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id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Business career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Late writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Complete_English_Tradesman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Complete_English_Tradesman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span><i>The Complete English Tradesman</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Complete_English_Tradesman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robinson_Crusoe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robinson_Crusoe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span><i>Robinson Crusoe</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robinson_Crusoe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captain_Singleton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captain_Singleton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span><i>Captain Singleton</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captain_Singleton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoirs_of_a_Cavalier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs_of_a_Cavalier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span><i>Memoirs of a Cavalier</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirs_of_a_Cavalier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Journal_of_the_Plague_Year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Journal_of_the_Plague_Year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span><i>A Journal of the Plague Year</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Journal_of_the_Plague_Year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonel_Jack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonel_Jack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span><i>Colonel Jack</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonel_Jack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moll_Flanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moll_Flanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.6</span> <span><i>Moll Flanders</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moll_Flanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roxana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roxana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.7</span> <span><i>Roxana</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roxana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.8</span> <span>Patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attribution_and_de-attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribution_and_de-attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Attribution and de-attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribution_and_de-attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonfiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonfiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Nonfiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonfiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pamphlets_or_essays_in_prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pamphlets_or_essays_in_prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pamphlets or essays in prose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pamphlets_or_essays_in_prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pamphlets_or_essays_in_verse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pamphlets_or_essays_in_verse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Pamphlets or essays in verse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pamphlets_or_essays_in_verse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Some_contested_works_attributed_to_Defoe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_contested_works_attributed_to_Defoe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Some contested works attributed to Defoe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_contested_works_attributed_to_Defoe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Daniel Defoe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88" title="دانييل ديفو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دانييل ديفو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B" title="ডেনিয়েল ডিফো – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডেনিয়েল ডিফো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defo" title="Daniel Defo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daniel Defo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88" title="دانیل دفو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دانیل دفو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B" title="ড্যানিয়েল ডিফো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ড্যানিয়েল ডিফো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Даниель Дефо – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Даниель Дефо" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Даніэль Дэфо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Даніэль Дэфо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Даніель Дэфо – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Даніель Дэфо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Даниел Дефо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Даниел Дефо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Даниэль Дефо – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Даниэль Дефо" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%86%CF%8C%CE%B5" title="Ντάνιελ Ντεφόε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντάνιελ Ντεφόε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88" title="دانیل دفو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانیل دفو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%8B%88%EC%96%BC_%EB%94%94%ED%8F%AC" title="대니얼 디포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대니얼 디포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%B8" title="Դանիել Դեֆո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դանիել Դեֆո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B" title="डैनियल डीफो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डैनियल डीफो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95" title="דניאל דפו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דניאל דפו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BC%E0%B3%8A" title="ಡೇನಿಎಲ್ ಡಿಫ಼ೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡೇನಿಎಲ್ ಡಿಫ಼ೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="დანიელ დეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დანიელ დეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Даниэль Дефо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Даниэль Дефо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Даниель Дефо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Даниель Дефо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniels_Defo" title="Daniels Defo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Daniels Defo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Даниел Дефо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Даниел Дефо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B" title="ഡാനിയൽ ഡീഫോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡാനിയൽ ഡീഫോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B" title="डॅनियेल डेफो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डॅनियेल डेफो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="დანიელ დეფო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დანიელ დეფო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88" title="دانييل ديفو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دانييل ديفو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88" title="دنیل دفو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دنیل دفو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Даниэл Дефо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Даниэл Дефо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ダニエル・デフォー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダニエル・デフォー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8B" title="ਡੈਨੀਅਲ ਡੈਫੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੈਨੀਅਲ ਡੈਫੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%84_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88" title="ڈینیئل ڈیفو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈینیئل ڈیفو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Даніел Дефо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Даніел Дефо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE,_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Дефо, Даниель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дефо, Даниель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%99%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%9D" title="ඩැනියෙල් ඩෙ‍ෆෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩැනියෙල් ඩෙ‍ෆෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Данијел Дефо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Данијел Дефо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B" title="டானியல் டீஃபோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டானியல் டீஃபோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Даниель Дефо – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Даниель Дефо" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F" title="แดเนียล เดโฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แดเนียล เดโฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Даниел Дефо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даниел Дефо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defo" title="Daniel Defo – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Daniel Defo" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Данієль Дефо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Данієль Дефо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88" title="ڈینیل ڈیفو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈینیل ڈیفو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E7%A6%8F" title="丹尼尔·笛福 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="丹尼尔·笛福" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E7%A6%8F" title="笛福 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="笛福" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Daniel Defoe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E7%A6%8F" title="丹尼尔·笛福 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="丹尼尔·笛福" data-language-autonym="中文" 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searchaux" style="display:none">17/18th-century English trader, writer and journalist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Daniel Defoe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Daniel Defoe, National Maritime Museum, London"><img alt="Portrait of Daniel Defoe, National Maritime Museum, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg/220px-Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg/330px-Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg/440px-Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2391" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Portrait of Daniel Defoe, <a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Daniel Foe<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1660<br /><a href="/wiki/Fore_Street,_London" title="Fore Street, London">Fore Street, London</a> England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">24 April 1731<span style="display:none">(1731-04-24)</span> (aged 70–71)<br />London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Bunhill_Fields" title="Bunhill Fields">Bunhill Fields</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Journalist, merchant, <a href="/wiki/Pamphleteer" title="Pamphleteer">pamphleteer</a>, spy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Mary Tuffley</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1684)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">8</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Daniel Defoe</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; born <b>Daniel Foe</b>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1660 – 24 April 1731)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an English novelist, journalist, merchant, <a href="/wiki/Pamphleteer" title="Pamphleteer">pamphleteer</a> and spy. He is most famous for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i>, published in 1719, which is claimed to be second only to the Bible in its number of translations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been seen as one of the earliest proponents of the <a href="/wiki/English_novel" title="English novel">English novel</a>, and helped to popularise the form in Britain with others such as <a href="/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Richardson" title="Samuel Richardson">Samuel Richardson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defoe wrote many political tracts, was often in trouble with the authorities, and spent a period in prison. Intellectuals and political leaders paid attention to his fresh ideas and sometimes consulted him. </p><p>Defoe was a prolific and versatile writer, producing more than three hundred works<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—books, pamphlets, and journals—on diverse topics, including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural. He was also a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">business journalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and economic journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_to_John_Law_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_to_John_Law-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daniel Foe was probably born in <a href="/wiki/Fore_Street,_London" title="Fore Street, London">Fore Street</a> in the parish of <a href="/wiki/St_Giles-without-Cripplegate" title="St Giles-without-Cripplegate">St Giles</a> <a href="/wiki/Cripplegate" title="Cripplegate">Cripplegate</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-EncylLon_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncylLon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defoe later added the <a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">aristocratic-sounding "De"</a> to his name, and on occasion made the false claim of descent from a family named De Beau Faux.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "De" is also a common prefix in Flemish surnames.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His birthdate and birthplace are uncertain, and sources offer dates from 1659 to 1662, with the summer or early autumn of 1660 considered the most likely.