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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Physical+layer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Physical+layer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_signaling_sublayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_signaling_sublayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physical signaling sublayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_signaling_sublayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_the_Internet_protocol_suite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_the_Internet_protocol_suite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relation to the Internet protocol suite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_the_Internet_protocol_suite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PHY" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PHY"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>PHY</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-PHY-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle PHY subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-PHY-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethernet_physical_transceiver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethernet_physical_transceiver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ethernet physical transceiver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethernet_physical_transceiver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Physical layer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طبقة مادية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبقة مادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Фізічны ўзровень – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фізічны ўзровень" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_OSI_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Физически слой на OSI модела – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Физически слой на OSI модела" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_f%C3%ADsica" title="Capa física – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Capa física" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzick%C3%A1_vrstva" title="Fyzická vrstva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fyzická vrstva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_fysiske_lag" title="Det fysiske lag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det fysiske lag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%C3%BCbertragungsschicht" title="Bitübertragungsschicht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bitübertragungsschicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsiline_kiht" title="Füüsiline kiht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Füüsiline kiht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF" title="Φυσικό επίπεδο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσικό επίπεδο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_f%C3%ADsica" title="Capa física – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capa física" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geruza_fisikoa" title="Geruza fisikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Geruza fisikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="لایه فیزیکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لایه فیزیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couche_physique" title="Couche physique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couche physique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B3%84%EC%B8%B5" title="물리 계층 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물리 계층" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_fisik" title="Lapisan fisik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lapisan fisik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livello_fisico" title="Livello fisico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Livello fisico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%94-OSI" title="השכבה הפיזית של מודל ה-OSI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השכבה הפיזית של מודל ה-OSI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Физикалық деңгей – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Физикалық деңгей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik%C4%81lais_sl%C4%81nis" title="Fizikālais slānis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fizikālais slānis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivell_fisegh" title="Nivell fisegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nivell fisegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikai_r%C3%A9teg" title="Fizikai réteg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fizikai réteg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Физичко ниво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Физичко ниво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_fizikal" title="Lapisan fizikal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lapisan fizikal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Physical layer" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC" title="ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ အလွှာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ အလွှာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysieke_laag" title="Fysieke laag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fysieke laag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B1%A4" title="物理層 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物理層" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_fysiske_laget" title="Det fysiske laget – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det fysiske laget" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysisk_lag" title="Fysisk lag – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fysisk lag" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camada_f%C3%ADsica" title="Camada física – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camada física" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivel_fizic" title="Nivel fizic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nivel fizic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Физический уровень – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Физический уровень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzick%C3%A1_vrstva_(OSI)" title="Fyzická vrstva (OSI) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fyzická vrstva (OSI)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dna_plast" title="Fizična plast – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fizična plast" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Физички слој – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Физички слој" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dki_sloj" title="Fizički sloj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fizički sloj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_fisik" title="Lapisan fisik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lapisan