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class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Familie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Familie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gezin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gezin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gezin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gezin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regeringsperiode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regeringsperiode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regeringsperiode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regeringsperiode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Het_einde_van_een_imperium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Het_einde_van_een_imperium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Het einde van een imperium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Het_einde_van_een_imperium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_tsaar_en_zijn_gezin_vermoord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_tsaar_en_zijn_gezin_vermoord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>De tsaar en zijn gezin vermoord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_tsaar_en_zijn_gezin_vermoord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latere_ontwikkelingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latere_ontwikkelingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Latere ontwikkelingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latere_ontwikkelingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kwartierstaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kwartierstaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kwartierstaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kwartierstaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicolaas II van Rusland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 106 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaas_II_van_Rusland" title="Nikolaas II van Rusland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nikolaas II van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B3%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD" title="ዳግማዊ ኒኮላይ – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዳግማዊ ኒኮላይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_II_de_Rusia" title="Nicolau II de Rusia – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nicolau II de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_Russena_Casere" title="Nicholas II Russena Casere – Oudengels" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nicholas II Russena Casere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Oudengels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نيقولا الثاني إمبراطور روسيا – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيقولا الثاني إمبراطور روسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="نيكولاى التانى – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولاى التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_II_de_Rusia" title="Nicolás II de Rusia – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nicolás II de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Nikolay" title="II Nikolay – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Nikolay" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87)" title="ایکینجی نیکولای (روسیه) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی نیکولای (روسیه)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II" title="Николай II – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Николай II" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Мікалай II (імператар расійскі) – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мікалай II (імператар расійскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Мікалай II Раманаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мікалай II Раманаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Николай II (Русия) – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Николай II (Русия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="দ্বিতীয় নিকোলাস – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় নিকোলাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaz_II_Rusia" title="Nikolaz II Rusia – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nikolaz II Rusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_II,_car_Rusije" title="Nikola II, car Rusije – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nikola II, car Rusije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_II_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Nicolau II de Rússia – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicolau II de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نیکۆلاسی دووەمی ڕووسیا – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکۆلاسی دووەمی ڕووسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Nikolay" title="II Nikolay – Krim-Tataars" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="II Nikolay" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Krim-Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_II._Alexandrovi%C4%8D" title="Mikuláš II. Alexandrovič – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mikuláš II. Alexandrovič" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II" title="Николай II – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Николай II" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niclas_II,_tsar_Rwsia" title="Niclas II, tsar Rwsia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niclas II, tsar Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_2._af_Rusland" title="Nikolaj 2. af Rusland – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nikolaj 2. af Rusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_II._(Russland)" title="Nikolaus II. (Russland) – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nikolaus II. (Russland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Νικόλαος Β΄ της Ρωσίας – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικόλαος Β΄ της Ρωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nicholas II" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolao_la_2-a_(Rusio)" title="Nikolao la 2-a (Rusio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nikolao la 2-a (Rusio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_II_de_Rusia" title="Nicolás II de Rusia – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicolás II de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_II" title="Nikolai II – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nikolai II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_II.a_Errusiakoa" title="Nikolas II.a Errusiakoa – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikolas II.a Errusiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="نیکلای دوم – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکلای دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_II" title="Nikolai II – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikolai II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_II" title="Nicolas II – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicolas II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_II._(Ruslun)" title="Nikolaus II. (Ruslun) – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nikolaus II. (Ruslun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaas_II_fan_Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Nikolaas II fan Ruslân – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nikolaas II fan Ruslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niocl%C3%A1s_II_na_R%C3%BAise" title="Nioclás II na Rúise – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nioclás II na Rúise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolao_II_de_Rusia" title="Nicolao II de Rusia – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nicolao II de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="ניקולאי השני, קיסר רוסיה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולאי השני, קיסר רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="निकोलस द्वितीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकोलस द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_II.,_ruski_car" title="Nikola II., ruski car – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikola II., ruski car" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_II_nan_Larisi" title="Nicolas II nan Larisi – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nicolas II nan Larisi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Mikl%C3%B3s_orosz_c%C3%A1r" title="II. Miklós orosz cár – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Miklós orosz cár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5_II" title="Նիկոլայ II – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոլայ II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_II_(Russia)" title="Nicolaus II (Russia) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nicolaus II (Russia)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_II_(tokoh)" title="Nikolai II (tokoh) – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nikolai II (tokoh)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_la_2ma_di_Rusia" title="Nikolai la 2ma di Rusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nikolai la 2ma di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikul%C3%A1s_2." title="Nikulás 2. – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nikulás 2." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_II_di_Russia" title="Nicola II di Russia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicola II di Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A42%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="ニコライ2世 (ロシア皇帝) – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコライ2世 (ロシア皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_II_saking_Rusia" title="Nikolai II saking Rusia – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nikolai II saking Rusia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96_II_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ნიკოლოზ II (რუსეთი) – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკოლოზ II (რუსეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="II Николай – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="II Николай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4_2%EC%84%B8" title="니콜라이 2세 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니콜라이 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II" title="Николай II – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Николай II" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_II_(imperator_Russiae)" title="Nicolaus II (imperator Russiae) – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus II (imperator Russiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolajus_II" title="Nikolajus II – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nikolajus II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolajs_II_Romanovs" title="Nikolajs II Romanovs – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nikolajs II Romanovs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_an%27_i_Rosia" title="Nicholas II an' i Rosia – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nicholas II an' i Rosia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98_II_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Николај II (Русија) – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Николај II (Русија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="നിക്കോളാസ് രണ്ടാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിക്കോളാസ് രണ്ടാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="II Николай – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="II Николай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8" title="रशियाचा दुसरा निकोलस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशियाचा दुसरा निकोलस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_II_dari_Rusia" title="Nikolai II dari Rusia – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nikolai II dari Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_II_av_Russland" title="Nikolaj II av Russland – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nikolaj II av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_II_av_Russland" title="Nikolaj II av Russland – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nikolaj II av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_II" title="Nicolau II – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nicolau II" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_II" title="Nikolai II – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nikolai II" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II" title="Николай II – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Николай II" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_II" title="Nicolas II – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Nicolas II" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_II_Romanow" title="Mikołaj II Romanow – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikołaj II Romanow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_II" title="نکولس II – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نکولس II" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_II_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="Nicolau II da Rússia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicolau II da Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_al_II-lea_al_Rusiei" title="Nicolae al II-lea al Rusiei – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nicolae al II-lea al Rusiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II" title="Николай II – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Николай II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II._(%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Николай II. (Росія) – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Николай II. (Росія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_o_Roushie" title="Nicholas II o Roushie – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nicholas