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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Linguistic standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>English in the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindi-Urdu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindi-Urdu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hindi-Urdu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindi-Urdu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_and_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_and_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Africa and Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_and_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbo-Croatian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbo-Croatian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Serbo-Croatian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbo-Croatian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Somali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Standard language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardsprache" title="Standardsprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Standardsprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9" title="معيرة لغة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معيرة لغة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_est%C3%A1ndar" title="Llingua estándar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua estándar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fd%C9%99bi_dil" title="Ədəbi dil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ədəbi dil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="মান্য ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মান্য ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piau-ch%C3%BAn-g%C3%AD" title="Piau-chún-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Piau-chún-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Літаратурная мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Літаратурная мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Літаратурная мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Літаратурная мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Книжовен език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Книжовен език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_jezik" title="Standardni jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Standardni jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_est%C3%A0ndard" title="Llengua estàndard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua estàndard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisovn%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Spisovný jazyk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spisovný jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith_safonol" title="Iaith safonol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iaith safonol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لوغة معيارية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لوغة معيارية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardsprache" title="Standardsprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Standardsprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_est%C3%A1ndar" title="Lengua estándar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua estándar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_lingvo" title="Norma lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norma lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_estandar" title="Hizkuntza estandar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza estandar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="زبان معیار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان معیار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_standard" title="Langue standard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue standard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standerttaal" title="Standerttaal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Standerttaal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengey_chadjinit" title="Çhengey chadjinit – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengey chadjinit" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_est%C3%A1ndar" title="Lingua estándar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua estándar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80%EC%96%B4" title="표준어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표준어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshe_na_yau_da_kullun" title="Harshe na yau da kullun – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshe na yau da kullun" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Գրական լեզու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրական լեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मानक भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानक भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_jezik" title="Standardni jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Standardni jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_baku" title="Bahasa baku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa baku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_standard" title="Lingua standard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua standard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שפה תקנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפה תקנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_baku" title="Basa baku – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa baku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Әдеби тіл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әдеби тіл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahaja_sanifu" title="Lahaja sanifu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lahaja sanifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Адабий тил – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адабий тил" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_normata" title="Lingua normata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua normata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liter%C4%81r%C4%81_valoda" title="Literārā valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Literārā valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standartin%C4%97_kalba" title="Standartinė kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Standartinė kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjtandaardtaal" title="Sjtandaardtaal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjtandaardtaal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_nyelv" title="Standard nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Standard nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Литературен јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Литературен јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_baku" title="Bahasa baku – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa baku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Стандарт хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Стандарт хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standaardtaal" title="Standaardtaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Standaardtaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मानक भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मानक भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%AA%9E" title="標準語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="標準語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardspr%C3%A5k" title="Standardspråk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Standardspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estandard_(ling%C3%BCistica)" title="Estandard (lingüistica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estandard (lingüistica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabiy_til" title="Adabiy til – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adabiy til" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਟਕਸਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਕਸਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="معیاري ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="معیاري ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_standardowy" title="Język standardowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język standardowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma-padr%C3%A3o" title="Norma-padrão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Norma-padrão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81debiy_til" title="Ádebiy til – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ádebiy til" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_standard" title="Limbă standard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbă standard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Литературный язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литературный язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_standarde" title="Gjuha standarde – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha standarde" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardulugg%C3%ACa" title="Standarduluggìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Standarduluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සම්මත උපභාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සම්මත උපභාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BA%D9%8A%D9%BA_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ٺيٺ ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٺيٺ ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisovn%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Spisovný jazyk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spisovný jazyk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEni_jezik" title="Knjižni jezik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Knjižni jezik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="زمانی ستاندارد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ستاندارد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Стандардни језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стандардни језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_jezik" title="Standardni jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Standardni jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yleiskieli" title="Yleiskieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yleiskieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardspr%C3%A5k" title="Standardspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Standardspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="தகுமொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தகுமொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Стандарт тел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Стандарт