Ekosistem Leuser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_abelii_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Pongo_abelii-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang utan tapanuli hanya ditemukan di hutan <a href="/wiki/Batang_Toru" title="Batang Toru">Batang Toru</a> di Sumatra.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_tapanuliensis_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Pongo_tapanuliensis-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of deforested land" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg/220px-Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg/330px-Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg/440px-Riau_palm_oil_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deforestasi" title="Deforestasi">Deforestasi</a> untuk produksi minyak <a href="/wiki/Kelapa_sawit" title="Kelapa sawit">kelapa sawit</a> di Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>Birutė Galdikas menulis bahwa saat ia mulai mempelajari orang utan pada tahun 1971, orang utan sudah terancam oleh <a href="/wiki/Perburuan_liar" class="mw-redirect" title="Perburuan liar">perburuan liar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Deforestasi" title="Deforestasi">deforestasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada dekade 2000-an, habitat orang utan menurun dengan cepat karena penebangan, penambangan, dan fragmentasi oleh jalan. Faktor utama penurunan ini adalah pengalihan kawasan hutan tropis yang luas menjadi perkebunan kelapa sawit sebagai respons atas permintaan internasional. Perburuan juga merupakan salah satu masalah utama, seperti halnya perdagangan <a href="/wiki/Hewan_peliharaan_eksotis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewan peliharaan eksotis">hewan peliharaan eksotis</a> ilegal.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_abelii_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Pongo_abelii-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_pygmaeus_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Pongo_pygmaeus-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa pembunuhan terhadap orang utan juga terjadi untuk perdagangan <a href="/wiki/Daging_semak" title="Daging semak">daging semak</a> dan tulang belulangnya secara diam-diam dijual di toko-toko suvenir di beberapa kota di Kalimantan Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Konflik antara penduduk setempat dan orang utan juga menjadi ancaman. Orang utan yang kehilangan tempat tinggalnya sering menyerbu daerah pertanian dan akhirnya dibunuh oleh penduduk desa. Penduduk setempat juga mungkin termotivasi untuk membunuh orang utan untuk makanan atau karena mereka dianggap berbahaya.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Induk orang utan dibunuh agar anaknya dapat dijual sebagai hewan peliharaan. Antara tahun 2012 dan 2017, pihak berwenang Indonesia, dengan bantuan Pusat Informasi Orang utan, menyita 114 orang utan, 39 di antaranya adalah peliharaan.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, dari tahun 2007 hingga 2019 tercatat 2.229 tindak kejahatan terhadap orang utan.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada dasawarsa 2000-an, populasi orang utan di alam liar diperkirakan terdiri atas 6.500 orang utan sumatra dan antara 54.000 orang utan kalimantan.<sup id="cite_ref-actionplan_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actionplan-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebuah studi tahun 2016 memperkirakan terdapat 14.613 orang utan sumatra di alam liar, dua kali lipat dari perkiraan populasi sebelumnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Wich2016_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wich2016-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, orang utan tapanuli diperkirakan berjumlah kurang dari 800 ekor, yang menjadikan spesies ini paling terancam punah di antara para kera besar.<sup id="cite_ref-Reese_A_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reese_A-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisasi_dan_pusat_konservasi">Organisasi dan pusat konservasi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:FZS_Programm_Director_Peter_Pratje_working_with_orangutans_in_Bukit_Tigapulu,_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Peter Pratje with a orangutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FZS_Programm_Director_Peter_Pratje_working_with_orangutans_in_Bukit_Tigapulu%2C_Indonesia.jpg/220px-FZS_Programm_Director_Peter_Pratje_working_with_orangutans_in_Bukit_Tigapulu%2C_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FZS_Programm_Director_Peter_Pratje_working_with_orangutans_in_Bukit_Tigapulu%2C_Indonesia.jpg/330px-FZS_Programm_Director_Peter_Pratje_working_with_orangutans_in_Bukit_Tigapulu%2C_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FZS_Programm_Director_Peter_Pratje_working_with_orangutans_in_Bukit_Tigapulu%2C_Indonesia.jpg/440px-FZS_Programm_Director_Peter_Pratje_working_with_orangutans_in_Bukit_Tigapulu%2C_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>Direktur Program Frankfurt Zoological Society, Peter Pratje bekerja mengamati orang utan di <a href="/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Bukit_Tiga_Puluh" title="Taman Nasional Bukit Tiga Puluh">Bukit Tiga Puluh</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>Sejumlah organisasi bekerja untuk menyelamatkan, merehabilitasi, dan melakukan perkenalan kembali orang utan ke lingkungan alaminya. Organisasi terbesar terkait isu ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Orangutan_Survival" title="Borneo Orangutan Survival">Borneo Orangutan Survival</a> (BOS), yang didirikan oleh konservasionis <a href="/wiki/Willie_Smits" title="Willie Smits">Willie Smits</a>, dan proyek-proyek seperti Program Rehabilitasi Nyaru Menteng yang didirikan oleh konservasionis <i>Lone Drøscher Nielsen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Seekor orang utan betina diselamatkan dari rumah bordil di desa Kareng Pangi, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Tengah" title="Kalimantan Tengah">Kalimantan Tengah</a>, pada tahun 2003. Orang utan itu dicukur dan dirantai untuk tujuan seksual. Sejak dibebaskan, orang utan yang diberi nama Pony ini tinggal bersama BOS. Ia telah disosialisasikan kembali untuk hidup bersama orang utan lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada bulan Mei 2017, BOS menyelamatkan orang utan albino dari penangkaran. Primata langka ini dipelihara di sebuah desa terpencil di <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Kapuas_Hulu" title="Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu">Kapuas Hulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Barat" title="Kalimantan Barat">Kalimantan Barat</a>. Menurut para sukarelawan di BOS, orang utan albino sangat langka (satu dari sepuluh ribu). Ini adalah orang utan albino pertama yang pernah dilihat organisasi ini selama 25 tahun kegiatannya.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pusat konservasi besar lainnya di Indonesia beberapa di antaranya adalah <a href="/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Tanjung_Puting" title="Taman Nasional Tanjung Puting">Taman Nasional Tanjung Puting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Sebangau" title="Taman Nasional Sebangau">Taman Nasional Sebangau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Gunung_Palung" title="Taman Nasional Gunung Palung">Taman Nasional Gunung Palung</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Bukit_Baka-Bukit_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taman Nasional Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya">Taman Nasional Bukit Baka Bukit Raya</a> di Kalimantan, serta <a href="/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Gunung_Leuser" title="Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser">Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Lawang" title="Bukit Lawang">Bukit Lawang</a> di Sumatra. Di Malaysia, kawasan konservasi orang utan mencakup <a href="/wiki/Semenggoh_Wildlife_Rehabilitation_Center" title="Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Center">Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Center</a> dan juga Matang Wildlife Centre di Sarawak, dan <a href="/wiki/Pusat_Rehabilitasi_Orang_Utan_Sepilok" title="Pusat Rehabilitasi Orang Utan Sepilok">Pusat Rehabilitasi Orang Utan Sepilok</a> di Sabah.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pusat-pusat konservasi utama yang berkantor pusat di luar negara asal orang utan meliputi <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Zoological_Society" title="Frankfurt Zoological Society">Frankfurt Zoological Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orangutan_Foundation_International" title="Orangutan Foundation International">Orangutan Foundation International</a>, yang didirikan oleh Galdikas,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <b>Australian Orangutan Project</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Organisasi konservasi seperti <a href="/wiki/Orangutan_Land_Trust" title="Orangutan Land Trust">Orangutan Land Trust</a> bekerja sama dengan industri kelapa sawit untuk meningkatkan <a href="/wiki/Keberlanjutan" title="Keberlanjutan">keberlanjutan</a> dan mendorong agar perusahaan tersebut membangun <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_perlindungan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan perlindungan">kawasan perlindungan</a> untuk orang utan.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"><ul> <li><span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi">Portal Biologi </a></span></li> <li><span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hewan" title="Portal:Hewan">Portal Hewan </a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Monyet" title="Hari Monyet">Hari Monyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_pendek" title="Orang pendek">Orang pendek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Orang_utan" title="Kategori:Orang utan">Daftar spesies orang utan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sastrawan2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sastrawan2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sastrawan2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sastrawan, Wayan Jarrah (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412015647/https://brill.com/view/journals/bki/176/4/article-p532_5.xml?language=en">"The Word 'Orangutan': Old Malay Origin or European Concoction"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Land-, Taal- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>176</b> (4): 532–541. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-bja10016">10.1163/22134379-bja10016</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2294">0006-2294</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/bki/176/4/article-p532_5.xml?language=en">versi asli</a> tanggal 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Land-%2C+Taal-+en+Volkenkunde&amp;rft.atitle=The+Word+%27Orangutan%27%3A+Old+Malay+Origin+or+European+Concoction&amp;rft.volume=176&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=532-541&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-bja10016&amp;rft.issn=0006-2294&amp;rft.au=Sastrawan%2C+Wayan+Jarrah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fbki%2F176%2F4%2Farticle-p532_5.xml%3Flanguage%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahdi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mahdi_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahdi_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mahdi, Waruno (2007). <i>Malay Words and Malay Things: Lexical Souvenirs from an Exotic Archipelago in German Publications Before 1700</i>. Frankfurter Forschungen zu Südostasien. <b>3</b>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Harrassowitz_Verlag&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Harrassowitz Verlag (halaman belum tersedia)">Otto Harrassowitz Verlag</a>. hlm.&#160;170–181. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-447-05492-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-447-05492-8">978-3-447-05492-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Malay+Words+and+Malay+Things%3A+Lexical+Souvenirs+from+an+Exotic+Archipelago+in+German+Publications+Before+1700&amp;rft.series=Frankfurter+Forschungen+zu+S%C3%BCdostasien&amp;rft.pages=170-181&amp;rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-447-05492-8&amp;rft.au=Mahdi%2C+Waruno&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dellios-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dellios_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dellios, Paulette (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.upm.ro/facultati_departamente/stiinte_litere/conferinte/situl_integrare_europeana/Lucrari/Delios.pdf">"A lexical odyssey from the Malay World"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studia Universitatis Petru Maior. Philologia</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 141–144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Studia+Universitatis+Petru+Maior.+Philologia&amp;rft.atitle=A+lexical+odyssey+from+the+Malay+World&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=141-144&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Dellios&amp;rft.aufirst=Paulette&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.upm.ro%2Ffacultati_departamente%2Fstiinte_litere%2Fconferinte%2Fsitul_integrare_europeana%2FLucrari%2FDelios.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cribb22-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cribb22_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cribb, Robert; Gilbert, Helen; Tiffin, Helen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildmanfromborne0000crib"><i>Wild Man from Borneo: A Cultural History of the Orangutan</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Hawai%27i_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Hawai&#39;i Press (halaman belum tersedia)">University of Hawai'i Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8248-3714-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8248-3714-3">978-0-8248-3714-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Wild+Man+from+Borneo%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+the+Orangutan&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3714-3&amp;rft.au=Cribb%2C+Robert&amp;rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Helen&amp;rft.au=Tiffin%2C+Helen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwildmanfromborne0000crib&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/132186">"orangutan, n"<span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu langganan berbayar"><img alt="Perlu langganan berbayar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/9px-Lock-red-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/14px-Lock-red-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/18px-Lock-red-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Maret 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=orangutan%2C+n.&amp;rft.date=2022-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F132186&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bulwer, John (1653). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/anthropometamorp00jbjo"><i>Anthropometamorphosis: man transform'd: or, The artificiall changling, historically presented, in the mad and cruel gallantry, foolish bravery, ridiculous beauty, filthy finenesse, and loathsome loveliness of most nations, fashioning and altering their bodies from the mould intended by nature; with figures of those transformations. To which artificial and affected deformations are added, all the native and national monstrosities that have appeared to disfigure the humane fabrick. With a vindication of the regular beauty and honesty of nature</i></a>. Internet Archive (edisi ke-2). London: W. Hunt. hlm.&#160;437.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Anthropometamorphosis%3A+man+transform%27d%3A+or%2C+The+artificiall+changling%2C+historically+presented%2C+in+the+mad+and+cruel+gallantry%2C+foolish+bravery%2C+ridiculous+beauty%2C+filthy+finenesse%2C+and+loathsome+loveliness+of+most+nations%2C+fashioning+and+altering+their+bodies+from+the+mould+intended+by+nature%3B+with+figures+of+those+transformations.