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</div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aerospace engineering</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Aerospace_engineering" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aerospace+engineering" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Aerospace engineering</b> is the primary field of <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> concerned with the development of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has two major and overlapping branches: <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautical</a> engineering and <a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">astronautical</a> engineering. <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a> engineering is similar, but deals with the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronics</a> side of aerospace engineering. </p><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Aerospace engineer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_13_Mailbox_at_Mission_Control.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_13_Mailbox_at_Mission_Control.jpg/220px-Apollo_13_Mailbox_at_Mission_Control.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_13_Mailbox_at_Mission_Control.jpg/330px-Apollo_13_Mailbox_at_Mission_Control.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_13_Mailbox_at_Mission_Control.jpg/440px-Apollo_13_Mailbox_at_Mission_Control.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4012" data-file-height="2611"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> engineers in mission control ensure safety for astronauts onboard <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Aerospace engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">Aeronautics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">astronautics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Technical knowledge, analytical skills, management skills (see also <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">glossary of aerospace engineering</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br>employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <p>"Aeronautical engineering" was the original term for the field. As flight technology advanced to include vehicles operating in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>, the broader term "<a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> engineering" has come into use.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_Engineering_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_Engineering-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aerospace engineering, particularly the astronautics branch, is often colloquially referred to as "rocket science".<sup id="cite_ref-SA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#World_War_I"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">World War I</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Cold_War"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cold War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1976:_First_passenger_supersonic_aircraft"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">1976: First passenger supersonic aircraft</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Elements"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Elements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Degree_programs"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Degree programs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Flight vehicles are subjected to demanding conditions such as those caused by changes in <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Structural_load" title="Structural load">structural loads</a> applied upon vehicle components. Consequently, they are usually the products of various technological and engineering disciplines including <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Air propulsion">air propulsion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_analysis" title="Structural analysis">structural analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>. The interaction between these technologies is known as aerospace engineering. Because of the complexity and number of disciplines involved, aerospace engineering is carried out by teams of engineers, each having their own specialized area of expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_review_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton_review-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation" title="History of aviation">History of aviation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_flight2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/220px-First_flight2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6603" data-file-height="4280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/220px-First_flight2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/330px-First_flight2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/440px-First_flight2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orville_and_Wilbur_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville and Wilbur Wright">Orville and Wilbur Wright</a> flew the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a> in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of aerospace engineering can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the late 19th to early 20th centuries, although the work of Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Cayley" title="George Cayley">George Cayley</a> dates from the last decade of the 18th to the mid-19th century. One of the most important people in the history of aeronautics<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a pioneer in aeronautical engineering,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cayley is credited as the first person to separate the forces of <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>, which affect any atmospheric flight vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical, with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-americana_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americana-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some key elements, like <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>, were understood by 18th-century scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1903, the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright Brothers</a> performed the first sustained, controlled flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft, lasting 12 seconds. The 1910s saw the development of aeronautical engineering through the design of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> military aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1914, Robert Goddard was granted two U.S. patents for rockets using solid fuel, liquid fuel, multiple propellant charges, and multi-stage designs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would set the stage for future applications in multi-stage propulsion systems for outer space. </p><p>On March 3, 1915, the U.S. Congress established the first aeronautical research administration, known then as the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, or NACA.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first government-sponsored organization to support aviation research.