тел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standart_dil" title="Standart dil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Standart dil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Стандартизована мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стандартизована мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="معیاری زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معیاری زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_ti%C3%AAu_chu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Ngôn ngữ tiêu chuẩn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ tiêu chuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%AF%AD" title="标准语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="标准语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="標準方言 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="標準方言" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wano_standard" title="Zıwano standard – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwano standard" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="标准方言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="标准方言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q399495#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language variety with substantially codified grammar and usage</div> <p> A <b>standard language</b> (or <b>standard variety</b>, <b>standard dialect</b>, <b>standardized dialect</b> or simply <b>standard</b>) is any <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">language variety</a> that has undergone substantial <a href="/wiki/Codification_(linguistics)" title="Codification (linguistics)">codification</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>, or other features and that stands out among related varieties in a community as the one with the highest status or <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010554_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010554-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan200714_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan200714-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, it is the prestige language variety of a whole country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010554_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010554-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, the process of a variety becoming organized into a standard, for instance by being widely expounded in <a href="/wiki/Grammar_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar books">grammar books</a> or other reference works,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan200714_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan200714-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also the process of making people's language usage conform to that standard,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010552_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010552-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is called <b>standardization</b>. Typically, the varieties that undergo standardization are those associated with centres of commerce and government,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuer2011492–493_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuer2011492–493-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan200714_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan200714-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used frequently by educated people and in <a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">news broadcasting</a>, and taught widely in schools and to non-native learners of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudgill_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudgill-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010554_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010554-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a language community, standardization usually begins with a particular variety being selected (often towards a goal of further linguistic uniformity), accepted by influential people, socially and culturally spread, established in opposition to competitor varieties, maintained, increasingly used in diverse contexts, and assigned a high social status as a result of the variety being linked to the most successful people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilroyMilroy201222_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilroyMilroy201222-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a sociological effect of these processes, most users of a standard dialect—and many users of other dialects of the same language—come to believe that the standard is inherently superior to, or consider it the linguistic baseline against which to judge, the other dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavila2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavila2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such beliefs are firmly rooted in social perceptions rather than any objective evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudgill_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudgill-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any varieties that do not carry high social status in a community (and thus may be defined in opposition to standard dialects) are called nonstandard or <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> dialects. </p><p>The standardization of a language is a continual process, because language is always <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">changing</a> and a language-in-use cannot be permanently standardized like the parts of a machine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standardization may originate from a motivation to make the written form of a language more uniform, as is the case of <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilroyMilroy2012245_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilroyMilroy2012245-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, standardization processes include efforts to stabilize the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">spelling</a> of the prestige dialect, to <a href="/wiki/Codification_(linguistics)" title="Codification (linguistics)">codify</a> usages and particular (<a href="/wiki/Denotation" title="Denotation">denotative</a>) meanings through formal <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a>, and to encourage public acceptance of the codifications as intrinsically correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBex2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBex2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that vein, a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a> has interacting standard varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1968534_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1968534-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloss196731_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloss196731-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClyne19921_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClyne19921-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClyne19921–3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClyne19921–3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monocentric languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, have one standardized idiom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClyne19923_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClyne19923-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>standard language</i> occasionally refers also to the entirety of a language that includes a standardized form as one of its varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEСулейменова200653–55_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEСулейменова200653–55-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapović201146–48_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapović201146–48-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, a standardized <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> is sometimes identified with the German word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schriftsprache</i></span> (written language). The term <i><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a></i> is occasionally used as a synonym for <i>standard language</i>, a naming convention still prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">linguistic traditions of eastern Europe.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunaj1989134_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunaj1989134-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEСоціологія_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEСоціологія-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contemporary linguistic usage, the terms <i>standard dialect</i> and <i>standard variety</i> are neutral synonyms for the term <i>standard language</i>, usages which indicate that <i>the standard</i> language is one of many dialects and varieties of a language, rather than the totality of the language, whilst minimizing the negative implication of <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social subordination</a> that the standard is the only form worthy of the label "language".