+To+which+artificial+and+affected+deformations+are+added%2C+all+the+native+and+national+monstrosities+that+have+appeared+to+disfigure+the+humane+fabrick.+With+a+vindication+of+the+regular+beauty+and+honesty+of+nature&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=437&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=W.+Hunt&amp;rft.date=1653&amp;rft.aulast=Bulwer&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanthropometamorp00jbjo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahdi2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mahdi2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahdi2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mahdi, Waruno (2007). <i>Malay Words and Malay Things: Lexical Souvenirs from an Exotic Archipelago in German Publications Before 1700</i>. Frankfurter Forschungen zu Südostasien. <b>3</b>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Harrassowitz_Verlag&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Harrassowitz Verlag (halaman belum tersedia)">Otto Harrassowitz Verlag</a>. hlm.&#160;170–181. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-447-05492-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-447-05492-8">978-3-447-05492-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Malay+Words+and+Malay+Things%3A+Lexical+Souvenirs+from+an+Exotic+Archipelago+in+German+Publications+Before+1700&amp;rft.series=Frankfurter+Forschungen+zu+S%C3%BCdostasien&amp;rft.pages=170-181&amp;rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-447-05492-8&amp;rft.au=Mahdi%2C+Waruno&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tan, Peter (Oktober 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_english-today_1998-10_14_4/page/44">"Malay loan words across different dialects of English"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Today&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="English Today (halaman belum tersedia)">English Today</a></i>. <b>14</b> (4): 44–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS026607840001052X">10.1017/S026607840001052X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=English+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Malay+loan+words+across+different+dialects+of+English&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=44-50&amp;rft.date=1998-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS026607840001052X&amp;rft.aulast=Tan&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_english-today_1998-10_14_4%2Fpage%2F44&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cannon, Garland (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-speech_summer-1992_67_2/page/134">"Malay(sian) borrowings in English"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Speech&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="American Speech (halaman belum tersedia)">American Speech</a></i>. <b>67</b> (2): 134–162. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F455451">10.2307/455451</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/455451">455451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Speech&amp;rft.atitle=Malay%28sian%29+borrowings+in+English&amp;rft.volume=67&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=134-162&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F455451&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F455451&amp;rft.au=Cannon%2C+Garland&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-speech_summer-1992_67_2%2Fpage%2F134&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groves2002-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groves2002_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Groves" title="Colin Groves">Groves, Colin P.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326001207/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/Gorilla%20Biology.pdf">"A history of gorilla taxonomy"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Dalam Taylor, Andrea B.; Goldsmith, Michele L. <i>Gorilla Biology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. hlm.&#160;15–34. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511542558.004">10.1017/CBO9780511542558.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0521792813" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0521792813">978-0521792813</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/Gorilla%20Biology.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 26 Maret 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=A+history+of+gorilla+taxonomy&amp;rft.btitle=Gorilla+Biology%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Perspective&amp;rft.pages=15-34&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511542558.004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521792813&amp;rft.aulast=Groves&amp;rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.anu.edu.au%2Fgrovco%2FGorilla%2520Biology.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103307/https://www.etymonline.com/word/pongo">"pongo"</a>. <i>Etymology Online</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/pongo">versi asli</a> tanggal 5 Desember 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 Desember</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Etymology+Online&amp;rft.atitle=pongo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fpongo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205145724/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pongo">"pongo"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pongo">versi asli</a> tanggal 5 Desember 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 Oktober</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&amp;rft.atitle=pongo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpongo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819071419/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=8035670788D957535F9C0B1733D19F62?authRejection=true&amp;url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F147630">"pongo, n.1"</a>. <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. Diarsipkan dari <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/147630">versi asli<span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu langganan berbayar"><img alt="Perlu langganan berbayar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/9px-Lock-red-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/14px-Lock-red-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/18px-Lock-red-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> tanggal 19 Agustus 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 Oktober</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=OED+Online&amp;rft.atitle=pongo%2C+n.1.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F147630&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lesson1827-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lesson1827_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lesson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Lesson">Lesson, René-Primevère</a> (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manueldemammalo00lessgoog"><i>Manuel de mammalogie ou Histoire naturelle des mammifères</i></a> (dalam bahasa Prancis). Roret, Libraire. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manueldemammalo00lessgoog/page/n85">32</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Manuel+de+mammalogie+ou+Histoire+naturelle+des+mammif%C3%A8res&amp;rft.pages=32&amp;rft.pub=Roret%2C+Libraire&amp;rft.date=1827&amp;rft.aulast=Lesson&amp;rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9-Primev%C3%A8re&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanueldemammalo00lessgoog&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XuArnason1996-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-XuArnason1996_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Xu, X.; Arnason, U. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1996-11_43_5/page/431">"The mitochondrial DNA molecule of sumatran orangutan and a molecular proposal for two (Bornean and Sumatran) species of orangutan"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Molecular_Evolution&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Molecular Evolution (halaman belum tersedia)">Journal of Molecular Evolution</a></i>. <b>43</b> (5): 431–37. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JMolE..43..431X">1996JMolE..43..431X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02337514">10.1007/BF02337514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8875856">8875856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=The+mitochondrial+DNA+molecule+of+sumatran+orangutan+and+a+molecular+proposal+for+two+%28Bornean+and+Sumatran%29+species+of+orangutan&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=431-37&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8875856&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02337514&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JMolE..43..431X&amp;rft.aulast=Xu&amp;rft.aufirst=X.&amp;rft.au=Arnason%2C+U.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1996-11_43_5%2Fpage%2F431&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne32-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne32_16-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Payne, J; Prundente, C (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orangutansbehavi0000payn"><i>Orangutans: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Holland_Publishers&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="New Holland Publishers (halaman belum tersedia)">New Holland Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-262-16253-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-262-16253-1">978-0-262-16253-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Orangutans%3A+Behaviour%2C+Ecology+and+Conservation&amp;rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-16253-1&amp;rft.au=Payne%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Prundente%2C+C&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forangutansbehavi0000payn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curbio-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-curbio_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-curbio_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-curbio_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-curbio_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nater, A.; Mattle-Greminger, M. P.; Nurcahyo, A.; Nowak, M. G.; et al. (2 November 2017). 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gibbons.de/main/papers/pdf_files/2004asianprimates.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 6 Desember 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 Mei</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Primatology&amp;rft.atitle=Asian+primate+classification&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.pages=97-164&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AIJOP.0000014647.18720.32&amp;rft.aulast=Bradon-Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.au=Eudey%2C+A.+A.&amp;rft.au=Geissmann%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Groves%2C+C.+P.&amp;rft.au=Melnick%2C+D.+J.&amp;rft.au=Morales%2C+J.+C.&amp;rft.au=Shekelle%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Stewart%2C+C.+B.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gibbons.de%2Fmain%2Fpapers%2Fpdf_files%2F2004asianprimates.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Locke2011-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Locke2011_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Locke, D. P.; Hillier, L. W.; Warren, W. C.; Worley, K. C.; Nazareth, L. V.; Muzny, D. M.; Yang, S. P.; Wang, Z.; Chinwalla, A. T.; Minx, P.; Mitreva, M.; Cook, L.; Delehaunty, K. D.; Fronick, C.; Schmidt, H.; Fulton, L. A.; Fulton, R. S.; Nelson, J. O.; Magrini, V.; Pohl, C.; Graves, T. A.; Markovic, C.; Cree, A.; Dinh, H. H.; Hume, J.; Kovar, C. L.; Fowler, G. R.; Lunter, G.; Meader, S.; et al. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110126/full/news.2011.50.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 27 Januari 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 Januari</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Orang-utans+join+the+genome+gang&amp;rft.date=2011-01-26&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2011.50&amp;rft.aulast=Singh&amp;rft.aufirst=Ranjeet&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F110126%2Ffull%2Fnews.2011.50.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RijksenMeijaard1999-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RijksenMeijaard1999_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RijksenMeijaard1999_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RijksenMeijaard1999_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RijksenMeijaard1999_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RijksenMeijaard1999_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RijksenMeijaard1999_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rijksen H. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gibboncenter.org/publications/MolecularPhylogeneticsIsrafil_etal_2011_MPE.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 10 Mei 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Unresolved+molecular+phylogenies+of+gibbons+and+siamangs+%28Family%3A+Hylobatidae%29+based+on+mitochondrial%2C+Y-linked%2C+and+X-linked+loci+indicate+a+rapid+Miocene+radiation+or+sudden+vicariance+event&amp;rft.volume=58&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=447-455&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3046308&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21074627&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2010.11.005&amp;rft.aulast=Israfil&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.au=Zehr%2C+S.+M.&amp;rft.au=Mootnick%2C+A.+R.&amp;rft.au=Ruvolo%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Steiper%2C+M.+E.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gibboncenter.org%2Fpublications%2FMolecularPhylogeneticsIsrafil_etal_2011_MPE.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeo_2017-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_2017_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Goldman, Jason G. (2 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723230041/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/11/new-orangutan-species-sumatra-borneo-indonesia-animals/">"New Species of Orangutan Is Rarest Great Ape on Earth"</a>. National Geographic Society. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/11/new-orangutan-species-sumatra-borneo-indonesia-animals/">versi asli</a> tanggal 23 Juli 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=New+Species+of+Orangutan+Is+Rarest+Great+Ape+on+Earth&amp;rft.date=2017-11-02&amp;rft.aulast=Goldman&amp;rft.aufirst=Jason+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2017%2F11%2Fnew-orangutan-species-sumatra-borneo-indonesia-animals%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSW3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGroves2005" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Groves" title="Colin Groves">Groves, C.P.</a> (2005). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_E._Wilson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Don E. Wilson (halaman belum tersedia)">Wilson, D.E.</a>; Reeder, D.M., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100803"><i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i></a> (edisi ke-3). 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"Pongo pygmaeus". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammalian_Species&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammalian Species (halaman belum tersedia)">Mammalian Species</a></i> (4): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3503852">10.2307/3503852</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3503852">3503852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Pongo+pygmaeus&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1-6&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3503852&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3503852&amp;rft.aulast=Groves&amp;rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">van Schaik, C.; MacKinnon, J. (2001). "Orangutans". Dalam MacDonald, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/420"><i>The Encyclopedia of Mammals</i></a> (edisi ke-2). Oxford University Press. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/420">420–423</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-87196-871-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-87196-871-5">978-0-87196-871-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Orangutans&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Mammals&amp;rft.pages=420-423&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87196-871-5&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=MacKinnon%2C+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofma00mals_0%2Fpage%2F420&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aiello-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aiello_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Aiello, L.; Dean, C. (1990). <i>An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy</i>. Academic Press. hlm.&#160;193. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-12-045590-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-12-045590-0">0-12-045590-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Human+Evolutionary+Anatomy&amp;rft.pages=193&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-045590-0&amp;rft.aulast=Aiello&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.au=Dean%2C+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hilloowala, R. A.; Trent, R. B. (1988). "Supraorbital ridge and masticatory apparatus I: Primates". <i>Human Evolution</i>. <b>3</b> (5): 343–350. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02447216">10.1007/BF02447216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Human+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Supraorbital+ridge+and+masticatory+apparatus+I%3A+Primates&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=343-350&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02447216&amp;rft.aulast=Hilloowala&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft.au=Trent%2C+R.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Winkler, L. A. (1989). "Morphology and relationships of the orangutan fatty cheek pads". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Primatology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Primatology (halaman belum tersedia)">American Journal of Primatology</a></i>. <b>17</b> (4): 305–319. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.1350170405">10.1002/ajp.1350170405</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31964053">31964053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Primatology&amp;rft.atitle=Morphology+and+relationships+of+the+orangutan+fatty+cheek+pads&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=305-319&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajp.1350170405&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31964053&amp;rft.au=Winkler%2C+L.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utami_2002-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Utami_2002_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utami_2002_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utami_2002_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Utami, S. S.; Goossens, B.; Bruford, M. W.; de Ruiter, J. R.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_van_Hooff&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan van Hooff (halaman belum tersedia)">van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M.</a> (2002). "Male bimaturism and reproductive success in Sumatran orangutans". <i>Behavioral Ecology</i>. <b>13</b> (5): 643–652. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F13.5.643">10.1093/beheco/13.5.643</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Male+bimaturism+and+reproductive+success+in+Sumatran+orangutans&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=643-652&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F13.5.643&amp;rft.aulast=Utami&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+S.&amp;rft.au=Goossens%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Bruford%2C+M.+W.&amp;rft.au=de+Ruiter%2C+J.+R.&amp;rft.au=van+Hooff%2C+J.+A.+R.+A.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Oishi, M.; Ogihara, N.; Endo, H.; Ichihara, N.; Asari, M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766055">"Dimensions of forelimb muscles in orangutans and chimpanzees"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>215</b> (4): 373–382. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2009.01125.x">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01125.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766055">2766055</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19619166">19619166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&amp;rft.atitle=Dimensions+of+forelimb+muscles+in+orangutans+and+chimpanzees&amp;rft.volume=215&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=373-382&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2766055&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19619166&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2009.01125.x&amp;rft.au=Oishi%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Ogihara%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Endo%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Ichihara%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Asari%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2766055&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_H._Schwartz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey H. Schwartz (halaman belum tersedia)">Schwartz, Jeffrey</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0813340640_0/page/286"><i>The Red Ape: Orangutans and Human Origins</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westview_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Westview Press (halaman belum tersedia)">Westview Press</a>. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0813340640_0/page/286">6–7</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8133-4064-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8133-4064-7">978-0-8133-4064-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Red+Ape%3A+Orangutans+and+Human+Origins&amp;rft.pages=6-7&amp;rft.pub=Westview+Press&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4064-7&amp;rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Jeffrey&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0813340640_0%2Fpage%2F286&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reese_A-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reese_A_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reese_A_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Reese, April (2 November 2017). 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F. (1988). "Orangutan Diet, Range, and Activity at Tanjung Puting, Central Borneo". <i>International Journal of Primatology</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 1–35. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02740195">10.1007/BF02740195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Primatology&amp;rft.atitle=Orangutan+Diet%2C+Range%2C+and+Activity+at+Tanjung+Puting%2C+Central+Borneo&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-35&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02740195&amp;rft.aulast=Galdikas&amp;rft.aufirst=Birute+M.+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rodman, P. S. (1988). "Diversity and consistency in ecology and behavior". Dalam Schwartz, J. H. <i>Orang-utan biology</i>. Oxford University Press. hlm.&#160;31–51. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0195043716" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0195043716">978-0195043716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Diversity+and+consistency+in+ecology+and+behavior&amp;rft.btitle=Orang-utan+biology&amp;rft.pages=31-51&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=978-0195043716&amp;rft.au=Rodman%2C+P.+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Foitová, Ivona; Huffman, Michael A.; Wisnu, Nurcahyo; Olšanský, Milan (2009). "Parasites and their impacts on orangutan health". Dalam Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orangutansgeogra00wich"><i>Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. Oxford University Press. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orangutansgeogra00wich/page/n198">166</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0199213276" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0199213276">978-0199213276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Parasites+and+their+impacts+on+orangutan+health&amp;rft.btitle=Orangutans%3A+Geographic+Variation+in+Behavioral+Ecology+and+Conservation&amp;rft.pages=166&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0199213276&amp;rft.au=Foitov%C3%A1%2C+Ivona&amp;rft.au=Huffman%2C+Michael+A.&amp;rft.au=Wisnu%2C+Nurcahyo&amp;rft.au=Ol%C5%A1ansk%C3%BD%2C+Milan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forangutansgeogra00wich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Morrogh-Bernard HC, Foitová I, Yeen Z, Wilkin P, de Martin R, Rárová L, Doležal K, Nurcahyo W, Olšanský M (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5709421">"Self-medication by orang-utans (<i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>) using bioactive properties of <i>Dracaena cantleyi</i>"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (16653): 16653. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...716653M">2017NatSR...716653M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-16621-w">10.1038/s41598-017-16621-w</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5709421">5709421</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29192145">29192145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=Self-medication+by+orang-utans+%28Pongo+pygmaeus%29+using+bioactive+properties+of+Dracaena+cantleyi&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=16653&amp;rft.pages=16653&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5709421&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29192145&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-017-16621-w&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...716653M&amp;rft.aulast=Morrogh-Bernard&amp;rft.aufirst=HC&amp;rft.au=Foitov%C3%A1%2C+I&amp;rft.au=Yeen%2C+Z&amp;rft.au=Wilkin%2C+P&amp;rft.au=de+Martin%2C+R&amp;rft.au=R%C3%A1rov%C3%A1%2C+L&amp;rft.au=Dole%C5%BEal%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Nurcahyo%2C+W&amp;rft.au=Ol%C5%A1ansk%C3%BD%2C+M&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5709421&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boekhorst_1990-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boekhorst_1990_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boekhorst_1990_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Teboekhorst, I.; Schürmann, C.; Sugardjito, J. (1990). "Residential status and seasonal movements of wild orang-utans in the Gunung Leuser Reserve (Sumatera, Indonesia)". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Behaviour_(jurnal)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Animal Behaviour (jurnal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Animal Behaviour</a></i>. <b>39</b> (6): 1098–1109. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2805%2980782-1">10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80782-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&amp;rft.atitle=Residential+status+and+seasonal+movements+of+wild+orang-utans+in+the+Gunung+Leuser+Reserve+%28Sumatera%2C+Indonesia%29&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1098-1109&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2805%2980782-1&amp;rft.aulast=Teboekhorst&amp;rft.aufirst=I.&amp;rft.au=Sch%C3%BCrmann%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Sugardjito%2C+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singleton_2002-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singleton_2002_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singleton_2002_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Singleton, I.; van Schaik, C. P. (2002). "The Social Organisation of a population of Sumatran orang-utans". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folia_Primatologica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Folia Primatologica (halaman belum tersedia)">Folia Primatologica</a></i>. <b>73</b> (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000060415">10.1159/000060415</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065937">12065937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Folia+Primatologica&amp;rft.atitle=The+Social+Organisation+of+a+population+of+Sumatran+orang-utans&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-20&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000060415&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12065937&amp;rft.aulast=Singleton&amp;rft.aufirst=I.&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+C.+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Galdikas, B. M. F. (1984). "Adult female sociality among wild orangutans at Tanjung Puting Reserve". Dalam Small, M. F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/femaleprimatesst0000unse"><i>Female Primates: Studies by Women Primatologists</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (publisher)">Alan R. Liss</a>. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/femaleprimatesst0000unse/page/217">217</a>–235. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0845134030" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0845134030">978-0845134030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Adult+female+sociality+among+wild+orangutans+at+Tanjung+Puting+Reserve&amp;rft.btitle=Female+Primates%3A+Studies+by+Women+Primatologists&amp;rft.pages=217-235&amp;rft.pub=Alan+R.+Liss&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.isbn=978-0845134030&amp;rft.au=Galdikas%2C+B.+M.+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffemaleprimatesst0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-male-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-male_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Singleton, Ian; van Noordwijk, Maria A.; van Schaik, Carel P.; Setia, Tatang Mitra (2009). "Male–male relationships in orangutans". Dalam Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. <i>Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation</i>. Oxford University Press. hlm.&#160;227–229. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-921327-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-921327-6">978-0-19-921327-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Male%E2%80%93male+relationships+in+orangutans&amp;rft.btitle=Orangutans%3A+Geographic+Variation+in+Behavioral+Ecology+and+Conservation&amp;rft.pages=227-229&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-921327-6&amp;rft.aulast=Atmoko&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+Suci+Utami&amp;rft.au=Singleton%2C+Ian&amp;rft.au=van+Noordwijk%2C+Maria+A.&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+Carel+P.&amp;rft.au=Setia%2C+Tatang+Mitra&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Noordwijk-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-van_Noordwijk_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">van Noordwijk, Maria A.; Sauren, Simone E.B.; Nuzuar; Abulani, Ahbam; Morrogh-Bernard, Helen C.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009). "Development of Independence". Dalam Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orangutansgeogra00wich"><i>Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. Oxford University Press. hlm.&#160;199. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0199213276" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0199213276">978-0199213276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Development+of+Independence&amp;rft.btitle=Orangutans%3A+Geographic+Variation+in+Behavioral+Ecology+and+Conservation&amp;rft.pages=199&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0199213276&amp;rft.aulast=van+Noordwijk&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria+A.&amp;rft.au=Sauren%2C+Simone+E.B.&amp;rft.au=Nuzuar&amp;rft.au=Abulani%2C+Ahbam&amp;rft.au=Morrogh-Bernard%2C+Helen+C.&amp;rft.au=Atmoko%2C+S.