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, James Foe, was a prosperous <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> <a href="/wiki/Chandlery" title="Chandlery">chandler</a> of probable <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flemish</a> descent,<sup id="cite_ref-SCHAFF_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHAFF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BRITANNICA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRITANNICA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Butchers" title="Worshipful Company of Butchers">Worshipful Company of Butchers</a>. In Defoe's early childhood, he lived through several significant historical events: in 1665, seventy thousand were killed by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague of London</a>, and the next year, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a> left only Defoe's and two other houses standing in his neighbourhood.<sup id="cite_ref-west_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1667, when he was probably about seven, a Dutch fleet sailed up the <a href="/wiki/River_Medway" title="River Medway">Medway</a> via the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> and attacked the town of <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Kent" title="Chatham, Kent">Chatham</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_the_Medway" title="Raid on the Medway">raid on the Medway</a>. His mother, Alice, had died by the time he was about ten.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rich_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defoe was educated at the Rev. James Fisher's boarding school in Pixham Lane in <a href="/wiki/Dorking" title="Dorking">Dorking</a>, Surrey.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were <a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">dissenters</a>, and around the age of 14, he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Morton_(educator)" title="Charles Morton (educator)">Charles Morton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_academies" title="Dissenting academies">dissenting academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newington_Green" title="Newington Green">Newington Green</a>, then a village just north of London, where he is believed to have attended the <a href="/wiki/Newington_Green_Unitarian_Church" title="Newington Green Unitarian Church">Dissenting church there</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lived on Church Street, Stoke Newington, at what is now nos. 95–103.<sup id="cite_ref-Council_2020_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Council_2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the English government persecuted those who chose to worship outside the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career">Business career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Business career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defoe entered the world of business as a general merchant, dealing at different times in hosiery, general woollen goods, and wine. His ambitions were great and he was able to buy a country estate and a ship (as well as <a href="/wiki/Civet" title="Civet">civets</a> to make perfume), though he was rarely out of debt. On 1 January 1684, Defoe married Mary Tuffley at <a href="/wiki/St_Botolph%27s_Aldgate" title="St Botolph's Aldgate">St Botolph's Aldgate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Novak_2001_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak_2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the daughter of a London merchant, and brought with her a <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> of £3,700—a huge amount by the standards of the day. Given his debts and political difficulties, the marriage may have been troubled, but it lasted 47 years and produced eight children.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1685, Defoe joined the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion" title="Monmouth Rebellion">Monmouth Rebellion</a> but gained a pardon, by which he escaped the <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Assizes" title="Bloody Assizes">Bloody Assizes</a> of Judge <a href="/wiki/George_Jeffreys,_1st_Baron_Jeffreys" title="George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys">George Jeffreys</a>. Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> were jointly crowned in 1689, and Defoe became one of William's close allies and a secret agent.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the new policies led to conflict with France, thus damaging prosperous trade relationships for Defoe.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1692, he was arrested for debts of £700 and, in the face of total debts that may have amounted to £17,000, was forced to declare bankruptcy. He died with little wealth and evidently embroiled in lawsuits with the royal treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his release from <a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">debtors' prison</a>, he probably travelled in Europe and Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-Backscheider_1989_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backscheider_1989-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it may have been at this time that he traded wine to <a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. By 1695, he was back in England, now formally using the name "Defoe" and serving as a "commissioner of the glass duty", responsible for collecting taxes on bottles. In 1696, he ran a tile and brick factory in what is now <a href="/wiki/Tilbury" title="Tilbury">Tilbury</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Essex" title="History of Essex">Essex</a> and lived in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Chadwell_St_Mary" title="Chadwell St Mary">Chadwell St Mary</a> nearby. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As many as 545 titles have been attributed to Defoe, including satirical poems, political and religious pamphlets, and volumes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pamphleteering_and_prison">Pamphleteering and prison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pamphleteering and prison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Defoe_by_James_Charles_Armytage_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Daniel_Defoe_by_James_Charles_Armytage_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Daniel_Defoe_by_James_Charles_Armytage_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Daniel_Defoe_by_James_Charles_Armytage_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-Daniel_Defoe_by_James_Charles_Armytage_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Daniel_Defoe_by_James_Charles_Armytage_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-Daniel_Defoe_by_James_Charles_Armytage_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption>Daniel Defoe in the <a href="/wiki/Pillory" title="Pillory">pillory</a>, 1862 line engraving by <a href="/wiki/James_Charles_Armytage" title="James Charles Armytage">James Charles Armytage</a> after <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Crowe_(painter)" title="Eyre Crowe (painter)">Eyre Crowe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Defoe's first notable publication was <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Upon_Projects" title="An Essay Upon Projects">An Essay Upon Projects</a></i>, a series of proposals for social and economic improvement, published in 1697. From 1697 to 1698, he defended the right of King <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> during disarmament, after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a> (1697) had ended the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> (1688–1697). His most successful poem, <i><a href="/wiki/The_True-Born_Englishman" title="The True-Born Englishman">The True-Born Englishman</a></i> (1701), defended William against <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a> attacks from his political enemies in England, and English anti-immigration sentiments more generally. In 1701, Defoe presented the <i>Legion's Memorial</i> to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Robert Harley</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker of the House of Commons</a>—and his subsequent employer—while flanked by a guard of sixteen gentlemen of quality. It demanded the release of the Kentish petitioners, who had asked Parliament to support the king in an imminent war against France. </p><p>The death of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> in 1702 once again created a political upheaval, as the king was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> who immediately began her offensive against <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defoe was a natural target, and his pamphleteering and political activities resulted in his arrest and placement in a <a href="/wiki/Pillory" title="Pillory">pillory</a> on 31 July 1703, principally on account of his December 1702 pamphlet entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shortest_Way_with_the_Dissenters" title="The Shortest Way with the Dissenters">The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters; Or, Proposals for the Establishment of the Church</a></i>, purporting to argue for their extermination.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, he ruthlessly satirised both the <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> and those <a href="/wiki/Dissenter" title="Dissenter">Dissenters</a> who hypocritically practised so-called "occasional conformity", such as his <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Newington" title="Stoke Newington">Stoke Newington</a> neighbour Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abney" title="Thomas Abney">Thomas Abney</a>. It was published anonymously, but the true authorship was quickly discovered and Defoe was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was charged with seditious libel and found guilty in a trial at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a> in front of the notoriously sadistic judge <a href="/wiki/Salathiel_Lovell" title="Salathiel Lovell">Salathiel Lovell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_to_John_Law_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_to_John_Law-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lovell sentenced him to a punitive fine of 200 <a href="/wiki/Mark_(currency)" title="Mark (currency)">marks</a> (£336 then, £71,883 in 2024<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), to public humiliation in a <a href="/wiki/Pillory" title="Pillory">pillory</a>, and to an indeterminate length of imprisonment which would only end upon the discharge of the punitive fine.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_to_John_Law_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_to_John_Law-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legend, the publication of his poem <i>Hymn to the Pillory</i> caused his audience at the pillory to throw flowers instead of the customary harmful and noxious objects and to drink to his health. The truth of this story is questioned by most scholars,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (January 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> although <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Moore" title="John Robert Moore">John Robert Moore</a> later said that "no man in England but Defoe ever stood in the pillory and later rose to eminence among his fellow men".<sup id="cite_ref-rich_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Wherever God erects a house of prayer<br />the Devil always builds a chapel there;<br />And 't will be found, upon examination,<br />the latter has the largest congregation." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Defoe's <i>The True-Born Englishman</i>, 1701</cite></div> </div> <p>After his three days in the pillory, Defoe went into <a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate Prison</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer</a>, brokered his release in exchange for Defoe's cooperation as an intelligence agent for the Tories. In exchange for such cooperation with the rival political side, Harley paid some of Defoe's outstanding debts, improving his financial situation considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a week of his release from prison, Defoe witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Storm_of_1703" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Storm of 1703">Great Storm of 1703</a>, which raged through the night of 26/27 November. It caused severe damage to London and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, uprooted millions of trees, and killed more than 8,000 people, mostly at sea. The event became the subject of Defoe's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_(Daniel_Defoe)" title="The Storm (Daniel Defoe)">The Storm</a></i> (1704), which includes a collection of witness accounts of the tempest.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many regard it as one of the world's first examples of modern journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same year, he set up his <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodical</a> <i>A Review of the Affairs of France</i>, which supported the <a href="/wiki/Harley_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Harley Ministry">Harley Ministry</a>, chronicling the events of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1702–1714). The <i>Review</i> ran three times a week without interruption until 1713. Defoe was amazed that a man as gifted as Harley left vital state papers lying in the open, and warned that he was almost inviting an unscrupulous clerk to commit treason; his warnings were fully justified by the <a href="/wiki/William_Gregg_(clerk_and_spy)" title="William Gregg (clerk and spy)">William Gregg</a> affair. </p><p>When Harley was ousted from the ministry in 1708, Defoe continued writing the <i>Review</i> to support <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin,_1st_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin">Godolphin</a>, then again to support Harley and the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> in the Tory ministry of 1710–1714. The Tories fell from power with the death of <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>, but Defoe continued doing intelligence work for the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> government, writing "Tory" pamphlets that undermined the Tory point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all of Defoe's pamphlet writing was political. One pamphlet was originally published anonymously, entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apparition_of_Mrs._Veal" title="The Apparition of Mrs. Veal">A True Relation of the Apparition of One Mrs. Veal the Next Day after her Death to One Mrs. Bargrave at Canterbury The 8th of September, 1705</a></i>. It deals with the interaction between the spiritual realm and the physical realm and was most likely written in support of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Drelincourt" title="Charles Drelincourt">Charles Drelincourt</a>'s <i>The Christian Defence against the Fears of Death</i> (1651). It describes Mrs. Bargrave's encounter with her old friend Mrs. Veal after she had died. It is clear from this piece and other writings that the political portion of Defoe's life was by no means his only focus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Scottish_Union_of_1707">Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Daniel_Defoe" title="Special:EditPage/Daniel Defoe">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Daniel+Defoe%22">"Daniel Defoe"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Daniel+Defoe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Daniel+Defoe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Daniel+Defoe%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Daniel+Defoe%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Daniel+Defoe%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defoe_1709_The_History_Of_The_Union_Of_Great_Britain.