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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{short description|Soft, thick, hairy coat of a mammal}} {{Redirect2|Furs|Pelt|other uses|Fur (disambiguation)|and|Furs (disambiguation)|and|Pelt (disambiguation)}} [[File:GrizzlyBearJeanBeaufort.jpg|thumb|300px|Like many mammals, [[grizzly bear]]s are covered in thick fur.]] '''Fur''' is a thick growth of [[hair]] that covers the skin of almost all [[mammals]]. It consists of a combination of oily [[#Guard hair|guard hair]] on top and thick [[#Down hair|underfur]] beneath. The guard hair keeps moisture from reaching the skin; the underfur acts as an [[thermal insulation|insulating]] blanket that keeps the animal warm.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/fur-animal-skin#ref114471|title=Fur {{!}} animal skin|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-10-30|language=en}}</ref> The fur of mammals has many uses: protection, sensory purposes, waterproofing, and camouflaging, with the primary usage being thermoregulation.<ref name=dawson2014>{{cite journal|last1=Dawson|first1=T. J.|last2=Webster|first2=K. N.|last3=Maloney| first3=S. K.|year=2014|title=The fur of mammals in exposed environments; do crypsis and thermal needs necessarily conflict? The polar bear and marsupial koala compared|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology B|volume=184| issue=2|pages=273–284|doi=10.1007/s00360-013-0794-8|pmid=24366474|s2cid=9481486}}</ref> The types of hair include<ref name=hair/>{{rp|99}} * ''definitive'', which may be [[moulting|shed]] after reaching a certain length; * ''[[vibrissae]]'', which are sensory hairs and are most commonly whiskers; * ''pelage'', which consists of guard hairs, under-fur, and [[awn hair]]; * ''[[spine (zoology)|spines]]'', which are a type of stiff guard hair used for defense in, for example, [[porcupine]]s; * ''bristles'', which are long hairs usually used in visual signals, such as the [[mane (lion)|mane]] of a lion; * ''velli'', often called "down fur", which insulates newborn mammals; and * ''[[wool]]'', which is long, soft, and often curly. Hair length is negligible in thermoregulation, as some tropical mammals, such as sloths, have the same fur length as some arctic mammals but with less insulation; and, conversely, other tropical mammals with short hair have the same insulating value as arctic mammals. The denseness of fur can increase an animal's insulation value, and arctic mammals especially have dense fur; for example, the [[muskox]] has guard hairs measuring {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} as well as a dense underfur, which forms an airtight coat, allowing them to survive in temperatures of {{convert|-40|C|F}}.<ref name=hair/>{{rp|162–163}} Some desert mammals, such as camels, use dense fur to prevent solar heat from reaching their skin, allowing the animal to stay cool; a camel's fur may reach {{convert|70|C|F}} in the summer, but the skin stays at {{convert|40|C|F}}.<ref name=hair/>{{rp|188}} [[Aquatic mammal]]s, conversely, trap air in their fur to conserve heat by keeping the skin dry.<ref name=hair/>{{rp|162–163}} [[File:Great male Leopard in South Afrika-JD.JPG|thumb|A [[leopard]]'s [[disruptive coloration|disruptively colored]] coat provides [[camouflage]] for this [[ambush predator]].]] Mammalian coats are colored for a variety of reasons, the major selective pressures including [[camouflage]], [[sexual selection]], communication, and physiological processes such as temperature regulation. Camouflage is a powerful influence in many mammals, as it helps to conceal individuals from predators or prey.<ref name="bioscience.oxfordjournals.org">{{cite journal |last1=Caro |first1=Tim |year=2005 |title= The Adaptive Significance of Coloration in Mammals |journal=BioScience |volume= 55 | issue = 2 |pages= 125–136 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:tasoci]2.0.co;2|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Aposematism]], warning off possible predators, is the most likely explanation of the black-and-white pelage of many mammals which are able to defend themselves, such as in the foul-smelling [[skunk]] and the powerful and aggressive [[honey badger]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caro |first1=Tim |title=Contrasting coloration in terrestrial mammals |journal=Philos Trans R Soc B |date=February 2009 |volume=364 |issue=1516 |pages=537–548 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0221 |pmc=2674080 |pmid=18990666}}</ref> In arctic and subarctic mammals such as the [[arctic fox]] (''Vulpes lagopus''), [[collared lemming]] (''Dicrostonyx groenlandicus''), [[stoat]] (''Mustela erminea''), and [[snowshoe hare]] (''Lepus americanus''), [[seasonal polyphenism|seasonal color change]] between brown in summer and white in winter is driven largely by camouflage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mills|first1=L. Scott |last2=Zimova|first2=Marketa |last3=Oyler|first3=Jared |last4=Running|first4=Steven |last5=Abatzoglou|first5=John T. |last6=Lukacs|first6=Paul M. |title=Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration |journal=PNAS |date=April 2013 |volume=110 |issue=8 |pages=7360–7365 |pmc=3645584 |pmid=23589881 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1222724110|bibcode=2013PNAS..110.7360M|doi-access=free }}</ref> Differences in female and male coat color may indicate nutrition and hormone levels, important in mate selection.