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id="toc-European_settlers_captured_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolutionary_wars_and_Napoleonic_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolutionary_wars_and_Napoleonic_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>French Revolutionary wars and Napoleonic wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolutionary_wars_and_Napoleonic_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoner_exchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoner_exchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Prisoner exchanges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoner_exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amelioration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amelioration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Amelioration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amelioration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hague_and_Geneva_Conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hague_and_Geneva_Conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Hague and Geneva Conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hague_and_Geneva_Conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Code_of_Conduct_and_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Code_of_Conduct_and_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>U.S. Code of Conduct and terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Code_of_Conduct_and_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War I subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Release_of_prisoners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_of_prisoners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Release of prisoners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_of_prisoners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_POWs_by_the_Axis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_POWs_by_the_Axis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Treatment of POWs by the Axis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_POWs_by_the_Axis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Empire_of_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire_of_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Empire of Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire_of_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2.1</span> <span>French soldiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Allies'_POWs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Allies'_POWs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2.2</span> <span>Western Allies' POWs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Allies'_POWs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_POWs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_POWs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2.3</span> <span>Italian POWs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_POWs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_European_POWs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_European_POWs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2.4</span> <span>Eastern European POWs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_European_POWs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_POWs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_POWs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3.1</span> <span>Soviet POWs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_POWs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Allies'_POWs_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Allies'_POWs_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3.2</span> <span>Western Allies' POWs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Allies'_POWs_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_POWs_by_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_POWs_by_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Treatment of POWs by the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_POWs_by_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germans,_Romanians,_Italians,_Hungarians,_Finns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germans,_Romanians,_Italians,_Hungarians,_Finns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Germans, Romanians, Italians, Hungarians, Finns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germans,_Romanians,_Italians,_Hungarians,_Finns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Polish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_POWs_by_the_Western_Allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_POWs_by_the_Western_Allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Treatment of POWs by the Western Allies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_POWs_by_the_Western_Allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Germans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Hungarians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Italians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cossacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cossacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Cossacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cossacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers_of_POWs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers_of_POWs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Numbers of POWs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers_of_POWs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Films and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prisoner of war</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herenuma" title="Herenuma – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Herenuma" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="أسير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisioneru_de_guerra" title="Prisioneru de guerra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Prisioneru de guerra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCharib%C9%99_%C9%99siri" title="Müharibə əsiri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müharibə əsiri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ساواش اسیری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساواش اسیری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF" title="যুদ্ধবন্দি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুদ্ধবন্দি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu-l%C3%B3%CD%98" title="Hu-ló͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hu-ló͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ваеннапалонныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ваеннапалонныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ваеннапалонны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ваеннапалонны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Военнопленник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Военнопленник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presoner_de_guerra" title="Presoner de guerra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Presoner de guerra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BD" title="Тыткăн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тыткăн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1le%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_zajatec" title="Válečný zajatec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válečný zajatec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcharor_rhyfel" title="Carcharor rhyfel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carcharor rhyfel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigsfange" title="Krigsfange – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krigsfange" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsgefangener" title="Kriegsgefangener – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kriegsgefangener" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiisn%C3%A1%C3%A1h" title="Yiisnááh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Yiisnááh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5javang" title="Sõjavang – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõjavang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Αιχμάλωτος πολέμου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιχμάλωτος πολέμου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisionero_de_guerra" title="Prisionero de guerra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prisionero de guerra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militkaptito" title="Militkaptito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Militkaptito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerra-preso" title="Gerra-preso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerra-preso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="اسیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonnier_de_guerre" title="Prisonnier de guerre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prisonnier de guerre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriichsfinzene" title="Kriichsfinzene – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kriichsfinzene" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADos%C3%BAnach_cogaidh" title="Príosúnach cogaidh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Príosúnach cogaidh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappagh_caggee" title="Cappagh caggee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cappagh caggee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisioneiro_de_guerra" title="Prisioneiro de guerra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Prisioneiro de guerra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A1%9C" title="포로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռազմագերիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռազմագերիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="युद्ध-बन्दी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युद्ध-बन्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratni_zarobljenik" title="Ratni zarobljenik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ratni zarobljenik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawanan_perang" title="Tawanan perang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tawanan perang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prigioniero_di_guerra" title="Prigioniero di guerra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prigioniero di guerra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99" title="שבוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawanan_perang" title="Tawanan perang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tawanan perang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Согуш туткуну – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Согуш туткуну" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bello_captus" title="Bello captus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bello captus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karag%C5%ABsteknis" title="Karagūsteknis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karagūsteknis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelaisv%C4%97" title="Nelaisvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nelaisvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadifogoly" title="Hadifogoly – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hadifogoly" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="യുദ്ധത്തടവുകാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുദ്ധത്തടവുകാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawanan_perang" title="Tawanan perang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tawanan perang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krijgsgevangene" title="Krijgsgevangene – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krijgsgevangene" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="युद्ध बन्दी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युद्ध बन्दी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E8%99%9C" title="捕虜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="捕虜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigsfange" title="Krigsfange – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krigsfange" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigsfange" title="Krigsfange – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krigsfange" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presonier_de_gu%C3%A8rra" title="Presonier de guèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Presonier de guèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جنگی قیدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگی قیدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%DB%90_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="د جګړې بندي یا اسیر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د جګړې بندي یا اسیر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeniec_wojenny" title="Jeniec wojenny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jeniec wojenny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisioneiro_de_guerra" title="Prisioneiro de guerra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prisioneiro de guerra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizonier_de_r%C4%83zboi" title="Prizonier de război – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prizonier de război" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Военнопленный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военнопленный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preesoner_o_war" title="Preesoner o war – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Preesoner o war" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%C3%ABrit_e_luft%C3%ABs" title="Robërit e luftës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Robërit e luftës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Prisoner of war" 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data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Әсир – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әсир" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81" title="เชลยศึก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชลยศึก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava%C5%9F_tutsa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Savaş tutsağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Savaş tutsağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Військовополонений – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Військовополонений" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جنگی قیدی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگی قیدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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style="display:none">Military term for a captive of the enemy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"POW" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/POW_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="POW (disambiguation)">POW (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Prisoner of war (disambiguation)">Prisoner of war (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbian_troops,_now_prisoners-of-war_in_Belgrade_of_Austro-Hungarian_forces,_1915_(21780846970).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Serbian_troops%2C_now_prisoners-of-war_in_Belgrade_of_Austro-Hungarian_forces%2C_1915_%2821780846970%29.jpg/370px-Serbian_troops%2C_now_prisoners-of-war_in_Belgrade_of_Austro-Hungarian_forces%2C_1915_%2821780846970%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Serbian_troops%2C_now_prisoners-of-war_in_Belgrade_of_Austro-Hungarian_forces%2C_1915_%2821780846970%29.jpg/555px-Serbian_troops%2C_now_prisoners-of-war_in_Belgrade_of_Austro-Hungarian_forces%2C_1915_%2821780846970%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Serbian_troops%2C_now_prisoners-of-war_in_Belgrade_of_Austro-Hungarian_forces%2C_1915_%2821780846970%29.jpg/740px-Serbian_troops%2C_now_prisoners-of-war_in_Belgrade_of_Austro-Hungarian_forces%2C_1915_%2821780846970%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2827" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption>Serbian prisoners of war in <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian forces">Austrian</a> captivity during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, 1915</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>prisoner of war</b> (<b>POW</b>) is a person who is held <a href="/wiki/Captivity" title="Captivity">captive</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerent</a> power during or immediately after an <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflict</a>. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belligerents hold prisoners of war in custody for a range of legitimate and illegitimate reasons, such as isolating them from the <a href="/wiki/Enemy_combatant" title="Enemy combatant">enemy combatants</a> still in the field (releasing and <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriating</a> them in an orderly manner after hostilities), demonstrating military victory, punishing them, prosecuting them for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploiting them for their labour</a>, recruiting or even <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripting</a> them as their own combatants, collecting military and political intelligence from them, or <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrinating</a> them in new political or religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu-Simbel_temple3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Abu-Simbel_temple3.jpg/220px-Abu-Simbel_temple3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Abu-Simbel_temple3.jpg/330px-Abu-Simbel_temple3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Abu-Simbel_temple3.jpg/440px-Abu-Simbel_temple3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubian</a> prisoners, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a>, Egypt, 13th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>For a large part of human history, prisoners of war would most often be either slaughtered or <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslaved</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Roman <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiators</a> could be prisoners of war, categorised according to their ethnic roots as <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> (<i>Galli</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homer's <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> describes Trojan and Greek soldiers offering rewards of wealth to opposing forces who have defeated them on the battlefield in exchange for mercy, but their offers are not always accepted; see <a href="/wiki/Lycaon_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycaon of Troy">Lycaon</a> for example. </p><p>Typically, victors made little distinction between enemy combatants and enemy civilians, although they were more likely to spare women and children. Sometimes the purpose of a battle, if not of a war, was to capture women, a practice known as <i><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">raptio</a></i>; the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabines" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabines">Rape of the Sabines</a> involved, according to tradition, a large mass-abduction by the founders of Rome. Typically women had no <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">rights</a>, and were held legally as <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">chattels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fourth century AD, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Amida" title="Acacius of Amida">Acacius of Amida</a>, touched by the plight of Persian prisoners captured in a recent war with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, who were held in his town under appalling conditions and destined for a life of slavery, took the initiative in ransoming them by selling his church's precious gold and silver vessels and letting them return to their country. For this he was eventually <a href="/wiki/Canonised" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonised">canonised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">Middle Ages and Renaissance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiezAlbumsPrisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DiezAlbumsPrisoners.jpg/220px-DiezAlbumsPrisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DiezAlbumsPrisoners.jpg/330px-DiezAlbumsPrisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DiezAlbumsPrisoners.jpg/440px-DiezAlbumsPrisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> riders with prisoners, 14th century</figcaption></figure> <p>According to legend, during <a href="/wiki/Childeric_I" title="Childeric I">Childeric</a>'s siege and blockade of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 464 the nun <a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneviève">Geneviève</a> (later canonised as the city's patron saint) pleaded with the Frankish king for the welfare of prisoners of war and met with a favourable response. Later, <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 481–511</span>) liberated captives after Genevieve urged him to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Attwater_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attwater-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a>'s English army killed many French prisoners of war after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> in 1415.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done in retaliation for the French killing of the boys and other non-combatants handling the baggage and equipment of the army, and because the French were attacking again and Henry was afraid that they would break through and free the prisoners who would rejoin the fight against the English. </p><p>In the later <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> a number of <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">religious wars</a> aimed to not only defeat but also to eliminate enemies. Authorities in <a href="/wiki/Christian_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Europe">Christian Europe</a> often considered the extermination of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">heathens</a> desirable. Examples of such wars include the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked by a Crusader how to distinguish between the Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a> following the projected capture (1209) of the city of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers" title="Béziers">Béziers</a>, the papal legate <a href="/wiki/Arnaud_Amalric" title="Arnaud Amalric">Arnaud Amalric</a> allegedly replied, "<a href="/wiki/Caedite_eos._Novit_enim_Dominus_qui_sunt_eius." title="Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius.">Kill them all, God will know His own</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, the inhabitants of conquered cities were frequently massacred during Christians' <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> against <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> in the 11th and 12th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Noblemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Noblemen">Noblemen</a> could hope to be <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransomed</a>; their families would have to send to their captors large sums of wealth commensurate with the social status of the captive. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feudal_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal Japan">Feudal Japan</a> had no custom of ransoming prisoners of war, who could expect for the most part summary execution.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Magliabechiano_(141_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Codex_Magliabechiano_%28141_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Codex_Magliabechiano_%28141_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Codex_Magliabechiano_%28141_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Codex_Magliabechiano_%28141_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Codex_Magliabechiano_%28141_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Codex_Magliabechiano_%28141_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption> Aztec sacrifices, as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Mendoza" title="Codex Mendoza">Codex Mendoza</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1541</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 13th century the expanding <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> famously distinguished between cities or towns that surrendered (where the population was spared but required to support the conquering Mongol army) and those that resisted (in which case the city was <a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">ransacked and destroyed</a>, and all the population killed). In <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a>: "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_warfare" title="Aztec warfare">warred</a> constantly with neighbouring tribes and groups, aiming to collect live prisoners for <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Aztec_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Aztec culture">sacrifice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the re-consecration of <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Tenochtitlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan">Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan</a> in 1487, "between 10,000 and 80,400 persons" were sacrificed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a> of 622–750, Muslims routinely captured large numbers of prisoners. Aside from those who converted, most were ransomed or <a href="/wiki/Muslim_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim slavery">enslaved</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians captured during the Crusades were usually either killed or sold into slavery if they could not pay a ransom.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his lifetime (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 570</span> – 632), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> made it the responsibility of the Islamic government to provide food and clothing, on a reasonable basis, to captives, regardless of their religion; however, if the prisoners were in the custody of a person, then the responsibility was on the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On certain occasions where Muhammad felt the enemy had broken a treaty with the Muslims he endorsed the mass execution of male prisoners who participated in battles, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a> in 627. The Muslims divided up the females and children of those executed as <i>ghanima</i> (spoils of war).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Het_dobbelspel_om_het_leven_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2675.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Het_dobbelspel_om_het_leven_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2675.jpeg/220px-Het_dobbelspel_om_het_leven_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2675.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Het_dobbelspel_om_het_leven_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2675.jpeg/330px-Het_dobbelspel_om_het_leven_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2675.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Het_dobbelspel_om_het_leven_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2675.jpeg/440px-Het_dobbelspel_om_het_leven_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2675.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>Casting the dice for life or death, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Huchtenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan van Huchtenburg">Jan van Huchtenburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, the treatment of prisoners of war became increasingly centralised, in the time period between the 16th and late 18th century. Whereas prisoners of war had previously been regarded as the private property of the captor, captured enemy soldiers became increasingly regarded as the property of the state. The European states strove to exert increasing control over all stages of captivity, from the question of who would be attributed the status of prisoner of war to their eventual release. The act of surrender was regulated so that it, ideally, should be legitimised by officers, who negotiated the surrender of their whole unit.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soldiers whose style of fighting did not conform to the battle line tactics of regular European armies, such as <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croats_(military_unit)" title="Croats (military unit)">Croats</a>, were often denied the status of prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In line with this development the treatment of prisoners of war became increasingly regulated in international treaties, particularly in the form of the so-called cartel system, which regulated how the exchange of prisoners would be carried out between warring states.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another such treaty was the 1648 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. This treaty established the rule that prisoners of war should be released without ransom at the end of hostilities and that they should be allowed to return to their homelands.