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Defoe_1709_The_History_Of_The_Union_Of_Great_Britain.JPG/220px-Defoe_1709_The_History_Of_The_Union_Of_Great_Britain.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Defoe_1709_The_History_Of_The_Union_Of_Great_Britain.JPG/330px-Defoe_1709_The_History_Of_The_Union_Of_Great_Britain.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Defoe_1709_The_History_Of_The_Union_Of_Great_Britain.JPG/440px-Defoe_1709_The_History_Of_The_Union_Of_Great_Britain.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Title page from Daniel Defoe's: <i>The History of the Union of Great Britain</i> dated 1709 and printed in Edinburgh by the Heirs of Anderson</figcaption></figure> <p>In despair during his imprisonment for the seditious libel case, Defoe wrote to <a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(banker)" title="William Paterson (banker)">William Paterson</a>, the London Scot and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> and part instigator of the <a href="/wiki/Darien_scheme" title="Darien scheme">Darien scheme</a>, who was in the confidence of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer</a>, leading minister and spymaster in the <a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">English government</a>. Harley accepted Defoe's services and released him in 1703. He immediately published <i>The Review</i>, which appeared weekly, then three times a week, written mostly by himself. This was the main mouthpiece of the English Government promoting the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Act of Union 1707</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defoe began his campaign in <i>The Review</i> and other pamphlets aimed at English opinion, claiming that it would end the threat from the north, gaining for the Treasury an "inexhaustible treasury of men", a valuable new market increasing the power of England. By September 1706, Harley ordered Defoe to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> as a secret agent, and to secure acquiescence by using "underhand methods to predispose Scots' opinion in favour of"<sup id="cite_ref-Somerset_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somerset-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a>. He was conscious of the risk to himself. Thanks to books such as <i>The Letters of Daniel Defoe</i> (edited by G. H. Healey, Oxford 1955), far more is known about his activities than is usual with such agents. </p><p> His first reports included vivid descriptions of violent demonstrations against the Union. "A Scots rabble is the worst of its kind", he reported. Defoe reportedly "became fearful of being <a href="/wiki/Lynched" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynched">lynched</a> after a threatening crowd surged up the High Street shouting 'No Union! No English dogs!'"<sup id="cite_ref-Somerset_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somerset-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Clerk,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Clerk, 2nd Baronet">John Clerk of Penicuik</a>, a leading Unionist, wrote in his memoirs that it was not known at the time that Defoe had been sent by Godolphin: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>… to give a faithful account to him from time to time how everything past here. He was therefor a spy among us, but not known to be such, otherways the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mob" class="extiw" title="wikt:mob">Mob</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edin.</a> had pull him to pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Defoe was a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> who had suffered in England for his convictions, and as such he was accepted as an adviser to the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly of the Church of Scotland</a> and committees of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>. He told Harley that he was "privy to all their folly" but "Perfectly unsuspected as with corresponding with anybody in England". He was then able to influence the proposals that were put to Parliament and reported, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Having had the honour to be always sent for the committee to whom these amendments were referrèd,<br />I have had the good fortune to break their measures in two particulars via the bounty on Corn and<br />proportion of the Excise.</p></blockquote> <p>For Scotland, he used different arguments, even the opposite of those which he used in England, usually ignoring the English doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom">Sovereignty of Parliament</a>, for example, telling the Scots that they could have complete confidence in the guarantees in the Treaty. Some of his pamphlets were purported to be written by Scots, misleading even reputable historians into quoting them as evidence of Scottish opinion of the time. The same is true of a massive history of the Union which Defoe published in 1709 and which some historians still treat as a valuable contemporary source for their own works. Defoe took pains to give his history an air of objectivity by giving some space to arguments against the Union, but always kept the last word for himself. </p><p>He disposed of the main Union opponent, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fletcher_(patriot)" title="Andrew Fletcher (patriot)">Andrew Fletcher</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Saltoun_and_West_Saltoun" title="East Saltoun and West Saltoun">Saltoun</a>, by ignoring him. Nor does he account for the deviousness of the <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_4th_Duke_of_Hamilton" title="James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton">Duke of Hamilton</a>, the official leader of the various factions opposed to the Union, who seemingly betrayed his former colleagues when he switched to the Unionist/Government side in the decisive final stages of the debate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1709, Defoe authored a lengthy book entitled <i>The History of the Union of Great Britain</i>, an Edinburgh publication printed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heirs_of_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heirs of Anderson (page does not exist)">Heirs of Anderson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defoe is cited twice in the book as its author,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gives details of the events leading up to the <i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></i>, dating as far back as 6 December 1604, when King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> was presented with a proposal for unification.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This so-called "first draft" for unification took place just a little over 100 years before the signing of the 1707 accord. </p><p>Defoe made no attempt to explain why the same Parliament of Scotland which was so vehemently in favour of remaining independent from 1703 to 1705 became so supine in 1706. He received very little reward from his paymasters and no recognition for his services by the government. He made use of his Scottish experience to write his <i>Tour thro' the whole Island of Great Britain</i>, published in 1726, where he admitted that the increase of trade and population in Scotland which he had predicted as a consequence of the Union was "not the case, but rather the contrary". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glasgow_Bridge_c.1758.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Glasgow_Bridge_c.1758.JPG/310px-Glasgow_Bridge_c.1758.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Glasgow_Bridge_c.1758.JPG/465px-Glasgow_Bridge_c.1758.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Glasgow_Bridge_c.1758.JPG/620px-Glasgow_Bridge_c.1758.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption>Glasgow Bridge as Defoe might have seen it in the 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Defoe's description of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> (Glaschu) as a "Dear Green Place" has often been misquoted as a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a> translation for the town's name. The Gaelic <i>Glas</i> could mean grey or green, while <i>chu</i> means dog or hollow. <i>Glaschu</i> probably means "Green Hollow". The "Dear Green Place", like much of Scotland, was a hotbed of unrest against the Union. The local <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Tron_Church" title="St George's Tron Church">Tron</a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a> urged his congregation "to up and anent for the City of God". </p><p>The "Dear Green Place" and "City of God" required government troops to put down the rioters tearing up copies of the Treaty at almost every <a href="/wiki/Mercat_cross" title="Mercat cross">mercat cross</a> in Scotland. When Defoe visited in the mid-1720s, he claimed that the hostility towards his party was "because they were English and because of the Union, which they were almost universally exclaimed against".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_writing">Late writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extent and particulars are widely contested concerning Defoe's writing in the period from the Tory fall in 1714 to the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> in 1719. Defoe comments on the tendency to attribute tracts of uncertain authorship to him in his apologia <i>Appeal to Honour and Justice</i> (1715), a defence of his part in Harley's Tory ministry (1710–1714). Other works that anticipate his novelistic career include <i>The Family Instructor</i> (1715), a conduct manual on religious duty; <i>Minutes of the Negotiations of Monsr. Mesnager</i> (1717), in which he impersonates <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Mesnager" title="Nicolas Mesnager">Nicolas Mesnager</a>, the French plenipotentiary who negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> (1713); and <i>A Continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Letters_Writ_by_a_Turkish_Spy" title="Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy">Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy</a></i> (1718), a satire of European politics and religion, ostensibly written by a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> in Paris. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Defoe_monument_Bunhill_Fields.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Daniel_Defoe_monument_Bunhill_Fields.jpg/170px-Daniel_Defoe_monument_Bunhill_Fields.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Daniel_Defoe_monument_Bunhill_Fields.jpg/255px-Daniel_Defoe_monument_Bunhill_Fields.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Daniel_Defoe_monument_Bunhill_Fields.jpg/340px-Daniel_Defoe_monument_Bunhill_Fields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to "Daniel De-Foe", <a href="/wiki/Bunhill_Fields" title="Bunhill Fields">Bunhill Fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Road" title="City Road">City Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Islington" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough of Islington">Borough of Islington</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1719 to 1724, Defoe published the novels for which he is famous (see below). In the final decade of his life, he also wrote conduct manuals, including <i>Religious Courtship</i> (1722), <i>The Complete English Tradesman</i> (1726) and <i>The New Family Instructor</i> (1727). He published a number of books decrying the breakdown of the social order, such as <i>The Great Law of Subordination Considered</i> (1724) and <i>Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business</i> (1725) and works on the supernatural, like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_History_of_the_Devil" title="The Political History of the Devil">The Political History of the Devil</a></i> (1726), <i>A System of Magick</i> (1727) and <i>An Essay on the History and Reality of Apparitions</i> (1727). His works on foreign travel and trade include <i>A General History of Discoveries and Improvements</i> (1727) and <i>Atlas Maritimus and Commercialis</i> (1728). Perhaps his most significant work, apart from the novels, is <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tour_thro%27_the_Whole_Island_of_Great_Britain" title="A Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain">A Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain</a></i> (1724–1727), which provided a panoramic survey of British trade on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Complete_English_Tradesman"><i>The Complete English Tradesman</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Complete English Tradesman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Published in 1726, <i>The Complete English Tradesman</i> is an example of Defoe's political works. In the work, Defoe discussed the role of the <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">tradesman</a> in England in comparison to tradesmen internationally, arguing that the British system of trade is far superior.