fisik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysiskt_skikt" title="Fysiskt skikt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fysiskt skikt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫిజికల్ లేయర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫిజికల్ లేయర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziksel_katman" title="Fiziksel katman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fiziksel katman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Фізичний рівень – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фізичний рівень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B1%82" title="物理层 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物理层" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B1%82" title="物理层 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="物理层" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192727#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lowest-level electronic or optical transmission functions of a network</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a><br /><span style="font-size:80%;">by <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">layer</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">7.  <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Sensor_Interface_protocol" title="Simple Sensor Interface protocol">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> (<a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Peer-to-Peer" title="Short Message Peer-to-Peer">SMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NETCONF" title="NETCONF">NETCONF</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Application_layer_protocols" title="Category:Application layer protocols">more....</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">6.  <a href="/wiki/Presentation_layer" title="Presentation layer">Presentation layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_Data_Representation" title="External Data Representation">XDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASN.1" title="ASN.1">ASN.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" title="Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">5.  <a href="/wiki/Session_layer" title="Session layer">Session layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">Named pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBIOS" title="NetBIOS">NetBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Announcement_Protocol" title="Session Announcement Protocol">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Tunneling_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol">PPTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCKS" title="SOCKS">SOCKS</a></li> <li>X.225<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">4.  <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPX/SPX" title="IPX/SPX">SPX</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">3.  <a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">Network layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICMPv6" title="ICMPv6">ICMPv6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internetwork_Packet_Exchange" title="Internetwork Packet Exchange">IPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">IS-IS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_Layer_Protocol" title="Packet Layer Protocol">PLP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">2.  <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">Data link layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Data_Link_Control" title="Synchronous Data Link Control">SDLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Level_Data_Link_Control" title="High-Level Data Link Control">HDLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocol#CSLIP" title="Serial Line Internet Protocol">CSLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocol" title="Serial Line Internet Protocol">SLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Framing_Procedure" title="Generic Framing Procedure">GFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Line_Internet_Protocol" title="Parallel Line Internet Protocol">PLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">IEEE 802.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_link_control" title="Logical link control">LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_2_Tunneling_Protocol" title="Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol">L2TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">ITU-T G.hn DLL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> <a href="/wiki/LAPB" title="LAPB">LAPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Access_Procedure_for_Frame_Relay" title="Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay">Q.922 LAPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1.  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Physical layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-449" title="RS-449">RS-449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ITU-T_V-series_recommendations" title="List of ITU-T V-series recommendations">ITU-T V-Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.430" title="I.430">I.430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.431" title="I.431">I.431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesiochronous_digital_hierarchy" title="Plesiochronous digital hierarchy">PDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_optical_networking" title="Synchronous optical networking">SONET/SDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">PON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Transport_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Transport Network">OTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">IEEE 802.15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE 1394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">ITU-T G.hn PHY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OSI_model" title="Template:OSI model"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OSI_model" title="Template talk:OSI model"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OSI_model" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OSI model"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the seven-layer <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a>, the <b>physical layer</b> or <b>layer 1</b> is the first and lowest layer: the layer most closely associated with the physical connection between devices. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium. The shapes and properties of the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_connector" title="Electrical connector">electrical connectors</a>, the frequencies to transmit on, the <a href="/wiki/Line_code" title="Line code">line code</a> to use and similar low-level parameters, are specified by the physical layer. </p><p>At the electrical layer, the physical layer is commonly implemented by dedicated <a href="/wiki/PHY" class="mw-redirect" title="PHY">PHY</a> chip or, in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">electronic design automation</a> (EDA), by a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core" title="Semiconductor intellectual property core">design block</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">mobile computing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MIPI_Alliance" title="MIPI Alliance">MIPI Alliance</a> <a href="/wiki/M-PHY" title="M-PHY">*-PHY</a> family of interconnect protocols are widely used. </p><p>Historically, the OSI model is closely associated with internetworking, such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, which were developed in the same era, along similar lines, though with somewhat different abstractions. Beyond internetworking, the OSI abstraction can be brought to bear on all forms of device interconnection in data communications and computational electronics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role">Role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_layer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The physical layer defines the means of transmitting a stream of raw <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over a physical <a href="/wiki/Data_link" title="Data link">data link</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Network_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Network node">network nodes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bitstream" title="Bitstream">bitstream</a> may be grouped into code words or symbols and converted to a physical <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal</a> that is transmitted over a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">transmission medium</a>. </p><p>The physical layer consists of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuit</a> transmission technologies of a network.<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamentals_of_Sensor_Network_Programming_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamentals_of_Sensor_Network_Programming-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a fundamental layer underlying the higher level functions in a network, and can be implemented through a great number of different hardware technologies with widely varying characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the semantics of the OSI model, the physical layer translates logical communications requests from the <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a> into hardware-specific operations to cause transmission or reception of electronic (or other) signals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physical layer supports higher layers responsible for generation of logical <a href="/wiki/Data_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Data packet">data packets</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_signaling_sublayer">Physical signaling sublayer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_layer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical signaling sublayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a network using <a href="/wiki/Open_Systems_Interconnection" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Systems Interconnection">Open Systems Interconnection</a> (OSI) architecture, the <i>physical signaling sublayer</i> is the portion of the physical layer that<sup id="cite_ref-FS1037C_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FS1037C-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>interfaces with the data link layer's <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">medium access control</a> (MAC) sublayer,</li> <li>performs <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(data)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (data)">symbol</a> encoding, <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (telecommunications)">transmission</a>, reception and decoding and,</li> <li>performs <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_isolation" title="Galvanic isolation">galvanic isolation</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_the_Internet_protocol_suite">Relation to the Internet protocol suite</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_layer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relation to the Internet protocol suite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a>, as defined in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1122">RFC 1122</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1123">RFC 1123</a>, is a high-level networking description used for the Internet and similar networks. It does not define a layer that deals exclusively with hardware-level specifications and interfaces, as this model does not concern itself directly with physical interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_layer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major functions and services performed by the physical layer are: The physical layer performs bit-by-bit or <a href="/wiki/Symbol_rate" title="Symbol rate">symbol-by-symbol</a> data delivery over a physical <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">transmission medium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides a standardized interface to the transmission medium, including<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mechanical specification of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_connector" title="Electrical connector">electrical connectors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">cables</a>, for example maximum cable length, an electrical specification of <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission line</a> <a href="/wiki/Signal_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal level">signal level</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a>. The physical layer is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_compatibility" title="Electromagnetic compatibility">electromagnetic compatibility</a> including <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> <a href="/wiki/Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">frequency allocation</a> and specification of <a href="/wiki/Signal_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal strength">signal strength</a>, analog <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>, etc. The transmission medium may be electrical or optical over <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> or a wireless communication link such as <a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">free-space optical communication</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Line_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Line coding">Line coding</a> is used to convert data into a pattern of electrical fluctuations which may be <a href="/wiki/Modulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulated">modulated</a> onto a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier wave</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infrared_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared light">infrared light</a>. The flow of data is managed with <a href="/wiki/Bit_synchronization" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit synchronization">bit synchronization</a> in synchronous <a href="/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">serial communication</a> or <a href="/wiki/Start-stop_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Start-stop signalling">start-stop signalling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flow_control_(data)" title="Flow control (data)">flow control</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communication" title="Asynchronous serial communication">asynchronous serial communication</a>. Sharing of the transmission medium among multiple network participants can be handled by simple <a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit switching</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a>. More complex <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">medium access control</a> protocols for sharing the transmission medium may use <a href="/wiki/Carrier_sense" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier sense">carrier sense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collision_detection" title="Collision detection">collision detection</a> such as in Ethernet's <a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access_with_collision_detection" title="Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection">Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection</a> (CSMA/CD). </p><p>To optimize reliability and efficiency, signal processing techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(communications)" title="Equalization (communications)">equalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Training_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Training sequence">training sequences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulse_shaping" title="Pulse shaping">pulse shaping</a> may be used. <a href="/wiki/Error_correction_code" title="Error correction code">Error correction codes</a> and techniques including <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">forward error correction</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be applied to further improve reliability. </p><p>Other topics associated with the physical layer include: <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point-to-point</a>, multipoint or <a href="/wiki/Point-to-multipoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-to-multipoint">point-to-multipoint</a> line configuration; physical <a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">network topology</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/Bus_network" title="Bus network">bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_network" title="Ring network">ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesh_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh network">mesh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Star_network" title="Star network">star network</a>; <a href="/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">serial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parallel_communication" title="Parallel communication">parallel</a> communication; <a href="/wiki/Simplex_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplex communication">simplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Half duplex">half duplex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Full_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full duplex">full duplex</a> transmission mode; and <a href="/wiki/Autonegotiation" title="Autonegotiation">autonegotiation</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PHY">PHY</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_layer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: PHY"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elitegroup_761GX-M754_-_Realtek_RTL8201CL-5493.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Elitegroup_761GX-M754_-_Realtek_RTL8201CL-5493.jpg/220px-Elitegroup_761GX-M754_-_Realtek_RTL8201CL-5493.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Elitegroup_761GX-M754_-_Realtek_RTL8201CL-5493.jpg/330px-Elitegroup_761GX-M754_-_Realtek_RTL8201CL-5493.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Elitegroup_761GX-M754_-_Realtek_RTL8201CL-5493.jpg/440px-Elitegroup_761GX-M754_-_Realtek_RTL8201CL-5493.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="2237" /></a><figcaption>RTL8201 Ethernet PHY chip</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DP83825I_smaller.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DP83825I_smaller.png/220px-DP83825I_smaller.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DP83825I_smaller.png/330px-DP83825I_smaller.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DP83825I_smaller.png/440px-DP83825I_smaller.png 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>Texas Instruments DP83825 – 3 × 3 mm 3.3 V PHY chip</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"PHY" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/PHY_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="PHY (disambiguation)">PHY (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>PHY</b>, an abbreviation for <i>physical layer</i>, is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuit</a>, usually implemented as an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a>, required to implement physical layer functions of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network interface controller</a>. </p><p>A PHY connects a <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">link layer</a> device (often called MAC as an acronym for <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">medium access control</a>) to a physical medium such as an <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Copper_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper cable">copper cable</a>. A PHY device typically includes both <a href="/wiki/Physical_coding_sublayer" title="Physical coding sublayer">physical coding sublayer</a> (PCS) and <a href="/wiki/Physical_medium_dependent" title="Physical medium dependent">physical medium dependent</a> (PMD) layer functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>-PHY</i> may also be used as a suffix to form a short name referencing a specific physical layer protocol, for example <a href="/wiki/M-PHY" title="M-PHY">M-PHY</a>. </p><p>Modular transceivers for <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optic communication</a> (like the <a href="/wiki/Small_form-factor_pluggable_transceiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Small form-factor pluggable transceiver">SFP</a> family) complement a PHY chip and form the <a href="/wiki/Physical_medium_dependent" title="Physical medium dependent">PMD</a> sublayer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethernet_physical_transceiver">Ethernet physical transceiver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_layer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethernet physical transceiver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrel_KS8721CL_on_mainboard_of_Surf@home_II-7778.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Micrel_KS8721CL_on_mainboard_of_Surf%40home_II-7778.jpg/220px-Micrel_KS8721CL_on_mainboard_of_Surf%40home_II-7778.