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There also evolved the <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_parole" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war parole">right of <i>parole</i></a>, French for "discourse", in which a captured officer surrendered his sword and gave his word as a gentleman in exchange for privileges. If he swore not to escape, he could gain better accommodations and the freedom of the prison. If he swore to cease hostilities against the nation who hold him captive, he could be repatriated or exchanged but could not serve against his former captors in a military capacity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_settlers_captured_in_North_America">European settlers captured in North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European settlers captured in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <p>Early historical narratives of captured European settlers, including perspectives of literate women captured by the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of North America</a>, exist in some number. The writings of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rowlandson" title="Mary Rowlandson">Mary Rowlandson</a>, captured in the chaotic fighting of <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>, are an example. Such narratives enjoyed some popularity, spawning a genre of the <a href="/wiki/Captivity_narrative" title="Captivity narrative">captivity narrative</a>, and had lasting influence on the body of early American literature, most notably through the legacy of <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans" title="The Last of the Mohicans">The Last of the Mohicans</a></i>. Some Native Americans continued to capture Europeans and use them both as labourers and bargaining chips into the 19th century; see for example <a href="/wiki/John_R._Jewitt" title="John R. Jewitt">John R. Jewitt</a>, a sailor who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of the <a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuu-chah-nulth people">Nootka</a> people on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> coast from 1802 to 1805. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolutionary_wars_and_Napoleonic_wars">French Revolutionary wars and Napoleonic wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French Revolutionary wars and Napoleonic wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camp</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cross_Prison" title="Norman Cross Prison">Norman Cross</a> in Huntingdonshire, England in 1797 to house the increasing number of prisoners from the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average prison population was about 5,500 men. The lowest number recorded was 3,300 in October 1804 and 6,272 on 10 April 1810 was the highest number of prisoners recorded in any official document. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cross_Prison" title="Norman Cross Prison">Norman Cross Prison</a> was intended to be a model depot providing the most humane treatment of prisoners of war. The British government went to great lengths to provide food of a quality at least equal to that available to locals. The senior officer from each quadrangle was permitted to inspect the food as it was delivered to the prison to ensure it was of sufficient quality. Despite the generous supply and quality of food, some prisoners died of starvation after gambling away their rations. Most of the men held in the prison were low-ranking soldiers and sailors, including midshipmen and junior officers, with a small number of <a href="/wiki/Privateers" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateers">privateers</a>. About 100 senior officers and some civilians "of good social standing", mainly passengers on captured ships and the wives of some officers, were given <i>parole</i> outside the prison, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a> although some further afield. They were afforded the courtesy of their rank within English society. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> both sides used the <a href="/wiki/Alter_Johannisfriedhof" title="Alter Johannisfriedhof">city's cemetery</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Lazaretto" title="Lazaretto">lazaret</a> and prisoner camp for around 6,000 POWs who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)" title="Burial vault (tomb)">burial vaults</a> and used the coffins for firewood. Food was scarce and prisoners resorted to eating horses, cats, dogs or even human flesh. The bad conditions inside the graveyard contributed to a city-wide epidemic after the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoner_exchanges">Prisoner exchanges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prisoner exchanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extensive period of conflict during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1793–1815), followed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_%E2%80%93_United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom – United States relations">Anglo-American</a> <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, led to the emergence of a <a href="/wiki/Cartel_(ship)" title="Cartel (ship)">cartel</a> system for the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange of prisoners">exchange of prisoners</a>, even while the belligerents were at war. A cartel was usually arranged by the respective armed service for the exchange of like-ranked personnel. The aim was to achieve a reduction in the number of prisoners held, while at the same time alleviating shortages of skilled personnel in the home country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">American Civil War prison camps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Price_Raid_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Price_Raid_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Price_Raid_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Price_Raid_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Price_Raid_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Price_Raid_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Price_Raid_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> prisoners of war on the way to <a href="/wiki/Camp_Ford" title="Camp Ford">Camp Ford</a> prison in October 1864</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoner_of_war,_from_Belle_Isle,_Richmond,_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital,_Div._1,_Annapolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg/170px-Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg/255px-Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg/340px-Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> soldier on his release from a <a href="/wiki/Military_forces_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Military forces of the Confederate States">Confederate</a> POW camp, c. 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of the American Civil War a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners. In the late summer of 1864, a year after the <a href="/wiki/Dix%E2%80%93Hill_Cartel" title="Dix–Hill Cartel">Dix–Hill Cartel</a> was suspended, Confederate officials approached Union General Benjamin Butler, Union Commissioner of Exchange, about resuming the cartel and including the black prisoners. Butler contacted Grant for guidance on the issue, and Grant responded to Butler on 18 August 1864 with his now famous statement. He rejected the offer, stating in essence, that the Union could afford to leave their men in captivity, the Confederacy could not.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, accounting for nearly 10% of the conflict's fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 45,000 Union prisoners of war confined in <a href="/wiki/Camp_Sumter" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Sumter">Camp Sumter</a>, located near <a href="/wiki/Andersonville,_Georgia" title="Andersonville, Georgia">Andersonville, Georgia</a>, 13,000 (28%) died.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Camp_Douglas_(Chicago)" title="Camp Douglas (Chicago)">Camp Douglas</a> in Chicago, Illinois, 10% of its Confederate prisoners died during one cold winter month; and <a href="/wiki/Elmira_Prison" title="Elmira Prison">Elmira Prison</a> in New York state, with a death rate of 25% (2,963), nearly equalled that of Andersonville.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amelioration">Amelioration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Amelioration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a>, there were increased efforts to improve the treatment and processing of prisoners. As a result of these emerging conventions, a number of international conferences were held, starting with the Brussels Conference of 1874, with nations agreeing that it was necessary to prevent inhumane treatment of prisoners and the use of weapons causing unnecessary harm. Although no agreements were immediately ratified by the participating nations, work was continued that resulted in new <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">conventions</a> being adopted and becoming recognised as <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> that specified that prisoners of war be treated humanely and diplomatically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hague_and_Geneva_Conventions">Hague and Geneva Conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hague and Geneva Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter II of the Annex to the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_of_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Convention of 1907">1907 Hague Convention</a> <i>IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land</i> covered the treatment of prisoners of war in detail. These provisions were further expanded in the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War_(1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)">1929 Geneva Convention on the Prisoners of War</a> and were largely revised in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third Geneva Convention</a> in 1949. </p><p>Article 4 of the Third Geneva Convention protects captured <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> fighters, and certain <a href="/wiki/Civilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilians">civilians</a>. It applies from the moment a prisoner is captured until his or her release or repatriation. Under the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>, POWs acquires the status of <a href="/wiki/Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">protected persons</a>, meaning it is a war crime by the detaining power to deprive the rights afforded to them by the Third Convention's provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-JWEFS_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JWEFS-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 17 of the Third Geneva Convention states that POWs can only be required to give their <a href="/wiki/Name" title="Name">name</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth">date of birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">rank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">service number</a> (if applicable). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/ICRC" class="mw-redirect" title="ICRC">ICRC</a> has a special role to play, with regards to <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Restoring_Family_Links" title="Restoring Family Links">restoring and maintaining family contact in times of war</a>, in particular concerning the right of prisoners of war and internees to send and receive letters and cards (Geneva Convention (GC) III, art. 71 and GC IV, art. 107). </p><p>However, nations vary in their dedication to following these laws, and historically the treatment of POWs has varied greatly. During World War II, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (towards Soviet POWs and Western Allied commandos) were notorious for atrocities against prisoners of war. The German military used the Soviet Union's refusal to sign the Geneva Convention as a reason for not providing the necessities of life to Soviet POWs; and the Soviets also used Axis prisoners as forced labour. The Germans also routinely executed Allied commandos captured behind German lines per the <a href="/wiki/Commando_Order" title="Commando Order">Commando Order</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png/220px-Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png/330px-Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png/440px-Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png 2x" data-file-width="6417" data-file-height="3271" /></a><figcaption>Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives during the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> of 1894–95</figcaption></figure> <p>To be entitled to prisoner-of-war status, captured persons must be <a href="/wiki/Lawful_combatant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawful combatant">lawful combatants</a> entitled to combatant's privilege—which gives them immunity from punishment for crimes constituting lawful acts of war such as killing <a href="/wiki/Enemy_combatant" title="Enemy combatant">enemy combatants</a>. To qualify under the <a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third Geneva Convention</a>, a combatant must be part of a <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">chain of command</a>, wear a "fixed distinctive marking, visible from a distance", bear arms openly, and have conducted military operations according to the <a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws and customs of war">laws and customs of war</a>. (The Convention recognises a few other groups as well, such as "[i]nhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units".) </p><p>Thus, uniforms and badges are important in determining prisoner-of-war status under the Third Geneva Convention. Under <a href="/wiki/Additional_Protocol_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Protocol I">Additional Protocol I</a>, the requirement of a distinctive marking is no longer included. <i><a href="/wiki/Francs-tireurs" title="Francs-tireurs">Francs-tireurs</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">insurgents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorists">terrorists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">saboteurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">spies</a> generally do not qualify because they do not fulfill the criteria of Additional Protocol I. Therefore, they fall under the category of <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">unlawful combatants</a>, or more properly they are not combatants. Captured soldiers who do not get prisoner of war status are still protected like civilians under the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Convention</a>. </p><p>The criteria are applied primarily to <i>international</i> armed conflicts. The application of prisoner of war status in non-international armed conflicts like <a href="/wiki/Civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil wars">civil wars</a> is guided by <a href="/wiki/Additional_Protocol_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Protocol II">Additional Protocol II</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Insurgents" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgents">insurgents</a> are often treated as <a href="/wiki/Traitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitors">traitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminals">criminals</a> by government forces and are sometimes executed on spot or tortured. However, in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, both sides treated captured troops as POWs presumably out of <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(international_relations)" title="Reciprocity (international relations)">reciprocity</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> regarded <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> personnel as separatist rebels. However, guerrillas and other irregular combatants generally cannot expect to receive benefits from both civilian and military status simultaneously. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights">Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third Geneva Convention</a>, prisoners of war (POW) must be: </p> <ul><li>Treated humanely with respect for their persons and their honour</li> <li>Able to inform their next of kin and the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> of their capture</li> <li>Allowed to communicate regularly with relatives and receive packages</li> <li>Given adequate food, clothing, housing, and medical attention</li> <li>Paid for work done and not forced to do work that is dangerous, unhealthy, or degrading</li> <li>Released quickly after conflicts end</li> <li>Not compelled to give any information except for name, age, rank, and service number<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition, if wounded or sick on the battlefield, the prisoner will receive help from the International Committee of the Red Cross.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a country is responsible for breaches of prisoner of war rights, those accountable will be punished accordingly. An example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Trials">Tokyo Trials</a>. German and Japanese military commanders were prosecuted for preparing and initiating a <a href="/wiki/War_of_aggression" title="War of aggression">war of aggression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, ill treatment, and <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> of individuals, and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were executed or sentenced to life in prison for their crimes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Code_of_Conduct_and_terminology">U.S. Code of Conduct and terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: U.S. Code of Conduct and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Military_Code_of_Conduct" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Military Code of Conduct">The United States Military Code of Conduct</a> was promulgated in 1955 via <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_10631" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 10631">Executive Order 10631</a> under <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> to serve as a moral code for United States service members who have been taken prisoner. It was created primarily in response to the breakdown of leadership and organisation, specifically when U.S. forces were POWs during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. </p><p>When a military member is taken prisoner, the Code of Conduct reminds them that the chain of command is still in effect (the highest ranking service member eligible for command, regardless of service branch, is in command), and requires them to support their leadership. The Code of Conduct also requires service members to resist giving information to the enemy (beyond identifying themselves, that is, "name, rank, serial number"), receiving special favours or parole, or otherwise providing their enemy captors aid and comfort. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the official U.S. military term for enemy POWs is EPW (Enemy Prisoner of War). This name change was introduced in order to distinguish between enemy and U.S. captives.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, the U.S. military replaced the designation "Prisoner of War" for captured American personnel with "Missing-Captured". A January 2008 directive states that the reasoning behind this is since "Prisoner of War" is the international legal recognised status for such people there is no need for any individual country to follow suit. This change remains relatively unknown even among experts in the field and "Prisoner of War" remains widely used in the Pentagon which has a "POW/Missing Personnel Office" and awards the <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_War_Medal" title="Prisoner of War Medal">Prisoner of War Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Missing-Captured_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missing-Captured-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">Prisoners of war in World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_POWs_captured_in_Flanders_by_Brits2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/German_POWs_captured_in_Flanders_by_Brits2.jpg/260px-German_POWs_captured_in_Flanders_by_Brits2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/German_POWs_captured_in_Flanders_by_Brits2.jpg/390px-German_POWs_captured_in_Flanders_by_Brits2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/German_POWs_captured_in_Flanders_by_Brits2.jpg/520px-German_POWs_captured_in_Flanders_by_Brits2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers captured by the British in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_pow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/US_pow.jpg/220px-US_pow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/US_pow.jpg/330px-US_pow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/US_pow.jpg/440px-US_pow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>American soldiers of the 11th Engineer Regiment taken as prisoners of war by Germany in 1917</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_in_German_prison_camp._A_group_of_American_prisoners_in_a_German_prison_camp_listening_at_._._._-_NARA_-_533544.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Americans_in_German_prison_camp._A_group_of_American_prisoners_in_a_German_prison_camp_listening_at_._._._-_NARA_-_533544.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Americans_in_German_prison_camp._A_group_of_American_prisoners_in_a_German_prison_camp_listening_at_._._._-_NARA_-_533544.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Americans_in_German_prison_camp._A_group_of_American_prisoners_in_a_German_prison_camp_listening_at_._._._-_NARA_-_533544.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Americans_in_German_prison_camp._A_group_of_American_prisoners_in_a_German_prison_camp_listening_at_._._._-_NARA_-_533544.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Americans_in_German_prison_camp._A_group_of_American_prisoners_in_a_German_prison_camp_listening_at_._._._-_NARA_-_533544.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Americans_in_German_prison_camp._A_group_of_American_prisoners_in_a_German_prison_camp_listening_at_._._._-_NARA_-_533544.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption>US POWs at German prison camp Rastatt, Germany 1918<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_of_German_prisoners_captured_in_the_new_push_(4688031177).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Type_of_German_prisoners_captured_in_the_new_push_%284688031177%29.jpg/220px-Type_of_German_prisoners_captured_in_the_new_push_%284688031177%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Type_of_German_prisoners_captured_in_the_new_push_%284688031177%29.jpg/330px-Type_of_German_prisoners_captured_in_the_new_push_%284688031177%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Type_of_German_prisoners_captured_in_the_new_push_%284688031177%29.jpg/440px-Type_of_German_prisoners_captured_in_the_new_push_%284688031177%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>German soldier of Infantry Regiment 120, POW 1 January 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War I, about eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps until the war ended. All nations pledged to follow the Hague rules on fair treatment of prisoners of war, and in general the POWs had a much higher survival rate than their peers who were not captured.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual surrenders were uncommon; usually a large unit surrendered all its men. At <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_(1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tannenberg (1914)">Tannenberg</a> 92,000 Russians surrendered during the battle. When the besieged garrison of <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a> surrendered in 1915, 20,000 Russians became prisoners. Over half the Russian losses were prisoners as a proportion of those captured, wounded or killed. About 3.3 million men became prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> held 2.5 million prisoners; <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> held 2.9 million, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> held about 720,000, mostly gained in the period just before the <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a> in 1918. The US held 48,000. The most dangerous moment for POWs was the act of surrender, when helpless soldiers were sometimes killed or mistakenly shot down. Once prisoners reached a POW camp conditions were better (and often much better than in World War II), thanks in part to the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross">International Red Cross</a> and inspections by neutral nations. </p><p>There was much harsh treatment of POWs in Germany, as recorded by the American ambassador (prior to America's entry into the war), James W. Gerard, who published his findings in "My Four Years in Germany". Even worse conditions are reported in the book "Escape of a Princess Pat" by the Canadian George Pearson. It was particularly bad in Russia, where starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike; a quarter of the over 2 million POWs held there died.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 375,000 of the 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian">Austro-Hungarian</a> prisoners of war taken by Russians perished in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany, food was short, but only 5 per cent died.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> often treated prisoners of war poorly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The deaths of British soldiers before they were captured and their deaths due to their conditions during the siege are not related to the Ottoman attitude towards the prisoners. British officers did not accept surrender. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Some 11,800 British soldiers, most from the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>, became prisoners after the five-month <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, in April 1916. Many were weak and starved when they surrendered and 4,250 died in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a> 217 Australian and unknown numbers of British, New Zealand and Indian soldiers were captured by Ottoman forces. About 50 per cent of the Australian prisoners were light horsemen including 48 missing believed captured on 1 May 1918 in the Jordan Valley. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Flying_Corps" title="Australian Flying Corps">Australian Flying Corps</a> pilots and observers were captured in the Sinai Peninsula, Palestine and the Levant. One third of all Australian prisoners were captured on Gallipoli including the crew of the submarine AE2 which made a passage through the Dardanelles in 1915. Forced marches and crowded railway journeys preceded years in camps where disease, poor diet and inadequate medical facilities prevailed. About 25 per cent of other ranks died, many from malnutrition, while only one officer died.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most curious case came in Russia where the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legion" title="Czechoslovak Legion">Czechoslovak Legion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> prisoners (from the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian">Austro-Hungarian</a> army) who were released and armed to fight on the side of the Entente, who briefly served as a military and diplomatic force during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_of_prisoners">Release of prisoners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Release of prisoners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-085-63,_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fungsfeier_f%C3%BCr_heimgekehrte_Kriegsgefangene,_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-085-63%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fungsfeier_f%C3%BCr_heimgekehrte_Kriegsgefangene%2C_Berlin.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-085-63%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fungsfeier_f%C3%BCr_heimgekehrte_Kriegsgefangene%2C_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-085-63%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fungsfeier_f%C3%BCr_heimgekehrte_Kriegsgefangene%2C_Berlin.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-085-63%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fungsfeier_f%C3%BCr_heimgekehrte_Kriegsgefangene%2C_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-085-63%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fungsfeier_f%C3%BCr_heimgekehrte_Kriegsgefangene%2C_Berlin.