<sup id="cite_ref-defoe1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defoe1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defoe also implied that trade was the backbone of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">British economy</a>: "estate's a pond, but trade's a spring."<sup id="cite_ref-defoe1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defoe1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the work, Defoe praised the practicality of trade not only within the economy but the social stratification as well. Defoe argued that most of the British <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> was at one time or another inextricably linked with the institution of trade, either through personal experience, marriage or genealogy.<sup id="cite_ref-defoe1_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defoe1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oftentimes younger members of noble families entered into trade, and marriages to a tradesman's daughter by a <a href="/wiki/Nobleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobleman">nobleman</a> was also common. Overall, Defoe demonstrated a high respect for <b>tradesmen</b>, being one himself. </p><p>Not only did Defoe elevate individual British tradesmen to the level of <a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">gentleman</a>, but he praised the entirety of British trade as a superior system to other systems of trade.<sup id="cite_ref-defoe1_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defoe1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade, Defoe argues, is a much better catalyst for social and economic change than war. Defoe also argued that through the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and British mercantile influence, Britain would be able to "increase commerce at home" through job creations and increased <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-defoe1_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defoe1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote in the work that increased consumption, by laws of supply and demand, increases production and in turn raises wages for the poor therefore lifting part of British society further out of poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-defoe1_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defoe1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robinson_Crusoe"><i>Robinson Crusoe</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Robinson Crusoe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Defoe_former_house_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Daniel_Defoe_former_house_England.jpg/220px-Daniel_Defoe_former_house_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Daniel_Defoe_former_house_England.jpg/330px-Daniel_Defoe_former_house_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Daniel_Defoe_former_house_England.jpg/440px-Daniel_Defoe_former_house_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>A house where Defoe once lived, near London, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Published when Defoe was in his late fifties,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> relates the story of a man's shipwreck on a desert island for twenty-eight years and his subsequent adventures. Throughout its episodic narrative, Crusoe's struggles with faith are apparent as he bargains with God in times of life-threatening crises, but time and again he turns his back after his deliverances. He is finally content with his lot in life, separated from society, following a more genuine conversion experience. </p><p>In the opening pages of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Farther_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe">The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i>, the author describes how Crusoe settled in <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a>, married and produced a family, and that when his wife died, he went off on these further adventures. Bedford is also the place where the brother of "H. F." in <i>A Journal of the Plague Year</i> retired to avoid the danger of the plague, so that by implication, if these works were not fiction, Defoe's family met Crusoe in Bedford, from whence the information in these books was gathered. Defoe went to school in Newington Green with a friend named Caruso. </p><p>The novel has been assumed to be based in part on the story of the Scottish castaway <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Selkirk" title="Alexander Selkirk">Alexander Selkirk</a>, who spent four years stranded in the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his experience is inconsistent with the details of the narrative.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The island Selkirk lived on, Más a Tierra (Closer to Land) was renamed <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_Island" title="Robinson Crusoe Island">Robinson Crusoe Island</a> in 1966. It has also been supposed that Defoe may have also been inspired by a translation of a book by the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian-Arab</a> Muslim polymath <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a>, who was known as "Abubacer" in Europe. The Latin edition was entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Philosophus Autodidactus</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amber_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amber-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wainwright_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wainwright-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ockley" title="Simon Ockley">Simon Ockley</a> published an English translation in 1708, entitled <i>The improvement of human reason, exhibited in the life of Hai ebn Yokdhan</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Captain_Singleton"><i>Captain Singleton</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Captain Singleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defoe's next novel was <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Singleton" title="Captain Singleton">Captain Singleton</a></i> (1720), an adventure story whose first half covers a traversal of Africa which anticipated subsequent discoveries by <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> and whose second half taps into the contemporary fascination with <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>. The novel has been commended for its sensitive depiction of the close relationship between the hero and his religious mentor, <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> William Walters. Its description of the geography of Africa and some of its fauna does not use the language or knowledge of a fiction writer and suggests an eyewitness experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Memoirs_of_a_Cavalier"><i>Memoirs of a Cavalier</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Memoirs of a Cavalier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Cavalier" title="Memoirs of a Cavalier">Memoirs of a Cavalier</a></i> (1720) is set during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_Journal_of_the_Plague_Year"><i>A Journal of the Plague Year</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: A Journal of the Plague Year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/A_Journal_of_the_Plague_Year" title="A Journal of the Plague Year">A Journal of the Plague Year</a></i>, published in 1722, can be read both as novel and as nonfiction. It is an account of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague of London</a> in 1665, which is undersigned by the initials "H. F.", suggesting the author's uncle Henry Foe as its primary source. It is a historical account of the events based on extensive research and written as if by an eyewitness, even though Defoe was only about five years old when it occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonel_Jack"><i>Colonel Jack</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Colonel Jack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Jack" title="Colonel Jack">Colonel Jack</a></i> (1722) follows an orphaned boy from a life of poverty and crime to prosperity in the colonies, military and marital imbroglios, and religious conversion, driven by a problematic notion of becoming a "gentleman." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moll_Flanders"><i>Moll Flanders</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Moll Flanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also in 1722, Defoe wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Moll_Flanders" title="Moll Flanders">Moll Flanders</a></i>, another first-person <a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">picaresque novel</a> of the fall and eventual redemption, both material and spiritual, of a lone woman in 17th-century England. The titular heroine appears as a whore, bigamist and thief, lives in <a href="/wiki/Liberty_of_the_Mint" title="Liberty of the Mint">The Mint</a>, commits adultery and incest, and yet manages to retain the reader's sympathy. Her savvy manipulation of both men and wealth earns her a life of trials but ultimately an ending in reward. Although Moll struggles with the morality of some of her actions and decisions, religion seems to be far from her concerns throughout most of her story. However, like Robinson Crusoe, she finally repents. <i>Moll Flanders</i> is an important work in the development of the novel, as it challenged the common perception of femininity and gender roles in 18th-century British society.<sup id="cite_ref-Novak_2001_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak_2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was not intended as a work of <a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">erotica</a>, later generations came to view it as such.<sup id="cite_ref-historyextra_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyextra-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roxana"><i>Roxana</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Roxana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defoe's final novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Roxana:_The_Fortunate_Mistress" title="Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress">Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress</a></i> (1724), which narrates the moral and spiritual decline of a high society courtesan, differs from other Defoe works because the main character does not exhibit a conversion experience, even though she claims to be a penitent later in her life, at the time that she is relating her story.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patterns">Patterns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Defoe's writings, especially in his fiction, are traits that can be seen across his works. Defoe was well known for his <a href="/wiki/Didacticism" title="Didacticism">didacticism</a>, with most of his works aiming to convey a message of some kind to the readers (typically a moral one, stemming from his religious background).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connected to Defoe's didacticism is his use of the genre of <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_autobiography" title="Spiritual autobiography">spiritual autobiography</a>, particularly in <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another common feature of Defoe's fictional works is that he claimed they were true stories of their subjects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attribution_and_de-attribution">Attribution and de-attribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Attribution and de-attribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defoe is known to have used at least 198 <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen names</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a very common practice in eighteenth-century novel publishing to initially publish works under a <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a>, with most other authors at the time publishing their works anonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the anonymous ways in which most of his works were published, it has been a challenge for scholars over the years to properly credit Defoe for all of the works that he wrote in his lifetime. If counting only works that Defoe published under his own name, or his known pen name "the author of the True-Born Englishman," there would be about 75 works that could be attributed to him.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond these 75 works, scholars have used a variety of strategies to determine what other works should be attributed to Defoe. Writer <a href="/wiki/George_Chalmers_(antiquarian)" title="George Chalmers (antiquarian)">George Chalmers</a> was the first to begin the work of attributing anonymously published works to Defoe. In <i>History of the Union</i>, he created an expanded list with over a hundred titles that he attributed to Defoe, alongside twenty additional works that he designated as "Books which are supposed to be De Foe's."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chalmers included works in his canon of Defoe that were particularly in line with his style and way of thinking, and ultimately attributed 174 works to Defoe.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the attributions of Defoe's novels came long after his death. Notably, <i>Moll Flanders</i> and <i>Roxana</i> were published anonymously for over fifty years until Francis Noble named Daniel Defoe on their title pages in edition publication in 1775 and 1774.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographer <a href="/wiki/P._N._Furbank" title="P. N. Furbank">P. N. Furbank</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=W._R._Owens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. R. Owens (page does not exist)">W. R. Owens</a> built upon this canon, also relying on what they believed could be Defoe's work, without a means to be absolutely certain.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Cambridge History of English Literature</i>, the section on Defoe by author <a href="/wiki/William_Peterfield_Trent" title="William Peterfield Trent">William P. Trent</a> attributes 370 works to Defoe. J.R. Moore generated the largest list of Defoe's work, with approximately five hundred and fifty works that he attributed to Defoe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunhill_Fields,_London_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bunhill_Fields%2C_London_13.JPG/260px-Bunhill_Fields%2C_London_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bunhill_Fields%2C_London_13.JPG/390px-Bunhill_Fields%2C_London_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bunhill_Fields%2C_London_13.JPG/520px-Bunhill_Fields%2C_London_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bunhill_Fields" title="Bunhill Fields">Bunhill Fields</a> monument detail</figcaption></figure> <p>Defoe died on 24 April 1731, in Ropemakers Alley, not far from where he was born in Cripplegate, probably while in hiding from his creditors.