<ref name="eva.mpg.de">{{cite journal |last1=Bradley |display-authors=etal |first1=Brenda |year=2012 |title=Coat Color Variation and Pigmentation Gene Expression in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta) |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=263–70 |doi=10.1007/s10914-012-9212-3 |s2cid=13916535 |url=http://www.eva.mpg.de/pks/staff/widdig/pdf/Bradley_et_al_2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924004623/http://www.eva.mpg.de/pks/staff/widdig/pdf/Bradley_et_al_2012.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> Some arboreal mammals, notably primates and marsupials, have shades of violet, green, or blue skin on parts of their bodies, indicating some distinct advantage in their largely [[arboreal]] habitat due to [[convergent evolution]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prum |first1=Richard O. |last2=Torres |first2=Rodolfo H. |year=2004 |title=Structural colouration of mammalian skin: convergent evolution of coherently scattering dermal collagen arrays |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=207 |pages=2157–72 |doi=10.1242/jeb.00989 |pmid=15143148 |issue=12|hdl=1808/1599 |s2cid=8268610 |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/1599/1/2157.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref> The green coloration of sloths, however, is the result of a [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] relationship with algae.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Milla |last1=Suutari |first2=Markus |last2=Majaneva |first3=David P. |last3=Fewer |first4=Bryson |last4=Voirin |first5=Annette |last5=Aiello |author-link5=Annette Aiello |first6= Thomas |last6=Friedl |first7=Adriano G.|last7=Chiarello |first8=Jaanika |last8=Blomster |year=2010 |title=Molecular evidence for a diverse green algal community growing in the hair of sloths and a specific association with ''Trichophilus welckeri'' (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae) |journal=Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |issue=86 |pages=86 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-86 |pmid=20353556 |pmc=2858742 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10...86S }}</ref> Coat color is sometimes [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]], as in [[Sexual dimorphism in non-human primates#Pelage color and markings|many primate species]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=J. M. |last=Plavcan |year=2001 |title=Sexual dimorphism in primate evolution |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=25–53 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10011 |pmid=11786990|s2cid=31722173 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Coat color may influence the ability to retain heat, depending on how much light is reflected. Mammals with darker colored coats can absorb more heat from solar radiation and stay warmer; some smaller mammals, such as [[vole|voles]], have darker fur in the winter. The white, pigmentless fur of arctic mammals, such as the polar bear, may reflect more solar radiation directly onto the skin.<ref name=hair/>{{rp|166–167}}<ref name=dawson2014/> [[File:Opossum fur.jpg|thumb|[[Opossum]] fur]] The term ''pelage''{{spaced ndash}}first known use in English {{ca|1828}} (French, from Middle French, from {{lang|frm|poil}} for 'hair', from [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|peilss}}, from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|pilus}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pelage|title=Pelage|publisher=Merriam-Webster|access-date=January 9, 2013}}</ref>){{spaced ndash}}is sometimes used to refer to an animal's complete [[coat (animal)|coat]]. The term fur is also used to refer to animal pelts that have been processed into leather with their hair still attached. The words ''fur'' or ''furry'' are also used, more casually, to refer to hair-like growths or formations, particularly when the subject being referred to exhibits a dense coat of fine, soft "hairs". If layered, rather than grown as a single [[Coat (animal)|coat]], it may consist of short down hairs, long [[wikt:guard hair|guard hairs]], and in some cases, medium [[awn hair]]s. Mammals with reduced amounts of fur are often called "naked", as with the [[naked mole-rat]], or "hairless", as with [[hairless dog]]s. An animal with commercially valuable fur is known within the [[Fur trade|fur industry]] as a [[List of types of fur|furbearer]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCVW72oz2O8C&pg=PA54|title=Varmint Hunting|last=Peterson|first=Judy Monroe |date=2011-01-15|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group| isbn=9781448823666 |language=en}}</ref> The use of [[fur clothing|fur as clothing]] or decoration is controversial; [[animal welfare]] advocates object to the trapping and killing of wildlife, and the confinement and killing of animals on [[Fur farming|fur farms]]. ==Composition== [[File:Down Awn and guard hairs of cat 2012 11 13 9203r.JPG|thumb|Down, awn and guard hairs of a domestic tabby cat]] The modern mammalian fur arrangement is known to have occurred as far back as [[Docodonta|docodonts]], [[haramiyida]]ns and [[Eutriconodonta|eutriconodonts]], with specimens of ''[[Castorocauda]]'', ''[[Megaconus]]'' and ''[[Spinolestes]]'' preserving compound follicles with both guard hair and underfur. Fur may consist of three layers, each with a different type of hair. {{Anchor|down hair|downhair|underfur|DownHair}} ===Down hair=== '''Down hair''' (also known as '''underfur''', '''undercoat''', '''underhair''' or '''ground hair''') is the bottom{{spaced ndash}}or inner{{spaced ndash}}layer, composed of wavy or curly hairs with no straight portions or sharp points. Down hairs, which are also flat, tend to be the shortest and most numerous in the coat. [[Thermoregulation]] is the principal function of the down hair, which insulates a layer of dry air next to the skin. ===Awn hair=== {{Main article|Awn hair}} The [[awn hair]] can be thought of as a hybrid, bridging the gap between the distinctly different characteristics of down and guard hairs. Awn hairs begin their growth much like guard hairs, but less than halfway to their full length, awn hairs start to grow thin and wavy like down hair. The [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|proximal]] part of the awn hair assists in thermoregulation (like the down hair), whereas the [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] part can shed water (like the guard hair). The awn hair's thin basal portion does not allow the amount of [[Goose bumps|piloerection]] that the stiffer guard hairs are capable of. Mammals with well-developed down and guard hairs also usually have large numbers of awn hairs, which may even sometimes be the bulk of the visible coat. {{Anchor|GuardHair}}  ===Guard hair=== {{Main article|Guard hair}} '''Guard hair''' ('''overhair'''<ref>B. J. Teerink. ''Hair of West European mammals: atlas and identification key''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.</ref>) is the top—or outer—layer of the coat. Guard hairs are longer, generally coarser, and have nearly straight shafts that protrude through the layer of softer down hair. The [[Anatomical terms of location|distal]] end of the guard hair is the visible layer of most mammal coats. This layer has the most marked [[pigmentation]] and [[Gloss (optics)|gloss]], manifesting as coat markings that are adapted for [[camouflage]] or display. Guard hair repels water and blocks sunlight, protecting the undercoat and skin in wet or aquatic habitats, and from the sun's [[ultraviolet]] radiation. Guard hairs can also reduce the severity of [[Wound#Open|cuts or scratches]] to the skin. Many mammals, such as the domestic dog and cat, have a [[pilomotor reflex]] that raises their guard hairs as part of a [[threat display]] when agitated. ==Mammals with reduced fur== [[File:Wet Fur - CGI.jpg|thumb|{{center|Computer generated image of wet fur}}]] Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals; however, several species or breeds have considerably reduced amounts of fur. These are often called "naked"{{fact|date=July 2023}} or "hairless".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dean |first1=Matthew D |title=Evolution: How (some) mammals lost their hair |url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/84865 |journal=eLife |date=30 December 2022 |volume=11 |pages=e84865 |doi=10.7554/eLife.84865 |doi-access=free |access-date=22 July 2023|pmc=9803347 }}</ref> ===Natural selection=== Some mammals naturally have reduced amounts of fur. Some [[semiaquatic]] or [[aquatic animal|aquatic]] mammals such as [[cetacean]]s, [[pinniped]]s and [[hippopotamuses]] have evolved hairlessness, presumably to reduce resistance through water. The [[naked mole-rat]] has evolved hairlessness, perhaps as an adaptation to their subterranean lifestyle. Two of the largest extant terrestrial mammals, the [[elephant]] and the [[rhinoceros]], are largely hairless. The [[hairless bat]] is mostly hairless but does have short bristly hairs around its neck, on its front toes, and around the throat sac, along with fine hairs on the head and tail membrane. Most hairless animals cannot go in the sun for long periods of time, or stay in the cold for too long.