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-085-63%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fungsfeier_f%C3%BCr_heimgekehrte_Kriegsgefangene%2C_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Celebration for returning POWs, Berlin 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the war in 1918 there were believed to be 140,000 British prisoners of war in Germany, including thousands of internees held in neutral Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first British prisoners were released and reached <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> on 15 November. Plans were made for them to be sent via <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> and a large reception camp was established at Dover capable of housing 40,000 men, which could later be used for <a href="/wiki/Demobilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Demobilisation">demobilisation</a>. </p><p>On 13 December 1918, the armistice was extended and the Allies reported that by 9 December 264,000 prisoners had been repatriated. A very large number of these had been released <i>en masse</i> and sent across Allied lines without any food or shelter. This created difficulties for the receiving Allies and many ex-prisoners died from exhaustion. The released POWs were met by <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> troops and sent back through the lines in lorries to reception centres where they were refitted with boots and clothing and dispatched to the ports in trains. </p><p>Upon arrival at the receiving camp the POWs were registered and "boarded" before being dispatched to their own homes. All <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commissioned officers</a> had to write a report on the circumstances of their capture and to ensure that they had done all they could to avoid capture. Each returning officer and man was given a message from King <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George V</a>, written in his own hand and reproduced on a lithograph. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Queen joins me in welcoming you on your release from the miseries & hardships, which you have endured with so much patience and courage. </p><p>During these many months of trial, the early rescue of our gallant Officers & Men from the cruelties of their captivity has been uppermost in our thoughts. </p><p> We are thankful that this longed for day has arrived, & that back in the old Country you will be able once more to enjoy the happiness of a home & to see good days among those who anxiously look for your return.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>George R.I.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>While the Allied prisoners were sent home at the end of the war, the same treatment was not granted to <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> prisoners of the Allies and Russia, many of whom had to serve as <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>, e.g. in France, until 1920. They were released after many approaches by the <a href="/wiki/ICRC" class="mw-redirect" title="ICRC">ICRC</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Supreme_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Supreme Council">Allied Supreme Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36,_Russland,_russische_Kriegsgefangene_(Juden).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Jewish USSR POW captured by German Army, August 1941. At least 50,000 Jewish soldiers were executed after selection.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, in addition to figures from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Lowe_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Lowe (author) (page does not exist)">Keith Lowe</a>, tabulated the total death rate for POWs in World War II as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Category</th> <th rowspan="2">Percentage of<br />POWs that died </th></tr> <tr> <th>Captives</th> <th>Captors </th></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese</td> <td>Japanese</td> <td>60.0% <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>USSR</td> <td>Germans</td> <td>57.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germans</td> <td>Yugoslavs</td> <td>41.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germans</td> <td>USSR</td> <td>35.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Americans</td> <td>Japanese</td> <td>33.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germans</td> <td>Eastern Europeans</td> <td>32.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>British</td> <td>Japanese</td> <td>24.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>French</td> <td>Germans</td> <td>4.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>British</td> <td>Germans</td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germans</td> <td>French</td> <td>2.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Americans</td> <td>Germans</td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germans</td> <td>Americans</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germans</td> <td>British</td> <td><0.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_POWs_by_the_Axis">Treatment of POWs by the Axis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Treatment of POWs by the Axis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Empire_of_Japan">Empire of Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Empire of Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Far_East_prisoners_of_war" title="Far East prisoners of war">Far East prisoners of war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg/220px-Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg/330px-Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg/440px-Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Troops of the <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Regiment" title="Suffolk Regiment">Suffolk Regiment</a> surrendering to the Japanese after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, which had signed but never ratified the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War_(1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)">1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not treat prisoners of war in accordance with international agreements, including provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">Hague Conventions</a>, either during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> or during the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, because the Japanese viewed surrender as dishonorable. Moreover, according to a directive ratified on 5 August 1937 by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a>, the constraints of the Hague Conventions were explicitly removed on Chinese prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prisoners of war from China, the United States, Australia, Britain, Canada, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Japanese-occupied Asia, held by Japanese imperial armed forces were subject to murder, torture, beatings, extrajudicial punishment, brutal treatment, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">medical experiments</a>, starvation rations, poor medical treatment and <a href="/wiki/Chichijima_incident" title="Chichijima incident">cannibalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notorious use of forced labour was in the construction of the Burma–Thailand <a href="/wiki/Death_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Death Railway">Death Railway</a>. After 20 March 1943, the Imperial Navy was ordered to kill prisoners of war taken at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a>, Italian soldiers and civilians in East Asia were taken as prisoners of war by Japanese armed forces and subject to the same conditions as other POWs.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg/220px-March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg/330px-March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg/440px-March_of_Death_from_Bataan_to_the_prison_camp_-_Dead_soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>Thousands of US and Filipino POWs died on the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a>, April 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the findings of the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Tribunal</a>, the Japanese captured 350,000 POWs, of which 131,134 came from Britain, the Netherlands, Australia, the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Of these 131,134 POWs, 35,756 died while detained, the death rate of Western prisoners was thus 27.1 per cent, seven times that of Western POWs under the Germans and Italians.<sup id="cite_ref-hidden_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidden-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death rate of Chinese was much higher. Thus, while 37,583 prisoners from the United Kingdom, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a>, the number for the Chinese was only 56.<sup id="cite_ref-hidden_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidden-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 27,465 US Army POWs captured in the Pacific Theater, including Filipinos, had a 40.4 per cent death rate.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The War Ministry in Tokyo issued an order at the end of the war allowing local commanders to kill remaining POWs without formal orders from Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Number of Western Allied POWs and Death Rate Under the Japanese<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hidden_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidden-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Number of POWs </th> <th>Number of Deaths </th> <th>Death Rate </th></tr> <tr> <td>Australia </td> <td>21,726 </td> <td>7,412 </td> <td>34.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada</td> <td>1,691 </td> <td>273 </td> <td>16.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand</td> <td>121 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>25.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Netherlands</td> <td>37,000 </td> <td>8,500 </td> <td>22.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td>50,016 </td> <td>12,433 </td> <td>24.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States </td> <td>21,580 </td> <td>7,107 </td> <td>32.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>132,134 </td> <td>35,756 </td> <td>27.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>No direct access to the POWs was provided to the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross">International Red Cross</a>. Escapes amongst the <a href="/wiki/European_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="European descent">prisoners of European descent</a> were almost impossible because of the difficulty of hiding in Asiatic populations.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allied POW camps and ship-transports became accidental targets of Allied attacks. The number of deaths which occurred when Japanese "<a href="/wiki/Hell_ship" title="Hell ship">hell ships</a>"—unmarked transport ships in which POWs were transported in harsh conditions—were attacked by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> was particularly high. Gavan Daws has calculated that "of all POWs who died in the Pacific War, one in three was killed on the water by friendly fire".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daws states that 10,800 of the 50,000 POWs shipped by the Japanese were killed at sea<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Donald L. Miller states that "approximately 21,000 Allied POWs died at sea, about 19,000 of them killed by friendly fire."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Life in the POW camps was recorded at great risk to themselves by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Bridger_Chalker" title="Jack Bridger Chalker">Jack Bridger Chalker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Meninsky" title="Philip Meninsky">Philip Meninsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashley_George_Old" title="Ashley George Old">Ashley George Old</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Searle" title="Ronald Searle">Ronald Searle</a>. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, toilet paper as the "canvas". Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. </p><p>Female prisoners (detainees) at <a href="/wiki/Changi_Prison" title="Changi Prison">Changi Prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, recorded their ordeal in seemingly harmless prison quilt embroidery.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_%22Dusty%22_Rhodes_by_Ashley_George_Old.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water colour sketch of "Dusty" Rhodes by Ashley George Old"><img alt="Water colour sketch of "Dusty" Rhodes by Ashley George Old" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Portrait_of_%22Dusty%22_Rhodes_by_Ashley_George_Old.jpg/97px-Portrait_of_%22Dusty%22_Rhodes_by_Ashley_George_Old.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Portrait_of_%22Dusty%22_Rhodes_by_Ashley_George_Old.jpg/145px-Portrait_of_%22Dusty%22_Rhodes_by_Ashley_George_Old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Portrait_of_%22Dusty%22_Rhodes_by_Ashley_George_Old.jpg/194px-Portrait_of_%22Dusty%22_Rhodes_by_Ashley_George_Old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water colour sketch of "Dusty" Rhodes by <a href="/wiki/Ashley_George_Old" title="Ashley George Old">Ashley George Old</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australian and Dutch POWs at Tarsau, Thailand in 1943"><img alt="Australian and Dutch POWs at Tarsau, Thailand in 1943" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg/140px-POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg/210px-POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg/280px-POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1939" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Australian and Dutch POWs at Tarsau, Thailand in 1943</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_nurses_rescued_from_Santo_Tomas_1945h.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Army Nurses in Santo Tomas Internment Camp, 1943"><img alt="U.S. Army Nurses in Santo Tomas Internment Camp, 1943" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Army_nurses_rescued_from_Santo_Tomas_1945h.jpg/140px-Army_nurses_rescued_from_Santo_Tomas_1945h.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Army_nurses_rescued_from_Santo_Tomas_1945h.jpg/210px-Army_nurses_rescued_from_Santo_Tomas_1945h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Army_nurses_rescued_from_Santo_Tomas_1945h.jpg/280px-Army_nurses_rescued_from_Santo_Tomas_1945h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Angels_of_Bataan" title="Angels of Bataan">U.S. Army Nurses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Tomas_Internment_Camp" title="Santo Tomas Internment Camp">Santo Tomas Internment Camp</a>, 1943</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Nurses_Rescued_from_Los_Banos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Navy nurses rescued from Los Baños Internment Camp, March 1945"><img alt="U.S. Navy nurses rescued from Los Baños Internment Camp, March 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Navy_Nurses_Rescued_from_Los_Banos.jpg/140px-Navy_Nurses_Rescued_from_Los_Banos.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Navy_Nurses_Rescued_from_Los_Banos.jpg/210px-Navy_Nurses_Rescued_from_Los_Banos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Navy_Nurses_Rescued_from_Los_Banos.jpg/280px-Navy_Nurses_Rescued_from_Los_Banos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2817" data-file-height="2168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Nurse_Corps" title="United States Navy Nurse Corps">U.S. Navy nurses</a> rescued from Los Baños Internment Camp, March 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaunt_allied_prisoners_of_war_at_Aomori_camp_near_Yokohama_cheer_rescuers_from_U.S._Navy._Waving_flags_of_the_United..._-_NARA_-_520992.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Allied prisoners of war at Aomori camp near Yokohama, Japan, waving flags of the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands in August 1945"><img alt="Allied prisoners of war at Aomori camp near Yokohama, Japan, waving flags of the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands in August 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gaunt_allied_prisoners_of_war_at_Aomori_camp_near_Yokohama_cheer_rescuers_from_U.S._Navy._Waving_flags_of_the_United..._-_NARA_-_520992.tif/lossy-page1-114px-Gaunt_allied_prisoners_of_war_at_Aomori_camp_near_Yokohama_cheer_rescuers_from_U.S._Navy._Waving_flags_of_the_United..._-_NARA_-_520992.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gaunt_allied_prisoners_of_war_at_Aomori_camp_near_Yokohama_cheer_rescuers_from_U.S._Navy._Waving_flags_of_the_United..._-_NARA_-_520992.tif/lossy-page1-172px-Gaunt_allied_prisoners_of_war_at_Aomori_camp_near_Yokohama_cheer_rescuers_from_U.S._Navy._Waving_flags_of_the_United..._-_NARA_-_520992.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gaunt_allied_prisoners_of_war_at_Aomori_camp_near_Yokohama_cheer_rescuers_from_U.S._Navy._Waving_flags_of_the_United..._-_NARA_-_520992.tif/lossy-page1-229px-Gaunt_allied_prisoners_of_war_at_Aomori_camp_near_Yokohama_cheer_rescuers_from_U.S._Navy._Waving_flags_of_the_United..._-_NARA_-_520992.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2452" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Allied prisoners of war at Aomori camp near <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, Japan, waving flags of the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands in August 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_POWs_in_Manilla_Philippines_1945.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Liberated Canadian POWs arriving in Manilla, Philippines, 1945"><img alt="Liberated Canadian POWs arriving in Manilla, Philippines, 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canadian_POWs_in_Manilla_Philippines_1945.gif/140px-Canadian_POWs_in_Manilla_Philippines_1945.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canadian_POWs_in_Manilla_Philippines_1945.gif/210px-Canadian_POWs_in_Manilla_Philippines_1945.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canadian_POWs_in_Manilla_Philippines_1945.gif/280px-Canadian_POWs_in_Manilla_Philippines_1945.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1202" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Liberated Canadian POWs arriving in Manilla, Philippines, 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aso_Mining_POWs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malnourished Australian POWs forced to work at the Aso mining company, August 1945"><img alt="Malnourished Australian POWs forced to work at the Aso mining company, August 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Aso_Mining_POWs.jpg/140px-Aso_Mining_POWs.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Aso_Mining_POWs.jpg/210px-Aso_Mining_POWs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Aso_Mining_POWs.jpg/280px-Aso_Mining_POWs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Malnourished Australian POWs forced to work at the Aso mining company, August 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giving_a_sick_man_a_drink_as_US_POWs_of_Japanese,_Philippine_Islands,_Cabanatuan_prison_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="POW art depicting Cabanatuan prison camp, produced in 1946"><img alt="POW art depicting Cabanatuan prison camp, produced in 1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Giving_a_sick_man_a_drink_as_US_POWs_of_Japanese%2C_Philippine_Islands%2C_Cabanatuan_prison_camp.jpg/140px-Giving_a_sick_man_a_drink_as_US_POWs_of_Japanese%2C_Philippine_Islands%2C_Cabanatuan_prison_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Giving_a_sick_man_a_drink_as_US_POWs_of_Japanese%2C_Philippine_Islands%2C_Cabanatuan_prison_camp.jpg/210px-Giving_a_sick_man_a_drink_as_US_POWs_of_Japanese%2C_Philippine_Islands%2C_Cabanatuan_prison_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Giving_a_sick_man_a_drink_as_US_POWs_of_Japanese%2C_Philippine_Islands%2C_Cabanatuan_prison_camp.jpg/280px-Giving_a_sick_man_a_drink_as_US_POWs_of_Japanese%2C_Philippine_Islands%2C_Cabanatuan_prison_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3662" data-file-height="2752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">POW art depicting <a href="/wiki/Raid_at_Cabanatuan#POW_camp" title="Raid at Cabanatuan">Cabanatuan prison camp</a>, produced in 1946</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australian POW Leonard Siffleet captured at New Guinea moments before his execution with a Japanese shin gunto sword in 1943"><img alt="Australian POW Leonard Siffleet captured at New Guinea moments before his execution with a Japanese shin gunto sword in 1943" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg/95px-Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg/142px-Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg/189px-Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1754" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Australian POW <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Siffleet" title="Leonard Siffleet">Leonard Siffleet</a> captured at New Guinea moments before his execution with a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shin_gunto" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin gunto">shin gunto</a> sword in 1943</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Captured soldiers of the British Indian Army executed by the Japanese"><img alt="Captured soldiers of the British Indian Army executed by the Japanese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg/140px-Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg/210px-Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg/280px-Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Captured soldiers of the British Indian Army executed by the Japanese</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="French_soldiers">French soldiers</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: French soldiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="French prisoners of war in World War II">French prisoners of war in World War II</a></div> <p>After the French armies surrendered in summer 1940, Germany seized two million French prisoners of war and sent them to camps in Germany. About one third were released on various terms. Of the remainder, the officers and non-commissioned officers were kept in camps and did not work. The privates were sent out to work. About half of them worked for German agriculture, where food supplies were adequate and controls were lenient. The others worked in factories or mines, where conditions were much harsher.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Western_Allies'_POWs"><span id="Western_Allies.27_POWs"></span>Western Allies' POWs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Western Allies' POWs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian prisoners of war in World War II">Belgian prisoners of war in World War II</a></div> <p>Germany and Italy generally treated prisoners from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, France, the U.S., and other western Allies in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War_(1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)">Geneva Convention</a>, which had been signed by these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, western Allied officers were not usually made to work and some personnel of lower rank were usually compensated, or not required to work either. The main complaints of western Allied prisoners of war in <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German</a> POW camps—especially during the last two years of the war—concerned shortages of food. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_POWs_AF_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/American_POWs_AF_Museum.jpg/220px-American_POWs_AF_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/American_POWs_AF_Museum.jpg/330px-American_POWs_AF_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/American_POWs_AF_Museum.jpg/440px-American_POWs_AF_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Representation of a "Forty-and-eight" boxcar used to transport American POWs in Germany during World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>Only a small proportion of western Allied POWs who were <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>—or whom the Nazis believed to be Jewish—were killed as part of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> or were subjected to other <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> policies.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Major <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Aharon" title="Yitzhak Ben-Aharon">Yitzhak Ben-Aharon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Jew">Palestinian Jew</a> who had enlisted in the British Army, and who was captured by the Germans in <a href="/wiki/Greek_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Campaign">Greece in 1941</a>, experienced four years of captivity under entirely normal conditions for POWs.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small number of Allied personnel were sent to concentration camps, for a variety of reasons including being Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the US historian Joseph Robert White put it: "An important exception ... is the sub-camp for U.S. POWs at <a href="/wiki/Berga,_Thuringia" title="Berga, Thuringia">Berga an der Elster</a>, officially called <i><a href="/wiki/Arbeitslager" title="Arbeitslager">Arbeitskommando</a> 625</i> [also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Stalag_IX-B" title="Stalag IX-B">Stalag IX-B</a></i>]. Berga was the deadliest work detachment for American captives in Germany. 73 men who participated, or 21 percent of the detachment, perished in two months. 80 of the 350 POWs were Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another well-known example was a group of 168 Australian, British, Canadian, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and US aviators who were held for two months at <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald concentration camp</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two of the POWs died at Buchenwald. Two possible reasons have been suggested for this incident: German authorities wanted to make an example of <i><a href="/wiki/Terror_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror bombing">Terrorflieger</a></i> ("terrorist aviators") or these aircrews were classified as spies, because they had been disguised as civilians or enemy soldiers when they were apprehended. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pow_telegram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pow_telegram.jpg/220px-Pow_telegram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pow_telegram.jpg/330px-Pow_telegram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pow_telegram.jpg/440px-Pow_telegram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Telegram notifying parents of an American POW of his capture by Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Information on conditions in the stalags is contradictory depending on the source. Some American POWs claimed the Germans were victims of circumstance and did the best they could, while others accused their captors of brutalities and forced labour. In any case, the prison camps were miserable places where food rations were meager and conditions squalid. One American admitted "The only difference between the stalags and concentration camps was that we weren't gassed or shot in the former. I do not recall a single act of compassion or mercy on the part of the Germans." Typical meals consisted of a bread slice and watery potato soup which was still more substantial than what Soviet POWs or concentration camp inmates received. Another prisoner stated that "The German plan was to keep us alive, yet weakened enough that we wouldn't attempt escape."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Red Army approached some POW camps in early 1945, German guards forced western Allied POWs <a href="/wiki/The_March_(1945)" title="The March (1945)">to walk</a> long distances towards central Germany, often in extreme winter weather conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that, out of 257,000 POWs, about 80,000 were subject to such marches and up to 3,500 of them died as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Italian_POWs">Italian POWs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Italian POWs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Achse" title="Operation Achse">Operation Achse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_military_internees" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian military internees">Italian military internees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Acqui_Division" title="Massacre of the Acqui Division">Massacre of the Acqui Division</a></div> <p>In September 1943 after the Armistice, Italian officers and soldiers in many places waiting for orders were arrested by Germans and Italian fascists and taken to internment camps in Germany or Eastern Europe, where they were held for the duration of the war. The International Red Cross could do nothing for them, as they were not regarded as POWs, but the prisoners held the status of "<a href="/wiki/Italian_military_internees" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian military internees">military internees</a>". Treatment of the prisoners was generally poor. The author <a href="/wiki/Giovannino_Guareschi" title="Giovannino Guareschi">Giovannino Guareschi</a> was among those interned and wrote about this time in his life. The book was translated and published as <i>My Secret Diary</i>. He wrote about semi-starvation, the casual murder of individual prisoners by guards and how, when they were released (now from a German camp), they found a deserted German town filled with foodstuffs that they (with other released prisoners) ate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It is estimated that of the 700,000 Italians taken prisoner by the Germans, around 40,000 died in detention and more than 13,000 lost their lives during the transportation from the Greek islands to the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Eastern_European_POWs">Eastern European POWs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Eastern European POWs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845,_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>An improvised camp for Soviet POWs. Between June 1941 and January 1942, the Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war, whom they viewed as "<a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">subhuman</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1941 and 1945 the Axis powers took about 5.7 million Soviet prisoners. About one million of them were released during the war, in that their status changed but they remained under German authority. A little over 500,000 either escaped or were liberated by the Red Army. Some 930,000 more were found alive in camps after the war. The remaining 3.3 million prisoners (57.5% of the total captured) died during their captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the launching of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> in the summer of 1941 and the following spring, 2.8 million of the 3.2 million Soviet prisoners taken died while in German hands.