II o Roushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%BB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3)" title="نڪولس ٻيون (روس) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نڪولس ٻيون (روس)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_II.,_ruski_car" title="Nikola II., ruski car – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikola II., ruski car" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikula_wis_sin" title="Nikula wis sin – Tashelhiyt" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Nikula wis sin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tashelhiyt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="රුසියාවේ දෙවන නිකොලස් සාර් – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රුසියාවේ දෙවන නිකොලස් සාර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" title="Nicholas II of Russia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nicholas II of Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_II._(Rusko)" title="Mikuláš II. (Rusko) – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mikuláš II. (Rusko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_II._Ruski" title="Nikolaj II. Ruski – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nikolaj II. Ruski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_II" title="Nikolai II – Inari-Samisch" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Nikolai II" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari-Samisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolla_II" title="Nikolla II – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikolla II" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98_II_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Николај II Александрович – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Николај II Александрович" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_II_av_Ryssland" title="Nikolaj II av Ryssland – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nikolaj II av Ryssland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_II_wa_Urusi" title="Nikola II wa Urusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nikola II wa Urusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உருசியாவின் இரண்டாம் நிக்கலாசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியாவின் இரண்டாம் நிக்கலாசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II" title="Николай II – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Николай II" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรพรรดินีโคไลที่ 2 แห่งรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดินีโคไลที่ 2 แห่งรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_II_ng_Rusya" title="Nicolas II ng Rusya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nicolas II ng Rusya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Nikolay" title="II. Nikolay – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Nikolay" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II" title="Николай II – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Николай II" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_II" title="Nikolai II – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nikolai II" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A_II" title="نىكولاي II – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نىكولاي II" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_II_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Микола II (російський імператор) – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Микола II (російський імператор)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نکولس ثانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نکولس ثانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_II" title="Nikolay II – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nikolay II" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_II_c%E1%BB%A7a_Nga" title="Nikolai II của Nga – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nikolai II của Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_nga_Rusya" title="Nicholas II nga Rusya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nicholas II nga Rusya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%89" title="尼古拉二世（俄罗斯） – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼古拉二世（俄罗斯）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="尼古拉二世 (俄罗斯) – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼古拉二世 (俄罗斯)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="尼古拉二世 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="尼古拉二世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_2-s%C3%A8" title="Nikolaj 2-sè – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nikolaj 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="尼古拉二世 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼古拉二世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#eaeaea; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Nicolaas II </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3">1868–1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mikola_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nicolaas II van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mikola_II.jpg/266px-Mikola_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mikola_II.jpg/399px-Mikola_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mikola_II.jpg/532px-Mikola_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1821" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#eaeaea; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_heersers_van_Rusland" title="Lijst van heersers van Rusland">Tsaar van Rusland</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Periode </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1894" title="1894">1894</a>–<a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voorganger </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_van_Rusland" title="Alexander III van Rusland">Alexander III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger </th> <td colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland">Michaël II</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#eaeaea; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Geboren </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tsarskoje_Selo" title="Tsarskoje Selo">Tsarskoje Selo</a>, nabij <a href="/wiki/Sint-Petersburg" title="Sint-Petersburg">Sint-Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keizerrijk_Rusland" title="Keizerrijk Rusland">Keizerrijk Rusland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/18_mei" title="18 mei">18 mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1868" title="1868">1868</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overleden </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/17_juli" title="17 juli">17 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jekaterinenburg" title="Jekaterinenburg">Jekaterinenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russische_Socialistische_Federatieve_Sovjetrepubliek" title="Russische Socialistische Federatieve Sovjetrepubliek">Russische