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though intended as an advisory board upon inception, the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory became its first sponsored research and testing facility in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between World Wars I and II, great leaps were made in the field, accelerated by the advent of mainstream civil aviation. Notable airplanes of this era include the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_JN_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss JN 4">Curtiss JN 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farman_F.60_Goliath" title="Farman F.60 Goliath">Farman F.60 Goliath</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fokker_Trimotor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokker Trimotor">Fokker Trimotor</a>. Notable military airplanes of this period include the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M Zero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> from Japan, United Kingdom, and Germany respectively. A significant development came with the first operational <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engine</a>-powered airplane, the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a> which entered service in 1944 towards the end of the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first definition of aerospace engineering appeared in February 1958,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_Engineering_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_Engineering-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considering the Earth's atmosphere and outer space as a single realm, thereby encompassing both aircraft (<i>aero</i>) and spacecraft (<i>space</i>) under the newly coined term <i>aerospace</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In response to the USSR launching the first satellite, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a>, into space on October 4, 1957, U.S. aerospace engineers launched the <a href="/wiki/Explorer_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer I">first American satellite</a> on January 31, 1958. The <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> was founded in 1958 after the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a>. In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>, the first human space mission to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, took place. It saw three <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> enter orbit around the Moon, with two, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a>, visiting the lunar surface. The third astronaut, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a>, stayed in orbit to rendezvous with Armstrong and Aldrin after their visit.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-18F_after_launch_from_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A jet in flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/F-18F_after_launch_from_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29.jpg/220px-F-18F_after_launch_from_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/F-18F_after_launch_from_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29.jpg/220px-F-18F_after_launch_from_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29.jpg" data-alt="A jet in flight" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/F-18F_after_launch_from_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29.jpg/330px-F-18F_after_launch_from_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/F-18F_after_launch_from_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29.jpg/440px-F-18F_after_launch_from_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A F/A-18F Super Hornet in flight, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>An important innovation came on January 30, 1970, when the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> made its first commercial flight from New York to London. This aircraft made history and became known as the "Jumbo Jet" or "Whale"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to its ability to hold up to 480 passengers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976:_First_passenger_supersonic_aircraft">1976: First passenger supersonic aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1976: First passenger supersonic aircraft" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Another significant development came in 1976, with the development of the first passenger <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">supersonic</a> aircraft, the <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>. The development of this aircraft was agreed upon by the French and British on November 29, 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 21, 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya" title="Antonov An-225 Mriya">Antonov An-225 <i>Mriya</i></a> cargo aircraft commenced its first flight. It holds the records for the world's heaviest aircraft, heaviest airlifted cargo, and longest airlifted cargo of any aircraft in operational service.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 25, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> made its maiden commercial flight from Singapore to Sydney, Australia. This aircraft was the first passenger plane to surpass the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> in terms of passenger capacity, with a maximum of 853. Though development of this aircraft began in 1988 as a competitor to the 747, the A380 made its first test flight in April 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg/220px-S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 273px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg/220px-S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg/330px-S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg/440px-S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1</a> engines of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> first stage at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_%26_Rocket_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Space & Rocket Center">US Space and Rocket Center</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expedition_42_Soyuz_TMA-14M_Landing_(201503120102HQ).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Expedition_42_Soyuz_TMA-14M_Landing_%28201503120102HQ%29.jpg/220px-Expedition_42_Soyuz_TMA-14M_Landing_%28201503120102HQ%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3939" data-file-height="2844"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Expedition_42_Soyuz_TMA-14M_Landing_%28201503120102HQ%29.jpg/220px-Expedition_42_Soyuz_TMA-14M_Landing_%28201503120102HQ%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Expedition_42_Soyuz_TMA-14M_Landing_%28201503120102HQ%29.jpg/330px-Expedition_42_Soyuz_TMA-14M_Landing_%28201503120102HQ%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Expedition_42_Soyuz_TMA-14M_Landing_%28201503120102HQ%29.jpg/440px-Expedition_42_Soyuz_TMA-14M_Landing_%28201503120102HQ%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-14M" title="Soyuz TMA-14M">Soyuz TMA-14M</a> spacecraft engineered for descent by parachute</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="501"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A fighter jet engine undergoing testing. The tunnel behind the engine allows noise and exhaust to escape.