<ref name=ADW>{{cite web|last=Thomson|first=Paul|title=Cheiromeles torquatus|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cheiromeles_torquatus/|publisher=Animal Diversity Web|access-date=29 October 2013|year=2002}}</ref> [[Marsupial|Marsupials]] are born hairless and grow out fur later in development. [[Human]]s are the only [[primate]] species that have undergone significant hair loss. The hairlessness of humans compared to related species may be due to loss of functionality in the [[pseudogene]] KRTHAP1 (which helps produce [[keratin]])<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/s004390000439 | last1 = Winter | first1 = H. | last2 = Langbein | first2 = L. | last3 = Krawczak | first3 = M. | last4 = Cooper | first4 = D. N. | last5 = Jave-Suarez | first5 = L. F. | last6 = Rogers | first6 = M. A. | last7 = Praetzel | first7 = S. | last8 = Heidt | first8 = P. J. | last9 = Schweizer | first9 = J. | title = Human type I hair keratin pseudogene phihHaA has functional orthologs in the chimpanzee and gorilla: Evidence for recent inactivation of the human gene after the Pan-Homo divergence | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 108 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–42 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11214905 | s2cid = 21545865 }}</ref> Although the researchers dated the mutation to 240 000 ya, both the [[Altai Mountains|Altai]] [[Neanderthal|Neandertal]] and [[Denisovan]] peoples possessed the loss-of-function mutation, indicating it is much older. Mutations in the gene [[HR (gene)|HR]] can lead to [[Alopecia universalis|complete hair loss]], though this is not typical in humans.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Molecular evolution of HR, a gene that regulates the postnatal cycle of the hair follicle|year=2011 |doi=10.1038/srep00032 |last1=Abbasi |first1=Amir Ali |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=1 |page=32 |pmid=22355551 |pmc=3216519 |bibcode=2011NatSR...1E..32A }}</ref> ===Artificial selection=== At times, when a hairless domesticated animal is discovered, usually owing to a naturally occurring genetic mutation, humans may intentionally inbreed those hairless individuals and, after multiple generations, artificially create hairless breeds. There are several breeds of hairless cats, perhaps the most commonly known being the [[Sphynx (cat)|Sphynx cat]]. Similarly, there are some breeds of [[hairless dog]]s. Other examples of artificially selected hairless animals include the [[Skinny pig|hairless guinea-pig]], [[nude mouse]], and the [[hairless rat]]. ==Use in clothing== {{Main|Fur clothing}} {{See also|Fur trade}} Fur has long served as a source of clothing for humans, including [[Neanderthal]]s. Historically, it was worn for its insulating quality, with aesthetics becoming a factor over time. Pelts were worn in or out, depending on their characteristics and desired use. Today fur and trim used in garments may be dyed bright colors or to mimic exotic animal patterns, or shorn close like [[velvet]]. The term "a fur" may connote a coat, wrap, or shawl. The manufacturing of fur clothing involves obtaining animal pelts where the hair is left on the animal's processed skin. In contrast, making [[leather]] involves removing the hair from the hide or pelt and using only the skin. Fur is also used to make [[felt]]. A common felt is made from beaver fur and is used in [[bowler hat]]s, [[top hat]]s, and high-end [[cowboy hats]].<ref>Chamber's journal, Published by Orr and Smith, 1952, p. 200, Original from the University of Michigan.</ref> [[List of types of fur|Common furbearers]] used include [[fox]], [[rabbit]], [[mink]], [[muskrat]], [[leopard]], [[beaver]], [[Stoat|ermine]], [[otter]], [[sable]], [[jaguar]], [[pinniped|seal]], [[coyote]], [[chinchilla]], [[raccoon]], [[lemur]], and [[Phalangeriformes|possum]]. <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Buckingham-palace-guard-11279634947G5ru.jpg|The iconic [[bearskin]]s of the [[King's Guard]] at Buckingham Palace are made from the fur of [[American black bear]]s. File:Carl Eielson.jpg|A [[fur seal|seal fur]] coat worn by [[Carl Ben Eielson]] (1897–1929), [[United States Air Force|USAF]] pilot and Arctic explorer File:Pelz-Verkaufsstand in Tallinn, Estland.jpg|A fur store in [[Tallinn]], Estonia, in 2019 </gallery> ==See also== *[[Angora wool]] *[[Animal coloration]] *[[Cat coat genetics]] *[[Coat (animal)]] *[[Plumage]] *[[Rabbit hair]] *[[Tanning (leather)]] *[[Futfell]] *[[Skinning]] ==References== {{Reflist|33em|refs= <ref name=hair>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=udCnKce9hfoC|page=97}}|first1=George A.|last1=Feldhamer|first2=Lee C.|last2=Drickamer|first3=Stephen H.|last3=Vessey|first4=Joseph H.|last4=Merritt|first5=Carey|last5=Krajewski |year=2007|title=Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology|edition=3|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8695-9|oclc=124031907}}</ref> }} ==External links== {{Commons category|Furs}} {{plainlist| {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Fur-Bearing Animals|short=x|noicon=1}} {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Fur-Bearing Animals|short=x|noicon=1}}}} {{Non-timber forest products|state=expanded}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fur| ]] [[Category:Mammal anatomy]] [[Category:Non-timber forest