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarčević201669_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarčević201669-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogl201215_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogl201215-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_standardization">Linguistic standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Linguistic standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>standard language</i> identifies a repertoire of broadly recognizable conventions in spoken and written communications used in a society; the term implies neither a socially ideal idiom nor a culturally superior form of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharity_HudleyMallinson2011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharity_HudleyMallinson2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These conventions develop from related dialects, usually by social action (ethnic and cultural unification) that elevate discourse patterns associated with perceived centres of culture, or more rarely, by deliberately defining the norms of standard language with selected linguistic features drawn from the existing dialects, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur1992980_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur1992980-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon2004275_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon2004275-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Either course of events typically results in a relatively fixed orthography codified in <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">grammars</a> and normative <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a>, in which users can also sometimes find illustrative examples drawn from literary, legal, or religious texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon2004275_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon2004275-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether grammars and dictionaries are created by the state or by private citizens (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Dictionary</a></i>), some users regard such linguistic codifications as authoritative for correcting the spoken and written forms of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon2004276_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon2004276-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effects of such codifications include slowing the pace of <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">diachronic</a> change in the standardized variety and affording a basis for further linguistic development (<i><a href="/wiki/Ausbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausbau">Ausbau</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon2004275_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon2004275-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the practices of broadcasting and of official communications, the standard usually functions as a normalizing reference for speech and writing. In educational contexts, it usually informs the version of the language taught to non-native learners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill2006119_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2006119-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In those ways, the standard variety acquires <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">social prestige</a> and greater functional importance than <a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">nonstandard dialects</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill2006119_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2006119-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which depend upon or are <a href="/wiki/Autonomy_and_heteronomy_(sociolinguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomy and heteronomy (sociolinguistics)">heteronomous</a> with respect to the standard idiom. Standard usage serves as the linguistic authority, as in the case of specialist <a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">terminology</a>; moreover, the standardization of spoken forms is oriented towards the codified standard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambersTrudgill19989_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambersTrudgill19989-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, a standard language arises in two ways: (i) in the case of <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a>, linguistic standardization occurs informally and piecemeal, without formal government intervention; (ii) in the cases of the French and Spanish languages, linguistic standardization occurs formally, directed by <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescriptive</a> language institutions, such as the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a></span></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a>, which respectively produce <i>Le bon français</i> and <i>El buen español</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur1992290_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur1992290-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill2006119_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2006119-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A standard variety can be conceptualized in two ways: (i) as the <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a> of a given <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">socio-economic stratum</a> or (ii) as the normative codification of a <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>, an idealized abstraction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Mol200311_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Mol200311-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, the full standardization of a language is impractical, because a standardized dialect cannot fully function as a real entity, but does function as set of linguistic norms observed to varying degrees in the course of <i><a href="/wiki/Usus" class="mw-redirect" title="Usus">usus</a></i> – of how people actually speak and write the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarčević201671_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarčević201671-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomaine2008685_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomaine2008685-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, the language varieties identified as standard are neither uniform nor fully stabilized, especially in their spoken forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilroy2007_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilroy2007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that perspective, the linguist <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Romaine" title="Suzanne Romaine">Suzanne Romaine</a> says that standard languages can be conceptually compared to the <a href="/wiki/Imagined_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagined communities">imagined communities</a> of <i>nation</i> and <i>nationalism</i>, as described by the political scientist <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Benedict Anderson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomaine2008685_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomaine2008685-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which indicates that linguistic standardization is the result of a society's history and sociology, and thus is not a universal phenomenon;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomaine2008685_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomaine2008685-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the approximately 7,000 contemporary spoken languages, most do not have a codified standard dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomaine2008685_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomaine2008685-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politically, in the formation of a nation-state, identifying and cultivating a standard variety can serve efforts to establish a shared culture among the social and economic groups who compose the new nation-state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInoue2006122_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInoue2006122-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different national standards, derived from a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">continuum of dialects</a>, might be treated as discrete languages (along with heteronomous vernacular dialects)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill2004_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even if there are <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> varieties among them,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1968_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1968-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambersTrudgill199811_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambersTrudgill199811-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic language">North Germanic languages</a> of Scandinavia (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambersTrudgill19983–4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambersTrudgill19983–4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, in political praxis, either a government or a neighbouring population might deny the cultural status of a standard language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInoue2006123–124_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInoue2006123–124-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to such political interference, linguists develop a standard variety from elements of the different dialects used by a society. </p><p>For example, when Norway became independent from Denmark in 1814, the only written language was Danish. Different Norwegian dialects were spoken in rural districts and provincial cities, but people with higher education and upper-class urban people spoke "Danish with a Norwegian pronunciation". Based upon the bourgeois speech of the capital <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> (Christiania) and other major cities, several orthographic reforms, notably in 1907 and 1917, resulted in the official standard <a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a>, in 1929 renamed <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> ('book tongue'). The philologist <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen" title="Ivar Aasen">Ivar Aasen</a> (1813–1896) considered urban and upper-class <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a> too similar to Danish, so he developed <a href="/wiki/Landsm%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsmål">Landsmål</a> ('country tongue'), the standard based upon the dialects of western Norway. In 1885 the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a> (parliament) declared both forms official and equal. In 1929 it was officially renamed <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (New Norwegian). </p><p>Likewise, in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (1945–1992), when the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic of Macedonia</a> (1963–1991) developed their national language from the dialect continuum demarcated by Serbia to the north and Bulgaria to the east, their <a href="/wiki/Standard_Macedonian" title="Standard Macedonian">Standard Macedonian</a> was based upon vernaculars from the west of the republic, which were the dialects most linguistically different from standard <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, the previous linguistic norm used in that region of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan peninsula">Balkan peninsula</a>. Although Macedonian functions as the standard language of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</a>, nonetheless, for political and cultural reasons, Bulgarians treat Macedonian as a Bulgarian dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill1992173–174_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill1992173–174-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">List of language regulators</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> consists of hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">local varieties</a>, many of which are not mutually intelligible, usually classified into seven to ten major groups, including <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a>. Before the 20th century, most Chinese spoke only their local variety. For two millennia, formal writing had been done in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>, a style modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">classics</a> and far removed from any contemporary speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988108–109,_245_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988108–109,_245-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a practical measure, officials of the late imperial dynasties carried out the administration of the empire using a <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">common language based on Mandarin varieties</a>, known as <i>Guānhuà</i> (literally "speech of officials").