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was often in debtors' prison.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of his death was labelled as lethargy, but he probably experienced a stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interred in <a href="/wiki/Bunhill_Fields" title="Bunhill Fields">Bunhill Fields</a> (today Bunhill Fields Burial and Gardens), just outside the medieval boundaries of the City of London, in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Islington" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough of Islington">Borough of Islington</a>, where a monument was erected to his memory in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A street in the <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx</a>, New York is named in his honour (De Foe Place).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels_2">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Consolidator" title="The Consolidator">The Consolidator, or Memoirs of Sundry Transactions from the World in the Moon: Translated from the Lunar Language</a></i> (1705)<sup id="cite_ref-SFE_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFE-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1719) – originally published in two volumes:<sup id="cite_ref-SFE_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFE-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i>The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who Lived Eight and Twenty Years [...]</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farther_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe">The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a>: Being the Second and Last Part of His Life [...]</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serious_Reflections_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe">Serious Reflections During the Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: With his Vision of the Angelick World</a></i> (1720)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Singleton" title="Captain Singleton">Captain Singleton</a></i> (1720)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Cavalier" title="Memoirs of a Cavalier">Memoirs of a Cavalier</a></i> (1720)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Journal_of_the_Plague_Year" title="A Journal of the Plague Year">A Journal of the Plague Year</a></i> (1722)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Jack" title="Colonel Jack">Colonel Jack</a></i> (1722)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moll_Flanders" title="Moll Flanders">Moll Flanders</a></i> (1722)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roxana:_The_Fortunate_Mistress" title="Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress">Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress</a></i> (1724)</li> <li><i>The Four Years Voyages of Capt. George Roberts</i> (1726)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nonfiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73564">The Buccaneers and Marooners of America</a></i> (1684) but this is a later (1891) illustrated version with details of the book's history.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Upon_Projects" title="An Essay Upon Projects">An Essay Upon Projects</a></i> (1697) – subsections of the text include: "The History of Projects," "Of Projectors," "Of Banks," "Of the Highways," "Of Assurances," "Of Friendly Societies," "The Proposal is for a Pension Office," "Of Wagering," "Of Fools," "A Charity-Lottery," "Of Bankrupts," "Of Academies" (including a section proposing an academy for women), "Of a Court Merchant," and "Of Seamen."</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_(Daniel_Defoe)" title="The Storm (Daniel Defoe)">The Storm</a></i> (1704) – describes the worst storm ever to hit Britain in recorded times. Includes eyewitness accounts.</li> <li><i>Atlantis Major</i> (1711)</li> <li><i>The Family Instructor</i> (1715)</li> <li><i>Memoirs of the Church of Scotland</i> (1717)</li> <li><i>The History of the Remarkable Life of John Sheppard</i> (1724) – describing Sheppard's life of crime and concluding with the miraculous escapes from prison for which he had become a public sensation.</li> <li><i>A Narrative of All The Robberies, Escapes, &c. of John Sheppard</i> (1724) – written by or taken from Sheppard himself in the condemned cell before he was hanged for theft, apparently by way of conclusion to the Defoe work. According to the Introduction to Volume 16 of the works of Defoe published by J M Dent in 1895, Sheppard handed the manuscript to the publisher Applebee from the prisoners' cart as he was taken away to be hanged. It included a correction of a factual detail and an explanation of how his escapes from prison were achieved.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_tour_thro%27_the_whole_island_of_Great_Britain,_divided_into_circuits_or_journies" class="mw-redirect" title="A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain, divided into circuits or journies">A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain, divided into circuits or journies</a></i> (1724–1727)</li> <li><i>A New Voyage Round the World</i> (1724)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_History_of_the_Devil" title="The Political History of the Devil">The Political History of the Devil</a></i> (1726)</li> <li><i>The Complete English Tradesman</i> (1726)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_Lewdness" title="Conjugal Lewdness">A treatise concerning the use and abuse of the marriage bed</a>...</i> (1727)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Plan_of_the_English_Commerce" title="A Plan of the English Commerce">A Plan of the English Commerce</a></i> (1728) – describes how the English woolen textile <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrial base</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> policies by <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a> monarchs, especially by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, including such policies as high <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> on the importation of finished woolen goods, high taxes on raw wool leaving England, bringing in artisans skilled in wool textile manufacturing from the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, selective <a href="/wiki/Government-granted_monopoly" title="Government-granted monopoly">government-granted monopoly</a> rights, and government-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">industrial espionage</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pamphlets_or_essays_in_prose">Pamphlets or essays in prose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pamphlets or essays in prose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Poor Man's Plea</i> (1698)</li> <li><i>The History of the Kentish Petition</i> (1701)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shortest_Way_with_the_Dissenters" title="The Shortest Way with the Dissenters">The Shortest Way with the Dissenters</a></i> (1702)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Law_of_Subordination_Consider%27d" title="The Great Law of Subordination Consider'd">The Great Law of Subordination Consider'd</a></i> (1704)</li> <li><i>Giving Alms No Charity, and Employing the Poor</i> (1704)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apparition_of_Mrs._Veal" title="The Apparition of Mrs. Veal">The Apparition of Mrs. Veal</a></i> (1706)</li> <li><i>An Appeal to Honour and Justice, Tho' it be of his Worst Enemies, by Daniel Defoe, Being a True Account of His Conduct in Publick Affairs</i> (1715)</li> <li><i>A Vindication of the Press: Or, An Essay on the Usefulness of Writing, on Criticism, and the Qualification of Authors</i> (1718)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Every-body%27s_Business,_Is_No-body%27s_Business" title="Every-body's Business, Is No-body's Business">Every-body's Business, Is No-body's Business</a></i> (1725)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Monastery" title="The Protestant Monastery">The Protestant Monastery</a></i> (1726)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parochial_Tyranny" title="Parochial Tyranny">Parochial Tyranny</a></i> (1727)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Triumphans" title="Augusta Triumphans">Augusta Triumphans</a></i> (1728)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Thoughts_are_Best" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Thoughts are Best">Second Thoughts are Best</a></i> (1729)</li> <li><i>An Essay Upon Literature</i> (1726)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mere_Nature_Delineated" title="Mere Nature Delineated">Mere Nature Delineated</a></i> (1726)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_Lewdness" title="Conjugal Lewdness">Conjugal Lewdness</a></i> (1727) – Anti-Contraception Essay</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pamphlets_or_essays_in_verse">Pamphlets or essays in verse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pamphlets or essays in verse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_True-Born_Englishman" title="The True-Born Englishman">The True-Born Englishman</a>: A Satyr</i> (1701)</li> <li><i>Hymn to the Pillory</i> (1703)</li> <li><i>An Essay on the Late Storm</i> (1704)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_contested_works_attributed_to_Defoe">Some contested works attributed to Defoe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Some contested works attributed to Defoe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>A Friendly Epistle by way of reproof from one of the people called Quakers, to T. B., a dealer in many words</i> (1715).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="The King of Pirates">The King of Pirates</a></i> (1719) – purporting to be an account of the pirate <a href="/wiki/Henry_Avery" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Avery">Henry Avery</a>.</li> <li><i>The Pirate Gow</i> (1725) – an account of <a href="/wiki/John_Gow" title="John Gow">John Gow</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i> (1724, 1725, 1726, 1828) – published in two volumes by Charles Rivington, who had a shop near <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Cathedral">St. Paul's Cathedral</a>, London. Published under the name of <a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a>, it sold in many editions.</li> <li>Captain Carleton's <i>Memoirs of an English Officer</i> (1728).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Davies" title="Christian Davies">The life and adventures of Mrs. Christian Davies, commonly call'd Mother Ross</a></i> (1740) – published anonymously; printed and sold by R. Montagu in London; and attributed to Defoe but more recently not accepted by Moore.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apprentice_complex" title="Apprentice complex">Apprentice complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moubray_House" title="Moubray House">Moubray House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drury_(sailor)" title="Robert Drury (sailor)">Robert Drury (sailor)</a> – whose book has been suggested by some was written by Defoe</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The surname Defoe is of Flemish origin, probably derived from <a href="/wiki/Faux_(surname)" title="Faux (surname)">Faux</a><sup id="cite_ref-WRIGHT_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRIGHT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or one of its variants, such as <a href="/wiki/Defauw_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defauw (surname)">Defauw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KONINKLIJKE_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KONINKLIJKE-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defoe lauded <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth</a> for encouraging the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people#United_Kingdom" title="Flemish people">Flemings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WRIGHT_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRIGHT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that he was aware of his origins<sup id="cite_ref-WRIGHT_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRIGHT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is possible that he understood some <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, since his library had Dutch titles.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuguid2006" class="citation journal cs1">Duguid, Paul (2 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1405/1323">"Limits of self-organization: Peer production and "laws of quality"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/First_Monday_(journal)" title="First Monday (journal)">First Monday</a></i>. <b>11</b> (10). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v11i10.1405">10.5210/fm.v11i10.1405</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1396-0466">1396-0466</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>. <q>Most reliable sources hold that the date of Defoe's birth was uncertain and may have fallen in 1659 or 1661. The day of his death is also uncertain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=Limits+of+self-organization%3A+Peer+production+and+%22laws+of+quality%22&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2006-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v11i10.1405&rft.issn=1396-0466&rft.aulast=Duguid&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffirstmonday.org%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Ffm%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1405%2F1323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackscheider2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Backscheider, Paula R. (January 2008) [2004]. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7421">"Daniel Defoe (1660?–1731)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7421">10.1093/ref:odnb/7421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel+Defoe+%281660%3F%E2%80%931731%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7421&rft.aulast=Backscheider&rft.aufirst=Paula+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F7421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Defoe", <i>The Oxford Companion to English Literature</i>, ed. Margaret Drabble. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Backscheider (2008/2004). "Even the most conservative lists of Defoe's works include 318 titles, and most Defoe scholars would credit him with at least 50 more."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margarett A. James and Dorothy F. Tucker. "Daniel Defoe, Journalist." <i>Business History Review</i> 2.1 (1928): 2–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters_to_John_Law-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_to_John_Law_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_to_John_Law_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_to_John_Law_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2012" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Gavin John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102074401/http://books.google.com/books?id=espxkAw-5bsC&pg=PR53"><i>Letters to John Law</i></a>. Newton Page. pp. liii–lv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934619-08-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934619-08-7"><bdi>978-1-934619-08-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=espxkAw-5bsC&pg=PR53">the original</a> on 2 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+to+John+Law&rft.pages=liii-lv&rft.pub=Newton+Page&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-934619-08-7&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Gavin+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DespxkAw-5bsC%26pg%3DPR53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncylLon-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EncylLon_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a>; Weinreb, Ben; Keay, John; Keay, Julia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xa0D0PqiwfEC&pg=PA304"><i>The London Encyclopaedia</i></a>. London: Pan Macmillan. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-73878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-73878-2"><bdi>978-0-230-73878-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Encyclopaedia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-73878-2&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Weinreb%2C+Ben&rft.au=Keay%2C+John&rft.au=Keay%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxa0D0PqiwfEC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Yard_of_Wit" title="The Yard of Wit">Stephanson, Raymond</a> (2013). Raymond Stephanson, Darren N. Wagner (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nAhCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Secrets of Generation Reproduction in the Long Eighteenth Century</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6693-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-6693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secrets+of+Generation+Reproduction+in+the+Long+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6693-1&rft.aulast=Stephanson&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nAhCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorselli" class="citation web cs1">Torselli, Stefano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803152602/http://www.baroque.it/cultura-del-periodo-barocco/letteratura/scrittori-e-letterati/daniel-defoe.html">"Daniel Defoe"</a>. <i>www.baroque.it</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baroque.it/cultura-del-periodo-barocco/letteratura/scrittori-e-letterati/daniel-defoe.html">the original</a> on 3 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.baroque.it&rft.atitle=Daniel+Defoe&rft.aulast=Torselli&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baroque.it%2Fcultura-del-periodo-barocco%2Fletteratura%2Fscrittori-e-letterati%2Fdaniel-defoe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastian1981" class="citation book cs1">Bastian, F. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNquCwAAQBAJ&q=%22early+autumn+of+1660%22&pg=PA8"><i>Defoe's Early Years</i></a>. London: Macmillan Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27432-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27432-3"><bdi>978-0-333-27432-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defoe%27s+Early+Years&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-333-27432-3&rft.aulast=Bastian&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNquCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522early%2Bautumn%2Bof%2B1660%2522%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCHAFF-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCHAFF_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff2020" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Barbara (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrH8DwAAQBAJ"><i>Handbook of British Travel Writing</i></a>. Berlin: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-049705-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-049705-2"><bdi>978-3-11-049705-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Travel+Writing&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-11-049705-2&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrH8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRITANNICA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRITANNICA_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutter" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mutter, Reginald P.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017103647/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Defoe">"Daniel Defoe – English author"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Defoe">the original</a> on 17 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel+Defoe+%E2%80%93+English+author&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.aulast=Mutter&rft.aufirst=Reginald+P.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FDaniel-Defoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WRIGHT-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WRIGHT_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRIGHT_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRIGHT_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wright_(antiquarian)" title="Thomas Wright (antiquarian)">Wright, Thomas</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxhAAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Life of Daniel Defoe Volume 1</i></a>. Cassell. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Daniel+Defoe+Volume+1&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxhAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KONINKLIJKE-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KONINKLIJKE_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevelinckDe_Roover1970" class="citation book cs1">Stevelinck, Ernest; De Roover, Raymond (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cxYjAQAAMAAJ"><i>De comptabiliteit door de eeuwen heen tentoonstelling in de Koninklijke Bibliotheek Albert I</i></a>. Brussels: Royal Library of Belgium. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+comptabiliteit+door+de+eeuwen+heen+tentoonstelling+in+de+Koninklijke+Bibliotheek+Albert+I&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Royal+Library+of+Belgium&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Stevelinck&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft.au=De+Roover%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcxYjAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Ginneken2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jaap_van_Ginneken" title="Jaap van Ginneken">van Ginneken, Jaap</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MU97AAAAQBAJ"><i>Screening Difference How Hollywood's Blockbuster Films Imagine Race, Ethnicity, and Culture</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-4329-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-4329-6"><bdi>978-1-4616-4329-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Screening+Difference+How+Hollywood%27s+Blockbuster+Films+Imagine+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-4329-6&rft.aulast=van+Ginneken&rft.aufirst=Jaap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMU97AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-west-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-west_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard West (1998) <i>Daniel Defoe: The Life and Strange, Surprising Adventures</i>. New York: Carroll & Graf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0557-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0557-3">978-0-7867-0557-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2006-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2006_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2006" class="citation book cs1">Black, Joseph Laurence, ed. (2006). <i>The Broadview Anthology of Literature: The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century</i>. Toronto: Broadview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-611-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-611-2"><bdi>978-1-55111-611-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Broadview+Anthology+of+Literature%3A+The+Restoration+and+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-611-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rich-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rich_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rich_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichetti2005" class="citation book cs1">Richetti, John (2005). <i>The Life of Daniel Defoe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470754665">10.1002/9780470754665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19529-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19529-0"><bdi>978-0-631-19529-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Daniel+Defoe&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470754665&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19529-0&rft.aulast=Richetti&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastian1965" class="citation journal cs1">Bastian, F. (1965). "Defoe's Journal of the Plague Year Reconsidered". <i>The Review of English Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (62): 151–173. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/513101">513101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=Defoe%27s+Journal+of+the+Plague+Year+Reconsidered&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=62&rft.pages=151-173&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F513101%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bastian&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gradesaver.com/author/daniel-defoe/">Biography of Daniel Defoe (1659?–1731)</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Defoe in Stoke Newington". Arthur Secord, P.M.L.A. Vol. 66, p. 211, 1951. Cited in Thorncroft, p. 9, who identifies him as "an American scholar".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Council_2020-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Council_2020_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon_County_Council2020" class="citation web cs1">London County Council (6 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/daniel-defoe/">"Daniel Defoe – Blue Plaques"</a>. <i>English Heritage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Heritage&rft.atitle=Daniel+Defoe+%E2%80%93+Blue+Plaques&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft.au=London+County+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fblue-plaques%2Fdaniel-defoe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novak_2001-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Novak_2001_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novak_2001_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2001" class="citation book cs1">Novak, Maximillian (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/danieldefoemaste00maxi"><i>Daniel Defoe : master of fictions : his life and ideas</i></a></span>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926154-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926154-3"><bdi>978-0-19-926154-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51963527">51963527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Defoe+%3A+master+of+fictions+%3A+his+life+and+ideas&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51963527&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926154-3&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=Maximillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdanieldefoemaste00maxi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Backscheider_1989-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Backscheider_1989_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackscheider1989" class="citation book cs1">Backscheider, Paula (1989). <i>Daniel Defoe : his life</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4512-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4512-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-4512-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59911734">59911734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Defoe+%3A+his+life&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59911734&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-4512-3&rft.aulast=Backscheider&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefoe1702" class="citation web cs1">Defoe, Daniel (1702). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/27/12.html">"The shortest way with the Dissenters"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+shortest+way+with+the+Dissenters&rft.date=1702&rft.aulast=Defoe&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F27%2F12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Storm: or, a collection of the most remarkable casualties and disasters which happen'd in the late dreadful tempest, both by sea and land</i>. London: 1704.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Miller_(journalist)" title="John J. Miller (journalist)">John J. Miller</a> (13 August 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904800304576476142821212156?KEYWORDS=masterpiece">"Writing Up a Storm"</a>, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownie" class="citation web cs1">Downie, J. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183319/https://theses.ncl.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/10443/165/1/downie76.pdf">"Robert Harley and the Press"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Newcastle eTheses</i>. University of Newcastle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theses.ncl.