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_aerospace_engineering_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aerospace engineering topics">List of aerospace engineering topics</a></div> <p>Some of the elements of aerospace engineering are:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gruntman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gruntman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radar_cross-section" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar cross-section">Radar cross-section</a> – the study of vehicle signature apparent to <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">Fluid mechanics</a> – the study of <a href="/wiki/Fluid_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid flow">fluid flow</a> around objects. Specifically <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a> concerning the flow of air over bodies such as <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wings</a> or through objects such as <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnels</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrodynamics">Astrodynamics</a> – the study of <a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">orbital mechanics</a> including prediction of orbital elements when given a select few variables. While few schools in the United States teach this at the undergraduate level, several have graduate programs covering this topic (usually in conjunction with the Physics department of said college or university).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">Statics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamics (physics)">Dynamics</a> (engineering mechanics) – the study of movement, forces, moments in mechanical systems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> – in particular, <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Differential_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential equations">differential equations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">linear algebra</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrotechnology">Electrotechnology</a> – the study of <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> within engineering.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propulsion" title="Propulsion">Propulsion</a> – the energy to move a vehicle through the air (or in outer space) is provided by <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turbomachinery" title="Turbomachinery">turbomachinery</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller (aircraft)">propeller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">spacecraft propulsion</a>). A more recent addition to this module is <a href="/wiki/Electric_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric propulsion">electric propulsion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion propulsion">ion propulsion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a> – the study of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modeling">mathematical modeling</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">dynamic</a> behavior of systems and designing them, usually using feedback signals, so that their dynamic behavior is desirable (stable, without large excursions, with minimum error). This applies to the dynamic behavior of aircraft, spacecraft, propulsion systems, and subsystems that exist on aerospace vehicles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft structures">Aircraft structures</a> – design of the physical configuration of the craft to withstand the forces encountered during flight. Aerospace engineering aims to keep structures lightweight and low-cost while maintaining structural integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> – related to structures, aerospace engineering also studies the materials of which the aerospace structures are to be built. New materials with very specific properties are invented, or existing ones are modified to improve their performance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_mechanics" title="Solid mechanics">Solid mechanics</a> – Closely related to material science is solid mechanics which deals with stress and strain analysis of the components of the vehicle. Nowadays there are several Finite Element programs such as MSC Patran/Nastran which aid engineers in the analytical process.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeroelasticity" title="Aeroelasticity">Aeroelasticity</a> – the interaction of aerodynamic forces and structural flexibility, potentially causing <a href="/wiki/Aeroelastic_flutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeroelastic flutter">flutter</a>, divergence, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a> – the design and programming of <a href="/wiki/Computer_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer systems">computer systems</a> on board an aircraft or spacecraft and the <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> of systems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> – the specification, design, development, test, and implementation of <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a> for aerospace applications, including <a href="/wiki/Flight_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight software">flight software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">ground control</a> software, test & evaluation software, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Risk and reliability</a> – the study of risk and reliability assessment techniques and the mathematics involved in the quantitative methods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a> – the study of the mechanics of sound transfer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeroacoustics" title="Aeroacoustics">Aeroacoustics</a> – the study of noise generation via either turbulent fluid motion or aerodynamic forces interacting with surfaces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight testing">Flight testing</a> – designing and executing flight test programs in order to gather and analyze performance and <a href="/wiki/Handling_qualities" class="mw-redirect" title="Handling qualities">handling qualities</a> data in order to determine if an aircraft meets its design and performance goals and certification requirements.</li></ul> <p>The basis of most of these elements lies in theoretical <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a> for aerodynamics or the <a href="/wiki/Equations_of_motion" title="Equations of motion">equations of motion</a> for <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">flight dynamics</a>. There is also a large <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empirical</a> component. Historically, this empirical component was derived from testing of scale models and prototypes, either in <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnels</a> or in the free atmosphere. More recently, advances in <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> have enabled the use of <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a> to simulate the behavior of the fluid, reducing time and expense spent on wind-tunnel testing. Those studying hydrodynamics or <a href="/wiki/Hydroacoustics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroacoustics">hydroacoustics</a> often obtain degrees in aerospace engineering. </p><p>Additionally, aerospace engineering addresses the integration of all components that constitute an aerospace vehicle (subsystems including power, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_bearing" title="Aerospace bearing">aerospace bearings</a>, communications, <a href="/wiki/Temperature_control" title="Temperature control">thermal control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support system">life support system</a>, etc.) and its life cycle (design, temperature, pressure, <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">lifetime</a>). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Degree_programs">Degree programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Degree programs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_aerospace_engineering_schools" title="List of aerospace engineering schools">List of aerospace engineering schools</a></div> <p>Aerospace engineering may be studied at the <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">advanced diploma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> levels in aerospace engineering departments at many universities, and in <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a> departments at others. A few departments offer degrees in space-focused astronautical engineering. Some institutions differentiate between aeronautical and astronautical engineering. Graduate degrees are offered in advanced or specialty areas for the aerospace industry. </p><p>A background in chemistry, physics, computer science and mathematics is important for students pursuing an aerospace engineering degree.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture<span class="anchor" id="Rocket_scientist"></span><span class="anchor" id="RocketScientist"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rocket_scientist" class="extiw" title="wikt:rocket scientist">rocket scientist</a>" is sometimes used to describe a person of great <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> since rocket science is seen as a practice requiring great mental ability, especially technically and mathematically. The term is used ironically in the expression "It's not rocket science" to indicate that a task is simple.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strictly speaking, the use of "science" in "rocket science" is a misnomer since science is about understanding the origins, nature, and behavior of the universe; engineering is about using scientific and engineering principles to solve problems and develop new technology.<sup id="cite_ref-SA_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologically</a> correct version of this phrase would be "rocket engineer". However, "science" and "engineering" are often misused as synonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-SA_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Helicopter_Society_International" class="mw-redirect" title="American Helicopter Society International">American Helicopter Society International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_test" title="Flight test">Flight test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Glossary of aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aerospace_engineering_articles" title="Index of aerospace engineering articles">Index of aerospace engineering articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aerospace_engineering_schools" title="List of aerospace engineering schools">List of aerospace engineering schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aerospace_engineers" title="List of aerospace engineers">List of aerospace engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_aerospace_engineers" title="List of Russian aerospace engineers">List of Russian aerospace engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Gamma_Tau" title="Sigma Gamma Tau">Sigma Gamma Tau</a> – aerospace engineering honor society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Power_Facility" title="Space Power Facility">Space Power Facility</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, "rocket science" is a misnomer as aerospace engineers are not scientists,<sup id="cite_ref-SA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and do not necessarily work on rocket propulsion.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://study.com/articles/Aeronautical_Engineer_Educational_Requirements.html">"Required Education"</a>. study.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Required+Education&rft.pub=study.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Farticles%2FAeronautical_Engineer_Educational_Requirements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622062918/http://www.myfuture.com/careers/education/aerospace-engineers_17-2011.00">"Education, Aerospace Engineers"</a>. myfuture.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myfuture.com/careers/education/aerospace-engineers_17-2011.00">the original</a> on 2015-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education%2C+Aerospace+Engineers&rft.pub=myfuture.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myfuture.com%2Fcareers%2Feducation%2Faerospace-engineers_17-2011.00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75440-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75440-5">978-0-470-75440-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica_Engineering-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_Engineering_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_Engineering_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanzione,_Kaydon_Al1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stanzione, Kaydon Al (1989). "Engineering". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. 18 (15 ed.). Chicago. p. 563.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Engineering&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=563&rft.edition=15&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Stanzione%2C+Kaydon+Al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SA_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SA_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNASA2008" class="citation book cs1">NASA (2008). Steven J. Dick (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/Remembering_Space_Age_A.pdf"><i>Remembering the Space Age: Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Conference</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 92. <q>The term "rocket scientist" is a misnomer used by the media and in popular culture and applied to a majority of engineers and technicians who worked on the development of rockets with von Braun. It reflects a cultural evaluation of the immense accomplishments of the team but is nevertheless incorrect. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+Space+Age%3A+Proceedings+of+the+50th+Anniversary+Conference&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2008&rft.au=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FRemembering_Space_Age_A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetroski2010" class="citation web cs1">Petroski, Henry (23 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/engineering-is-not-science">"Engineering Is Not Science"</a>. IEEE Spectrum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>Science is about understanding the origins, nature, and behavior of the universe and all it contains; engineering is about solving problems by rearranging the stuff of the world to make new things.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineering+Is+Not+Science&rft.pub=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.date=2010-11-23&rft.aulast=Petroski&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fengineering-is-not-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton_review-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_review_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509023617/http://www.princetonreview.com/cte/profiles/dayInLife.asp?careerID=5">"Career: Aerospace Engineer"</a>. <i>Career Profiles</i>. The Princeton Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princetonreview.com/cte/profiles/dayInLife.asp?careerID=5">the original</a> on 2006-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-08</span></span>. <q>Due to the complexity of the final product, an intricate and rigid organizational structure for production has to be maintained, severely curtailing any single engineer's ability to understand his role as it relates to the final project.