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988133,_136_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988133,_136-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, many Chinese intellectuals argued that the country needed a standardized language. By the 1920s, Literary Chinese had been replaced as the written standard by <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">written vernacular Chinese</a>, which was based on Mandarin dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988133–134_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988133–134-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> was adopted, with its pronunciation based on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing dialect</a>, but with vocabulary also drawn from other Mandarin varieties and its syntax based on the written vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988135_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988135-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the official spoken language of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (where it is called <i>Pǔtōnghuà</i> "common speech"), the de facto official language of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> governing Taiwan (as <i>Guóyǔ</i> "national language") and one of the official languages of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> (as <i>Huáyǔ</i> "Chinese language").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988136–137_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988136–137-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> now dominates public life, and is much more widely studied than any other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">variety of Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988247_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988247-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_in_the_United_Kingdom">English in the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: English in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, the standard language is <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, which is based upon the language of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">court of Chancery</a> of England and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1996_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1996-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late-seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a> became established as the linguistic norm of the <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">upper class</a>, composed of the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">peerage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1996_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1996-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socially, the accent of the spoken version of the standard language then indicated that the speaker was a man or a woman possessed of a good education, and thus of high <a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">social prestige</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaughCable2002_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaughCable2002-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England and Wales, Standard English is usually associated with <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, "the standard accent of English as spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">south of England</a>.", but it may also be spoken with other accents, and in other countries still other accents are used (<a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a>, etc.) <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearsall1999xiv_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearsall1999xiv-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard form of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek#Modern_varieties" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Southern dialects</a>; these dialects are spoken mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrocks1997_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks1997-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindi-Urdu">Hindi-Urdu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hindi-Urdu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two standardized <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a> have legal status in India: <a href="/wiki/Standard_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Hindi">Standard Hindi</a> (one of 23 co-official national languages) and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>'s official tongue); as a result, Hindustani is often called "Hindi-Urdu".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2002_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2002-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish">Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></div> <p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></i></span> ('The Official Standard'), often shortened to <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Caighdeán</i></span>, is the official standard of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>. It was first published by the translators in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2005_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2005-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of September 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENí_Shúilleabháin2012_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENí_Shúilleabháin2012-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first major revision of the Caighdeán Oifigiúil is available, both online<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEachach2012_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEachach2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in print.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoilseacháin_Rialtais20122_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoilseacháin_Rialtais20122-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the changes to be found in the revised version are, for example, various attempts to bring the recommendations of the Caighdeán closer to the spoken dialect of Gaeltacht speakers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEachach20122_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEachach20122-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including allowing further use of the nominative case where the genitive would historically have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEachach20127_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEachach20127-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian">Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan dialect</a>, specifically from its <a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine variety</a>—the Florentine influence upon early <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a> established that dialect as base for the standard language of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiden20143_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiden20143-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetti2011318_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetti2011318-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Italian became the language of culture for all the people of Italy, thanks to the prestige of the masterpieces of Florentine authors like <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, as well as to the political and cultural significance of Florence at the time and the fact that it was linguistically an intermediate between the northern and the southern Italian dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELepschyLepschy198822_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELepschyLepschy198822-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would later become the official language of all the <a href="/wiki/Historical_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical states of Italy">Italian states</a>, and after the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> it became the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiden20147–9_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiden20147–9-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Standard <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>'s lexicon has been deeply influenced by almost all <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">regional languages of Italy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard language in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC – 27 BC) and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC – AD 1453) was <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a>, the literary dialect spoken by upper classes of Roman society, whilst <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a> (colloquial language) spoken by the educated and uneducated peoples of the middle and the lower social classes of Roman society. The Latin language that Roman armies introduced to <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> had a grammar, syntax, and vocabulary different from the Classical Latin spoken and written by the statesman <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1988_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1988-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brazil, actors and journalists usually adopt an unofficial, but <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>, spoken standard of <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>, originally derived from the middle-class dialects of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro (city)">Rio de Janeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, but that now encompasses educated urban pronunciations from the different speech communities in the southeast. This artificial accent is called <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_neutro" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto neutro"><i>sotaque neutro</i></a>. In that standard, <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> represents the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> when it appears at the end of a syllable (whereas in Rio de Janeiro this represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic consonant</a> spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> in the same situation (whereas in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo (city)">São Paulo</a> this is usually an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar flap">alveolar flap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">trill</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">mineiro</a></i> spoken in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, is the accent from Brazilian Portuguese that is the nearest to <i>sotaque neutro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa_and_Europe">Africa and Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Africa and Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European and African dialects have differing realizations of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁ/</span> than Brazilian dialects, with the former using <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> and the latter using <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMateusd'Andrade20005–6,_11_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateusd'Andrade20005–6,_11-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Serbo-Croatian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four standard variants of the <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatian" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric Serbo-Croatian</a> are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić2007_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠipka2019166,_206_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠipka2019166,_206-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They all have the <a href="/wiki/Language_secessionism#In_Serbo-Croatian" title="Language secessionism">same dialect</a> basis (<a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Štokavian</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2002_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2002-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrozović1992347–380_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrozović1992347–380-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristophson2000178–186_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristophson2000178–186-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These variants do differ slightly, as is the case with other pluricentric languages,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2002_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2002-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić2009_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić2009-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not to a degree that would justify considering them as <a href="/wiki/Language_secessionism#In_Serbo-Croatian" title="Language secessionism">different languages</a>. The differences between the variants do not hinder mutual intelligibility and do not undermine the integrity of the system as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1996214,_219_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1996214,_219-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić2004_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić2004-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafadar2009103_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafadar2009103-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the differences between the variants of English, German, French, Spanish, or Portuguese, the distinctions between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2003314_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2003314-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMethadžović2015_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMethadžović2015-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Nonetheless, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro have all named the language differently in their constitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröschel2009344–350_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröschel2009344–350-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somali">Somali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Somali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language#Varieties" title="Somali language">Northern Somali</a> (or North-Central Somali) forms the basis for <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Standard Somali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby1998571_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1998571-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly the <a href="/wiki/Mudug" title="Mudug">Mudug</a> dialect of the northern <a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Darod</a> clan. Northern Central Somali has frequently been used by famous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Somali_poets" title="List of Somali poets">Somali poets</a> as well as the political elite, and thus has the most prestige among other Somali dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaeed19995_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaeed19995-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encoding">Encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_Locale_Data_Repository" title="Common Locale Data Repository">Common Locale Data Repository</a> uses <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">001</code> as the region subtag for a standardized form such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ar-001</code> for <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TR35_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TR35-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">Classical language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">Koiné language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_secessionism" title="Language secessionism">Language secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Literary language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">Nonstandard dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010554-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010554_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010554_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010554_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardsSchmidt2010">Richards & Schmidt (2010)</a>, p. 554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan200714-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan200714_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan200714_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinegan200714_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinegan2007">Finegan (2007)</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010552-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsSchmidt2010552_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardsSchmidt2010">Richards & Schmidt (2010)</a>, p. 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuer2011492–493-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuer2011492–493_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuer2011">Auer (2011)</a>, pp. 492–493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trudgill-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trudgill_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trudgill_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudgill, Peter (2009). <i>Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society</i>. Penguin Books, 5-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilroyMilroy201222-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilroyMilroy201222_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilroyMilroy2012">Milroy & Milroy (2012)</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavila2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavila2016_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavila2016">Davila (2016)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1983">Williams (1983)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilroyMilroy2012245-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilroyMilroy2012245_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilroyMilroy2012">Milroy & Milroy (2012)</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1999-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1999_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter1999">Carter (1999)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBex2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBex2008_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBex2008">Bex (2008)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1968534-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1968534_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1968">Stewart (1968)</a>, p. 534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloss196731-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloss196731_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloss1967">Kloss (1967)</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClyne19921-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClyne19921_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClyne1992">Clyne (1992)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClyne19921–3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClyne19921–3_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClyne1992">Clyne (1992)</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić2007_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić2007_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKordić2007">Kordić (2007)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClyne19923-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClyne19923_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClyne1992">Clyne (1992)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEСулейменова200653–55-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEСулейменова200653–55_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFСулейменова2006">Сулейменова (2006)</a>, pp. 53–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapović201146–48-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapović201146–48_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapović2011">Kapović (2011)</a>, pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunaj1989134-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunaj1989134_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunaj1989">Dunaj (1989)</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEСоціологія-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEСоціологія_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFСоціологія">Соціологія</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarčević201669-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarčević201669_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarčević2016">Starčević (2016)</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogl201215-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogl201215_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogl2012">Vogl (2012)</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharity_HudleyMallinson2011-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharity_HudleyMallinson2011_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharity_HudleyMallinson2011">Charity Hudley & Mallinson (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur1992980-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur1992980_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Unicode+Locale+Data+Markup+Language+%28LDML%29&rft.date=2023-10-25&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Freports%2Ftr35%2F%23unicode_region_subtag_validity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmon2004" class="citation book cs1">Ammon, Ulrich (2004). "Standard variety". In Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (eds.). <i>Sociolinguistics</i>. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 273–283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014189-4"><bdi>978-3-11-014189-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Standard+variety&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics&rft.pages=273-283&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014189-4&rft.aulast=Ammon&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuer2011" class="citation book cs1">Auer, Peter (2011). "Dialect vs. standard: a typology of scenarios in Europe". In Kortmann, Bernd; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). <i>The languages and linguistics of Europe : a comprehensive guide</i>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 485–500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022025-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022025-4"><bdi>978-3-11-022025-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dialect+vs.+standard%3A+a+typology+of+scenarios+in+Europe&rft.btitle=The+languages+and+linguistics+of+Europe+%3A+a+comprehensive+guide&rft.pages=485-500&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022025-4&rft.aulast=Auer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC2005" class="citation web cs1">BBC (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/irish/blas/education/beginnersblas/dictionaries.shtml">"Beginners' Blas"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beginners%27+Blas&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2005-06&rft.au=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnorthernireland%2Firish%2Fblas%2Feducation%2Fbeginnersblas%2Fdictionaries.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughCable2002" class="citation book cs1">Baugh, Albert C.; Cable, Thomas (2002). <i>A History of the English Language</i> (5th ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28098-3"><bdi>978-0-415-28098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=London&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28098-3&rft.aulast=Baugh&rft.aufirst=Albert+C.&rft.au=Cable%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBex2008" class="citation book cs1">Bex, Tony (2008). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Standard' English, Discourse Grammars and English Language Teaching". In Locher, M. A.; Strässler, J. (eds.). <i>Standards and Norms in the English Language</i>. De Gruyter. pp. 221–238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Standard%27+English%2C+Discourse+Grammars+and+English+Language+Teaching&rft.btitle=Standards+and+Norms+in+the+English+Language&rft.pages=221-238&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bex&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Blake_(academic)" title="Norman Blake (academic)">Blake, N. F.</a> (1996). <i>A History of the English Language</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1313-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1313-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-1313-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1313-6&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=N.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blum, Daniel (2002). <i>Sprache und Politik: Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945-1991)</i> [<i>Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945-1991)</i>]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung (in German). Vol. 192. Würzburg: Ergon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89913-253-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-89913-253-X"><bdi>3-89913-253-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51961066">51961066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sprache+und+Politik%3A+Sprachpolitik+und+Sprachnationalismus+in+der+Republik+Indien+und+dem+sozialistischen+Jugoslawien+%281945-1991%29&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg&rft.series=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+S%C3%BCdasienforschung&rft.pub=Ergon&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51961066&rft.isbn=3-89913-253-X&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrozović1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Brozovi%C4%87" title="Dalibor Brozović">Brozović, Dalibor</a> (1992). "Serbo-Croatian as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael G (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC"><i>Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</i></a>. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110128550" title="Special:BookSources/9783110128550"><bdi>9783110128550</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24668375">24668375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serbo-Croatian+as+a+pluricentric+language&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.place=Berlin+%26+New+York&rft.series=Contributions+to+the+sociology+of+language+62&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24668375&rft.isbn=9783110128550&rft.aulast=Brozovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dalibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwawGFWNuHiwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1999" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Ronald (1999). "Standard Grammars, Spoken Grammars: Some Educational Implications.". In Bex, Tony; Watts, R.J. (eds.). <i>Standard English: The Widening Debate</i>. Routledge. pp. 149–166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Standard+Grammars%2C+Spoken+Grammars%3A+Some+Educational+Implications.&rft.btitle=Standard+English%3A+The+Widening+Debate&rft.pages=149-166&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambersTrudgill1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Chambers_(linguist)" title="Jack Chambers (linguist)">Chambers, J.K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill, Peter</a> (1998). <i>Dialectology</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59646-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59646-6"><bdi>978-0-521-59646-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialectology&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59646-6&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft.au=Trudgill%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharity_HudleyMallinson2011" class="citation book cs1">Charity Hudley, Anne H.; Mallinson, Christine (2011). <i>Understanding English Language Variation in U.S. Schools</i>. New York: Teachers College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807774021" title="Special:BookSources/9780807774021"><bdi>9780807774021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+English+Language+Variation+in+U.S.+Schools&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Teachers+College+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780807774021&rft.aulast=Charity+Hudley&rft.aufirst=Anne+H.&rft.au=Mallinson%2C+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyne1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Clyne" title="Michael Clyne">Clyne, Michael G.</a>, ed. (1992). <i>Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</i>. 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Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+della+lingua&rft.pub=Istituto+della+Enciclopedia+italiana&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Coletti&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fstoria-della-lingua_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurzan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Curzan, Anne (2002). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Caighde%C3%A1n+Oifigi%C3%BAil%E2%80%94Caighde%C3%A1n+Athbhreithnithe&rft.pub=Seirbh%C3%ADs+Thithe+an+Oireachtais&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fparliament%2Fmedia%2Fmichelle%2FFinal-Version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinegan2007" class="citation book cs1">Finegan, Edward (2007). <i>Language: Its Structure and Use</i> (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4130-3055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4130-3055-6"><bdi>978-1-4130-3055-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%3A+Its+Structure+and+Use&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4130-3055-6&rft.aulast=Finegan&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoilseacháin_Rialtais2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opw.ie/en/media/wl25072012.pdf">"Foilseacháin Rialtais / Government Publications—Don tSeachtain dar críoch 25 Iúil 2012 / For the week ended 25 July 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Irish and English). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>M67B Gramadach na Gaeilge 9781406425766 390 10.00</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foilseach%C3%A1in+Rialtais+%2F+Government+Publications%E2%80%94Don+tSeachtain+dar+cr%C3%ADoch+25+I%C3%BAil+2012+%2F+For+the+week+ended+25+July+2012&rft.pub=Rialtas+na+h%C3%89ireann&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opw.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fwl25072012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGröschel2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Gr%C3%B6schel" title="Bernhard Gröschel">Gröschel, Bernhard</a> (2009). <i>Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit</i> [<i>Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute</i>]. 