+Suci+Utami&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+Carel+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forangutansgeogra00wich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delgrado_2000-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delgrado_2000_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delgrado_2000_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delgrado_2000_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Delgado, R. A. Jr.; van Schaik, C. P. (2000). "The behavioral ecology and conservation of the orangutan (<i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>): a tale of two islands". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_Anthropology:_Issues,_News,_and_Reviews&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews (halaman belum tersedia)">Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1): 201–218. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1520-6505%282000%299%3A5%3C201%3A%3AAID-EVAN2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Y">10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:5&#60;201::AID-EVAN2&#62;3.0.CO&#59;2-Y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Anthropology%3A+Issues%2C+News%2C+and+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=The+behavioral+ecology+and+conservation+of+the+orangutan+%28Pongo+pygmaeus%29%3A+a+tale+of+two+islands&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=201-218&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1520-6505%282000%299%3A5%3C201%3A%3AAID-EVAN2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Y&amp;rft.aulast=Delgado&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.+Jr.&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+C.+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Schaik2004-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_Schaik2004_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Schaik2004_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">van Schaik, C. P.; Preuschoft, S.; Watts, D. P. (2004). "Great ape social systems". Dalam Russon, A. E.; Begun, D. R. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionthought00russ"><i>The Evolution of Thought: Evolutionary Origins of Great Ape Intelligence</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionthought00russ/page/n200">193–194</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0521039925" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0521039925">978-0521039925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Great+ape+social+systems&amp;rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Thought%3A+Evolutionary+Origins+of+Great+Ape+Intelligence&amp;rft.pages=193-194&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521039925&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+C.+P.&amp;rft.au=Preuschoft%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Watts%2C+D.+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionthought00russ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Schaik, C. P. (1999). "The socioecology of fission-fusion sociality in orangutans". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primates_(jurnal)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Primates (jurnal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Primates</a></i>. <b>40</b> (1): 69–86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02557703">10.1007/BF02557703</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23179533">23179533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Primates&amp;rft.atitle=The+socioecology+of+fission-fusion+sociality+in+orangutans&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=69-86&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02557703&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23179533&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+C.+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mitani, J. C.; Grether, G. F.; Rodman, P. S.; Priatna, D. (1991). "Associations among wild orang-utans: sociality, passive aggregations or chance". <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 33–46. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2805%2980603-7">10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80603-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&amp;rft.atitle=Associations+among+wild+orang-utans%3A+sociality%2C+passive+aggregations+or+chance&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=33-46&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2805%2980603-7&amp;rft.aulast=Mitani&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+C.&amp;rft.au=Grether%2C+G.+F.&amp;rft.au=Rodman%2C+P.+S.&amp;rft.au=Priatna%2C+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munn_1997-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munn_1997_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munn_1997_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Munn, C.; Fernandez, M. (1997). "Infant development". Dalam Carol Sodaro. <i>Orangutan Species Survival Plan Husbandry Manual</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Zoological_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago Zoological Park (halaman belum tersedia)">Chicago Zoological Park</a>. hlm.&#160;59–66. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40349739">40349739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Infant+development&amp;rft.btitle=Orangutan+Species+Survival+Plan+Husbandry+Manual&amp;rft.pages=59-66&amp;rft.pub=Chicago+Zoological+Park&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40349739&amp;rft.aulast=Munn&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Fernandez%2C+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vocal2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vocal2_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003083144/https://www.aim.uzh.ch/de/orangutannetwork/orangutancallrepertoires.html">"Orangutan call repertoires"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universit%C3%A4t_Z%C3%BCrich&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universität Zürich (halaman belum tersedia)">Universität Zürich</a> – Department of Anthropology. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aim.uzh.ch/de/orangutannetwork/orangutancallrepertoires.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 Oktober 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Orangutan+call+repertoires&amp;rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4t+Z%C3%BCrich+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Anthropology&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aim.uzh.ch%2Fde%2Forangutannetwork%2Forangutancallrepertoires.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lameira, A. R.; et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8478518">"Orangutan information broadcast via consonant-like and vowel-like calls breaches mathematical models of linguistic evolution"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>17</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2021.0302">10.1098/rsbl.2021.0302</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8478518">8478518</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;pmc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34582737">34582737</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;pmid=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmid" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Orangutan+information+broadcast+via+consonant-like+and+vowel-like+calls+breaches+mathematical+models+of+linguistic+evolution&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8478518&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34582737&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2021.0302&amp;rft.aulast=Lameira&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+R.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8478518&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Knox, A; Markx, J; How, E; Azis, A; Hobaiter, C; an Veen, F. J. F; Morrogh-Bernard, H (2019). "Gesture use in communication between mothers and offspring in wild Orang-Utans (<i>Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii</i>) from the Sabangau Peat-Swamp Forest, Borneo". <i>International Journal of Primatology</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 393–416. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-019-00095-w">10.1007/s10764-019-00095-w</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Primatology&amp;rft.atitle=Gesture+use+in+communication+between+mothers+and+offspring+in+wild+Orang-Utans+%28Pongo+pygmaeus+wurmbii%29+from+the+Sabangau+Peat-Swamp+Forest%2C+Borneo&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=393-416&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10764-019-00095-w&amp;rft.aulast=Knox&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Markx%2C+J&amp;rft.au=How%2C+E&amp;rft.au=Azis%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Hobaiter%2C+C&amp;rft.au=an+Veen%2C+F.+J.+F&amp;rft.au=Morrogh-Bernard%2C+H&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox_2002-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox_2002_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fox, E. A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-ecology-and-sociobiology_2002-07_52_2/page/93">"Female tactics to reduce sexual harassment in the Sumatran orangutan (<i>Pongo pygmaeus abelii</i>)"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_Ecology_and_Sociobiology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (halaman belum tersedia)">Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</a></i>. <b>52</b> (2): 93–101. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-002-0495-x">10.1007/s00265-002-0495-x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&amp;rft.atitle=Female+tactics+to+reduce+sexual+harassment+in+the+Sumatran+orangutan+%28Pongo+pygmaeus+abelii%29&amp;rft.volume=52&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=93-101&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00265-002-0495-x&amp;rft.aulast=Fox&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_behavioral-ecology-and-sociobiology_2002-07_52_2%2Fpage%2F93&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knott2009-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knott2009_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knott2009_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knott2009_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Knott, Cheryl Denise; Thompson, Melissa Emery; Stumpf, Rebecca M; McIntyre, Matthew H (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2842634">"Female reproductive strategies in orangutans, evidence for female choice and counterstrategies to infanticide in a species with frequent sexual coercion"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>277</b> (1678): 105–113. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.1552">10.1098/rspb.2009.1552</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2842634">2842634</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812079">19812079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Female+reproductive+strategies+in+orangutans%2C+evidence+for+female+choice+and+counterstrategies+to+infanticide+in+a+species+with+frequent+sexual+coercion&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=1678&amp;rft.pages=105-113&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2842634&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19812079&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2009.1552&amp;rft.aulast=Knott&amp;rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Denise&amp;rft.au=Thompson%2C+Melissa+Emery&amp;rft.au=Stumpf%2C+Rebecca+M&amp;rft.au=McIntyre%2C+Matthew+H&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2842634&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fox, Elizabeth A (2001). "Homosexual behavior in wild Sumatran orangutans (<i>Pongo pygmaeus abelii</i>)". <i>American Journal of Primatology</i>. <b>55</b> (3): 177–181. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.1051">10.1002/ajp.1051</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11746281">11746281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Primatology&amp;rft.atitle=Homosexual+behavior+in+wild+Sumatran+orangutans+%28Pongo+pygmaeus+abelii%29&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=177-181&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajp.1051&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11746281&amp;rft.aulast=Fox&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scott, A. M.; Knott, C. D.; Susanto, T. W. (2019). "Are Male Orangutans a Threat to Infants? Evidence of Mother–Offspring Counterstrategies to Infanticide in Bornean Orangutans (<i>Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii</i>)". <i>International Journal of Primatology</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 435–455. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-019-00097-8">10.1007/s10764-019-00097-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2144%2F39274">2144/39274</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Primatology&amp;rft.atitle=Are+Male+Orangutans+a+Threat+to+Infants%3F+Evidence+of+Mother%E2%80%93Offspring+Counterstrategies+to+Infanticide+in+Bornean+Orangutans+%28Pongo+pygmaeus+wurmbii%29&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=435-455&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2144%2F39274&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10764-019-00097-8&amp;rft.aulast=Scott&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+M.&amp;rft.au=Knott%2C+C.+D.&amp;rft.au=Susanto%2C+T.+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wich-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wich_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wich, Serge A.; de Vries, Hans; Ancrenaz, Marc; Perkins, Lori; Shumaker, Robert W.; Suzuki, Akira; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009). "Orangutan life history variation". Dalam Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orangutansgeogra00wich"><i>Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. Oxford University Press. hlm.&#160;67–68. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0199213276" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0199213276">978-0199213276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Orangutan+life+history+variation&amp;rft.btitle=Orangutans%3A+Geographic+Variation+in+Behavioral+Ecology+and+Conservation&amp;rft.pages=67-68&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0199213276&amp;rft.aulast=Wich&amp;rft.aufirst=Serge+A.&amp;rft.au=de+Vries%2C+Hans&amp;rft.au=Ancrenaz%2C+Marc&amp;rft.au=Perkins%2C+Lori&amp;rft.au=Shumaker%2C+Robert+W.&amp;rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Akira&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+Carel+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forangutansgeogra00wich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Goossens, B; Mohd, D; Kapar; Kahar, S (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245023318">"First Sighting of Bornean Orangutan Twins in the Wild"</a>. <i>Asian Primates Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 10–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Asian+Primates+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=First+Sighting+of+Bornean+Orangutan+Twins+in+the+Wild&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=10-12&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Goossens&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Mohd%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Kapar&amp;rft.au=Kahar%2C+S&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F245023318&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Beaudrot, LH; Kahlenberg, SM; Marshall, AJ (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728907">"Why male orangutans do not kill infants"</a>. <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. <b>63</b> (11): 1549–1562. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-009-0827-1">10.1007/s00265-009-0827-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728907">2728907</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19701484">19701484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&amp;rft.atitle=Why+male+orangutans+do+not+kill+infants&amp;rft.volume=63&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1549-1562&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2728907&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19701484&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00265-009-0827-1&amp;rft.aulast=Beaudrot&amp;rft.aufirst=LH&amp;rft.au=Kahlenberg%2C+SM&amp;rft.au=Marshall%2C+AJ&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2728907&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Smith, Tanya M.; Austin, Christine; Hinde, Katie; Vogel, Erin R.; Arora, Manish (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435413">"Cyclical nursing patterns in wild orangutans"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>3</b> (5): e1601517. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SciA....3E1517S">2017SciA....3E1517S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1601517">10.1126/sciadv.1601517</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435413">5435413</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28560319">28560319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Cyclical+nursing+patterns+in+wild+orangutans&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=e1601517&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5435413&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28560319&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1601517&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017SciA....3E1517S&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Tanya+M.&amp;rft.au=Austin%2C+Christine&amp;rft.au=Hinde%2C+Katie&amp;rft.au=Vogel%2C+Erin+R.&amp;rft.au=Arora%2C+Manish&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5435413&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WichAtmoko2009-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WichAtmoko2009_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WichAtmoko2009_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Didik, Prasetyo; Ancrenaz, Marc; Morrogh-Bernard, Helen C.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Wich, Serge A.; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424082644/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHsNfZC3DfYC&amp;pg=PA270">"Nest building in orangutans"</a>. Dalam Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. <i>Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation</i>. Oxford University Press. hlm.&#160;270–275. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-921327-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-921327-6">978-0-19-921327-6</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHsNfZC3DfYC&amp;pg=PA270">versi asli</a> tanggal 24 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Desember</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Nest+building+in+orangutans&amp;rft.btitle=Orangutans%3A+Geographic+Variation+in+Behavioral+Ecology+and+Conservation&amp;rft.pages=270-275&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-921327-6&amp;rft.aulast=Didik&amp;rft.aufirst=Prasetyo&amp;rft.au=Ancrenaz%2C+Marc&amp;rft.au=Morrogh-Bernard%2C+Helen+C.&amp;rft.au=Atmoko%2C+S.+Suci+Utami&amp;rft.au=Wich%2C+Serge+A.&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+Carel+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHsNfZC3DfYC%26pg%3DPA270&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lameira2015-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lameira2015_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lameira2015_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lameira, A. R.; Hardus, M. E.; Shumaker, R. W.; Wich, S. A.; Menken, S. B. J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287529">"Speech-Like Rhythm in a Voiced and Voiceless Orangutan Call"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (1): e116136. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..10k6136L">2015PLoSO..10k6136L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0116136">10.1371/journal.pone.0116136</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287529">4287529</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25569211">25569211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Speech-Like+Rhythm+in+a+Voiced+and+Voiceless+Orangutan+Call&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e116136&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4287529&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25569211&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0116136&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..10k6136L&amp;rft.au=Lameira%2C+A.+R.&amp;rft.au=Hardus%2C+M.+E.&amp;rft.au=Shumaker%2C+R.+W.&amp;rft.au=Wich%2C+S.+A.&amp;rft.au=Menken%2C+S.+B.+J.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4287529&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Deaner, R. O.; van Schaik, C. P.; Johnson, V. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819071419/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232522019_Do_Some_Taxa_Have_Better_Domain-General_Cognition_than_others_A_Meta-Analysis_of_Nonhuman_Primate_Studies">"Do some taxa have better domain-general cognition than others? A meta-analysis of nonhuman primate studies"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Psychology</i>. <b>4</b>: 149–196. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F147470490600400114">10.1177/147470490600400114</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232522019">versi asli</a> tanggal 19 Agustus 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 Juni</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Psychology&amp;rft.atitle=Do+some+taxa+have+better+domain-general+cognition+than+others%3F+A+meta-analysis+of+nonhuman+primate+studies&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.pages=149-196&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F147470490600400114&amp;rft.aulast=Deaner&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+O.&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+C.+P.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+V.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F232522019&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">de Blois, S. T.; Novak, M. A.; Bond, M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-comparative-psychology_1998-06_112_2/page/137">"Object Permanence in Orangutans (<i>Pongo Pygmaeus</i>) and Squirrel Monkeys (<i>Saimiri Sciureus</i>)"</a>. <i>Journal of Comparative Psychology</i>. <b>112</b> (2): 137–152. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0735-7036.112.2.137">10.1037/0735-7036.112.2.137</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9642783">9642783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Psychology&amp;rft.atitle=Object+Permanence+in+Orangutans+%28Pongo+Pygmaeus%29+and+Squirrel+Monkeys+%28Saimiri+Sciureus%29&amp;rft.volume=112&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=137-152&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0735-7036.112.2.137&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9642783&amp;rft.aulast=de+Blois&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+T.&amp;rft.au=Novak%2C+M.+A.&amp;rft.au=Bond%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-comparative-psychology_1998-06_112_2%2Fpage%2F137&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Turner, Dorie (12 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702082102/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/gaming/2007-04-12-orangutans-games_N.htm">"Orangutans play video games (for research) at Georgia zoo"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/gaming/2007-04-12-orangutans-games_N.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2 Juli 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Orangutans+play+video+games+%28for+research%29+at+Georgia+zoo&amp;rft.date=2007-04-12&amp;rft.au=Turner%2C+Dorie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fgaming%2F2007-04-12-orangutans-games_N.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dufour, V.; Pelé, M.; Neumann, M.; Thierry, B.; Call, J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665816">"Calculated reciprocity after all: computation behind token transfers in orang-utans"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_Letters&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biology Letters (halaman belum tersedia)">Biology Letters</a></i>. <b>5</b> (2): 172–175. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2008.0644">10.1098/rsbl.2008.0644</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665816">2665816</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126529">19126529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Calculated+reciprocity+after+all%3A+computation+behind+token+transfers+in+orang-utans&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=172-175&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2665816&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19126529&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2008.0644&amp;rft.au=Dufour%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Pel%C3%A9%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Neumann%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Thierry%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Call%2C+J.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2665816&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chalmeau, Raphaël; Lardeux, Karine; Brandibas, Pierre; Gallo, Alain (1997). "Cooperative problem solving by orangutans (<i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>)". <i>International Journal of Primatology</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 23–32. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026337006136">10.1023/A:1026337006136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Primatology&amp;rft.atitle=Cooperative+problem+solving+by+orangutans+%28Pongo+pygmaeus%29&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=23-32&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1026337006136&amp;rft.aulast=Chalmeau&amp;rft.aufirst=Rapha%C3%ABl&amp;rft.au=Lardeux%2C+Karine&amp;rft.au=Brandibas%2C+Pierre&amp;rft.au=Gallo%2C+Alain&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suarez-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suarez_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Suárez, S. D.; Gallup, G. G. (1981). "Self-recognition in chimpanzees and orangutans, but not gorillas". <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 175–188. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0047-2484%2881%2980016-4">10.1016/s0047-2484(81)80016-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Self-recognition+in+chimpanzees+and+orangutans%2C+but+not+gorillas&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=175-188&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0047-2484%2881%2980016-4&amp;rft.au=Su%C3%A1rez%2C+S.+D.&amp;rft.au=Gallup%2C+G.+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Robert, S. (1986). "Ontogeny of mirror behavior in two species of great apes". <i>American Journal of Primatology</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 109–117. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.1350100202">10.1002/ajp.1350100202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31979488">31979488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Primatology&amp;rft.atitle=Ontogeny+of+mirror+behavior+in+two+species+of+great+apes&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=109-117&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajp.1350100202&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31979488&amp;rft.au=Robert%2C+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Schaik, Carel P.; Damerius, L.; Isler, K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770631">"Wild Orangutan Males Plan and Communicate Their Travel Direction One Day in Advance"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=PLoS_One&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PLoS One (halaman belum tersedia)">PLoS One</a></i>. <b>8</b> (9): e74896. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...874896V">2013PLoSO...874896V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0074896">10.1371/journal.pone.0074896</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770631">3770631</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24040357">24040357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+One&amp;rft.atitle=Wild+Orangutan+Males+Plan+and+Communicate+Their+Travel+Direction+One+Day+in+Advance&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=e74896&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3770631&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24040357&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0074896&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...874896V&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+Carel+P.&amp;rft.au=Damerius%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Isler%2C+K.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3770631&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lameira, Adriano R.; Call, Josep (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6235548">"Time-space–displaced responses in the orangutan vocal system"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>4</b> (11): eaau3401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SciA....4.3401L">2018SciA....4.3401L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aau3401">10.1126/sciadv.aau3401</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6235548">6235548</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30443595">30443595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&amp;rft.atitle=Time-space%E2%80%93displaced+responses+in+the+orangutan+vocal+system&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=eaau3401&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6235548&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30443595&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aau3401&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018SciA....4.3401L&amp;rft.aulast=Lameira&amp;rft.aufirst=Adriano+R.&amp;rft.au=Call%2C+Josep&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6235548&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lameira, A. R.; Shumaker, R. W. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6707206">"Orangutans show active voicing through a membranophone"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 12289. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...912289L">2019NatSR...912289L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-48760-7">10.1038/s41598-019-48760-7</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6707206">6707206</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31444387">31444387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=Orangutans+show+active+voicing+through+a+membranophone&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=12289&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6707206&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31444387&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-48760-7&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...912289L&amp;rft.au=Lameira%2C+A.+R.&amp;rft.au=Shumaker%2C+R.+W.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6707206&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wich_etal2009-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wich_etal2009_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wich, S. A.; Swartz, K. B.; Hardus, M. E.; Lameira, A. R.; Stromberg, E.; Shumaker, R. W. (2008). "A case of spontaneous acquisition of a human sound by an orangutan". <i>Primates</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 56–64. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10329-008-0117-y">10.1007/s10329-008-0117-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19052691">19052691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Primates&amp;rft.atitle=A+case+of+spontaneous+acquisition+of+a+human+sound+by+an+orangutan&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=56-64&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10329-008-0117-y&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19052691&amp;rft.aulast=Wich&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+A.&amp;rft.au=Swartz%2C+K.+B.&amp;rft.au=Hardus%2C+M.+E.&amp;rft.au=Lameira%2C+A.+R.&amp;rft.au=Stromberg%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Shumaker%2C+R.+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Galdikas, B. M. F. (1982). "Orang-Utan tool use at Tanjung Putting Reserve, Central Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan Tengah)". <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. <b>10</b>: 19–33. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0047-2484%2882%2980028-6">10.1016/S0047-2484(82)80028-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Orang-Utan+tool+use+at+Tanjung+Putting+Reserve%2C+Central+Indonesian+Borneo+%28Kalimantan+Tengah%29&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.pages=19-33&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0047-2484%2882%2980028-6&amp;rft.aulast=Galdikas&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+M.+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fox, E. A.; Sitompul, A. F.; van Schaik, C. P. (1999). "Intelligent tool use in wild Sumatran orangutans". Dalam Parker, S; Mitchell, R. W.; Miles, H. L. <i>The Mentality of Gorillas and Orangutans</i>. Cambridge University Press. hlm.&#160;99–116. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-03193-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-03193-6">978-0-521-03193-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Intelligent+tool+use+in+wild+Sumatran+orangutans&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mentality+of+Gorillas+and+Orangutans&amp;rft.pages=99-116&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-03193-6&amp;rft.aulast=Fox&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+A.&amp;rft.au=Sitompul%2C+A.+F.&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+C.+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Schaik, C. P.; Fox, E. A.; Sitompul, A. F. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_naturwissenschaften_1996-04_83_4/page/186">"Manufacture and use of tools in wild Sumatran orangutans – implications or human evolution"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturwissenschaften&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Naturwissenschaften (halaman belum tersedia)">Naturwissenschaften</a></i>. <b>83</b> (4): 186–188. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996NW.....83..186V">1996NW.....83..186V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01143062">10.1007/BF01143062</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8643126">8643126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&amp;rft.atitle=Manufacture+and+use+of+tools+in+wild+Sumatran+orangutans+%E2%80%93+implications+or+human+evolution&amp;rft.volume=83&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=186-188&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8643126&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01143062&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996NW.....83..186V&amp;rft.aulast=van+Schaik&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+P.&amp;rft.au=Fox%2C+E.+A.&amp;rft.au=Sitompul%2C+A.+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_naturwissenschaften_1996-04_83_4%2Fpage%2F186&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">O'Malley, R. C.; McGrew, W. C. (2000). "Oral tool use by captive orangutans (<i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>)". <i>Folia Primatologica</i>. <b>71</b> (5): 334–41. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000021756">10.1159/000021756</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11093037">11093037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Folia+Primatologica&amp;rft.atitle=Oral+tool+use+by+captive+orangutans+%28Pongo+pygmaeus%29&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=334-41&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000021756&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11093037&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Malley&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+C.&amp;rft.au=McGrew%2C+W.+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Russon, A. E.; Compost, A.; Kuncoro, P.; Ferisa, A. (2014). "Orangutan Fish Eating, Primate Aquatic Fauna Eating, and Their Implications for the Origins of Ancestral Hominin Fish Eating". <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. <b>77</b>: 50–63. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2014.06.007">10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25038033">25038033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Orangutan+Fish+Eating%2C+Primate+Aquatic+Fauna+Eating%2C+and+Their+Implications+for+the+Origins+of+Ancestral+Hominin+Fish+Eating&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft.pages=50-63&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2014.06.007&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25038033&amp;rft.au=Russon%2C+A.+E.&amp;rft.au=Compost%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Kuncoro%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Ferisa%2C+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Bower, B. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Agustus</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wired&amp;rft.atitle=Orangutans+use+simple+tools+to+catch+fish&amp;rft.date=2011-04-18&amp;rft.au=Bower%2C+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwiredscience%2F2011%2F04%2Forangutan-tools-fishing%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mulcahy, N. 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I.; Thorpe, S. K. S.; Coward, S.; Crompton, R. H.; Myatt, J. P.; Ennos, A. R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3344992">"Nest-building orangutans demonstrate engineering know-how to produce safe, comfortable beds"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>109</b> (18): 6873–6877. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..109.6873V">2012PNAS..109.6873V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1200902109">10.1073/pnas.1200902109</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3344992">3344992</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22509022">22509022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.atitle=Nest-building+orangutans+demonstrate+engineering+know-how+to+produce+safe%2C+comfortable+beds&amp;rft.volume=109&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=6873-6877&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3344992&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22509022&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1200902109&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..109.6873V&amp;rft.au=van+Casteren%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Sellers%2C+W.+I.&amp;rft.au=Thorpe%2C+S.+K.+S.&amp;rft.au=Coward%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Crompton%2C+R.+H.&amp;rft.au=Myatt%2C+J.+P.&amp;rft.au=Ennos%2C+A.+R.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3344992&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaik_CP_2001-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaik_CP_2001_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaik_CP_2001_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Schaik, Carel P.; Knott, Cheryl D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-physical-anthropology_2001-04_114_4/page/331">"Geographic variation in tool use onNeesia fruits in orangutans"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology (halaman belum tersedia)">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a></i>. <b>114</b> (4): 331–342. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.1045">10.1002/ajpa.1045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11275962">11275962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&amp;rft.atitle=Geographic+variation+in+tool+use+onNeesia+fruits+in+orangutans&amp;rft.volume=114&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=331-342&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.1045&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11275962&amp;rft.aulast=van+Schaik&amp;rft.aufirst=Carel+P.&amp;rft.au=Knott%2C+Cheryl+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-journal-of-physical-anthropology_2001-04_114_4%2Fpage%2F331&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Schaik, CP; Van Noordwijk, MA; Wich, SA. 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E.; Lameira, A. R.; van Schaik, C. P.; Wich, S. A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817314">"Tool use in wild orang-utans modifies sound production: a functionally deceptive innovation?"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>276</b> (1673): 3689–3694. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.1027">10.1098/rspb.2009.1027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817314">2817314</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19656794">19656794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&amp;rft.atitle=Tool+use+in+wild+orang-utans+modifies+sound+production%3A+a+functionally+deceptive+innovation%3F&amp;rft.volume=276&amp;rft.issue=1673&amp;rft.pages=3689-3694&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817314&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19656794&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2009.1027&amp;rft.aulast=Hardus&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+E.&amp;rft.au=Lameira%2C+A.+R.&amp;rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+C.+P.&amp;rft.au=Wich%2C+S.+A.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817314&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaik_CP_2003-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schaik_CP_2003_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Schaik, C. P.; Ancrenaz, M.; Borgen, G.; Galdikas, B.; Knott, C. D.; Singleton, I.; Suzuki, A.; Utami, S. S.; Merrill, M.; et al. (2003). "Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture". <i>Science</i>. <b>299</b> (5603): 102–105. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...299..102V">2003Sci...299..102V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078004">10.1126/science.1078004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511649">12511649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Orangutan+cultures+and+the+evolution+of+material+culture&amp;rft.volume=299&amp;rft.issue=5603&amp;rft.pages=102-105&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12511649&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1078004&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...299..102V&amp;rft.aulast=van+Schaik&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+P.&amp;rft.au=Ancrenaz%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Borgen%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Galdikas%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Knott%2C+C.+D.&amp;rft.au=Singleton%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Suzuki%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Utami%2C+S.+S.&amp;rft.au=Merrill%2C+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Glendinning, L. (26 Juni 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826115218/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jun/26/humanrights.animalwelfare?gusrc=rss&amp;feed=networkfront">"Spanish parliament approves 'human rights' for apes"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/26/humanrights.animalwelfare?gusrc=rss&amp;feed=networkfront">versi asli</a> tanggal 26 Agustus 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Spanish+parliament+approves+%27human+rights%27+for+apes&amp;rft.date=2008-06-26&amp;rft.au=Glendinning%2C+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fjun%2F26%2Fhumanrights.animalwelfare%3Fgusrc%3Drss%26feed%3Dnetworkfront&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Singer, P. (18 Juli 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113090321/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jul/18/animalwelfare.animalbehaviour">"Of great apes and men"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jul/18/animalwelfare.animalbehaviour">versi asli</a> tanggal 13 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Of+great+apes+and+men&amp;rft.date=2008-07-18&amp;rft.au=Singer%2C+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Fjul%2F18%2Fanimalwelfare.animalbehaviour&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Giménez, Emiliano (23 Desember 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210403030759/https://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/23/world/americas/feat-orangutan-rights-ruling/">"Argentine orangutan granted unprecedented legal rights"</a>. CNN. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/23/world/americas/feat-orangutan-rights-ruling/">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Juni</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Argentine+orangutan+granted+unprecedented+legal+rights&amp;rft.pub=CNN&amp;rft.date=2014-12-23&amp;rft.au=Gim%C3%A9nez%2C+Emiliano&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F12%2F23%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Ffeat-orangutan-rights-ruling%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubis-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rubis_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rubis, June Mary (2020). "The orang utan is not an indigenous name: knowing and naming the maias as a decolonizing epistemology". <i>Cultural Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (5): 811–830. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09502386.2020.1780281">10.1080/09502386.2020.1780281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cultural+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=The+orang+utan+is+not+an+indigenous+name%3A+knowing+and+naming+the+maias+as+a+decolonizing+epistemology&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=811-830&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09502386.2020.1780281&amp;rft.aulast=Rubis&amp;rft.aufirst=June+Mary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Meijer, Miriam Claude (2014). <i>Race and Aesthetics in the Anthropology of Petrus Camper (1722–1789) (Studies in the History of Ideas in the Low Countries)</i>. Rodopi. hlm.&#160;42. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-9042004344" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-9042004344">978-9042004344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Race+and+Aesthetics+in+the+Anthropology+of+Petrus+Camper+%281722%E2%80%931789%29+%28Studies+in+the+History+of+Ideas+in+the+Low+Countries%29&amp;rft.pages=42&amp;rft.pub=Rodopi&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-9042004344&amp;rft.aulast=Meijer&amp;rft.aufirst=Miriam+Claude&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_1.29.95-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1.29.95_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">de Waal, Frans (Januari 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504180514/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/29/books/the-loneliest-of-apes.html?scp=3&amp;sq=galdikas%20fossey%20goodall&amp;st=cse">"The Loneliest of Apes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/29/books/the-loneliest-of-apes.html?scp=3&amp;sq=galdikas%20fossey%20goodall&amp;st=cse">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 Mei 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 Februari</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+Loneliest+of+Apes&amp;rft.date=1995-01&amp;rft.aulast=de+Waal&amp;rft.aufirst=Frans&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F01%2F29%2Fbooks%2Fthe-loneliest-of-apes.html%3Fscp%3D3%26sq%3Dgaldikas%2520fossey%2520goodall%26st%3Dcse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Oaks, Elizabeth H. (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of World Scientists: From Around the World</i>. Facts on File. hlm.&#160;260. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0816041305" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0816041305">978-0816041305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Scientists%3A+From+Around+the+World&amp;rft.pages=260&amp;rft.pub=Facts+on+File&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0816041305&amp;rft.au=Oaks%2C+Elizabeth+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmoil-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palmoil_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">McDowell, Robin (18 Januari 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120192430/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090118/ap_on_re_as/as_orangutan_s_last_stand">"Palm oil frenzy threatens to wipe out orangutans"</a>. Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinij.com/2009/01/19/palm-oil-frenzy-threatens-to-wipe-out-orangutans/">versi asli</a> tanggal 20 Januari 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">18 Januari</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Palm+oil+frenzy+threatens+to+wipe+out+orangutans&amp;rft.date=2009-01-18&amp;rft.au=McDowell%2C+Robin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinij.com%2F2009%2F01%2F19%2Fpalm-oil-frenzy-threatens-to-wipe-out-orangutans%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">MacClancy, J.; Fuentes, A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430081033/https://books.google.com/books?id=zSTT5Ntj9y0C&amp;pg=PA6"><i>Centralizing Fieldwork: Critical Perspectives from Primatology, Biological, and Social Anthropology</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berghahn_Books&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Berghahn Books (halaman belum tersedia)">Berghahn Books</a>. hlm.&#160;6–7. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84545-690-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84545-690-0">978-1-84545-690-0</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zSTT5Ntj9y0C&amp;pg=PA6">versi asli</a> tanggal 30 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Desember</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Centralizing+Fieldwork%3A+Critical+Perspectives+from+Primatology%2C+Biological%2C+and+Social+Anthropology&amp;rft.pages=6-7&amp;rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84545-690-0&amp;rft.aulast=MacClancy&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Fuentes%2C+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzSTT5Ntj9y0C%26pg%3DPA6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanWyhe2015-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanWyhe2015_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanWyhe2015_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_van_Wyhe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John van Wyhe (halaman belum tersedia)">van Wyhe, John</a>; Kjærgaard, Peter C. (1 Juni 2015). "Going the whole orang: Darwin, Wallace and the natural history of orangutans". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences</i>. <b>51</b>: 53–63. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsc.2015.02.006">10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.02.006</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1369-8486">1369-8486</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25861859">25861859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+C%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Biological+and+Biomedical+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Going+the+whole+orang%3A+Darwin%2C+Wallace+and+the+natural+history+of+orangutans&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.pages=53-63&amp;rft.date=2015-06-01&amp;rft.issn=1369-8486&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25861859&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsc.2015.02.006&amp;rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=Kj%C3%A6rgaard%2C+Peter+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmer2015-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer2015_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Zimmer, Carl (21 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607041644/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2015/04/21/when-darwin-met-another-ape/">"When Darwin Met Another Ape"</a>. National Geographic Society. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2015/04/21/when-darwin-met-another-ape/">versi asli</a> tanggal 7 Juni 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 Februari</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=When+Darwin+Met+Another+Ape&amp;rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&amp;rft.date=2015-04-21&amp;rft.aulast=Zimmer&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Fphenomena%2F2015%2F04%2F21%2Fwhen-darwin-met-another-ape%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303121336/http://www.nomoremonkeybusiness.com/">"Animal Actors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nomoremonkeybusiness.com/">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 Maret 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 Januari</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Animal+Actors&amp;rft.pub=People+for+the+Ethical+Treatment+of+Animals&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomoremonkeybusiness.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Middleton, Duncan (7 Agustus 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175722/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/36745764/the-missing-lynx-and-five-other-animal-escapees-including-ken-allen-the-orangutan">"The missing lynx and five other animal escapees including Ken Allen the Orangutan"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_Newsbeat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC Newsbeat (halaman belum tersedia)">BBC Newsbeat</a></i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/36745764/the-missing-lynx-and-five-other-animal-escapees-including-ken-allen-the-orangutan">versi asli</a> tanggal 25 Desember 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 Desember</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+Newsbeat&amp;rft.atitle=The+missing+lynx+and+five+other+animal+escapees+including+Ken+Allen+the+Orangutan&amp;rft.date=2016-08-07&amp;rft.aulast=Middleton&amp;rft.aufirst=Duncan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsbeat%2Farticle%2F36745764%2Fthe-missing-lynx-and-five-other-animal-escapees-including-ken-allen-the-orangutan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WranPete96-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WranPete96_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wrangham, Richard W; Peterson, Dale (1996). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/demonicmalesapes00wran"><i>Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Houghton_Mifflin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Houghton Mifflin (halaman belum tersedia)">Houghton Mifflin</a>. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/demonicmalesapes00wran/page/137">137</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-395-69001-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-395-69001-7">978-0-395-69001-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Demonic+Males%3A+Apes+and+the+Origins+of+Human+Violence&amp;rft.pages=137&amp;rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-395-69001-7&amp;rft.aulast=Wrangham&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+W&amp;rft.au=Peterson%2C+Dale&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemonicmalesapes00wran&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchaickSex-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchaickSex_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">van Schaik, Carel (2004). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amongorangutans00care"><i>Among Orangutans: Red Apes and the Rise of Human Culture</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amongorangutans00care/page/88">88</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780674015777" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780674015777">9780674015777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Among+Orangutans%3A+Red+Apes+and+the+Rise+of+Human+Culture&amp;rft.pages=88&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=9780674015777&amp;rft.aulast=van+Schaik&amp;rft.aufirst=Carel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famongorangutans00care&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Buck, Frank (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43207125"><i>Bring 'em back alive&#160;: the best of Frank Buck</i></a>. Steven Lehrer. Lubbock, Tex.: Texas Tech University Press. hlm.&#160;37. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-89672-430-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-89672-430-1">0-89672-430-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43207125">43207125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bring+%27em+back+alive+%3A+the+best+of+Frank+Buck&amp;rft.place=Lubbock%2C+Tex.&amp;rft.pages=37&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43207125&amp;rft.isbn=0-89672-430-1&amp;rft.aulast=Buck&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43207125&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN_Pongo_abelii-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_abelii_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_abelii_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_abelii_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Singleton, I.; Wich, S. A.; Griffiths, M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/121097935/123797627">"<i>Pongo abelii</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 Januari</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pongo+abelii&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Singleton%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Wich%2C+S.+A.&amp;rft.au=Griffiths%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F121097935%2F123797627&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN_Pongo_pygmaeus-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_pygmaeus_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_pygmaeus_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_Pongo_pygmaeus_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ancrenaz, M.; Gumal, M.; Marshall, A. J.; Meijaard, E.; Wich, S. A.; Husson, S. (2016). 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"<i>Pongo tapanuliensis</i>". 2017.3: e.T120588639A120588662. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T120588639A120588662.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T120588639A120588662.en</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Pongo+tapanuliensis&amp;rft.pages=e.T120588639A120588662&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T120588639A120588662.en&amp;rft.aulast=Nowak&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew+G.&amp;rft.au=Rianti%2C+Puji&amp;rft.au=Wich%2C+Serge+A.&amp;rft.au=Meijaard%2C+Erik&amp;rft.au=Fredriksson%2C+Gabriella&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Neme, Laurel (11 Oktober 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629034907/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141009-orangutans-palm-oil-malaysia-indonesia-tigers-rhinos/">"Endangered Orangutans Gain From Eco-Friendly Shifts in Palm Oil Market"</a>. National Geographic Society. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141009-orangutans-palm-oil-malaysia-indonesia-tigers-rhinos/">versi asli</a> tanggal 29 Juni 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 Juli</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Endangered+Orangutans+Gain+From+Eco-Friendly+Shifts+in+Palm+Oil+Market&amp;rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&amp;rft.date=2014-10-11&amp;rft.au=Neme%2C+Laurel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F10%2F141009-orangutans-palm-oil-malaysia-indonesia-tigers-rhinos%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508013819/https://www.orangutans-sos.org/crisis/">"On the edge of extinction"</a>. Sumatran Orangutan Society. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orangutans-sos.org/crisis/">versi asli</a> tanggal 8 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 Juli</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+edge+of+extinction&amp;rft.pub=Sumatran+Orangutan+Society&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orangutans-sos.org%2Fcrisis%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cheyne, S. M.; Thompson, C. J.; Phillips, A. C.; Hill, R. M.; Limin, S. H. (2007). "Density and population estimate of gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) in the Sabangau catchment, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia". <i>Primates</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 50–56. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10329-007-0063-0">10.1007/s10329-007-0063-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17899314">17899314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Primates&amp;rft.atitle=Density+and+population+estimate+of+gibbons+%28Hylobates+albibarbis%29+in+the+Sabangau+catchment%2C+Central+Kalimantan%2C+Indonesia&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=50-56&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10329-007-0063-0&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17899314&amp;rft.au=Cheyne%2C+S.+M.&amp;rft.au=Thompson%2C+C.+J.&amp;rft.au=Phillips%2C+A.+C.&amp;rft.au=Hill%2C+R.+M.&amp;rft.au=Limin%2C+S.+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hays, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512083505/http://factsanddetails.com/asian/cat68/sub430/item2475.html">"Endangered Orangutans: Fires, Poaching and Palm Oil: Facts and Details"</a>. <i>factsanddetails.com</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factsanddetails.com/asian/cat68/sub430/item2475.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 12 Mei 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Mei</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=factsanddetails.com&amp;rft.atitle=Endangered+Orangutans%3A+Fires%2C+Poaching+and+Palm+Oil%3A+Facts+and+Details&amp;rft.aulast=Hays&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fasian%2Fcat68%2Fsub430%2Fitem2475.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Than, Ker (16 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003172120/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/11/111115-orangutans-meat-animals-environment-science/">"Hundreds of Orangutans Killed Annually for Meat"</a>. National Geographic Society. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/11/111115-orangutans-meat-animals-environment-science/">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 Oktober 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hundreds+of+Orangutans+Killed+Annually+for+Meat&amp;rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&amp;rft.date=2011-11-16&amp;rft.au=Than%2C+Ker&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F11%2F111115-orangutans-meat-animals-environment-science%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Davis, J. T.; Mengersen, K.; Abram, N. K.; Ancrenaz, M.; Wells, J. A.; Meijaard, E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3793980">"It's Not Just Conflict That Motivates Killing of Orangutans"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (10): e75373. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...875373D">2013PLoSO...875373D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0075373">10.1371/journal.pone.0075373</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3793980">3793980</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24130707">24130707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=It%27s+Not+Just+Conflict+That+Motivates+Killing+of+Orangutans&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=e75373&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3793980&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24130707&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0075373&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...875373D&amp;rft.au=Davis%2C+J.+T.&amp;rft.au=Mengersen%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Abram%2C+N.+K.&amp;rft.au=Ancrenaz%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Wells%2C+J.+A.&amp;rft.au=Meijaard%2C+E.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3793980&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jacobson, Phillip (29 Maret 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614055134/https://news.mongabay.com/2017/03/the-ape-who-escaped-indonesias-blackmarket-trade-in-pet-orangutans/">"The military family that kept a pet orangutan in Indonesia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mongabay" title="Mongabay">Mongabay</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2017/03/the-ape-who-escaped-indonesias-blackmarket-trade-in-pet-orangutans/">versi asli</a> tanggal 14 Juni 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+military+family+that+kept+a+pet+orangutan+in+Indonesia&amp;rft.pub=Mongabay&amp;rft.date=2017-03-29&amp;rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Phillip&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2017%2F03%2Fthe-ape-who-escaped-indonesias-blackmarket-trade-in-pet-orangutans%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sherman, Julie; Voigt, Maria; Ancrenaz, Marc; Wich, Serge A.; Qomariah, Indira N.; Lyman, Erica; Massingham, Emily; Meijaard, Erik (Desember 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000632072200297X">"Orangutan killing and trade in Indonesia: Wildlife crime, enforcement, and deterrence patterns"</a>. <i>Biological Conservation</i>. <b>276</b>: 109744. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2022.109744">10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&amp;rft.atitle=Orangutan+killing+and+trade+in+Indonesia%3A+Wildlife+crime%2C+enforcement%2C+and+deterrence+patterns&amp;rft.volume=276&amp;rft.pages=109744&amp;rft.date=2022-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2022.109744&amp;rft.aulast=Sherman&amp;rft.aufirst=Julie&amp;rft.au=Voigt%2C+Maria&amp;rft.au=Ancrenaz%2C+Marc&amp;rft.au=Wich%2C+Serge+A.&amp;rft.au=Qomariah%2C+Indira+N.&amp;rft.au=Lyman%2C+Erica&amp;rft.au=Massingham%2C+Emily&amp;rft.au=Meijaard%2C+Erik&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS000632072200297X&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-actionplan-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-actionplan_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wich, S A; Meijaard, E; Marshall, A J; Husson, S; et al. (2002). "Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (<i>Pongo</i> spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain?". <i>Oryx</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 329–39. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5167%2Fuzh-3914">10.5167/uzh-3914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oryx&amp;rft.atitle=Distribution+and+conservation+status+of+the+orang-utan+%28Pongo+spp.%29+on+Borneo+and+Sumatra%3A+how+many+remain%3F&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=329-39&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5167%2Fuzh-3914&amp;rft.aulast=Wich&amp;rft.aufirst=S+A&amp;rft.au=Meijaard%2C+E&amp;rft.au=Marshall%2C+A+J&amp;rft.au=Husson%2C+S&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wich2016-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wich2016_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wich, Serge A.; Singleton, Ian; Nowak, Matthew G.; Utami Atmoko, Sri Suci; Nisam, Gonda; Arif, Sugesti Mhd.; Putra, Rudi H.; Ardi, Rio; Fredriksson, Gabriella; Usher, Graham; Gaveau, David L. A.; Kühl, Hjalmar S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783118">"Land-cover changes predict steep declines for the Sumatran orangutan (<i>Pongo abelii</i>)"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_Advances&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Science Advances (halaman belum tersedia)">Science Advances</a></i>. <b>2</b> (3): e1500789. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SciA....2E0789W">2016SciA....2E0789W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1500789">10.1126/sciadv.1500789</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783118">4783118</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26973868">26973868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&amp;rft.atitle=Land-cover+changes+predict+steep+declines+for+the+Sumatran+orangutan+%28Pongo+abelii%29&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=e1500789&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4783118&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26973868&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1500789&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016SciA....2E0789W&amp;rft.aulast=Wich&amp;rft.aufirst=Serge+A.&amp;rft.au=Singleton%2C+Ian&amp;rft.au=Nowak%2C+Matthew+G.&amp;rft.au=Utami+Atmoko%2C+Sri+Suci&amp;rft.au=Nisam%2C+Gonda&amp;rft.au=Arif%2C+Sugesti+Mhd.&amp;rft.au=Putra%2C+Rudi+H.&amp;rft.au=Ardi%2C+Rio&amp;rft.au=Fredriksson%2C+Gabriella&amp;rft.au=Usher%2C+Graham&amp;rft.au=Gaveau%2C+David+L.+A.&amp;rft.au=K%C3%BChl%2C+Hjalmar+S.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4783118&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nater, Alexander; Mattle-Greminger, Maja P.; Nurcahyo, Anton; Nowak, Matthew G.; Manuel, Marc de; Desai, Tariq; Groves, Colin; Pybus, Marc; Sonay, Tugce Bilgin (2 November 2017). "Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species". <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>27</b> (22): 3487–3498.e10. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2017.09.047">10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29103940">29103940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Morphometric%2C+Behavioral%2C+and+Genomic+Evidence+for+a+New+Orangutan+Species&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.pages=3487-3498.e10&amp;rft.date=2017-11-02&amp;rft.issn=0960-9822&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29103940&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2017.09.047&amp;rft.aulast=Nater&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rft.au=Mattle-Greminger%2C+Maja+P.&amp;rft.au=Nurcahyo%2C+Anton&amp;rft.au=Nowak%2C+Matthew+G.&amp;rft.au=Manuel%2C+Marc+de&amp;rft.au=Desai%2C+Tariq&amp;rft.au=Groves%2C+Colin&amp;rft.au=Pybus%2C+Marc&amp;rft.au=Sonay%2C+Tugce+Bilgin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928175159/https://masarang.nl/en/about-masarang/willie-smits/">"Willie Smits"</a>. Masarang Foundation. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://masarang.nl/en/about-masarang/willie-smits/">versi asli</a> tanggal 28 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Willie+Smits&amp;rft.pub=Masarang+Foundation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmasarang.nl%2Fen%2Fabout-masarang%2Fwillie-smits%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215031751/http://savetheorangutan.org/splash/nm10.pdf">"10 Years: Nyaru Menteng 1999–2009"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Orangutan Protection Foundation. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savetheorangutan.org/splash/nm10.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 15 Februari 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=10+Years%3A+Nyaru+Menteng+1999%E2%80%932009&amp;rft.pub=Orangutan+Protection+Foundation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsavetheorangutan.org%2Fsplash%2Fnm10.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110175957/http://www.savetheorangutan.se/about-us/news/ny-projektledare-paa-nyaru-menteng/">"Ny projektledare på Nyaru Menteng"</a>. <i>Save the Orangutan</i>. 26 Januari 2012. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savetheorangutan.se/about-us/news/ny-projektledare-paa-nyaru-menteng/">versi asli</a> tanggal 10 Januari 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Save+the+Orangutan&amp;rft.atitle=Ny+projektledare+p%C3%A5+Nyaru+Menteng&amp;rft.date=2012-01-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.savetheorangutan.se%2Fabout-us%2Fnews%2Fny-projektledare-paa-nyaru-menteng%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003151828/https://www.theweek.co.uk/98117/orangutan-shaved-made-up-and-prostituted-to-men-for-six-years">"Orangutan shaved, made up and prostituted to men for six years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a></i>. 28 November 2018. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/98117/orangutan-shaved-made-up-and-prostituted-to-men-for-six-years">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 Oktober 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Week&amp;rft.atitle=Orangutan+shaved%2C+made+up+and+prostituted+to+men+for+six+years&amp;rft.date=2018-11-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.co.uk%2F98117%2Forangutan-shaved-made-up-and-prostituted-to-men-for-six-years&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brady, Heather (18 Mei 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217133615/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/05/rare-albino-orangutan-found-indonesia/">"Extremely Rare Albino Orangutan Found in Indonesia"</a>. National Geographic Society. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/05/rare-albino-orangutan-found-indonesia/">versi asli</a> tanggal 17 Februari 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Extremely+Rare+Albino+Orangutan+Found+in+Indonesia&amp;rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&amp;rft.date=2017-05-18&amp;rft.au=Brady%2C+Heather&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2Frare-albino-orangutan-found-indonesia%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003131636/https://sustainabletravel.org/traveler-resources/viewing-orangutans-in-the-wild/">"Viewing Orangutans in the Wild"</a>. Sustainable Travel International. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sustainabletravel.org/traveler-resources/viewing-orangutans-in-the-wild/">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 Oktober 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Viewing+Orangutans+in+the+Wild&amp;rft.pub=Sustainable+Travel+International&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsustainabletravel.org%2Ftraveler-resources%2Fviewing-orangutans-in-the-wild%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Palmer, Alexandra (2020). <i>Ethical Debates in Orangutan Conservation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor &amp; Francis">Taylor &amp; Francis</a>. hlm.&#160;127. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0429576638" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0429576638">978-0429576638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ethical+Debates+in+Orangutan+Conservation&amp;rft.pages=127&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=978-0429576638&amp;rft.au=Palmer%2C+Alexandra&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Martinelli, D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430105825/https://books.google.com/books?id=mDPr7gVnXi4C&amp;pg=PT485"><i>A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics: People, Paths, Ideas</i></a>. Springer. hlm.&#160;218–19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-90-481-9248-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-90-481-9248-9">978-90-481-9248-9</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDPr7gVnXi4C&amp;pg=PT485">versi asli</a> tanggal 30 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Desember</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Critical+Companion+to+Zoosemiotics%3A+People%2C+Paths%2C+Ideas&amp;rft.pages=218-19&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-481-9248-9&amp;rft.aulast=Martinelli&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmDPr7gVnXi4C%26pg%3DPT485&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210025946/http://www.environment.gov.au/tax/reo/index.html">"Tax Deductible Organisations (Register of Environmental Organisations)"</a>. Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/tax/reo/index.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 10 Februari 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Januari</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tax+Deductible+Organisations+%28Register+of+Environmental+Organisations%29&amp;rft.pub=Australian+Department+of+the+Environment+and+Water+Resources&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Ftax%2Freo%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Butler, R. A. (20 Agustus 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105163042/http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0820-orangutans.html">"Rehabilitation not enough to solve orangutan crisis in Indonesia"</a>. Mongabay. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0820-orangutans.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 5 Januari 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 Maret</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Rehabilitation+not+enough+to+solve+orangutan+crisis+in+Indonesia&amp;rft.pub=Mongabay&amp;rft.date=2009-08-20&amp;rft.aulast=Butler&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2009%2F0820-orangutans.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Marusiak, J. (28 Juni 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eco-business.com/features/new-deal-for-orangutans-in-kalimantan/">"New deal for orangutans in Kalimantan"</a>. <i>Eco-Business</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Eco-Business&amp;rft.atitle=New+deal+for+orangutans+in+Kalimantan&amp;rft.date=2011-06-28&amp;rft.aulast=Marusiak&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eco-business.com%2Ffeatures%2Fnew-deal-for-orangutans-in-kalimantan%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AOrang+utan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pongo" class="extiw" title="commons:Pongo"><b><i>Pongo</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> mempunyai informasi mengenai <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pongo" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pongo">Pongo</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orangutan.org/">Orangutan Foundation International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130830125746/http://engage.aza.org/orangutans/">AZA's Orangutan 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role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41050#identifiers&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41050#identifiers&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41050#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172700-9">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161778355">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161778355">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh90005452">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568917">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph1002006&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1070963/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pengidentifikasi_takson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Pengidentifikasi_takson" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi_takson" title="Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi takson">Pengidentifikasi takson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41050" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q41050">Q41050</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pongo" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pongo">Pongo</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pongo/">Pongo</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id32343">32343</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=4537">4537</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/42005">42005</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PONGG">1PONGG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&amp;taxon_no=40897">40897</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5219531">5219531</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43581">43581</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=572839">572839</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&amp;id=12100803">12100803</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=9599">9599</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/8BE3221A-62FE-4604-B27D-B9151BCE14DB">8BE3221A-62FE-4604-B27D-B9151BCE14DB</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐nwn7m Cached time: 20241123150537 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.806 seconds Real time usage: 2.088 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 34646/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 436658/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 33503/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 28/100 Expensive parser function count: 29/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 278892/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.992/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6548740/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 13/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1778.085 1 -total 39.58% 703.790 1 Templat:Reflist 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