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Micrel_KS8721CL_on_mainboard_of_Surf%40home_II-7778.jpg/330px-Micrel_KS8721CL_on_mainboard_of_Surf%40home_II-7778.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Micrel_KS8721CL_on_mainboard_of_Surf%40home_II-7778.jpg/440px-Micrel_KS8721CL_on_mainboard_of_Surf%40home_II-7778.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2615" data-file-height="2615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ray_Zinn" title="Ray Zinn">Micrel</a> KS8721CL – 3.3 V single power supply 10/100BASE-TX/FX MII physical layer transceiver</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Ethernet PHY</b> is a component that operates at the physical layer of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI network model</a>. It implements the physical layer portion of the Ethernet. Its purpose is to provide analog signal physical access to the link. It is usually interfaced with a <a href="/wiki/Media-independent_interface" title="Media-independent interface">media-independent interface</a> (MII) to a MAC chip in a <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> or another system that takes care of the higher layer functions. </p><p>More specifically, the Ethernet PHY is a chip that implements the hardware send and receive function of Ethernet <a href="/wiki/Data_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Data frame">frames</a>; it interfaces between the analog domain of <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer" title="Ethernet physical layer"> Ethernet's line modulation</a> and the digital domain of link-layer <a href="/wiki/Media_Independent_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Independent Interface">packet signaling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PHY usually does not handle MAC addressing, as that is the <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">link layer</a>'s job. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Wake-on-LAN" title="Wake-on-LAN">Wake-on-LAN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_booting" title="Network booting">Boot ROM</a> functionality is implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Network interface card">network interface card</a> (NIC), which may have PHY, MAC, and other functionality integrated into one chip or as separate chips. </p><p>Common Ethernet interfaces include fiber or two to four copper pairs for data communication. However, there now exists a new interface, called Single Pair Ethernet (SPE), which is able to utilize a single pair of copper wires while still communicating at the intended speeds. <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> DP83TD510E<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an example of a PHY which uses SPE. </p><p>Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Microsemi" title="Microsemi">Microsemi</a> SimpliPHY and SynchroPHY VSC82xx/84xx/85xx/86xx family, <a href="/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvell Technology Group">Marvell</a> Alaska 88E1310/88E1310S/88E1318/88E1318S Gigabit Ethernet transceivers, Texas Instruments DP838xx family<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and offerings from Intel<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ICS.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_layer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">Wireless LAN</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>: The PHY portion consists of the RF, mixed-signal and analog portions, that are often called transceivers, and the digital baseband portion that use <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processor</a> (DSP) and communication algorithm processing, including <a href="/wiki/Channel_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel code">channel codes</a>. It is common that these PHY portions are integrated with the <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">medium access control</a> (MAC) layer in <a href="/wiki/System-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System-on-a-chip">system-on-a-chip</a> (SOC) implementations. Similar wireless applications include <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>/<a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>/<a href="/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution">LTE</a>/<a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">UWB</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB): A PHY chip is integrated into most USB controllers in hosts or <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a> and provides the bridge between the digital and modulated parts of the interface.</li> <li>IrDA: The <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">Infrared Data Association</a>'s (IrDA) specification includes an IrPHY specification for the physical layer of the data transport.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> (SATA): Serial ATA controllers use a PHY.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technologies">Technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_layer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following technologies provide physical layer services:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-Wire" title="1-Wire">1-Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARINC_818" title="ARINC 818">ARINC 818</a> Avionics Digital Video Bus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus" title="CAN bus">CAN bus</a> (controller area network) physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Alliance" title="Electronic Industries Alliance">EIA</a> <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a>, <a href="/wiki/EIA-422" class="mw-redirect" title="EIA-422">EIA-422</a>, <a href="/wiki/EIA-423" class="mw-redirect" title="EIA-423">EIA-423</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-449" title="RS-449">RS-449</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etherloop" title="Etherloop">Etherloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer" title="Ethernet physical layer">Ethernet physical layer</a> Including <a href="/wiki/10BASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="10BASE-T">10BASE-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/10BASE2" title="10BASE2">10BASE2</a>, <a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">10BASE5</a>, <a href="/wiki/100BASE-TX" class="mw-redirect" title="100BASE-TX">100BASE-TX</a>, <a href="/wiki/100BASE-FX" class="mw-redirect" title="100BASE-FX">100BASE-FX</a>, <a href="/wiki/1000BASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="1000BASE-T">1000BASE-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/1000BASE-SX" class="mw-redirect" title="1000BASE-SX">1000BASE-SX</a> and other varieties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a>/<a href="/wiki/G.9960" class="mw-redirect" title="G.9960">G.9960</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <a href="/wiki/Um_air_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Um air interface">Um air interface</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> air