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Munich: Lincom Europa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-929075-79-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-929075-79-3"><bdi>978-3-929075-79-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009473660">2009473660</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/428012015">428012015</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15295665W">15295665W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Serbokroatische+zwischen+Linguistik+und+Politik%3A+mit+einer+Bibliographie+zum+postjugoslavischen+Sprachenstreit&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Lincom+Studies+in+Slavic+Linguistics&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F428012015&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009473660&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL15295665W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-3-929075-79-3&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6schel&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrocks1997" class="citation book cs1">Horrocks, Geoffrey (1997). <i>Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers</i> (1st ed.). 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[Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian – How do people really speak in Bosnia-Herzegovina?]. In Henn-Memmesheimer, Beate; Franz, Joachim (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63hKaFGtTDAC"><i>Die Ordnung des Standard und die Differenzierung der Diskurse; Teil 1</i></a> (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631599174" title="Special:BookSources/9783631599174"><bdi>9783631599174</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/699514676">699514676</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Munich: Otto Sagner. pp. 97–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87690-885-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-87690-885-X"><bdi>3-87690-885-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56198470">56198470</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3434516">3434516</a>. <span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=430499">CROSBI 430499</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/69f5n0ek4?url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430499.PRO_UND_KONTRA_SERBOKROATISCH.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pro+und+kontra%3A+%22Serbokroatisch%22+heute&rft.btitle=Slavistische+Linguistik+2002%3A+Referate+des+XXVIII.+Konstanzer+Slavistischen+Arbeitstreffens%2C+Bochum+10.-12.+September+2002&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Slavistishe+Beitr%C3%A4ge%3B+vol.+434&rft.pages=97-148&rft.pub=Otto+Sagner&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56198470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3434516%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=3-87690-885-X&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F430499.PRO_UND_KONTRA_SERBOKROATISCH.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kordić, Snježana (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/429734.LA_LANGUE_CROATE_SERBE.PDF">"La langue croate, serbe, bosniaque et monténégrine"</a> [Croatian, Serbian, Bosniakian, and Montenegrin] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Madelain, Anne (ed.). <i>Au sud de l'Est</i>. vol. 3 (in French). Paris: Non Lieu. pp. 71–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35270-036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35270-036-4"><bdi>978-2-35270-036-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182916790">182916790</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3439662">3439662</a>. <span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=429734">CROSBI 429734</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/69f5WqGAx?url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/429734.LA_LANGUE_CROATE_SERBE.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+langue+croate%2C+serbe%2C+bosniaque+et+mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9grine&rft.btitle=Au+sud+de+l%27Est&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=vol.+3&rft.pages=71-78&rft.pub=Non+Lieu&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182916790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3439662%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-2-35270-036-4&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F429734.LA_LANGUE_CROATE_SERBE.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kordić, Snježana (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/426269.POLICENTRICNI_STANDARDNI.PDF">"Policentrični standardni jezik"</a> [Polycentric Standard Language] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Badurina, Lada; <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Pranjkovi%C4%87" title="Ivo Pranjković">Pranjković, Ivo</a>; Silić, Josip (eds.). <i>Jezični varijeteti i nacionalni identiteti</i> (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Disput. pp. 83–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-260-054-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-260-054-4"><bdi>978-953-260-054-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/437306433">437306433</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3438216">3438216</a>. <span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=426269">CROSBI 426269</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/69f5Mtzox?url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/426269.POLICENTRICNI_STANDARDNI.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Policentri%C4%8Dni+standardni+jezik&rft.btitle=Jezi%C4%8Dni+varijeteti+i+nacionalni+identiteti&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pages=83-108&rft.pub=Disput&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F437306433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3438216%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-953-260-054-4&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F426269.POLICENTRICNI_STANDARDNI.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kordić, Snježana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf"><i>Jezik i nacionalizam</i></a> [<i>Language and Nationalism</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3467646">10.2139/ssrn.3467646</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-188-311-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-188-311-5"><bdi>978-953-188-311-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011520778">2011520778</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/729837512">729837512</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15270636W">15270636W</a>. <span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=475567">CROSBI 475567</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601175359/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jezik+i+nacionalizam&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.series=Rotulus+Universitas&rft.pub=Durieux&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.3467646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL15270636W%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011520778&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F729837512&rft.isbn=978-953-188-311-5&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristophson2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kristophson, Jürgen (2000). "Vom Widersinn der Dialektologie: Gedanken zum Štokavischen" [Dialectological Nonsense: Thoughts on Shtokavian]. <i>Zeitschrift für Balkanologie</i> (in German). <b>36</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2356">0044-2356</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/201058-6">201058-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Balkanologie&rft.atitle=Vom+Widersinn+der+Dialektologie%3A+Gedanken+zum+%C5%A0tokavischen&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0044-2356&rft.aulast=Kristophson&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangstonPeti-Stantić2014" class="citation book cs1">Langston, Keith; Peti-Stantić, Anita (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TtvBAAAQBAJ"><i>Language Planning and National Identity in Croatia</i></a>. Palgrave Studies in Minority Languages and Communities. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137390608" title="Special:BookSources/9781137390608"><bdi>9781137390608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Planning+and+National+Identity+in+Croatia&rft.series=Palgrave+Studies+in+Minority+Languages+and+Communities&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781137390608&rft.aulast=Langston&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Peti-Stanti%C4%87%2C+Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TtvBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepschyLepschy1988" class="citation book cs1">Lepschy, Anna Laura; Lepschy, Giulio C. (1988). <i>The Italian language today</i> (2nd ed.). New York: New Amsterdam. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941533-22-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941533-22-5"><bdi>978-0-941533-22-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17650220">17650220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+language+today&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=260&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=New+Amsterdam&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17650220&rft.isbn=978-0-941533-22-5&rft.aulast=Lepschy&rft.aufirst=Anna+Laura&rft.au=Lepschy%2C+Giulio+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiden2014" class="citation book cs1">Maiden, Martin (2014). <i>A Linguistic History of Italian</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317899273" title="Special:BookSources/9781317899273"><bdi>9781317899273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+History+of+Italian&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317899273&rft.aulast=Maiden&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000" class="citation book cs1">Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Onr9OFylajYC"><i>The Phonology of Portuguese</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-823581-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-823581-X"><bdi>0-19-823581-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Portuguese&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-823581-X&rft.aulast=Mateus&rft.aufirst=Maria+Helena&rft.au=d%27Andrade%2C+Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOnr9OFylajYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMethadžović2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Methadžović, Almir (10 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tacno.net/novosti/naucnoznanstvena-znanstvenonaucna-istina/">"Naučnoznanstvena-znanstvenonaučna istina"</a> [Scientific truth] (in Serbo-Croatian). Mostar: Tačno.