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Russian military historian General <a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_Krivosheyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigoriy Krivosheyev">Grigoriy Krivosheyev</a>, the Axis powers took 4.6 million Soviet prisoners, of whom 1.8 million were found alive in camps after the war and 318,770 were released by the Axis during the war and were then drafted into the Soviet armed forces again.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison, 8,348 Western Allied prisoners died in German camps during 1939–45 (3.5% of the 232,000 total).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Naked Soviet prisoners of war in <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Germans officially justified their policy on the grounds that the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention. Legally, however, under article 82 of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War_(1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)">Geneva Convention</a>, signatory countries had to give POWs of all signatory and non-signatory countries the rights assigned by the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-art%2E%2082_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art%252E%252082-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the German invasion in 1941, the USSR made Berlin an offer of a reciprocal adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">Hague Conventions</a>. Third Reich officials left the Soviet "note" unanswered.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Soviet_POWs">Soviet POWs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Soviet POWs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1941 and 1944, 91,060 Soviet prisoners of war were captured by the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Army">Romanian Army</a>. Until August 1944, 5,221 Soviet prisoners died in Romanian camps mainly to disease during winter. The POWs were treated according to the 1929 Geneva Convention, which was ratified by Romania on 15 September 1931. Initially, the prisoners were held in five POW camps in <a href="/wiki/Vulcan,_Bra%C8%99ov" title="Vulcan, Brașov">Vulcan</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C4%83e%C8%99ti" title="Găești">Găești</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr%C4%83g%C4%83%C8%99ani" title="Drăgășani">Drăgășani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Romania" title="Alexandria, Romania">Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slobozia" title="Slobozia">Slobozia</a>. By 1942, the number reached 12 camps of which 10 were in Romania, and two in <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>. As the frontline moved further away, the captured prisoners were given to German POW camps, and then they were transferred to Romanian ones after requests from the Romanian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutu1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutu1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bess7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bess7.JPG/220px-Bess7.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bess7.JPG/330px-Bess7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bess7.JPG/440px-Bess7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Soviet POWs escorted by a Romanian cavalryman in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>In the winter of 1941/1942, the conditions of the POW camps were unsatisfactory, leading to the deaths of prisoners due to various diseases. The conditions were improved in 1942 when, by order of Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>, the organisations leading the camps were to permanently control how the prisoners were accommodated, cared for, fed, and used. Due to some problems that arose with the food allowance in 1942, it was decided that the prisoners were to be fed like the Romanian troops, with an allocated 30 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">lei</a> per soldier per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutu1_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutu1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with Article 27 of the Geneva Convention, the POWs were used in various productive activities. In return for providing work, the prisoners were granted payment and accommodation, as well as free time for cleaning, rest, and religious or other activities by their employers, according to the contracts signed with the commanders of the prison camps. The main workplaces for prisoners were in agriculture and industrial enterprises, but also in forestry, civil works, and in service of the POW camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutu1_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutu1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For correspondence with their families, the prisoners were provided with postcards. However, most of these were not used as the POWs feared reprisals from the Soviet authorities upon learning that they were prisoners in Romania. The punishment of POWs in the Romanian camps was applied following the regulations of the Romanian Army. Executions by firing squad were few. The escapees who were caught and did not commit any acts of sabotage or espionage were tried by <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> and sentenced to prison terms from 3-6 months to several years. After 23 August 1944, the Soviet POWs were handed over to the Soviet headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutu1_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutu1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Western_Allies'_POWs_2"><span id="Western_Allies.27_POWs_2"></span>Western Allies' POWs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Western Allies' POWs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucharest_Day_2_-_Institutul_Teologic_(9337908278).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bucharest_Day_2_-_Institutul_Teologic_%289337908278%29.jpg/220px-Bucharest_Day_2_-_Institutul_Teologic_%289337908278%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bucharest_Day_2_-_Institutul_Teologic_%289337908278%29.jpg/330px-Bucharest_Day_2_-_Institutul_Teologic_%289337908278%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bucharest_Day_2_-_Institutul_Teologic_%289337908278%29.jpg/440px-Bucharest_Day_2_-_Institutul_Teologic_%289337908278%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bucharest_Faculty_of_Orthodox_Theology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bucharest Faculty of Orthodox Theology (page does not exist)">Bucharest Faculty of Orthodox Theology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultatea_de_Teologie_Ortodox%C4%83_a_Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_din_Bucure%C8%99ti" class="extiw" title="ro:Facultatea de Teologie Ortodoxă a Universității din București">ro</a>]</span>, the former Normal School used as Camp No. 13 during the war</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Americans were captured in Romania following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Operation Tidal Wave</a>. The airmen were interned at first in the court of the Central Seminary in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, with the wounded airmen taken to the no. 415 Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Sinaia" title="Sinaia">Sinaia</a>. After Marshal Antonescu's visits, a new camp was to be set up, and the prisoners were to be treated according to the Geneva Convention. In September, all 110 POWs were transferred to the villas belonging to the Brașov and Giurgiu City Halls at <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99ul_de_Jos" class="mw-redirect" title="Timișul de Jos">Timișul de Jos</a>, in the newly established Camp No. 14 (<i>Lagărul de prizonieri nr. 14</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Dutu2_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutu2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excellent living conditions at the camp earned it the nickname "gilded cage", with the prisoners describing it as "probably the best prison camp in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treatment of the Allied POWs was overlooked by Princess <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Caradja" title="Catherine Caradja">Catherine Caradja</a>, who was nicknamed "The Angel of Ploiești" by the airmen.<sup id="cite_ref-reunion_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reunion-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1944, with the increasing number of American and British prisoners due to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_Campaign_in_Romania" title="Western Allied Campaign in Romania">restarted air campaign</a>, a new camp was set up in Bucharest.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutu2_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutu2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camp No. 13 from Bucharest was initially located within the barracks of the <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave_30th_Guards_Brigade" title="Michael the Brave 30th Guards Brigade">6th Guard Regiment "Mihai Viteazul"</a>, in a frequently bombed area.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later moved to the <a href="/wiki/Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal School">Normal School</a> on St. Ecaterina Street. In June 1944, the non-commissioned officers were transferred to a wing of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%22Regina_Elisabeta%22_Military_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""Regina Elisabeta" Military Hospital (page does not exist)">"Regina Elisabeta" Military Hospital</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitalul_Universitar_de_Urgen%C8%9B%C4%83_Militar_Central_%E2%80%9EDr._Carol_Davila%E2%80%9D" class="extiw" title="ro:Spitalul Universitar de Urgență Militar Central „Dr. Carol Davila”">ro</a>]</span>. After 23 August, at the request of the prisoners to be organised into a military unit, General <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Mihail_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Ioan Mihail Racoviță">Mihail Racoviță</a> approved the transfer of 896 POWs to the barracks of the 4th <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83tori_(military_unit)" title="Vânători (military unit)">Vânători</a> Regiment. All Western Allied POWs were evacuated to Italy during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reunion" title="Operation Reunion">Operation Reunion</a> from 31 August to 3 September.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutu2_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutu2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reunion_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reunion-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_POWs_by_the_Soviet_Union">Treatment of POWs by the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Treatment of POWs by the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/POW_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="POW labor in the Soviet Union">POW labor in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germans,_Romanians,_Italians,_Hungarians,_Finns"><span id="Germans.2C_Romanians.2C_Italians.2C_Hungarians.2C_Finns"></span>Germans, Romanians, Italians, Hungarians, Finns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Germans, Romanians, Italians, Hungarians, Finns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011,_Russland,_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>German POW at <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_129359_German_prisoners-of-war_in_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RIAN_archive_129359_German_prisoners-of-war_in_Moscow.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_129359_German_prisoners-of-war_in_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RIAN_archive_129359_German_prisoners-of-war_in_Moscow.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_129359_German_prisoners-of-war_in_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RIAN_archive_129359_German_prisoners-of-war_in_Moscow.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_129359_German_prisoners-of-war_in_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption>German prisoners of war being paraded through Moscow</figcaption></figure> <p>According to some sources, the Soviets captured 3.5 million <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis</a> servicemen (excluding Japanese), of whom more than a million died.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One specific example is that of the German POWs after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, where the Soviets captured 91,000 German troops in total (completely exhausted, starving and sick), of whom only 5,000 survived the captivity. </p><p>German soldiers were kept as forced labour for many years after the war. The last German POWs like <a href="/wiki/Erich_Hartmann" title="Erich Hartmann">Erich Hartmann</a>, the highest-scoring <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">fighter ace</a> in the history of <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial warfare</a>, who had been declared guilty of <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> but without <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>, were not released by the Soviets until 1955, two years after Stalin died.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polish">Polish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Polish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katy%C5%84,_ekshumacja_ofiar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Katy%C5%84%2C_ekshumacja_ofiar.jpg/220px-Katy%C5%84%2C_ekshumacja_ofiar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Katy%C5%84%2C_ekshumacja_ofiar.jpg/330px-Katy%C5%84%2C_ekshumacja_ofiar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Katy%C5%84%2C_ekshumacja_ofiar.jpg/440px-Katy%C5%84%2C_ekshumacja_ofiar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Katyn 1943 exhumation; photo by <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross">International Red Cross</a> delegation</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> in 1939, hundreds of thousands of Polish soldiers became <a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union_(after_1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union (after 1939)">prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a>. Thousands were executed; over 20,000 Polish military personnel and civilians perished in the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Anders" title="Władysław Anders">Anders</a>' 80,000 evacuees from the Soviet Union in the United Kingdom, only 310 volunteered to return to Poland in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 230,000 Polish prisoners of war taken by the Soviet army, only 82,000 survived.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese">Japanese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a>, 560,000 to 760,000 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Japanese prisoners of war</a> were captured by the Soviet Union. The prisoners were captured in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, Korea, South <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>, then sent to work as forced labour in the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sankeishinbun_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sankeishinbun-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 60,000 to 347,000 of these Japanese prisoners of war died in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_Press_Release_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Press_Release-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zagor_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zagor-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ann_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ann-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Americans">Americans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stories that circulated during the Cold War claimed 23,000 Americans held in German POW camps had been seized by the Soviets and never been repatriated. The claims had been perpetuated after the release of people like <a href="/wiki/John_H._Noble" title="John H. Noble">John H. Noble</a>. Careful scholarly studies demonstrated that this was a myth based on the misinterpretation of a telegram about Soviet prisoners held in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_POWs_by_the_Western_Allies">Treatment of POWs by the Western Allies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Treatment of POWs by the Western Allies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_prisoner-of-war_camps" title="Lists of World War II prisoner-of-war camps">Lists of World War II prisoner-of-war camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes during World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Operation Keelhaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" title="Forced labor of Germans after World War II">Forced labor of Germans after World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners of war in World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">German prisoners of war in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germans">Germans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Germans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remagen_enclosure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Remagen_enclosure.jpg/220px-Remagen_enclosure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Remagen_enclosure.jpg/330px-Remagen_enclosure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Remagen_enclosure.jpg/440px-Remagen_enclosure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Remagen" title="Remagen">Remagen</a> open-field <i><a href="/wiki/Rheinwiesenlager" title="Rheinwiesenlager">Rheinwiesenlager</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gefangenen-Meldung_Vorderseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gefangenen-Meldung_Vorderseite.jpg/220px-Gefangenen-Meldung_Vorderseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gefangenen-Meldung_Vorderseite.jpg/330px-Gefangenen-Meldung_Vorderseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gefangenen-Meldung_Vorderseite.jpg/440px-Gefangenen-Meldung_Vorderseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>US Army: Card of capture for German POWs – front</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gefangenen-Meldung_Rueckseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gefangenen-Meldung_Rueckseite.jpg/220px-Gefangenen-Meldung_Rueckseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gefangenen-Meldung_Rueckseite.jpg/330px-Gefangenen-Meldung_Rueckseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gefangenen-Meldung_Rueckseite.jpg/440px-Gefangenen-Meldung_Rueckseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Reverse of US Army Card of capture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EB-Kriegsgefangenen-Entlassungsausweis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/EB-Kriegsgefangenen-Entlassungsausweis.jpg/220px-EB-Kriegsgefangenen-Entlassungsausweis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/EB-Kriegsgefangenen-Entlassungsausweis.jpg/330px-EB-Kriegsgefangenen-Entlassungsausweis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/EB-Kriegsgefangenen-Entlassungsausweis.jpg/440px-EB-Kriegsgefangenen-Entlassungsausweis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="1988" /></a><figcaption>Certificate of Discharge<br />of a German General<br />(Front- and Backside)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the war, the armies of Western Allied nations such as Australia, Canada, the UK and the US<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were given orders to treat <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis</a> prisoners strictly in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War_(1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)">Geneva Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some breaches of the Convention took place, however. According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Stephen E. Ambrose</a>, of the roughly 1,000 US combat veterans he had interviewed, only one admitted to shooting a prisoner, saying he "felt remorse, but would do it again". However, one-third of interviewees told him they had seen fellow US troops kill German prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, German prisoners, particularly higher-ranked officers, were housed in luxurious buildings where <a href="/wiki/Covert_listening_device" title="Covert listening device">listening devices</a> were installed. A considerable amount of military intelligence was gained from <a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">eavesdropping</a> on what the officers believed were private casual conversations. Much of the listening was carried out by German refugees, in many cases Jews. The work of these refugees in contributing to the Allied victory was declassified over half a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1944, 59.7% of POWs in America were employed. This relatively low percentage was due to problems setting wages that would not compete against those of non-prisoners, to union opposition, as well as concerns about security, sabotage, and escape. Given national manpower shortages, citizens and employers resented the idle prisoners, and efforts were made to decentralise the camps and reduce security enough that more prisoners could work. By the end of May 1944, POW employment was at 72.8%, and by late April 1945 it had risen to 91.3%. The sector that made the most use of POW workers was agriculture. There was more demand than supply of prisoners throughout the war, and 14,000 POW repatriations were delayed in 1946 so prisoners could be used in the spring farming seasons, mostly to thin and block <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beets" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar beets">sugar beets</a> in the west. While some in Congress wanted to extend POW labour beyond June 1946, President Truman rejected this, leading to the end of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-histpow_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histpow-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of the war in Europe, as large numbers of Axis soldiers surrendered, the US created the designation of <a href="/wiki/Disarmed_Enemy_Forces" title="Disarmed Enemy Forces">Disarmed Enemy Forces</a> (DEF) so as not to treat prisoners as POWs. A lot of these soldiers were kept in open fields in makeshift camps in the Rhine valley (<i><a href="/wiki/Rheinwiesenlager" title="Rheinwiesenlager">Rheinwiesenlager</a></i>). Controversy has arisen about how Eisenhower managed these prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Other_Losses" title="Other Losses">Other Losses</a></i>). </p><p>After the surrender of Germany in May 1945, the POW status of the German prisoners was in many cases maintained, and they were for several years used as public labourers in countries such as the UK and France. Many died when forced to clear minefields in countries such as Norway and France. "By September 1945 it was estimated by the French authorities that two thousand prisoners were being maimed and killed each month in accidents".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946, the UK held over 400,000 German POWs, many having been transferred from POW camps in the US and Canada. They were employed as labourers to compensate for the lack of manpower in Britain, as a form of <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Renate_Held_2008_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renate_Held_2008-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A public debate ensued in the UK over the treatment of German prisoners of war, with many in Britain comparing the treatment to the POWs to <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-German_migrants_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-German_migrants-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, the Ministry of Agriculture argued against repatriation of working German prisoners, since by then they made up 25 per cent of the land workforce, and it wanted to continue having them work in the UK until 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-German_migrants_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-German_migrants-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/London_Cage" title="London Cage">London Cage</a>", an <a href="/wiki/MI19" title="MI19">MI19</a> prisoner of war facility in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> used during and immediately after the war to interrogate prisoners before sending them to prison camps, was subject to allegations of torture.<sup id="cite_ref-Secrets_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secrets-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the German surrender, the International Red Cross was prohibited from providing aid, such as food or prisoner visits, to POW camps in Germany. However, after making appeals to the Allies in the autumn of 1945, the Red Cross was allowed to investigate the camps in the British and French occupation zones of Germany, as well as providing relief to the prisoners held there.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2005_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 February 1946, the Red Cross was also permitted to visit and assist prisoners in the US occupation zone of Germany, although only with very small quantities of food. "During their visits, the delegates observed that German prisoners of war were often detained in appalling conditions. They drew the attention of the authorities to this fact, and gradually succeeded in getting some improvements made".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2005_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>POWs were also transferred among the Allies, with for example 6,000 German officers transferred from Western Allied camps to the Soviets and subsequently imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a>, at the time one of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD_special_camps_in_Germany_1945%E2%80%9350" class="mw-redirect" title="NKVD special camps in Germany 1945–50">NKVD special camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention, the U.S. chose to hand over several hundred thousand German prisoners to the Soviet Union in May 1945 as a "gesture of friendship".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. forces also refused to accept the surrender of German troops attempting to surrender to them in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, and handed them over to the Soviet Union instead.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States handed over 740,000 German prisoners to France, which was a Geneva Convention signatory but which used them as forced labourers. Newspapers reported that the POWs were being mistreated; Judge <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a>, chief US prosecutor in the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, told US President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Harry S Truman</a> in October 1945 that the Allies themselves, </p> <blockquote><p>have done or are doing some of the very things we are prosecuting the Germans for. The French are so violating the Geneva Convention in the treatment of prisoners of war that our command is taking back prisoners sent to them. We are prosecuting plunder and our Allies are practising it.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungarians">Hungarians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hungarians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> became POWs of the Western Allies. Some of these were, like the Germans, used as forced labour in France after the cessation of hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, Hungarian POWs were handed over to the Soviets and transported to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> for <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_of_Hungarians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor of Hungarians in the Soviet Union">forced labour</a>. Such forced Hungarian labour by the USSR is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Malenkij_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Malenkij robot">malenkij robot</a>—little work. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Toma" title="András Toma">András Toma</a>, a Hungarian soldier taken prisoner by the Red Army in 1944, was discovered in a Russian psychiatric hospital in 2000. It is likely that he was the last prisoner of war from World War II to be repatriated.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_2">Japanese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg/220px-OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg/330px-OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg/440px-OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2985" /></a><figcaption>A group of Japanese soldiers captured during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although thousands of Japanese servicemembers were taken prisoner of war, most fought until they were killed or committed suicide. Of the 22,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a>, over 20,000 were killed and only 216 were taken prisoner of war.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 30,000 Japanese troops that defended <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a>, fewer than 1,000 remained alive at battle's end.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese prisoners of war sent to camps fared well; however, some were killed when attempting to surrender or were massacred<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just after doing so (see <a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II#The_Pacific" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes during World War II in the Pacific</a>). In some instances, Japanese prisoners of war were tortured through a variety of methods.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn19969623_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn19969623-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A method of torture used by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> (NRA) included suspending prisoners by the neck in wooden cages until they died.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In very rare cases, some were beheaded by sword, and a severed head was once used as a football by Chinese National Revolutionary Army (NRA) soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, many Japanese POWs were kept on as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Surrendered_Personnel" title="Japanese Surrendered Personnel">Japanese Surrendered Personnel</a> until mid-1947 by the Allies. The JSP were used until 1947 for labour purposes, such as road maintenance, recovering corpses for reburial, cleaning, and preparing farmland. Early tasks also included repairing airfields damaged by Allied bombing during the war and maintaining law and order until the arrival of Allied forces in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italians">Italians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Italians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1943, Italy overthrew <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a> and became an Allied co-belligerent. This did not change the status of many Italian POWs, retained in <a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_Australia" title="Italian prisoners of war in Australia">Australia</a>, the UK and US due to labour shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Italy surrendered to the Allies</a> and declared war on Germany, the United States initially made plans to send Italian POWs back to fight Germany. Ultimately though, the government decided instead to loosen POW work requirements prohibiting Italian prisoners from carrying out war-related work. About 34,000 Italian POWs were active in 1944 and 1945 on 66 US military installations, performing support roles such as quartermaster, repair, and engineering work as <a href="/wiki/Italian_Service_Units" title="Italian Service Units">Italian Service Units</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-histpow_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histpow-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cossacks">Cossacks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cossacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 February 1945, at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, the United States and United Kingdom signed a Repatriation Agreement with the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interpretation of this agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviets (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Operation Keelhaul</a>) regardless of their wishes. The forced repatriation operations took place in 1945–1947.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Post-World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americanexecuted1950korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Americanexecuted1950korea.jpg/220px-Americanexecuted1950korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Americanexecuted1950korea.jpg/330px-Americanexecuted1950korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Americanexecuted1950korea.jpg/440px-Americanexecuted1950korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2923" data-file-height="2211" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Army POW of the <a href="/wiki/21st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="21st Infantry Regiment (United States)">21st Infantry Regiment</a> bound and killed by North Koreans during the Korean War</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BF%97%E6%84%BF%E5%86%9B%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98%E8%B7%AA%E5%9C%A8%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%89%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%E5%BF%97%E6%84%BF%E5%86%9B%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98%E8%B7%AA%E5%9C%A8%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%89%8D.jpg/218px-%E5%BF%97%E6%84%BF%E5%86%9B%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98%E8%B7%AA%E5%9C%A8%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%89%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%E5%BF%97%E6%84%BF%E5%86%9B%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98%E8%B7%AA%E5%9C%A8%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%89%8D.jpg/327px-%E5%BF%97%E6%84%BF%E5%86%9B%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98%E8%B7%AA%E5%9C%A8%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%89%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%E5%BF%97%E6%84%BF%E5%86%9B%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98%E8%B7%AA%E5%9C%A8%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%89%8D.jpg/436px-%E5%BF%97%E6%84%BF%E5%86%9B%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98%E8%B7%AA%E5%9C%A8%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%89%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Captured Chinese soldiers beg for their lives to a South Korean soldier, thinking they are going to be executed, 1951.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USVietPeace.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USVietPeace.JPG/220px-USVietPeace.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USVietPeace.JPG/330px-USVietPeace.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USVietPeace.JPG/440px-USVietPeace.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>An American POW being released by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong captors in February 1973</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg/220px-Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg/330px-Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg/440px-Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Recently released American POWs from North Vietnamese prison camps in 1973</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yugoslav_EPWs_detained_in_Kosovo_by_the_USMC%27s_26th_MEU_(July_1999).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Yugoslav_EPWs_detained_in_Kosovo_by_the_USMC%27s_26th_MEU_%28July_1999%29.jpg/220px-Yugoslav_EPWs_detained_in_Kosovo_by_the_USMC%27s_26th_MEU_%28July_1999%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Yugoslav_EPWs_detained_in_Kosovo_by_the_USMC%27s_26th_MEU_%28July_1999%29.jpg/330px-Yugoslav_EPWs_detained_in_Kosovo_by_the_USMC%27s_26th_MEU_%28July_1999%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Yugoslav_EPWs_detained_in_Kosovo_by_the_USMC%27s_26th_MEU_%28July_1999%29.jpg/440px-Yugoslav_EPWs_detained_in_Kosovo_by_the_USMC%27s_26th_MEU_%28July_1999%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2950" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Yugoslav</a> POWs during the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> in 1999</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the North Koreans developed a reputation for severely mistreating and torturing prisoners of war (see <a href="/wiki/Korean_War_POWs_detained_in_North_Korea#Treatment_of_POWs_by_North_Korean_and_Chinese_forces" title="Korean War POWs detained in North Korea">Treatment of POWs by North Korean and Chinese forces</a>). Their POWs were housed in three camps, according to their potential usefulness to the North Korean army. Peace camps and reform camps were for POWs that were either sympathetic to the cause or who had valued skills that could be useful to the North Korean military; these enemy soldiers were indoctrinated and sometimes conscripted into the North Korean army. While POWs in peace camps were reportedly treated with more consideration,<sup id="cite_ref-Three_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regular prisoners of war were usually tortured or treated very poorly. </p><p>The 1952 Inter-Camp POW Olympics were held from 15 to 27 November 1952 in Pyuktong, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. The Chinese hoped to gain worldwide publicity, and while some prisoners refused to participate, some 500 POWs of eleven nationalities took part.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams,_2007,_p._62_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams,_2007,_p._62-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They came from all the North Korean prison camps and competed in football, baseball, softball, basketball, volleyball, track and field, soccer, gymnastics, and <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams,_2007,_p._62_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams,_2007,_p._62-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the POWs, this was also an opportunity to meet with friends from other camps. The prisoners had their own photographers, announcers, and even reporters, who after each day's competition published a newspaper, the "Olympic Roundup".<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>, of the 11,721 French soldiers taken prisoner after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a> and led by the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> on <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">death marches</a> to distant POW camps, only 3,290 were repatriated four months later.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese Army">North Vietnamese Army</a> took many <a href="/wiki/U.S._prisoners_of_war_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War">United States servicemembers as prisoners of war</a> and subjected them to mistreatment and torture. Some American prisoners of war were held in the prison known to US POWs as the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Hilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi Hilton">Hanoi Hilton</a>. Communist Vietnamese held in custody by <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnamese</a> and American forces <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island#"Tiger_cages"" title="Côn Sơn Island">were also tortured</a> and badly treated.<sup id="cite_ref-south-viet_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-south-viet-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, millions of South Vietnamese servicemen and government workers were sent to <a href="/wiki/Re-education_camp_(Vietnam)" title="Re-education camp (Vietnam)">"re-education" camps</a>, where many perished. </p><p>As in previous conflicts, speculation existed, without evidence, that a handful of American pilots captured during the Korean and Vietnam wars were transferred to the Soviet Union and never repatriated.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of regulations determining treatment of prisoners, violations of their rights continue to be reported. Many cases of POW massacres have been reported in recent times, including the murder of Israeli prisoners of war in the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> by their Egyptian captors, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=13_October_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13 October massacre (page does not exist)">13 October massacre</a> in Lebanon by Syrian forces and <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_police_officers_in_Eastern_Sri_Lanka_in_June_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of police officers in Eastern Sri Lanka in June 1990">June 1990 massacre</a> in Sri Lanka. </p><p>Indian intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> in 1971 led to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">third Indo-Pakistan war</a>, which ended in Indian victory and the capture of 93,000 Pakistani POWs, they were later slowly repatriated in a deal with Pakistani President <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, prisoners were well-treated in general by both sides, with military commanders dispatching enemy prisoners back to their homelands in record time following the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, American, British, Italian, and Kuwaiti POWs (mostly crew members of downed aircraft and special forces) were tortured by the Iraqi secret police. An American military doctor, <a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Cornum" title="Rhonda Cornum">Major Rhonda Cornum</a>, a 37-year-old flight surgeon captured when her Blackhawk UH-60 was shot down, was also subjected to sexual abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> in the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb">Serb</a> paramilitary forces supported by <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">JNA</a> forces killed POWs at <a href="/wiki/Vukovar_massacre" title="Vukovar massacre">Vukovar</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kabrnja_massacre" title="Škabrnja massacre">Škarbrnja</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Serb">Bosnian Serb</a> forces killed POWs at <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica</a>. A large number of surviving Croatian or Bosnian POWs described the conditions in Serbian concentration camps as similar to those in Germany in World War II, including regular beatings, torture and random executions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2001, reports emerged concerning two POWs that India had taken during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>, Yang Chen and Shih Liang. The two were imprisoned as spies for three years before being interned in a <a href="/wiki/Mental_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental asylum">mental asylum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a>, where they spent the following 38 years under a special prisoner status.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last prisoners of the 1980–1988 <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> were exchanged in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine by Russia</a>, Ukrainian POWs have described being tortured by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian forces</a> using electrocution, beatings, and sexual abuse. Both sides of the conflict forced prisoners to be naked at times as a humiliating punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbers_of_POWs">Numbers of POWs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Numbers of POWs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section lists nations with the highest number of POWs since the start of World War II and ranked by descending order. These are also the highest numbers in any war since the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War_(1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)">Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War</a> entered into force on 19 June 1931. The <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> had not signed the Geneva Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="150">Army </th> <th>Number of POWs held in captivity </th> <th width="150">War </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:#000;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>About 3 million taken by USSR (474,967 died in captivity (>15%))<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Historian <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Overmans" title="Rüdiger Overmans">Rüdiger Overmans</a> maintains that it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one million died in Soviet custody.<br />He also believes that there were men who actually died as POWs amongst those listed as missing-in-action.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unknown number in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (the death rate for German prisoners of war was highest in Yugoslavia with over 50%)<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Over 4.5 million taken by the Western Allies before the formal surrender of Germany, another three million after the surrender<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1.3 million unknown<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:#000;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>5.7 million taken by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (about 3 <a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">million died in captivity</a> (56–68%))<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>World War II (total) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:#000;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>1,800,000 taken by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>World War II </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:#000;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> </td> <td>1,000,000+ taken by <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>World War II </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:#000;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>675,000 (420,000 taken by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>; 240,000 taken by the Soviets in 1939; 15,000 taken by Germany in Warsaw in 1944) </td> <td>World War II </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:#000;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>≈200,000 (135,000 taken in Europe, does not include Pacific or Commonwealth figures) </td> <td>World War II </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:#000;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td>≈175,000 taken by <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">Coalition of the Gulf War</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:#000;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>114,861 lost or captured by US and UK</li> <li>60,000 captured by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </td> <td>World War II </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:#000;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>≈130,000 (95,532 taken by Germany) </td> <td>World War II </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:#000;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>16,000–50,000 captured by Western Allies</li> <li>560,000–760,000 captured by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, of them, it is estimated that between 60,000 and 347,000 died in captivity<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_Press_Release_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Press_Release-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td>World War II </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_and_television">Films and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Films and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 17em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1971_(2007_film)" title="1971 (2007 film)">1971</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andersonville_(film)" title="Andersonville (film)">Andersonville</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Time,_Another_Place_(1983_film)" title="Another Time, Another Place (1983 film)">Another Time, Another Place</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_Far_as_My_Feet_Will_Carry_Me" title="As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me">As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Oath_(film)" title="Blood Oath (film)">Blood Oath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai" title="The Bridge on the River Kwai">The Bridge on the River Kwai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brylcreem_Boys" title="The Brylcreem Boys">The Brylcreem Boys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colditz_Story" title="The Colditz Story">The Colditz Story</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Danger_Within" title="Danger Within">Danger Within</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deer_Hunter" title="The Deer Hunter">The Deer Hunter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sun_(film)" title="Empire of the Sun (film)">Empire of the Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Sobibor" title="Escape from Sobibor">Escape from Sobibor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_to_Athena" title="Escape to Athena">Escape to Athena</a></i></li> <li><i> <a href="/wiki/Escape_to_Victory" title="Escape to Victory">Escape to Victory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_of_My_Fathers_(film)" title="Faith of My Fathers (film)">Faith of My Fathers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Illusion_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grand Illusion (film)">Grand Illusion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(film)" title="The Great Escape (film)">The Great Escape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Raid" title="The Great Raid">The Great Raid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Hilton_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi Hilton (film)">Hanoi Hilton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hart%27s_War" title="Hart's War">Hart's War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hogan%27s_Heroes" title="Hogan's Heroes">Hogan's Heroes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)" title="Homeland (TV series)">Homeland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Mine" title="Land of Mine">Land of Mine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katy%C5%84_(film)" title="Katyń (film)">Katyń</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Rat_(film)" title="King Rat (film)">King Rat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_McKenzie_Break" title="The McKenzie Break">The McKenzie Break</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merry_Christmas,_Mr._Lawrence" title="Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence">Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Action_(film)" title="Missing in Action (film)">Missing in Action</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_One_That_Got_Away_(1957_film)" title="The One That Got Away (1957 film)">The One That Got Away</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.O.W.-_Bandi_Yuddh_Ke" class="mw-redirect" title="P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke">P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Password_is_Courage" class="mw-redirect" title="The Password is Courage">The Password is Courage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Road_(1997_film)" title="Paradise Road (1997 film)">Paradise Road</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pianist_(2002_film)" title="The Pianist (2002 film)">The Pianist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Heart" title="The Purple Heart">The Purple Heart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Railway_Man_(film)" title="The Railway Man (film)">The Railway Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rambo:_First_Blood_Part_II" title="Rambo: First Blood Part II">Rambo: First Blood Part II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Dawn" title="Rescue Dawn">Rescue Dawn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Report_(2019_film)" title="The Report (2019 film)">The Report</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five_(film)" title="Slaughterhouse-Five (film)">Slaughterhouse Five</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Some_Kind_of_Hero" title="Some Kind of Hero">Some Kind of Hero</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stalag_17" title="Stalag 17">Stalag 17</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summer_of_My_German_Soldier_(TV_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer of My German Soldier (TV film)">Summer of My German Soldier</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T-34_(film)" title="T-34 (film)">T-34</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tea_with_Mussolini" title="Tea with Mussolini">Tea with Mussolini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenko_(TV_series)" title="Tenko (TV series)">Tenko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Came_Home" title="Three Came Home">Three Came Home</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_End_All_Wars" title="To End All Wars">To End All Wars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unbroken_(2014_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbroken (2014 film)">Unbroken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncommon_Valor" title="Uncommon Valor">Uncommon Valor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Von_Ryan%27s_Express" title="Von Ryan's Express">Von Ryan's Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(1995_film)" title="The Walking Dead (1995 film)">The Walking Dead</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Goes_Next%3F" title="Who Goes Next?">Who Goes Next?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wooden_Horse" title="The Wooden Horse">The Wooden Horse</a></i></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">Prisoner-of-war camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Psychological_Operations_Battalion" title="13th Psychological Operations Battalion">13th Psychological Operations Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_POW_olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 POW olympics">1952 POW olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_POWs_during_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian POWs during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Armenian POWs during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camps_for_Russian_prisoners_and_internees_in_Poland_(1919%E2%80%931924)" title="Camps for Russian prisoners and internees in Poland (1919–1924)">Camps for Russian prisoners and internees in Poland (1919–1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Internee" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian Internee">Civilian Internee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_to_escape" title="Duty to escape">Duty to escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Br%C3%A4ndstr%C3%B6m" title="Elsa Brändström">Elsa Brändström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination of Soviet prisoners of war by Nazi Germany">Extermination of Soviet prisoners of war by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">German prisoners of war in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_combatant" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal combatant">Illegal combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Islamic views on prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_POWs_detained_in_North_Korea" title="Korean War POWs detained in North Korea">Korean War POWs detained in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">Laws of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable prisoners of war">List of notable prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoner-of-war_escapes" title="List of prisoner-of-war escapes">List of prisoner-of-war escapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_for_civilian_prisoners,_deportees_and_hostages_of_the_1914-1918_Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Medal for civilian prisoners, deportees and hostages of the 1914-1918 Great War">Medal for civilian prisoners, deportees and hostages of the 1914–1918 Great War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Chaplain#Noncombatant_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Chaplain">Military Chaplain#Noncombatant status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Prisoner_of_war_mail" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">Prisoner of war mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Law_in_Armed_Conflicts_Project_(RULAC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)">Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">Vietnam War POW/MIA issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Radio_Heroes:_Letters_of_Compassion" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II Radio Heroes: Letters of Compassion">World War II Radio Heroes: Letters of Compassion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=prisoner">"prisoner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=prisoner&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dprisoner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span> – "Captives taken in war have been called prisoners since mid-14c.; phrase prisoner of war dates from 1630s".