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Career+Profiles&rft.atitle=Career%3A+Aerospace+Engineer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princetonreview.com%2Fcte%2Fprofiles%2FdayInLife.asp%3FcareerID%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmachines.org/cayl.html">"Sir George Cayley"</a>. <i>flyingmachines.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-26</span></span>. <q>Sir George Cayley is one of the most important people in the history of aeronautics. Many consider him the first true scientific aerial investigator and the first person to understand the underlying principles and forces of flight.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flyingmachines.org&rft.atitle=Sir+George+Cayley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingmachines.org%2Fcayl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet">"Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist)"</a>. Britannica. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-26</span></span>. <q>English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+George+Cayley+%28British+Inventor+and+Scientist%29&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F100795%2FSir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224123709/http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Dictionary/Cayley/DI15.htm">"Sir George Cayley"</a>. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Dictionary/Cayley/DI15.htm">the original</a> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>A wealthy landowner, Cayley is considered the father of aerial navigation and a pioneer in the science of aerodynamics. He established the scientific principles for heavier-than-air flight and used glider models for his research. He was the first to identify the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_forces_of_flight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Four forces of flight (page does not exist)">four forces of flight</a>--thrust, lift, drag, and weight—and to describe the relationship each had with the other.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+George+Cayley&rft.pub=U.S.+Centennial+of+Flight+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.net%2Fessay%2FDictionary%2FCayley%2FDI15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-americana-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-americana_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKermit_Van_Every1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Van_Every" title="Kermit Van Every">Kermit Van Every</a> (1988). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2023</span>. <q>The fundamental advances in fluid dynamics that occurred in the 18th century began with the work of Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Aerospace+Engineering&rft.atitle=Brief+History+of+the+Early+Development+of+Theoretical+and+Experimental+Fluid+Dynamics&rft.date=2010&rft.au=John+D.+Anderson+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fdocument%3Frepid%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf%26doi%3D0773e70ace6796034fe50c77cef278e90c69f712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ‘History Timeline.’ AIAA, 5. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-18</span></span>. <q>10 – It's not rocket science</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Oxford+compiles+list+of+top+ten+irritating+phrases&rft.date=2008-11-07&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fdebates%2F3394545%2FOxford-compiles-list-of-top-ten-irritating-phrases.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld" class="citation book cs1">Neufeld, Michael. <i>Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War</i> (First ed.). Vintage Books. pp. xv. <q>There has been a deep-rooted failure in the English-speaking media and popular culture to grapple with the distinction between science and engineering.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+Braun%3A+Dreamer+of+Space%2C+Engineer+of+War&rft.pages=xv&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li>Dharmahinder Singh Chand. <i>Aero-Engineering Thermodynamics</i>. Knowledge Curve, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-84389-16-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-84389-16-1">978-93-84389-16-1</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 33px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="33" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aerospace_engineering" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aerospace_engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601084901/http://ndtaerotech.com/">NDTAeroTech.com, The Online Community for Aerospace NDT Professionals</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroo" class="citation web cs1">Kroo, Ilan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010223232617/http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/AircraftDesign.html">"Aircraft Design: Synthesis and Analysis"</a>. Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/AircraftDesign.html">the original</a> on 23 February 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Design%3A+Synthesis+and+Analysis&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.aulast=Kroo&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadg.stanford.edu%2Faa241%2FAircraftDesign.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerospace+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airservicetraining.co.uk/">Air Service Training Aviation Maintenance UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adaptandlearn.online/levele2?q1=Engineering&q2=Aeronautical%20Engineering#0">Question and Answer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114172352/https://adaptandlearn.online/levele2?q1=Engineering&q2=Aeronautical%20Engineering">Archived</a> 2021-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA032206">DTIC ADA032206: Chinese-English Aviation and Space Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&oldid=1257455500">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&oldid=1257455500</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerospace_engineering&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="هندسة الطيران والفضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هندسة الطيران والفضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxenier%C3%ADa_aeroespacial" title="Inxeniería aeroespacial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inxeniería aeroespacial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviasiya-kosmik_aparatlar" title="Aviasiya-kosmik aparatlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aviasiya-kosmik aparatlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2" title="বায়বান্তরীক্ষ প্রকৌশল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বায়বান্তরীক্ষ প্রকৌশল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosvemirsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Aerosvemirsko inženjerstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aerosvemirsko inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijinerezh_aerlestrel" title="Ijinerezh aerlestrel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ijinerezh aerlestrel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginyeria_aeroespacial" title="Enginyeria aeroespacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enginyeria aeroespacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospaziali" title="Aerospaziali – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Aerospaziali" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft-_und_Raumfahrttechnik" title="Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerokosmose_insenerindus" title="Aerokosmose insenerindus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aerokosmose insenerindus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αεροδιαστημική μηχανική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αεροδιαστημική μηχανική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa_aeroespacial" title="Ingeniería aeroespacial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingeniería aeroespacial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmofluga_in%C4%9Denierarto" title="Kosmofluga inĝenierarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosmofluga inĝenierarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeniaritza_aeroespazial" title="Ingeniaritza aeroespazial – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingeniaritza aeroespazial" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7" title="مهندسی هوافضا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهندسی هوافضا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nierie_et_technologie_spatiale" title="Ingénierie et technologie spatiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ingénierie et technologie spatiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enxe%C3%B1ar%C3%ADa_aeroespacial" title="Enxeñaría aeroespacial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enxeñaría aeroespacial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="항공우주공학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항공우주공학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ավիատիեզերական տեխնիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավիատիեզերական տեխնիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="वैमानिक और अन्तरिक्षीय अभियान्त्रिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैमानिक और अन्तरिक्षीय अभियान्त्रिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknik_kedirgantaraan" title="Teknik kedirgantaraan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teknik kedirgantaraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingegneria_aerospaziale" title="Ingegneria aerospaziale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ingegneria aerospaziale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="הנדסת אווירונאוטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנדסת אווירונאוטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಅಂತರಿಕ್ಷಯಾನ ಇಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತರಿಕ್ಷಯಾನ ಇಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayewospasyal" title="Ayewospasyal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ayewospasyal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeniaria_a%C3%ABrospatialis" title="Ingeniaria aërospatialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ingeniaria aërospatialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumfaarttechnik" title="Raumfaarttechnik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Raumfaarttechnik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="अंतरिक्ष अभियांत्रिकी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अंतरिक्ष अभियांत्रिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejuruteraan_ruang_angkasa" title="Kejuruteraan ruang angkasa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kejuruteraan ruang angkasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="လေကြောင်း နှင့် အာကာသပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေကြောင်း နှင့် အာကာသပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtvaarttechniek" title="Luchtvaarttechniek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luchtvaarttechniek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="航空宇宙工学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="航空宇宙工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ایروسپیس انجینیئرنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایروسپیس انجینیئرنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="د هوا فضا انجینري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هوا فضا انجینري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenharia_aeroespacial" title="Engenharia aeroespacial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engenharia aeroespacial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inginerie_aerospa%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Inginerie aerospațială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inginerie aerospațială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аэрокосмическая техника – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аэрокосмическая техника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosp%C3%A0tziu" title="Aerospàtziu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aerospàtziu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxhinieria_hap%C3%ABsinore" title="Inxhinieria hapësinore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inxhinieria hapësinore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ගගන ඉංජිනේරුවේදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගගන ඉංජිනේරුවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aerospace engineering" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ئەندازیاریی ھەوابۆشایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندازیاریی ھەوابۆشایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazduhoplovno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Vazduhoplovno inženjerstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vazduhoplovno inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyg-_och_rymdteknik" title="Flyg- och rymdteknik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flyg- och rymdteknik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhinyeriyang_pang-aeroespasyo" title="Inhinyeriyang pang-aeroespasyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inhinyeriyang pang-aeroespasyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வான்வெளிப் பொறியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வான்வெளிப் பொறியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="ఏరోస్పేస్ ఇంజినీరింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఏరోస్పేస్ ఇంజినీరింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="วิศวกรรมการบินและอวกาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิศวกรรมการบินและอวกาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k_ve_uzay_m%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi" title="Havacılık ve uzay mühendisliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Havacılık ve uzay mühendisliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%A7ar_in%C5%BEenerligi" title="Uçar inženerligi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Uçar inženerligi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аерокосмічна техніка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аерокосмічна техніка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ہوافضائی انجینئری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہوافضائی انجینئری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B9_thu%E1%BA%ADt_h%C3%A0ng_kh%C3%B4ng_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Kỹ thuật hàng không vũ trụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỹ thuật hàng không vũ trụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航空太空工程 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="航空太空工程" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航空航天工程 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="航空航天工程" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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