products]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Furs" class="mw-redirect" title="Furs">Furs</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Furs&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Furs">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Pelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelt">Pelt</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelt&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelt">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Anchor" title="Template:Anchor">Template:Anchor</a> (<a 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href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Convert" title="Module:Convert">Module:Convert</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Convert&action=edit" title="Module:Convert">view source</a>) (template editor 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title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">Module:Disambiguation/templates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Disambiguation/templates&action=edit" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:EditAtWikidata" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">Module:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Exponential_search" title="Module:Exponential search">Module:Exponential search</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Exponential_search&action=edit" title="Module:Exponential search">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Format_link" title="Module:Format link">Module:Format link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Format_link&action=edit" title="Module:Format link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:GetParameters" 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href="/wiki/Module:Lang/data/iana_suppressed_scripts" title="Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts">Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data/iana_suppressed_scripts&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/data/iana_variants" title="Module:Lang/data/iana variants">Module:Lang/data/iana variants</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data/iana_variants&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/data/iana variants">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:List" title="Module:List">Module:List</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:List&action=edit" title="Module:List">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/config" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">Module:Namespace detect/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/config&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/data" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">Module:Namespace detect/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/data&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/configuration" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">Module:Navbar/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/styles.css" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">Module:Navbar/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/configuration" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">Module:Navbox/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/styles.css" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">Module:Navbox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype" title="Module:Pagetype">Module:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/config" title="Module:Pagetype/config">Module:Pagetype/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/config&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/disambiguation" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">Module:Pagetype/disambiguation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/disambiguation&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/rfd" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">Module:Pagetype/rfd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/rfd&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/setindex" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">Module:Pagetype/setindex</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/setindex&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/softredirect" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">Module:Pagetype/softredirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/softredirect&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Plain_text" title="Module:Plain text">Module:Plain text</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Plain_text&action=edit" title="Module:Plain text">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Redirect_hatnote" title="Module:Redirect hatnote">Module:Redirect hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Redirect_hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Redirect hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:SDcat" title="Module:SDcat">Module:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:SDcat&action=edit" title="Module:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Side_box" title="Module:Side box">Module:Side box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Side_box&action=edit" 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