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/10443/165/1/downie76.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Newcastle+eTheses&rft.atitle=Robert+Harley+and+the+Press&rft.aulast=Downie&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheses.ncl.ac.uk%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10443%2F165%2F1%2Fdownie76.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Somerset-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Somerset_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Somerset_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomerset2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Anne_Somerset" title="Lady Anne Somerset">Somerset, Anne</a> (2012). <i>Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion</i>. London: Willaim Collins. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-720376-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-720376-5"><bdi>978-0-00-720376-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Anne%3A+The+Politics+of+Passion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Willaim+Collins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-00-720376-5&rft.aulast=Somerset&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClerk1892" class="citation book cs1">Clerk, John (1892). Gray, John Miller (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirslifesirj01clergoog"><i>Memoirs of the life of Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, baronet, baron of the Exchequer, extracted by himself from his own journals, 1676–1755</i></a>. Edinburgh: Scottish Historical Society. pp. 63–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+life+of+Sir+John+Clerk+of+Penicuik%2C+baronet%2C+baron+of+the+Exchequer%2C+extracted+by+himself+from+his+own+journals%2C+1676%E2%80%931755&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Scottish+Historical+Society&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Clerk&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirslifesirj01clergoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span> In a side-note at this point Clerk recommends Defoe's <i>History of the Union of Great Britain</i> : "This History of the Union deserves to be read. It was published in folio. There is not one fact in it which I can challenge"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://truescans.com/BeginnersFolder/Defoe.htm"><i>The History Of The Union Of Great Britain</i>, 1709; Edinburgh, Heirs of Anderson</a> at TrueScans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://truescans.com/BeginnersFolder/Images/Defoe_1709/DSCN9162.JPG">First Defoe book author reference – cited as DANIEL DEFOE</a> at truescans.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://truescans.com/BeginnersFolder/Images/Defoe_1709/DSCN9166.JPG">Second Defoe book author reference – cited as D. DE FOE</a> at truescans.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://truescans.com/BeginnersFolder/Images/Defoe_1709/DSCN9167A.JPG">Book reference to 6th December of 1604</a> at truescans.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwenson2015" class="citation book cs1">Swenson, Rivka (2015). <i>Essential Scots and the Idea of Unionism in Anglo-Scottish Literature, 1603–1832</i> (ebook ed.). Bucknell University Press. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Scots+and+the+Idea+of+Unionism+in+Anglo-Scottish+Literature%2C+1603%E2%80%931832&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Swenson&rft.aufirst=Rivka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defoe1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-defoe1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defoe1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defoe1_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defoe1_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defoe1_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defoe1_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Defoe, Daniel. The complete English tradesman. London: Tegg, 1841. Print.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinto1879" class="citation book cs1">Minto, William (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924013179902"><i>Daniel Defoe</i></a>. New York: Harper & Bros. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/562533988">562533988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Defoe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros.&rft.date=1879&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F562533988&rft.aulast=Minto&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924013179902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), <i>Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature</i>, Al-Rashid House for Publication.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyril Glassé (2001), <i>The New Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, Rowman Altamira, p. 202, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6">0-7591-0190-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amber-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amber_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaque2004" class="citation journal cs1">Haque, Amber (2004). 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Online edition (3rd ed., 2011). Biographical entry by editors John Clute and Peter Nicholls. Retrieved 12 September 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaine1972" class="citation journal cs1">Baine, Rodney M. (1972). 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Catalog entry: in several campaigns under King William and the late Duke of Marlborough, in the quality of a foot-soldier and dragoon, gave many signal proofs of an unparallell'd courage and personal bravery. Taken from her own mouth when a pensioner of Chelsea-Hospital, and known to be true by many who were engaged in those great scenes of action. <i>Sir John Soane's Museum Collection Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Complete English Tradesman: Daniel Defoe and the Emergence of Business Writing". <i>Journal of Technical Writing and Communication</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 325–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2190%2FTE72-JBN7-GNUT-BNUW">10.2190/TE72-JBN7-GNUT-BNUW</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219975268">219975268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Technical+Writing+and+Communication&rft.atitle=The+Complete+English+Tradesman%3A+Daniel+Defoe+and+the+Emergence+of+Business+Writing&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=325-334&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2190%2FTE72-JBN7-GNUT-BNUW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219975268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Di+Renzo&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald1954" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Brian (1954). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/danieldefoestudy0000fitz_r6l2"><i>Daniel Defoe: A Study in Conflict</i></a></span>. London: Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/681522101">681522101</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Defoe%3A+A+Study+in+Conflict&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F681522101&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdanieldefoestudy0000fitz_r6l2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurbankOwens2015" class="citation book cs1">Furbank, P. N.; Owens, W. R. (2015). <i>A Political Biography of Daniel Defoe</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-31567-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-31567-4"><bdi>978-1-317-31567-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Biography+of+Daniel+Defoe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-31567-4&rft.aulast=Furbank&rft.aufirst=P.+N.&rft.au=Owens%2C+W.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGollapudi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gollapudi, Aparna (2015). "Personhood, Property Rights, and the Child in John Locke's Two Treatises of Government and Daniel Defoe's Fiction". <i>Eighteenth-Century Fiction</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 25–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fecf.28.1.25">10.3138/ecf.28.1.25</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145261485">145261485</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/595356">595356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Fiction&rft.atitle=Personhood%2C+Property+Rights%2C+and+the+Child+in+John+Locke%27s+Two+Treatises+of+Government+and+Daniel+Defoe%27s+Fiction&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-58&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fecf.28.1.25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145261485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gollapudi&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gregg, Stephen H. <i>Defoe's Writings and Manliness: Contrary Men</i> (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li>Guilhamet, Leon. <i>Defoe and the Whig Novel: A Reading of the Major Fiction</i> (U of Delaware Press, 2010).</li> <li>Hammond, John R. ed. <i>A Defoe companion</i> (Macmillan, 1993).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2012" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Ashley (2012). "Fabricating Defoes: From Anonymous Hack to Master of Fictions". <i>Eighteenth-Century Life</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 1–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00982601-1548018">10.1215/00982601-1548018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144469998">144469998</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/472272">472272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Life&rft.atitle=Fabricating+Defoes%3A+From+Anonymous+Hack+to+Master+of+Fictions&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-35&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00982601-1548018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144469998%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Novak, Maximillian E. <i>Daniel Defoe: Master of Fictions: His Life and Ideas</i> (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-812686-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-812686-7">978-0-19-812686-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1996" class="citation journal cs1">O'Brien, John (1996). "The Character of Credit: Defoe's "Lady Credit," The Fortunate Mistress, and the Resources of Inconsistency in Early Eighteenth-Century Britain". <i>ELH</i>. <b>63</b> (3): 603–631. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Felh.1996.0030">10.1353/elh.1996.0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162892432">162892432</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/11339">11339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ELH&rft.atitle=The+Character+of+Credit%3A+Defoe%27s+%22Lady+Credit%2C%22+The+Fortunate+Mistress%2C+and+the+Resources+of+Inconsistency+in+Early+Eighteenth-Century+Britain&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=603-631&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Felh.1996.0030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162892432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Novak, Maximillian E. <i>Realism, myth, and history in Defoe's fiction</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 1983).</li> <li>Richetti, John. <i>The Life of Daniel Defoe: A Critical Biography</i> (2015).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1971" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Pat (1971). "Defoe in the Fleet Prison". <i>The Review of English Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (88): 451–455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fres%2FXXII.88.451">10.1093/res/XXII.88.451</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/513276">513276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=Defoe+in+the+Fleet+Prison&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=88&rft.pages=451-455&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fres%2FXXII.88.451&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F513276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sutherland, J.R. <i>Defoe</i> (Taylor & Francis, 1950)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Curtis, Laura Ann, ed. <i>The Versatile Defoe: An Anthology of Uncollected Writings by Daniel Defoe</i> (Rowman and Littlefield, 1979).</li> <li>Defoe, Daniel. <i>The Best of Defoe's Review: An Anthology</i> (Columbia University Press, 1951).</li> <li>W. R. Owens, and Philip Nicholas Furbank, eds. <i>The True-Born Englishman and Other Writings</i> (Penguin Books, 1997).</li> <li>W. R. Owens, and Philip Nicholas Furbank, eds. <i>Political and Economic Writings of Daniel Defoe</i> (Pickering & Chatto, 2000).</li> <li>W. R. Owens, and Philip Nicholas Furbank, eds. <i>Writings on Travel, Discovery, and History</i> (Pickering & Chatto, 2001–2002).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaintsbury1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Saintsbury" title="George Saintsbury">Saintsbury, George</a> (1878). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Daniel Defoe"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Daniel_Defoe">"Daniel Defoe" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. VII (9th ed.). pp. 26–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel+Defoe&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=26-31&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Saintsbury&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Defoe, Daniel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Defoe,_Daniel">"Defoe, Daniel" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 927–931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defoe%2C+Daniel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=927-931&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Defoe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geopoesia.ru/ru/main/stat-main/01-crusoe-en.html">Russian toponyms in Daniel Defoe's novels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-53974">Defoe, Daniel 1661?