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416011309/http://tacno.net/novosti/naucnoznanstvena-znanstvenonaucna-istina/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192141835" title="Special:BookSources/9780192141835"><bdi>9780192141835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780192141835&rft.aulast=McArthur&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=McArthur%2C+Feri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilroy2007" class="citation book cs1">Milroy, James (2007). "The Ideology of the Standard Language". In Llamas, Carmen; Mullany, Louise; Stockwell, Peter (eds.). <i>The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 133–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203441497" title="Special:BookSources/978-0203441497"><bdi>978-0203441497</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76969042">76969042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ideology+of+the+Standard+Language&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Sociolinguistics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=133-13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76969042&rft.isbn=978-0203441497&rft.aulast=Milroy&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilroyMilroy2012" class="citation book cs1">Milroy, James; Milroy, Lesley (2012). <i>Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English'<span></span></i> (4th ed.). 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The Hague, Paris: Mouton. pp. 529–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110805376.531">10.1515/9783110805376.531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080537-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080537-6"><bdi>978-3-11-080537-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/306499">306499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Sociolinguistic+Typology+for+Describing+National+Multilingualism&rft.btitle=Readings+in+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.place=The+Hague%2C+Paris&rft.pages=529-545&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F306499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110805376.531&rft.isbn=978-3-11-080537-6&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСулейменова2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Сулейменова, Элеонора Д. (2006). <i>Словарь социолингвистических терминов</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Российская академия наук. Институт языкознания. Российская академия лингвистических наук.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA.+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%94.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomas, Paul-Louis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/slave_0080-2557_2002_num_74_2_6801">"Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l'étude d'une langue à l'identité des langues"</a> [Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian): from the study of a language to the identity of languages]. <i>Revue des études slaves</i> (in French). <b>74</b> (2–3): 311–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fslave.2002.6801">10.3406/slave.2002.6801</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-2557">0080-2557</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/754204160">754204160</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/208723-6">208723-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%A9tudes+slaves&rft.atitle=Le+serbo-croate+%28bosniaque%2C+croate%2C+mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9grin%2C+serbe%29%3A+de+l%27%C3%A9tude+d%27une+langue+%C3%A0+l%27identit%C3%A9+des+langues&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=311-325&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F754204160&rft.issn=0080-2557&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fslave.2002.6801&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Paul-Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Fslave_0080-2557_2002_num_74_2_6801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill, Peter</a> (1992). "Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe". <i>International Journal of Applied Linguistics</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 167–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1473-4192.1992.tb00031.x">10.1111/j.1473-4192.1992.tb00031.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Applied+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Ausbau+sociolinguistics+and+the+perception+of+language+status+in+contemporary+Europe&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-177&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1473-4192.1992.tb00031.x&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill2004" class="citation book cs1">Trudgill, Peter (2004). "Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe". In Anna Duszak, Urszula Okulska (ed.). <i>Speaking from the margin: global English from a European perspective</i>. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. pp. 35–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631526637" title="Special:BookSources/9783631526637"><bdi>9783631526637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glocalisation+and+the+Ausbau+sociolinguistics+of+modern+Europe&rft.btitle=Speaking+from+the+margin%3A+global+English+from+a+European+perspective&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pages=35-49&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9783631526637&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill2006" class="citation book cs1">Trudgill, Peter (2006). "Standard and Dialect Vocabulary". In Brown, Keith (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</i>. Vol. 12 (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 119–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0"><bdi>978-0-08-044299-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Standard+and+Dialect+Vocabulary&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=119-121&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044299-0&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Mol2003" class="citation book cs1">Van Mol, Mark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kai-M4efjDkC"><i>Variation in Modern Standard Arabic in Radio News Broadcasts: A Synchronic Descriptive Investigation into the Use of Complementary Particles</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042911581" title="Special:BookSources/9789042911581"><bdi>9789042911581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variation+in+Modern+Standard+Arabic+in+Radio+News+Broadcasts%3A+A+Synchronic+Descriptive+Investigation+into+the+Use+of+Complementary+Particles&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789042911581&rft.aulast=Van+Mol&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKai-M4efjDkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogl2012" class="citation book cs1">Vogl, Ulrike (2012). "Multilingualism in a Standard Language Culture". In Hüning; Vogl, Ulrike; Moliner, Olivier (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZqBCTDxqcgC"><i>Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History</i></a>. Multilingualism and diversity management. Vol. 1. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027200556" title="Special:BookSources/9789027200556"><bdi>9789027200556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Multilingualism+in+a+Standard+Language+Culture&rft.btitle=Standard+Languages+and+Multilingualism+in+European+History&rft.series=Multilingualism+and+diversity+management&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789027200556&rft.aulast=Vogl&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZqBCTDxqcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1983" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Raymond (1983). "Standards". <i>Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society'<span></span></i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 296–299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Standards&rft.btitle=Keywords%3A+A+Vocabulary+of+Culture+and+Society%27&rft.pages=296-299&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmon1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ammon, Ulrich (1995). <i>Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten</i> [<i>German Language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: The Problem of National Varieties</i>] (in German). Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33981055">33981055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+deutsche+Sprache+in+Deutschland%2C+%C3%96sterreich+und+der+Schweiz%3A+das+Problem+der+nationalen+Variet%C3%A4ten&rft.place=Berlin+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33981055&rft.aulast=Ammon&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph1987" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, John E. (1987). <i>Eloquence and Power: The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages</i>. New York: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-001-9"><bdi>978-1-55786-001-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eloquence+and+Power%3A+The+Rise+of+Language+Standards+and+Standard+Languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-001-9&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloss1976" class="citation book cs1">Kloss, Heinz (1976). "Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen" [Abstand-languages and Ausbau-languages]. In Göschel, Joachim; Nail, Norbert; van der Elst, Gaston (eds.). <i>Zur Theorie des Dialekts: Aufsätze aus 100 Jahren Forschung</i>. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, Beihefte, n.F., Heft 16. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner. pp. 301–322. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2598722">2598722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abstandsprachen+und+Ausbausprachen&rft.btitle=Zur+Theorie+des+Dialekts%3A+Aufs%C3%A4tze+aus+100+Jahren+Forschung&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Dialektologie+und+Linguistik%2C+Beihefte%2C+n.F.%2C+Heft+16&rft.pages=301-322&rft.pub=F.+Steiner&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2598722&rft.aulast=Kloss&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/standard_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:standard language">standard language</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/standard_variety" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:standard variety">standard variety</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/standard_dialect" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:standard dialect">standard dialect</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/literary_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:literary language">literary language</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Standard_languages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Standard languages">Standard languages</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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