interface physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> air interface physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> air interface physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> technologies physical layers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">IEEE 802.15.4</a> physical layers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1394 interface">IEEE 1394 interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">IRDA</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a> Recommendations: see <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a>, <a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2S" title="I²S">I²S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa">LoRa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-voltage_differential_signaling" title="Low-voltage differential signaling">Low-voltage differential signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Industry_Processor_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Industry Processor Interface">Mobile Industry Processor Interface</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Transport_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Transport Network">Optical Transport Network</a> (OTN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SONET/SDH" class="mw-redirect" title="SONET/SDH">SONET/SDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial Peripheral Interface Bus">SPI</a></li> <li>T1 and other <a href="/wiki/T-carrier" title="T-carrier">T-carrier</a> links, and E1 and other <a href="/wiki/E-carrier" title="E-carrier">E-carrier</a> links</li> <li>Telephone network <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modems</a> — <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.92" title="ITU-T V.92">ITU-T V.92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransferJet" title="TransferJet">TransferJet</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.11" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11">802.11</a> <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_light_communication" title="Visible light communication">Visible light communication</a> co-ordinated under <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.7">IEEE 802.15.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_layer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel model">Channel model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_recovery" title="Clock recovery">Clock recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_safety" title="Intrinsic safety">Intrinsic safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SerDes" title="SerDes">SerDes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_layer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.225-199511-I/en">"X.225 : Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented Session protocol: Protocol specification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201064044/https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.225-199511-I/en">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Huga Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780072967753" title="Special:BookSources/9780072967753"><bdi>9780072967753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Communications+and+Networking&rft.pub=Huga+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780072967753&rft.aulast=Forouzan&rft.aufirst=Behrouz+A.&rft.au=Fegan%2C+Sophia+Chung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbwUNZvJbEeQC%26q%3DThe%2Bphysical%2Blayer%2Bis%2Balso%2Bconcerned%2Bwith%3A%2B%2BBit%2Brate%2BPoint-to-point%2C%2Bmultipoint%2Bor%2Bpoint-to-multipoint%2Bline%2Bconfiguration%2BPhysical%2Bnetwork%2Btopology%2C%2Bfor%2Bexample%2Bbus%2C%2Bring%2C%2Bmesh%2Bor%2Bstar%2Bnetwork%2BSerial%2Bor%2Bparallel%2Bcommunication%2BSimplex%2C%2Bhalf%2Bduplex%2Bor%2Bfull%2Bduplex%2Btransmission%2Bmode%2BAutonegotiation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+layer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauricio_ArregocesMaurizio_Portolani2003" class="citation book cs1">Mauricio Arregoces; Maurizio Portolani (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRIryrLoxKkC&q=ethernet+PHY&pg=PA495"><i>Data Center Fundamentals</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587050237" title="Special:BookSources/9781587050237"><bdi>9781587050237</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Center+Fundamentals&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781587050237&rft.au=Mauricio+Arregoces&rft.au=Maurizio+Portolani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDRIryrLoxKkC%26q%3Dethernet%2BPHY%26pg%3DPA495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+layer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/75596/what-is-the-difference-between-phy-and-mac-chip">"microcontroller - what is the difference between PHY and MAC chip - Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange"</a>. Electronics.stackexchange.com. 2013-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=microcontroller+-+what+is+the+difference+between+PHY+and+MAC+chip+-+Electrical+Engineering+Stack+Exchange&rft.pub=Electronics.stackexchange.com&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectronics.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F75596%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-phy-and-mac-chip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+layer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/dp83td510e.pdf?ts=1602524952891&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.ti.com%252Fproduct%252FDP83TD510E">"DP83TD510E Ultra Low Power 802.3cg 10Base-T1L 10M Single Pair Ethernet PHY"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Texas Instruments</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Instruments&rft.atitle=DP83TD510E+Ultra+Low+Power+802.3cg+10Base-T1L+10M+Single+Pair+Ethernet+PHY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ti.com%2Flit%2Fds%2Fsymlink%2Fdp83td510e.pdf%3Fts%3D1602524952891%26ref_url%3Dhttps%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.ti.com%25252Fproduct%25252FDP83TD510E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+layer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ti.com/interface/ethernet/phys/overview.html">"Ethernet PHYs"</a>. <i>Texas Instruments</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Instruments&rft.atitle=Ethernet+PHYs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ti.com%2Finterface%2Fethernet%2Fphys%2Foverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+layer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/brochure/ethernet-controllers-phys-brochure.pdf">Intel PHY controllers brochure</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netwinder.osuosl.org/pub/netwinder/docs/nw/PHY/1890.pdf">osuosl.org - ICS1890 10Base-T/100Base-TX Integrated PHYceiver datasheet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osi-model.com/physical-layer/">"Physical Layer | Layer 1"</a>. <i>The OSI-Model</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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