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i>Dialogus Miraculorum</i> by <a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Heisterbach" title="Caesarius of Heisterbach">Caesarius of Heisterbach</a>, Arnaud Amalric was only <i>reported</i> to have said that.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see references on the pages <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front (World War II)</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign (World War II)">North African Campaign (World War II)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Hickman2002" class="citation journal cs1">John Hickman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032030/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/smsajms/article/viewFile/42654/9522">"What is a Prisoner of War For"</a>. <i>Scientia Militaria</i>. <b>36</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajol.info/index.php/smsajms/article/viewFile/42654/9522">the original</a> on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientia+Militaria&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Prisoner+of+War+For&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2002&rft.au=John+Hickman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajol.info%2Findex.php%2Fsmsajms%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F42654%2F9522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickham, Jason (2014) The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans up to 146 BC, University of Liverpool PhD Dissertation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524213405/http://repository.liv.ac.uk/17893/1/WickhamJ_May2014_17893.pdf">"The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans to 146 BC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.liv.ac.uk/17893/1/WickhamJ_May2014_17893.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Enslavement+of+War+Captives+by+the+Romans+to+146+BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.liv.ac.uk%2F17893%2F1%2FWickhamJ_May2014_17893.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span> Wickham 2014 notes that for Roman warfare the outcome of capture could lead to release, ransom, execution or enslavement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/%7Egrout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/gladiators.html">"The Roman Gladiator"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126174158/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/gladiators.html">Archived</a> 26 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The University of Chicago – "Originally, captured soldiers had been made to fight with their own weapons and in their particular style of combat. It was from these conscripted prisoners of war that the gladiators acquired their exotic appearance, a distinction being made between the weapons imagined to be used by defeated enemies and those of their Roman conquerors. The Samnites (a tribe from Campania which the Romans had fought in the fourth and third centuries BC) were the prototype for Rome's professional gladiators, and it was their equipment that first was used and later adopted for the arena. [...] Two other gladiatorial categories also took their name from defeated tribes, the Galli (Gauls) and Thraeces (Thracians)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenbergRuthsdotter1998" class="citation web cs1">Eisenberg, Bonnie; Ruthsdotter, Mary (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712154817/http://www.nwhp.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/history-of-the-womens-rights-movement/">"History of the Women's Rights Movement"</a>. <i>www.nwhp.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwhp.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/history-of-the-womens-rights-movement/">the original</a> on 12 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nwhp.org&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Women%27s+Rights+Movement&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Eisenberg&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft.au=Ruthsdotter%2C+Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwhp.org%2Fresources%2Fwomens-rights-movement%2Fhistory-of-the-womens-rights-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511051435/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/26017.htm">"Church Fathers: Church History, Book VII (Socrates Scholasticus)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/26017.htm">the original</a> on 11 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Church+History%2C+Book+VII+%28Socrates+Scholasticus%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F26017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attwater-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Attwater_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Saints</i>. 3rd ed., New York: Penguin Books, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051312-4">0-14-051312-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"But when the outcries of the lackies and boies, which ran awaie for feare of the Frenchmen thus spoiling the campe came to the kings eares, he doubting least his enimies should gather togither againe, and begin a new field; and mistrusting further that the prisoners would be an aid to his enimies, or the verie enimies to their takers in deed if they were suffered to live, contrarie to his accustomed gentleness, commended by sound of trumpet, that everie man (upon pain and death) should uncontinentlie slaie his prisoner. When this dolorous decree, and pitifull proclamation was pronounced, pitie it was to see how some Frenchmen were suddenlie sticked with daggers, some were brained with pollaxes, some slaine with malls, others had their throats cut, and some their bellies panched, so that in effect, having respect to the great number, few prisoners were saved." <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Holinshed" title="Raphael Holinshed">Raphael Holinshed</a>, <i>Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland</i>, quoted by Andrew Gurr in his introduction to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeareGurr2005" class="citation book cs1">Shakespeare, William; Gurr, Andrew (2005). <i>King Henry V</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84792-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84792-3"><bdi>0-521-84792-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Henry+V&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-84792-3&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Gurr%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/362"><i>Europe: A History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/362">362</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-520912-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-520912-5"><bdi>0-19-520912-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-520912-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00davi_0%2Fpage%2F362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_japanese_studies/v031/31.2lamers.html">"Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124715/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_japanese_studies%2Fv031%2F31.2lamers.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Journal of Japanese Studies</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118121401/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm">"Central Asian world cities"</a>. Faculty.washington.edu. 29 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm">the original</a> on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Asian+world+cities&rft.pub=Faculty.washington.edu&rft.date=2007-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fmodelski%2FCAWC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer, Michael C. and William L. Sherman. <i>The Course of Mexican History</i>. Oxford University Press, 5th ed. 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassig, Ross (2003). "El sacrificio y las guerras floridas". <a href="/wiki/Arqueolog%C3%ADa_Mexicana" title="Arqueología Mexicana">Arqueología Mexicana</a>, pp. 46–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarner1977" class="citation web cs1">Harner, Michael (April 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/aztecs/sacrifice.htm">"The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice"</a>. <i>Natural History</i>. Latinamericanstudies.org. pp. 46–51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230519060523/https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/aztecs/sacrifice.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Peace Pledge Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppu.org.uk/learn/texts/doc_geneva_con.html">the original</a> on 21 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geneva+Convention&rft.pub=Peace+Pledge+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ppu.org.uk%2Flearn%2Ftexts%2Fdoc_geneva_con.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/oIwB-Y6FUjY">"Story of an idea- the Film"</a>. International Committee of the Red Cross. 5 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIwB-Y6FUjY">the original</a> on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Story+of+an+idea-+the+Film&rft.pub=International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.date=2008-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoIwB-Y6FUjY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Penrose, Mary Margaret. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/635621/war-crime/224687/The-Nurnberg-and-Tokyo-trials">"War Crime"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DE1239F93AA25751C0A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">the original</a> on 7 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=War+in+the+Gulf%3A+P.O.W.%27s%3B+U.S.+Says+Prisoners+Seem+War-Weary&rft.date=1991-02-19&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D0CE7DE1239F93AA25751C0A967958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Missing-Captured-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Missing-Captured_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Thompson, Mark (17 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.time.com/2012/05/17/pentagon-we-dont-call-them-pows-anymore/">"Pentagon: We Don't Call Them POWs Anymore"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408085511/https://nation.time.com/2012/05/17/pentagon-we-dont-call-them-pows-anymore/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Pentagon%3A+We+Don%27t+Call+Them+POWs+Anymore&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.time.com%2F2012%2F05%2F17%2Fpentagon-we-dont-call-them-pows-anymore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104014239/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/130018p.pdf">"Department of Defense Instruction January 8, 2008 Incorporating Change 1, August 14, 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/130018p.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Defense+Instruction+January+8%2C+2008+Incorporating+Change+1%2C+August+14%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fwhs%2Fdirectives%2Fcorres%2Fpdf%2F130018p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Years later Several ex POWS identified themselves (Ref: AMerican Legion Monthly Magazine September 1927)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geo G. Phillimore and Hugh H. L. Bellot, "Treatment of Prisoners of War", <i>Transactions of the Grotius Society</i>, Vol. 5, (1919), pp. 47–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niall Ferguson, <i>The Pity of War.</i> (1999) pp. 368–69 for data.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PP7uMQdgv5AC&pg=PA240">Disobedience and Conspiracy in the German Army, 1918–1945</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225172617/https://books.google.com/books?id=PP7uMQdgv5AC&pg=PA240&dq&hl=en">Archived</a> 25 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". Robert B. Kane, Peter Loewenberg (2008). <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. 240. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-3744-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-3744-8">0-7864-3744-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032437/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/01/28/archives/375000-austrians-have-died-in-siberia-remaining-125000-war.html">"375,000 Austrians Have Died in Siberia; Remaining 125,000 War Prisoner...—Article Preview—The"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 8 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1920/01/28/archives/375000-austrians-have-died-in-siberia-remaining-125000-war.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=375%2C000+Austrians+Have+Died+in+Siberia%3B+Remaining+125%2C000+War+Prisoner...%E2%80%94Article+Preview%E2%80%94The&rft.date=2012-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1920%2F01%2F28%2Farchives%2F375000-austrians-have-died-in-siberia-remaining-125000-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard B. Speed, III. <i>Prisoners, Diplomats and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity.</i> (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, <i>The Pity of War.</i> (1999) Ch 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Desmond Morton, <i>Silent Battle: Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany, 1914–1919.</i> 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British National Archives, "The Mesopotamia campaign", at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/battles/mesopotamia.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010072018/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/battles/mesopotamia.htm">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Dennis, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Grey" title="Jeffrey Grey">Jeffrey Grey</a>, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior with Jean Bou, <i>The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History</i> (2008) p. 429</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.S. Gullett, <i>Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18, Vol. VII The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine</i> (1941) pp. 620–622</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postalhistory.org.uk/pdf/phs_at_rpsl_booklet_for_web_sites.pdf">The Postal History Society 1936–2011 – 75th anniversary display to the Royal Philatelic Society, London</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000819/http://www.postalhistory.org.uk/pdf/phs_at_rpsl_booklet_for_web_sites.pdf">Archived</a> 21 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509195352/http://www.royal.gov.uk/ImagesandBroadcasts/TheQueenandtechnology.aspx">"The Queen and technology"</a>. Royal.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/ImagesandBroadcasts/TheQueenandtechnology.aspx">the original</a> on 9 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Queen+and+technology&rft.pub=Royal.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FImagesandBroadcasts%2FTheQueenandtechnology.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100719030032/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JQGQ">"Search results – Resource centre"</a>. <i>International Committee of the Red Cross</i>. 3 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JQGQ">the original</a> on 19 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=Search+results+%E2%80%93+Resource+centre&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2FWeb%2FEng%2Fsiteeng0.nsf%2Fhtml%2F57JQGQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2004" class="citation cs2">Ferguson, Niall (2004), "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat", <i>War in History</i>, <b>11</b> (2): 148–192, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0968344504wh291oa">10.1191/0968344504wh291oa</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159610355">159610355</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Prisoner+Taking+and+Prisoner+Killing+in+the+Age+of+Total+War%3A+Towards+a+Political+Economy+of+Military+Defeat&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=148-192&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F0968344504wh291oa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159610355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2012" class="citation cs2">Lowe, Keith (2012), <i>Savage Continent: Europe in the aftermath of World War II</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Savage+Continent%3A+Europe+in+the+aftermath+of+World+War+II&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHe2013" class="citation book cs1">He, Tianyi (2013). <i>日军侵华战俘营总论</i>. p. 426. <q>抗战被俘士兵能活着逃回根据地或日本投降返回故乡的不足40%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E5%86%9B%E4%BE%B5%E5%8D%8E%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98%E8%90%A5%E6%80%BB%E8%AE%BA&rft.pages=426&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Tianyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=305&ps=S">"International Humanitarian Law – State Parties / Signatories"</a>. Icrc.org. 27 July 1929<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Humanitarian+Law+%E2%80%93+State+Parties+%2F+Signatories&rft.pub=Icrc.org&rft.date=1929-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fihl.nsf%2FWebSign%3FReadForm%26id%3D305%26ps%3DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akira Fujiwara, <i>Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu</i>, Kikan Sensô Sekinin Kenkyû 9, 1995, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy,_Terry1992" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Terry (12 August 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512013235/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/japanese-troops-ate-flesh-of-enemies-and-civilians-1539816.html">"Japanese troops ate flesh of enemies and civilians"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/japanese-troops-ate-flesh-of-enemies-and-civilians-1539816.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Japanese+troops+ate+flesh+of+enemies+and+civilians&rft.date=1992-08-12&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fjapanese-troops-ate-flesh-of-enemies-and-civilians-1539816.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180657/http://www.cooksontributeb29.com/uploads/5/8/6/5/5865941/b29_fukubayashi.pdf">"An excellent reference for Japan and the treatment of US Airmen Pows is Toru Fukubayashi, "Allied Aircraft and Airmen Lost over Japanese Mainland" 20 May 2007. (PDF File 20 pages)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooksontributeb29.com/uploads/5/8/6/5/5865941/b29_fukubayashi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+excellent+reference+for+Japan+and+the+treatment+of+US+Airmen+Pows+is+Toru+Fukubayashi%2C+%22Allied+Aircraft+and+Airmen+Lost+over+Japanese+Mainland%22+20+May+2007.+%28PDF+File+20+pages%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooksontributeb29.com%2Fuploads%2F5%2F8%2F6%2F5%2F5865941%2Fb29_fukubayashi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelton2007" class="citation book cs1">Felton, Mark (2007). <i>Slaughter at Sea: The Story of Japan's Naval War Crimes</i>. Pen & Sword Maritime. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-647-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-647-4"><bdi>978-1-84415-647-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaughter+at+Sea%3A+The+Story+of+Japan%27s+Naval+War+Crimes&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Maritime&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-647-4&rft.aulast=Felton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsuyoshi" class="citation web cs1">Tsuyoshi, Masuda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406111747/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/816/">"Forgotten tragedy of Italian war detainees"</a>. <i>nhk.or.jp</i>. NHK World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/816/">the original</a> on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nhk.or.jp&rft.atitle=Forgotten+tragedy+of+Italian+war+detainees&rft.aulast=Tsuyoshi&rft.aufirst=Masuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fnhkworld%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fbackstories%2F816%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hidden-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hidden_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hidden_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hidden_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuki_Tanaka1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuki_Tanaka_(historian)" title="Yuki Tanaka (historian)">Yuki Tanaka</a> (1996). <i>Hidden Horrors</i>. Avalon Publishing. pp. 2, 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813327181" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813327181"><bdi>978-0813327181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Horrors&rft.pages=2%2C+3&rft.pub=Avalon+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0813327181&rft.au=Yuki+Tanaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bix" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Bix">Herbert Bix</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan" title="Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan">Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</a></i>, 2001, p. 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, U.S. Department of the Army, <i>Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II. Final Report, 7 December 1941–31 December 1946,</i> page 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html">Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030727223501/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html">Archived</a> 27 July 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on data in "Horyo Saishū Ronkoku Fuzoku-sho 'B'", Kykutō Kokusai Gunji Saiben No. 337, February 19,1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Prisoners of the Japanese : POWs of World War II in the Pacific</i>, by Gavan Daws, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-14370-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-14370-9">0-688-14370-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaws1994" class="citation book cs1">Daws, Gavan (1994). <i>Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific</i>. Melbourne: Scribe Publications. pp. 295–297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-920769-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-920769-12-9"><bdi>1-920769-12-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+the+Japanese%3A+POWs+of+World+War+II+in+the+Pacific&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=295-297&rft.pub=Scribe+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-920769-12-9&rft.aulast=Daws&rft.aufirst=Gavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daws (1994), p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Donald L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRd-z7amBj0C&pg=PA317"><i>D-Days in the Pacific</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439128817" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439128817"><bdi>978-1439128817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Days+in+the+Pacific&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1439128817&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzRd-z7amBj0C%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2019" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Clare (2019). <i>Threads of life : a history of the world through the eye of a needle</i>. London: Spectre (Hodder & Stoughton). pp. 50–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473687912" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473687912"><bdi>978-1473687912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Threads+of+life+%3A+a+history+of+the+world+through+the+eye+of+a+needle&rft.place=London&rft.pages=50-58&rft.pub=Spectre+%28Hodder+%26+Stoughton%29&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1473687912&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Vinen, <i>The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation</i> (2006) pp. 183–214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205211218/http://www.cicr.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=305&ps=P">"International Humanitarian Law – State Parties / Signatories"</a>. Cicr.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cicr.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=305&ps=P">the original</a> on 5 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Humanitarian+Law+%E2%80%93+State+Parties+%2F+Signatories&rft.pub=Cicr.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicr.org%2Fihl.nsf%2FWebSign%3FReadForm%26id%3D305%26ps%3DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180657/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/jewish-american-pows-europe">"Pride and Peril: Jewish American POWs in Europe"</a>. <i>The National WWII Museum</i>. 26 May 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/jewish-american-pows-europe#:~:text=An%20estimated%209%2C000%20American%20Jews,of%20both%20pride%20and%20peril.&text=Around%20500%2C000%20American%20Jews%20served,risk%20should%20they%20be%20captured.">the original</a> on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWII+Museum&rft.atitle=Pride+and+Peril%3A+Jewish+American+POWs+in+Europe&rft.date=2021-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Fjewish-american-pows-europe%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAn%2520estimated%25209%252C000%2520American%2520Jews%2Cof%2520both%2520pride%2520and%2520peril.%26text%3DAround%2520500%252C000%2520American%2520Jews%2520served%2Crisk%2520should%2520they%2520be%2520captured.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318070158/http://www.jafi.org.il/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Gallery+of+People+(Biographies)/Ben+Aharon+Yitzhak.htm">"Ben Aharon Yitzhak"</a>. Jafi.org.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jafi.org.il/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Gallery+of+People+(Biographies)/Ben+Aharon+Yitzhak.htm">the original</a> on 18 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ben+Aharon+Yitzhak&rft.pub=Jafi.org.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jafi.org.il%2FJewishAgency%2FEnglish%2FJewish%2BEducation%2FCompelling%2BContent%2FEye%2Bon%2BIsrael%2FGallery%2Bof%2BPeople%2B%28Biographies%29%2FBen%2BAharon%2BYitzhak.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=295291169228827">Joseph Robert White, 2006, "Flint Whitlock. Given Up for Dead: American GIs in the Nazi Concentration Camp at Berga"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611020900/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=295291169228827">Archived</a> 11 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (book review)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInskeep2005" class="citation news cs1">Inskeep, Steve (30 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2005/05/30/4672288/soldiers-and-slaves-details-saga-of-jewish-pows">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Soldiers and Slaves' Details Saga of Jewish POWs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=%27Soldiers+and+Slaves%27+Details+Saga+of+Jewish+POWs&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2005-05-30&rft.aulast=Inskeep&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2005%2F05%2F30%2F4672288%2Fsoldiers-and-slaves-details-saga-of-jewish-pows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207180457/https://www.rcafassociation.ca/heritage/history/buchenwald/allied-officers-deported-to-buchenwald-klb-club-archives/">Royal Canadian Air Force Association, "Allied Officers Deported to Buchenwald"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114105127/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil:80/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1575">National Museum of the USAF, "Allied Victims of the Holocaust"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambrose, pp 360<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073356/https://www.b24.net/powMarch.htm">"Death March from Stalag Luft 4 during WWII"</a>. <i>www.b24.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.b24.net/powMarch.htm">the original</a> on 5 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.b24.net&rft.atitle=Death+March+from+Stalag+Luft+4+during+WWII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.b24.net%2FpowMarch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407045309/https://guestsofthethirdreich.org/liberation/">"Guests of the Third Reich"</a>. <i>guestsofthethirdreich.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guestsofthethirdreich.org/liberation/">the original</a> on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guestsofthethirdreich.org&rft.atitle=Guests+of+the+Third+Reich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguestsofthethirdreich.org%2Fliberation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406111751/http://www.anrp.it/le-porte-della-memoria/">"Le porte della Memoria"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+deportees+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Wajszczuk.v.pl&rft.au=Michael+Hope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wajszczuk.v.pl%2Fenglish%2Fdrzewo%2Fczytelnia%2Fmichael_hope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA209">Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225172617/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA209&dq&hl=en">Archived</a> 25 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer (1999). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 209. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-07608-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-07608-7">0-674-07608-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sankeishinbun-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sankeishinbun_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726100909/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/world/europe/090724/erp0907240115000-n1.htm">"シベリア抑留、露に７６万人分の資料軍事公文書館でカード発見"</a>. <i>Sankeishinbun</i>. 24 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sankei.jp.msn.com/world/europe/090724/erp0907240115000-n1.htm">the original</a> on 26 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sankeishinbun&rft.atitle=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%8A%91%E7%95%99%E3%80%81%E9%9C%B2%E3%81%AB%EF%BC%97%EF%BC%96%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%86%E3%81%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99+%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E3%81%A7%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E7%99%BA%E8%A6%8B&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsankei.jp.msn.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F090724%2Ferp0907240115000-n1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/63012.stm">Japanese POW group says files on over 500,000 held in Moscow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124051112/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/63012.stm">Archived</a> 24 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, 7 March 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_Press_Release-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Press_Release_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Press_Release_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/8D22741F69F38DD3802568C40036B229?opendocument">UN Press Release</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084218/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/8D22741F69F38DD3802568C40036B229?opendocument">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Human Rights">Commission on Human Rights</a>, 56th session, 13 April 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zagor-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zagor_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auditorium.ru/books/407/">POW in the USSR 1939–1956: Documents and Materials</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102082712/http://www.auditorium.ru/books/407/">Archived</a> 2 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Moscow <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logos_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logos Publishers (page does not exist)">Logos Publishers</a> (2000)</i> (Военнопленные в СССР. 1939–1956: Документы и материалы Науч.-исслед. ин-т проблем экон. истории ХХ века и др.; Под ред. М.М. Загорулько. – М.: Логос, 2000. – 1118 с.: ил.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-88439-093-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-88439-093-9">5-88439-093-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ann-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ann_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a> <i>Gulag: A History</i>, Doubleday, April 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-0056-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7679-0056-1">0-7679-0056-1</a>; p. 431.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anneapplebaum.com/gulag/intro.html">Introduction online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013124127/http://anneapplebaum.com/gulag/intro.html">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul M. Cole (1994) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR351.2.pdf">POW/MIA Issues: Volume 2, World War II and the Early Cold War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083522/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR351.2.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> National Defense Research Institute. RAND Corporation, p. 28 Retrieved 18 July 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tremblay, Robert, Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, et al. "Histoires oubliées – Interprogrammes : Des prisonniers spéciaux" Interlude. Aired: 20 July 2008, 14h47 to 15h00. <b>Note</b>: See also <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helen%27s_Island" title="Saint Helen's Island">Saint Helen's Island</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearFoot2005" class="citation book cs1">Dear, I.C.B; Foot, M.R.D., eds. (2005). "War Crimes". <i>The Oxford Companion to World War II</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 983–984. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280670-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280670-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280670-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+Crimes&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=983-984&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280670-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_J._Weingartner" title="James J. Weingartner">James J. Weingartner</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/94.4/weingartner.html"><i>"Americans, Germans, and War Crimes: Converging Narratives from "the Good War"</i></a> the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a>, Vol. 94, No. 4. March 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101114112740/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/94.4/weingartner.html">Archived</a> 14 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpot" class="citation web cs1">Philpot, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407045310/https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-britains-german-born-jewish-secret-listeners-helped-win-world-war-ii/">"How Britain's German-born Jewish 'secret listeners' helped win World War II"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-britains-german-born-jewish-secret-listeners-helped-win-world-war-ii/">the original</a> on 7 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=How+Britain%27s+German-born+Jewish+%27secret+listeners%27+helped+win+World+War+II&rft.aulast=Philpot&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fhow-britains-german-born-jewish-secret-listeners-helped-win-world-war-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histpow-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histpow_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histpow_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_G._LewisJohn_Mehwa1982" class="citation web cs1">George G. Lewis; John Mehwa (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180657/https://history.army.mil/html/books/104/104-11-1/cmhPub_104-11-1.pdf">"History of Prisoner of War Utilization by the United States Army 1776–1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Center of Military History, United States Army</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/104/104-11-1/cmhPub_104-11-1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.atitle=History+of+Prisoner+of+War+Utilization+by+the+United+States+Army+1776%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1982&rft.au=George+G.+Lewis&rft.au=John+Mehwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F104%2F104-11-1%2FcmhPub_104-11-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310191329/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958673,00.html">"Ike's Revenge?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 2 October 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958673,00.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Ike%27s+Revenge%3F&rft.date=1989-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C958673%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. P. MacKenzie "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II" The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 3. (September 1994), pp. 487–520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Footnote to: K. W. Bohme, Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges, 15 vols. (Munich, 1962–74), 1, pt. 1:x. (n. 1 above), 13:173; ICRC (n. 12 above), p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renate_Held_2008-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Renate_Held_2008_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renate Held, "Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in britischer Hand – ein Überblick [The German Prisoners of War in British Hands – An Overview] (in German)" (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene Davidsson, "The Trial of the Germans: An Account of the Twenty-Two Defendants Before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg", (1997) pp. 518–519 "the Allies stated in 1943 their intention of using forced workers outside Germany after the war, and not only did they express the intention but they carried it out. Not only Russia made use of such labour. France was given hundreds of thousands of German prisoners of war captured by the Americans, and their physical condition became so bad that the American Army authorities themselves protested. In England and the United States, too, some German prisoners of war were being put to work long after the surrender, and in Russia thousands of them worked until the mid-50s."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-German_migrants-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-German_migrants_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-German_migrants_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInge_Weber-NewthJohannes-Dieter_Steinert2006" class="citation book cs1">Inge Weber-Newth; Johannes-Dieter Steinert (2006). "Chapter 2: Immigration policy—immigrant policy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hSxK1Hus-BIC"><i>German migrants in post-war Britain: an enemy embrace</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 24–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5657-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5657-1"><bdi>978-0-7146-5657-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2009</span>. <q>Views in the Media were mirrored in the House of commons, where the arguments were characterized by a series of questions, the substance of which were always the same. Here too the talk was often of slave labour, and this debate was not laid to rest until the government announced its strategy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Immigration+policy%E2%80%94immigrant+policy&rft.btitle=German+migrants+in+post-war+Britain%3A+an+enemy+embrace&rft.pages=24-30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5657-1&rft.au=Inge+Weber-Newth&rft.au=Johannes-Dieter+Steinert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhSxK1Hus-BIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Secrets-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Secrets_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobain2005" class="citation news cs1">Cobain, Ian (12 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404012234/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/nov/12/secondworldwar.world">"The secrets of the London Cage"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/nov/12/secondworldwar.world">the original</a> on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+secrets+of+the+London+Cage&rft.date=2005-11-12&rft.aulast=Cobain&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2005%2Fnov%2F12%2Fsecondworldwar.world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2005-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2005_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2005_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/57jnwx?opendocument">ICRC in WW II: German prisoners of war in Allied hands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426202233/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/57jnwx?opendocument">Archived</a> 26 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2 February 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors" <i>New York Times</i>, 17 December 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2001" class="citation news cs1">Butler, Desmond (17 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328012225/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/17/world/ex-death-camp-tells-story-of-nazi-and-soviet-horrors.html">"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/17/world/ex-death-camp-tells-story-of-nazi-and-soviet-horrors.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Death+Camp+Tells+Story+of+Nazi+and+Soviet+Horrors&rft.date=2001-12-17&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F12%2F17%2Fworld%2Fex-death-camp-tells-story-of-nazi-and-soviet-horrors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2001" class="citation news cs1">Butler, Desmond (17 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328012225/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/17/world/ex-death-camp-tells-story-of-nazi-and-soviet-horrors.html">"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CEFDA163EF934A25751C1A9679C8B63">the original</a> on 28 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Death+Camp+Tells+Story+of+Nazi+and+Soviet+Horrors&rft.date=2001-12-17&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9A0CEFDA163EF934A25751C1A9679C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward N. Peterson, The American Occupation of Germany, pp. 42, 116, "Some hundreds of thousands who had fled to the Americans to avoid being taken prisoner by the Soviets were turned over in May to the Red Army in a gesture of friendship."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niall Ferguson, "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat" War in History 2004 11 (2) 148–192 p. 189, (footnote, referenced to: <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Nawratil" title="Heinz Nawratil">Heinz Nawratil</a>, Die deutschen Nachkriegsverluste unter Vertriebenen, Gefangenen und Verschleppter: mit einer übersicht über die europäischen Nachkriegsverluste (Munich and Berlin, 1988), pp. 36f.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Lubań, "Legal Modernism", Univ of Michigan Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10380-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10380-5">978-0-472-10380-5</a> pp. 360, 361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nuremberg/peopleevents/e_warcrimes.html">The Legacy of Nuremberg</a>", PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929015356/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nuremberg/peopleevents/e_warcrimes.html">Archived</a> 29 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarczai" class="citation web cs1">Tarczai, Bela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050301160204/http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/francia/francia.pdf">"Hungarian Prisoners-of-War In French Captivity 1945–1947"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.hungarianhistory.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/francia/francia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hungarianhistory.com&rft.atitle=Hungarian+Prisoners-of-War+In+French+Captivity+1945%E2%80%931947&rft.aulast=Tarczai&rft.aufirst=Bela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarianhistory.com%2Flib%2Ffrancia%2Ffrancia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorpe, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/929702.stm">Hungarian POW identified</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011072544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/929702.stm">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 17 September 2000. Accessed 11 December 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a> (2002) [1960]. <i>Victory in the Pacific, 1945</i>. Volume 14 of <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II" title="History of United States Naval Operations in World War II">History of United States Naval Operations in World War II</a></i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-07065-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-07065-8"><bdi>0-252-07065-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49784806">49784806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+in+the+Pacific%2C+1945&rft.place=Urbana&rft.series=Volume+14+of+%27%27History+of+United+States+Naval+Operations+in+World+War+II%27%27&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49784806&rft.isbn=0-252-07065-8&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-saipan.htm">Battle of Saipan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103221858/http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-saipan.htm">Archived</a> 3 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, historynet.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/1495651/American-troops-murdered-Japanese-PoWs.html">American troops 'murdered Japanese PoWs'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019164056/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/1495651/American-troops-murdered-Japanese-PoWs.html">Archived</a> 19 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "American and Australian soldiers massacred Japanese prisoners of war" according to The Faraway War by Prof Richard Aldrich of Nottingham University. From the diaries of Charles Lindberg: as told by a US officer, "Oh, we could take more if we wanted to", one of the officers replied. "But our boys don't like to take prisoners." "It doesn't encourage the rest to surrender when they hear of their buddies being marched out on the flying field and machine-guns turned loose on them." On Australian soldiers attitudes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddie_Stanton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eddie Stanton (page does not exist)">Eddie Stanton</a> is quoted: "Japanese are still being shot all over the place", "The necessity for capturing them has ceased to worry anyone. Nippo soldiers are just so much machine-gun practice. Too many of our soldiers are tied up guarding them."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn19969623-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn19969623_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406225846/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/23/rare.photos/index.html">"Photos document brutality in Shanghai"</a>. CNN. 23 September 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/23/rare.photos/index.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Photos+document+brutality+in+Shanghai&rft.date=1996-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2F9609%2F23%2Frare.photos%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/23/rare.photos/image2.lg.jpg">CNN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514134201/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/23/rare.photos/image2.lg.jpg">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 23 September 1996 image 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/23/rare.photos/image3.lg.jpg">CNN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514134150/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/23/rare.photos/image3.lg.jpg">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 23 September 1996 image 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Insolvibile Isabella, Wops. I prigionieri italiani in Gran Bretagna, Naples, Italy, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8849523560" title="Special:BookSources/978-8849523560">978-8849523560</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117182523/http://www.fff.org/freedom/0895a.asp">"Repatriation – The Dark Side of World War II"</a>. Fff.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fff.org/freedom/0895a.asp">the original</a> on 17 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Repatriation+%E2%80%93+The+Dark+Side+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Fff.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fff.org%2Ffreedom%2F0895a.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207142426/http://www.hillsdale.edu/news/imprimis/archive/issue.asp?year=1988&month=12">"Forced Repatriation to the Soviet Union: The Secret Betrayal"</a>. Hillsdale.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hillsdale.edu/news/imprimis/archive/issue.asp?year=1988&month=12">the original</a> on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forced+Repatriation+to+the+Soviet+Union%3A+The+Secret+Betrayal&rft.pub=Hillsdale.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillsdale.edu%2Fnews%2Fimprimis%2Farchive%2Fissue.asp%3Fyear%3D1988%26month%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Three-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Three_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419114222/http://www.kpows.com/thechineseconnection.html">"Chinese operated three types of POW camps for Americans during the Korean War"</a>. April 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kpows.com/thechineseconnection.html">the original</a> on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+operated+three+types+of+POW+camps+for+Americans+during+the+Korean+War&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpows.com%2Fthechineseconnection.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams,_2007,_p._62-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams,_2007,_p._62_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams,_2007,_p._62_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, (2007), p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, Clarence. (2007). <i>An American Dream: The Life of an African American Soldier and POW who Spent Twelve Years in Communist China</i>. Amherst & Boston. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5584-9595-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5584-9595-1">978-1-5584-9595-1</a>, p.62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zCVrzwEErzgC&pg=PA388">Trap Door to the Dark Side</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225172618/https://books.google.com/books?id=zCVrzwEErzgC&pg=PA388&dq&hl=en">Archived</a> 25 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. William C. Jeffries (2006). p. 388. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4259-5120-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4259-5120-1">1-4259-5120-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-south-viet-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-south-viet_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThanhLuce" class="citation magazine cs1">Thanh, Ngo Ba; Luce, Don. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409075649/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1970/11/05/in-south-vietnamese-jails/">"In South Vietnamese Jails"</a>. <i>NY Books</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/10775">the original</a> on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NY+Books&rft.atitle=In+South+Vietnamese+Jails&rft.aulast=Thanh&rft.aufirst=Ngo+Ba&rft.au=Luce%2C+Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F10775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1993" class="citation news cs1">Burns, Robert (29 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-29-mn-29122-story.html">"Were Korean War POWs Sent to U.S.S.R? New Evidence Surfaces: Probe: Former Marine corporal spent 33 months as a prisoner and was interrogated by Soviet agents who thought he was a pilot"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409184340/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-29-mn-29122-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Were+Korean+War+POWs+Sent+to+U.S.S.R%3F+New+Evidence+Surfaces%3A+Probe%3A+Former+Marine+corporal+spent+33+months+as+a+prisoner+and+was+interrogated+by+Soviet+agents+who+thought+he+was+a+pilot&rft.date=1993-08-29&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-08-29-mn-29122-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalalliance.org/korea/korea04.htm">pp 26–33 Transfer of U.S. Korean War POWs To the Soviet Union</a>. Nationalalliance.org. Retrieved on 24 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145328/http://www.nationalalliance.org/korea/korea04.htm">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taskforceomegainc.org/USSR.html">USSR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507133934/http://www.taskforceomegainc.org/USSR.html">Archived</a> 7 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Taskforceomegainc.org (17 September 1996). Retrieved on 24 May 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/history/the-untold-story-behind-indira-gandhis-decision-to-release-93000-pakistani-pows-after-the-bangladesh-war">"The True Story of India's Decision to Release 93,000 Pakistani POWs After 1971 War"</a>. <i>thewire.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thewire.in&rft.atitle=The+True+Story+of+India%27s+Decision+to+Release+93%2C000+Pakistani+POWs+After+1971+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fhistory%2Fthe-untold-story-behind-indira-gandhis-decision-to-release-93000-pakistani-pows-after-the-bangladesh-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517111554/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/04/27/Falkland-Islands-a-gentlemans-war/9723388728000/">"Falkland Islands: a gentleman's war"</a>. <i>UPI</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/04/27/Falkland-Islands-a-gentlemans-war/9723388728000/">the original</a> on 17 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Falkland+Islands%3A+a+gentleman%27s+war&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1982%2F04%2F27%2FFalkland-Islands-a-gentlemans-war%2F9723388728000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406094130/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/war/5.html">"war story: Rhonda Cornum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/war/5.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=war+story%3A+Rhonda+Cornum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fgulf%2Fwar%2F5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaikh Azizur Rahman, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washtimes.com/world/20030727-104257-8893r.htm">Two Chinese prisoners from '62 war repatriated</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728100329/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2003/jul/27/20030727-104257-8893r/">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>The Washington Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazila_Fathi2003" class="citation news cs1">Nazila Fathi (14 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226173810/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/14/world/threats-and-responses-briefly-noted-iran-iraq-prisoner-deal.html">"Threats and Responses: Briefly Noted; Iran-Iraq Prisoner Deal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DEFDC113EF937A25750C0A9659C8B63">the original</a> on 26 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Threats+and+Responses%3A+Briefly+Noted%3B+Iran-Iraq+Prisoner+Deal&rft.date=2003-03-14&rft.au=Nazila+Fathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F0DEFDC113EF937A25750C0A9659C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231121747/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2022/11/ukraine-russia-prisoners-war">"Ukraine / Russia: Prisoners of war"</a>. <i>OHCHR</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2022/11/ukraine-russia-prisoners-war">the original</a> on 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%2F+Russia%3A+Prisoners+of+war&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fpress-briefing-notes%2F2022%2F11%2Fukraine-russia-prisoners-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Alan <i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a>: The Russian-Geran Conflict 1941–1945</i> p. 206, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35864-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35864-9">0-304-35864-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century</i>, Greenhill Books, London, 1997, G. F. Krivosheev, editor (ref. Streit)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rüdiger Overmans: "Die Rheinwiesenlager 1945" in: Hans-Erich Volkmann (ed.): <i>Ende des Dritten Reiches – Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Eine perspektivische Rückschau</i>. Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes. Munich 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-492-12056-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-492-12056-3">3-492-12056-3</a>, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt W. Böhme: "Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Jugoslawien", Band I/1 der Reihe: Kurt W. Böhme, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Maschke" title="Erich Maschke">Erich Maschke</a> (eds.): <i>Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges</i>, Bielefeld 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7694-0003-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7694-0003-8">3-7694-0003-8</a>, pp. 42–136, 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033207/https://www.stern.de/politik/geschichte/kriegsgefangene-viele-kamen-nicht-zurueck-3548272.html">"Kriegsgefangene: Viele kamen nicht zurück"</a>. Stern.de – Politik. 6 February 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stern.de/politik/geschichte/kriegsgefangene-viele-kamen-nicht-zurueck-3548272.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kriegsgefangene%3A+Viele+kamen+nicht+zur%C3%BCck&rft.pub=Stern.de+%E2%80%93+Politik&rft.date=2012-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stern.de%2Fpolitik%2Fgeschichte%2Fkriegsgefangene-viele-kamen-nicht-zurueck-3548272.