–1731 WorldCat Identity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/systemofmagic00defo">A System of Magick</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aaronskirboll.com/"><i>The Thief-Taker Hangings: How Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Wild, and Jack Sheppard Captivated London and Created the Celebrity Criminal</i> by 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_Daniel_Defoe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Daniel_Defoe" title="Template:Daniel Defoe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Daniel_Defoe" title="Template talk:Daniel Defoe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Daniel_Defoe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Daniel Defoe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Daniel_Defoe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Defoe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1719)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farther_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe">The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1719)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Singleton" title="Captain Singleton">Captain Singleton</a></i> (1720)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Cavalier" title="Memoirs of a Cavalier">Memoirs of a Cavalier</a></i> (1720)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moll_Flanders" title="Moll Flanders">Moll Flanders</a></i> (1722)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Jack" title="Colonel Jack">Colonel Jack</a></i> (1722)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Journal_of_the_Plague_Year" title="A Journal of the Plague Year">A Journal of the Plague Year</a></i> (1722)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roxana:_The_Fortunate_Mistress" title="Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress">Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress</a></i> (1724)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg/100px-Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg/150px-Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg/200px-Daniel_Defoe_Kneller_Style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2391" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Consolidator" title="The Consolidator">The Consolidator or, Memoirs of Sundry Transactions from the World in the Moon</a></i> (1705)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apparition_of_Mrs._Veal" title="The Apparition of Mrs. Veal">The Apparition of Mrs. Veal</a></i> (1706)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantis_Major&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantis Major (page does not exist)">Atlantis Major</a></i> (1711)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="The King of Pirates">The King of Pirates</a></i> (1719)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirate_Gow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Pirate Gow (page does not exist)">The Pirate Gow</a></i>, an account of <a href="/wiki/John_Gow" title="John Gow">John Gow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Upon_Projects" title="An Essay Upon Projects">An Essay Upon Projects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_(Daniel_Defoe)" title="The Storm (Daniel Defoe)">The Storm</a></i> (1704)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Family_Instructor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Family Instructor (page does not exist)">The Family Instructor</a></i> (1715)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serious_Reflections_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe">Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1720)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i> (1724, disputed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_tour_thro%27_the_whole_island_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain">A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain</a></i> (1724-27)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Complete_English_Tradesman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Complete English Tradesman (page does not exist)">The Complete English Tradesman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_History_of_the_Devil" title="The Political History of the Devil">The Political History of the Devil</a></i> (1726)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mere_Nature_Delineated" title="Mere Nature Delineated">Mere Nature Delineated</a></i> (1726)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_Lewdness" title="Conjugal Lewdness">Conjugal Lewdness</a></i> (1727)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Plan_of_the_English_Commerce" title="A Plan of the English Commerce">A Plan of the English Commerce</a></i> (1728)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shortest_Way_with_the_Dissenters" title="The Shortest Way with the Dissenters">The Shortest Way with the Dissenters</a></i> (1702)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castration_of_Popish_Ecclesiastics" title="Castration of Popish Ecclesiastics">Castration of Popish Ecclesiastics</a></i> (1720, attributed)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Essay_Upon_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Essay Upon Literature (page does not exist)">An Essay Upon Literature</a></i> (1726)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_Lewdness" title="Conjugal Lewdness">Conjugal Lewdness</a></i> (1727)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Triumphans" title="Augusta Triumphans">Augusta Triumphans</a></i> (1728)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Thoughts_Are_Best" title="Second Thoughts Are Best">Second Thoughts Are Best</a></i> (1729)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_True-Born_Englishman" title="The True-Born Englishman">The True-Born Englishman</a></i> (1701)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn_to_the_Pillory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hymn to the Pillory (page does not exist)">Hymn to the Pillory</a></i> (1703)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Daniel_Defoe&#039;s_Robinson_Crusoe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robinson_Crusoe" title="Template:Robinson Crusoe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robinson_Crusoe" title="Template talk:Robinson Crusoe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robinson_Crusoe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robinson Crusoe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Daniel_Defoe&#039;s_Robinson_Crusoe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Defoe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friday_(Robinson_Crusoe)" title="Friday (Robinson Crusoe)">Friday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sequel novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farther_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe">The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serious_Reflections_of_Robinson_Crusoe" title="Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe">Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1902_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1902 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe_(serial)" title="The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (serial)">The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1927_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1927 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1947_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1947 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1954_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1954 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(Play_of_the_Month)" title="Robinson Crusoe (Play of the Month)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crusoe_(film)" title="Crusoe (film)">Crusoe</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(1997_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (1997 film)">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Robinson_Crusoe" title="Mr. Robinson Crusoe">Mr. Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Robin_Crusoe" title="Miss Robin Crusoe">Miss Robin Crusoe</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_on_Mars" title="Robinson Crusoe on Mars">Robinson Crusoe on Mars</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lt._Robin_Crusoe,_U.S.N." title="Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.">Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robby_(film)" title="Robby (film)">Robby</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_Friday_(film)" title="Man Friday (film)">Man Friday</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Robinson_(film)" title="Mr. Robinson (film)">Mr. Robinson</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shipwrecked_(1990_film)" title="Shipwrecked (1990 film)">Shipwrecked</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(2016_film)" title="Robinson Crusoe (2016 film)">The Wild Life</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe_(TV_series)" title="The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (TV series)">The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe,_a_Sailor_from_York" title="Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a Sailor from York">Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a Sailor from York</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Sucroe" title="Robinson Sucroe">Robinson Sucroe</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crusoe_(TV_series)" title="Crusoe (TV series)">Crusoe</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Friday,_or,_The_Other_Island" title="Friday, or, The Other Island">Friday, or, The Other Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Crusoes" title="Canadian Crusoes">Canadian Crusoes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foe_(Coetzee_novel)" title="Foe (Coetzee novel)">Foe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Selkirk" title="Alexander Selkirk">Alexander Selkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_Island" title="Robinson Crusoe Island">Robinson Crusoe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinsonade" title="Robinsonade">Robinsonade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Cruso%C3%A9" title="Robinson Crusoé">Robinson Crusoé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_economy" title="Robinson Crusoe economy">Robinson Crusoe economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoes_of_Warsaw" title="Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw">Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a><br />and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate<br />hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident"><i>Beluga Nomination</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the <i>Ambrose Light</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner <i>Bravo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner <i>Fancy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop <i>Anne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident"><i>Carré d'As IV</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident"><i>Dai Hong Dan</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident"><i>Irene</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking"><i>Maersk Alabama</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT <i>Zafirah</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT <i>Orkim Harmony</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV <i>Moscow University</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair"><i>North Star</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident"><i>Quest</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad"><i>Amistad</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the <i>Veloz Passagera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig <i>Brillante</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in<br />popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40946#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40946#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40946#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39375774">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2283158188232920260006">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35233/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjxhk6c9ryVbxBmXhBKG9C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118524275">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Defoe, Daniel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79053974">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="De Foe, Daniel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no89021314">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118990779">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118990779">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00437553">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Defoe, Daniel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000419">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35034550">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001679&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1720461">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/47152">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068369123">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90062701">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000024851&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000004250&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000406397">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=103763">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61705">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000034354">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199606809">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdd9hj1h85ff7">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810587894305606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810629232405606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/107611">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260329605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000041671">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521581406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14109574">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00491230?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5160f7d4-4140-44c4-a84d-790a537a9e22">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/807021">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118524275.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118524275">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026817179">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6057m30">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/50053817">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&oldid=1256196057">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Defoe&oldid=1256196057</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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