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHe2007" class="citation book cs1">He, Tianyi (2007). <i>亚洲的奥斯威辛: 日军侵华集中营揭秘</i>. p. 4. <q>日军在中国设立的战俘集中营有四十余个,关押战俘约五十万人。如果算上日军在各地临时设立的战俘收容所、留置场,足有上百个,关押战俘约在百万人以上。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%A8%81%E8%BE%9B%3A+%E6%97%A5%E5%86%9B%E4%BE%B5%E5%8D%8E%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5%E6%8F%AD%E7%A7%98&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Tianyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Hickman" title="Johnny Hickman">John Hickman</a>, "What is a Prisoner of War For?" <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205204548/http://academic.sun.ac.za/mil/mil_history/scientia%20militaria.htm">Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies</a></i>. Vol. 36, No. 2. 2008. pp. 19–35.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" class="extiw" title="s:Third Geneva Convention">Full text of Third Geneva Convention, 1949 revision</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Prisoner of War". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (CD ed.). 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prisoner+of+War&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=CD&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213205052/http://www.gendercide.org/case_soviet.html">Gendercide site</a></li> <li>"Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century", Greenhill Books, London, 1997, G. F. Krivosheev, editor.</li> <li>"Keine Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941–1945", Dietz, Bonn 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8012-5023-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-8012-5023-7">3-8012-5023-7</a></li> <li>Bligh, Alexander. 2015. "The 1973 War and the Formation of Israeli POW Policy – A Watershed Line? ". In Udi Lebel and Eyal Lewin (eds.), The 1973 Yom Kippur War and the Reshaping of Israeli Civil–Military Relations. Washington, DC: Lexington Books (2015), 121–146.</li> <li>Bligh, Alexander. 2014. "The development of Israel's POW policy: The 1967 War as a test case", Paper presented at the Seventh Annual ASMEA Conference: Searching for Balance in the Middle East and Africa (Washington, D.C., 31 October 2014).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The stories of several American fighter pilots, shot down over North Vietnam are the focus of <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Foundation" title="American Film Foundation">American Film Foundation</a>'s 1999 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Return_with_Honor" title="Return with Honor">Return with Honor</a></i>, presented by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a>.</li> <li>Lewis H. Carlson, <i>We We're Each Other's Prisoners: An Oral History of World War II American and German Prisoners of War</i>, 1st ed.; 1997, BasicBooks (HarperCollins, Inc). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-09120-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-09120-2">0-465-09120-2</a>.</li> <li>Peter Dennis, Jeffrey Grey, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior with Jean Bou : <i>The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History</i> 2nd ed. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand, 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/489040963">489040963</a>.</li> <li>H.S. Gullett, <i>Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18, Vol. VII The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine</i> 10th ed. (Sydney: Angus & Robinson, 1941) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/220900153">220900153</a>.</li> <li>Alfred James Passfield, <i>The Escape Artist: An WW2 Australian prisoner's chronicle of life in German POW camps and his eight escape attempts</i>, 1984 Artlook Books Western Australia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86445-047-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86445-047-8">0-86445-047-8</a>.</li> <li>Rivett, Rohan D. (1946). <i>Behind Bamboo</i>. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Republished by Penguin, 1992; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014925-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014925-2">0-14-014925-2</a>.</li> <li>George G. Lewis and John Mewha, <i>History of prisoner of war utilisation by the United States Army, 1776–1945</i>; Dept. of the Army, 1955.</li> <li>Vetter, Hal, <i>Mutine at Koje Island</i>; Charles Tuttle Company, Vermont, 1965.</li> <li>Jin, Ha, <i>War Trash: A novel</i>; Pantheon, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42276-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42276-8">978-0-375-42276-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Longden" title="Sean Longden">Sean Longden</a>, <i>Hitler's British Slaves</i>. First Published Arris Books, 2006. 2nd ed., Constable Robinson, 2007.</li> <li>Desflandres, Jean, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Rennbahn: Trente-deux mois de captivité en Allemagne 1914–1917 Souvenirs d'un soldat belge, étudiant à l'université libre de Bruxelles</i></span> 3rd edition (Paris, 1920)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Devaux, Roger. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genea.free.fr/guefangue/index-en.php">Treize Qu'ils Etaient</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2014">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>: Life of the French prisoners of war at the peasants of low Bavaria (1939–1945)</i> – Mémoires et Cultures – 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-916062-51-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-916062-51-3">2-916062-51-3</a></li> <li>Doylem Robert C. <i>The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Prisoners of War From the Revolution to the War on Terror</i> (University Press of Kentucky, 2010); 468 pages; Sources include American soldiers' own narratives of their experiences guarding POWs plus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510234107/http://www.pritzkermilitarylibrary.org/Home/Robert-C-Doyle.aspx">Webcast Author Interview</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Military_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Military Library">Pritzker Military Library</a> on 26 June 2010</li> <li>Gascare, Pierre. <i>Histoire de la captivité des Français en Allemagne (1939–1945)</i>, Éditions Gallimard, France, 1967. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-022686-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-022686-7">2-07-022686-7</a>.</li> <li>McGowran, Tom, <i>Beyond the Bamboo Screen: Scottish Prisoners of War under the Japanese.</i> 1999. Cualann Press Ltd<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Krammer" title="Arnold Krammer">Krammer, Arnold</a>, ''<i>Nazi Prisoners of War in America</i> 1979 Stein & Day; 1991, 1996 Scarborough House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8128-8561-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8128-8561-9">0-8128-8561-9</a>.</li> <li>Krebs, Daniel, and Lorien Foote, eds. <i>Useful Captives: The Role of POWs in American Military Conflicts</i> (University Press of Kansas, 2021). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Moore, Bob, & Kent Fedorowich eds., <i>Prisoners of War and Their Captors in World War II</i>, Berg Press, Oxford, UK, 1997. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Bob Moore, and Kent Fedorowich. <i>The British Empire and Its Italian Prisoners of War, 1940–1947</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/British-Empire-Italian-Prisoners-1940-1947/dp/0333738926/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>David Rolf, <i>Prisoners of the Reich, Germany's Captives, 1939–1945</i>, 1998; on British POWs <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Scheipers, Sibylle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407051347/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/alliances-and-wars/war-as-an-agent-of-transfer/sibylle-scheipers-prisoners-and-detainees-in-war"><i>Prisoners and Detainees in War </i></a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, 2011, retrieved: 16 November 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Springer" title="Paul J. Springer">Paul J. Springer</a>. <i>America's Captives: Treatment of POWs From the Revolutionary War to the War on Terror</i> (University Press of Kansas; 2010); 278 pages; Argues that the US military has failed to incorporate lessons on POW policy from each successive conflict. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVance2006" class="citation book cs1">Vance, Jonathan F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpr0000unse_z5l2/page/800"><i>The Encyclopedia of Prisoners of War & Internment</i></a> (2nd ed.). Millerton, NY: Grey House Pub, 2006. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpr0000unse_z5l2/page/800">800</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59237-120-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59237-120-4"><bdi>978-1-59237-120-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Prisoners+of+War+%26+Internment&rft.place=Millerton%2C+NY&rft.pages=800&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Grey+House+Pub%2C+2006.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59237-120-4&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofpr0000unse_z5l2%2Fpage%2F800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner+of+war" class="Z3988"></span>, EBook <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59237-170-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59237-170-9">978-1-59237-170-9</a></li> <li>Richard D. Wiggers, "The United States and the Denial of Prisoner of War (POW) Status at the End of the Second World War", <i>Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen</i> 52 (1993) pp. 91–94.</li> <li>Winton, Andrew, <i>Open Road to Faraway: Escapes from Nazi POW Camps 1941–1945.</i> 2001. Cualann Press Ltd. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Harris, Justin Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428060457/https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/3836/fulltext.pdf">"American Soldiers and POW Killing in the European Theater of World War II"</a></li> <li>United States. Government Accountability Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330065147/https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-13-810t.pdf"><i>DOD's POW/MIA Mission: Capability and Capacity to Account for Missing Persons Undermined by Leadership Weaknesses and Fragmented Organizational Structure: Testimony before the Subcommittee on Military Personnel, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. House of Representatives.</i></a> Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.</li> <li>On 12 February 2013, three American POWs gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Military_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Military Library">Pritzker Military Library</a> for a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628142149/https://www.pritzkermilitarylibrary.org/Home/POW-experience.aspx">webcast conversation</a> regarding their individual experiences as POWs and the memoirs they each published: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Cornum" title="Rhonda Cornum">Rhonda Cornum</a> – with Peter Copeland <i>She Went to War: The Rhonda Cornum Story</i> 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0891414636" title="Special:BookSources/978-0891414636">978-0891414636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Borling" title="John L. Borling">John Borling</a> – a collection of his poetry <i>Taps on the Walls: Poems from the Hanoi Hilton</i> 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615659053" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615659053">978-0615659053</a></li> <li>Donald E. Casey – <i>To Fight for My Country, Sir!: Memoirs of a 19-year-old B-17 Navigator Shot Down in Nazi Germany</i> 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1448669875" title="Special:BookSources/978-1448669875">978-1448669875</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_war&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_of_war" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1922 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Prisoners_of_War" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prisoners of War">Prisoners of War</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/prisoner_of_war" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212222647/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/section_ihl_prisoners_of_war">Prisoners of war and humanitarian law</a>, ICRC.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130227083210/http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Category:Prisoners_of_War">Prisoners of War</a> UK National Archives.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130620025404/http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=ADM_103">Prisoners of War 1755–1831</a> UK National Archives ADM 103</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203194602/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/categories/c1204/">Archive of World War II memories</a> BBC.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080330210330/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/world_war_2/3037296.html">Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II</a> HistoryNet.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/prisoner-of-war-interview-reports-1914-1918/">Reports made by World War I prisoners of war</a> UK National Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822065123/http://www.storyvault.com/video/view/japanese_prisoner_of_war_journey_to_japan">First hand account of being a Japanese POW. Part 1 in a series of 4 video interviews</a> Storyvault</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180659/https://www.historicaleye.com/WorldWar2/axis-pows.html">German POWs and the art of survival</a> Historical Eye</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010627212117/http://virtualwall.org/pmsea.htm">Current status of Vietnam War POW/MIA</a></li> <li>Clifford Reddish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010101923/http://www.cliffordreddish.eu/">War Memoirs of a British Army Signalman as a prisoner of the Japanese</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224012422/http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-71-1642/conflict_war/pow_camps_Canada/">Canada's Forgotten PoW Camps</a> CBC Digital Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406174006/https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Gliederungen/Kriegsgefangenenlager/Stammlager-R.htm">German army list of Stalags</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130133203/https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Gliederungen/Kriegsgefangenenlager/Offizierslager-R.htm">German army list of Oflags</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812141951/http://www.colditzcastle.net/">Colditz Oflag IVC POW Camp</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523174505/http://lamsdorfreunited.co.uk/">Lamsdorf Reunited</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033500/https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Pris.html">New Zealand PoWs of Germany, Italy & Japan</a> New Zealand Official History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409051642/https://kiuchi.jpn.org/en/nobindex.htm">Notes of Japanese soldier in a USSR prison camp after World War II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426202233/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/57jnwx?opendocument">German prisoners of war in Allied hands</a> (World War II) ICRC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728084425/http://www.ww2pow.info/">World War II U.S. POW Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218033254/http://www.koreanwarpow.org/">Korean War POW Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/search-efg/efg1914%20prisoners">Historic films about POWs in World War I</a> European Film Gateway</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407141153/https://donmooreswartales.com/2010/05/12/harry-glixon/">Jewish POW swapped by Germans in World War II</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Incarceration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Incarceration" title="Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Incarceration" title="Template talk:Incarceration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Incarceration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">Incarceration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">Convict</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Criminal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">Detainee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">Prisoner of conscience</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prisoner of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Prisons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">Black site</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corrective_labor_colony" title="Corrective labor colony">Corrective labor colony</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors'</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_farm" title="Prison farm">Farm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_island" title="Prison island">Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labor camp</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_battalion" title="Labour battalion">Battalion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chain_gang" title="Chain gang">Chain gang</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">Military</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">Penal colony</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">Prisoner-of-war camp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship">Ship</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Youth_detention_center" title="Youth detention center">Youth detention center</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Security levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">House arrest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_prison" title="Open prison">Open</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison#Security_levels" title="Prison">Maximum security</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermax_prison" title="Supermax prison">Supermax</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_cell" title="Prison cell">Cell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_cemetery" title="Prison cemetery">Cemetery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_commissary" title="Prison commissary">Commissary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_food" title="Prison food">Food</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_nursery" title="Prison nursery">Nursery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">Officer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trusty_system_(prison)" title="Trusty system (prison)">Trusty system</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_warden" title="Prison warden">Warden</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prison_escape" title="Prison escape">Escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_escapes" title="List of prison escapes">Prison escapes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_helicopter_prison_escapes" title="List of helicopter prison escapes">Helicopter</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoner-of-war_escapes" title="List of prisoner-of-war escapes">Prisoner-of-war escapes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_art" title="Prison art">Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_gang" title="Prison gang">Gang</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_gangs_in_the_United_States" title="Prison gangs in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_literature" title="Prison literature">Literature</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_prison_literature" title="American prison literature">American</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_ring" title="Prison ring">Ring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_slang" title="Prison slang">Slang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_tattooing" title="Prison tattooing">Tattooing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Abuse</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner abuse in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_contemplative_programs" title="Prison contemplative programs">Contemplative programs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Education</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jailhouse_informants" class="mw-redirect" title="Jailhouse informants">Informants</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison" title="LGBTQ people in prison">LGBTQ</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mentally_ill_people_in_United_States_jails_and_prisons" title="Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons">Mentally ill people in the United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pay-to-stay_(imprisonment)" title="Pay-to-stay (imprisonment)">Pay-to-stay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Prison overcrowding</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding_in_the_United_States" title="Prison overcrowding in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private prisons</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States#Privatization" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protective_custody" title="Protective custody">Protective custody</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Rape</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape_in_the_United_States" title="Prison rape in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_religion" title="Prison religion">Religion</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_United_States_prisons" title="Religion in United States prisons">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_riot" title="Prison riot">Riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_sexuality" title="Prison sexuality">Sexuality</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">Solitary confinement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Strikes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Suicide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_violence" title="Prison violence">Violence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women" title="Incarceration of women">Women in prison</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration of women in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Assistance_of_the_Convicted" title="Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted">Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted</a> (Brazil)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Pink" title="Black and Pink">Black and Pink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Justice_Institute" title="Florida Justice Institute">Florida Justice Institute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Network_of_Prison_Ministries" title="International Network of Prison Ministries">International Network of Prison Ministries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Action" title="Justice Action">Justice Action</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Defenders" title="Justice Defenders">Justice Defenders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College" title="Mount Tamalpais College">Mount Tamalpais College</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/POA_(trade_union)" title="POA (trade union)">POA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">Prison abolition movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Advice_and_Care_Trust" title="Prison Advice and Care Trust">Prison Advice and Care Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison-Ashram_Project" title="Prison-Ashram Project">Prison-Ashram Project</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship" title="Prison Fellowship">Prison Fellowship</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship_International" title="Prison Fellowship International">Prison Fellowship International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Legal_News" title="Prison Legal News">Prison Legal News</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Officers%27_Association_(Ireland)" title="Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)">Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Prison_Phoenix_Trust" title="The Prison Phoenix Trust">The Prison Phoenix Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Radio" title="Prison Radio">Prison Radio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Reform_Trust" title="Prison Reform Trust">Prison Reform Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/WriteAPrisoner.com" title="WriteAPrisoner.com">WriteAPrisoner.com</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaving prison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Work_release" title="Work release">Work release</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">Countries by incarceration rate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons" title="List of prisons">Prisons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Films featuring prisons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Penal_systems_by_country" title="Category:Penal systems by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punishment_in_Australia" title="Punishment in Australia">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Chile" title="Prisons in Chile">Chile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Estonia" title="Prisons in Estonia">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Germany" title="Prisons in Germany">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Iceland" title="List of prisons in Iceland">Iceland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prisons in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland, Republic of</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Jamaica" title="List of prisons in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_of_Japan" title="Penal system of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_New_Zealand" title="List of prisons in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea" title="Prisons in North Korea">North Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Penitentiary_Institute_(Peru)" title="National Penitentiary Institute (Peru)">Peru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Russia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisons_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Prisons in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Turkey" title="Prisons in Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Ukraine" title="Prisons in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">United Kingdom and British overseas territories </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Department_of_Corrections" title="Bermuda Department of Corrections">Bermuda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="His Majesty's Prison Service">England and Wales</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">Northern Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scotland</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" title="Category:Imprisonment and detention">Imprisonment and detention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Imprisonment and detention">Commons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Substantive_human_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template talk:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Substantive_human_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">Legal aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social<br />and cultural</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remuneration" title="Remuneration">Fair remuneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Right to public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_reply" title="Right of reply">Right of reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">Right to social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Right to water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179637#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179637#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179637#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4033131-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85106971">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prisonniers de guerre"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941177s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prisonniers de guerre"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941177s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563452">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="váleční zajatci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127335&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="válečné zajatkyně"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1078623&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prisioneros de guerra"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576352">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000073302&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536356805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643541">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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