Sovjetrepubliek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vader </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_van_Rusland" title="Alexander III van Rusland">Alexander III van Rusland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Moeder </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dagmar_van_Denemarken_(1847-1928)" title="Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)">Maria Fjodorovna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dynastie </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Huis_Romanov" title="Huis Romanov">Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Broers/zussen </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland">Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Georgi Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland">Georgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland">Michaël</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenia_Aleksandrovna_van_Rusland" title="Xenia Aleksandrovna van Rusland">Xenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Aleksandrovna_van_Rusland" title="Olga Aleksandrovna van Rusland">Olga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Partner </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alix_van_Hessen-Darmstadt" title="Alix van Hessen-Darmstadt">Alexandra Fjodorovna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kinderen </th> <td colspan="2">5, zie gezin </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Nicolaas II Aleksandrovitsj</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russisch" title="Russisch">Russisch</a>: Николай II Александрович, <i>Nikol<u>a</u>j II Aleks<u>a</u>ndrovitsj</i>) (<a href="/wiki/Tsarskoje_Selo" title="Tsarskoje Selo">Tsarskoje Selo</a>, <a href="/wiki/18_mei" title="18 mei">18 mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1868" title="1868">1868</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oude_Stijl_en_Nieuwe_Stijl" title="Oude Stijl en Nieuwe Stijl">O.S.</a> 6 mei) – <a href="/wiki/Jekaterinenburg" title="Jekaterinenburg">Jekaterinenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/17_juli" title="17 juli">17 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>) was de laatste <a href="/wiki/Tsaar" title="Tsaar">tsaar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_heersers_van_Rusland" title="Lijst van heersers van Rusland">keizer</a>) van <a href="/wiki/Keizerrijk_Rusland" title="Keizerrijk Rusland">Rusland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grootvorst" title="Grootvorst">grootvorst</a> van <a href="/wiki/Grootvorstendom_Finland" title="Grootvorstendom Finland">Finland</a> en titulaire <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_heersers_van_Polen" title="Lijst van heersers van Polen">koning</a> van <a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">Polen</a>. Zijn officiële titel was <b>Nicolaas II, Al-Russisch Keizer en Autocraat</b>. In zijn volledige vorm omvatte zijn naam bovendien de namen van een aantal andere steden en gebieden waarover hij regeerde.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Familie">Familie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Familie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Familie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grootvorst Nicolaas Aleksandrovitsj werd geboren als eerste kind van tsaar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_van_Rusland" title="Alexander III van Rusland">Alexander III</a> en diens vrouw tsarina <a href="/wiki/Dagmar_van_Denemarken_(1847-1928)" title="Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)">Maria Fjodorovna</a> in het <a href="/wiki/Alexanderpaleis" title="Alexanderpaleis">Alexanderpaleis</a>. Zijn grootouders langs vaders kant waren <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_van_Rusland" title="Alexander II van Rusland">Alexander II</a> en <a href="/wiki/Marie_van_Hessen-Darmstadt_(1824-1880)" title="Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)">Marie Alexandrovna</a>. Tsarina Maria Fjodorovna werd geboren als prinses Dagmar van Denemarken, de tweede dochter van koning <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_IX_van_Denemarken" title="Christiaan IX van Denemarken">Christiaan IX</a> en koningin <a href="/wiki/Louise_van_Hessen-Kassel" title="Louise van Hessen-Kassel">Louise</a>. Dagmar was een jongere zus van koning <a href="/wiki/Frederik_VIII_van_Denemarken" title="Frederik VIII van Denemarken">Frederik VIII van Denemarken</a> en van koning <a href="/wiki/George_I_van_Griekenland" title="George I van Griekenland">George I van Griekenland</a>. Haar zus <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_van_Denemarken" title="Alexandra van Denemarken">Alexandra</a> was als vrouw van koning <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_van_het_Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Edward VII van het Verenigd Koninkrijk">Eduard VII</a> koningin van het <a href="/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk_van_Groot-Brittanni%C3%AB_en_Ierland" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Ierland">Verenigd Koninkrijk</a> en keizerin van <a href="/wiki/Brits-Indi%C3%AB" title="Brits-Indië">India</a>. </p><p>Nicolaas was verwant met vele Europese vorsten. Koning <a href="/wiki/George_V_van_het_Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="George V van het Verenigd Koninkrijk">George V van het Verenigd Koninkrijk</a> en de Duitse keizer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_van_Duitsland" title="Wilhelm II van Duitsland">Willem II</a> waren respectievelijk volle neven van Nicolaas en zijn vrouw Alexandra. Als volwassen man vertoonde Nicolaas een sterke uiterlijke gelijkenis met George V. Verder was hij ook een volle neef van koning <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_van_Noorwegen" title="Haakon VII van Noorwegen">Haakon VII van Noorwegen</a> en diens vrouw <a href="/wiki/Maud_van_Wales" title="Maud van Wales">Maud</a>, evenals koning <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_X_van_Denemarken" title="Christiaan X van Denemarken">Christiaan X van Denemarken</a> en koning <a href="/wiki/Constantijn_I_van_Griekenland" title="Constantijn I van Griekenland">Constantijn I van Griekenland</a>. Nicolaas II en de Duitse keizer Willem II waren zelf ook ver familie omdat ze beiden afstamden van de Pruisische koning <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Willem_III_van_Pruisen" title="Frederik Willem III van Pruisen">Frederik Willem III</a>. Beide keizers waren ook achter-achterkleinkinderen van tsaar <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_van_Rusland" title="Paul I van Rusland">Paul I</a>. Nicolaas was ook familie van zijn vrouw Alexandra, beide waren achterkleinkinderen van <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_II_van_Hessen-Darmstadt" title="Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt">Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt</a> en <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_van_Baden" title="Wilhelmina van Baden">Wilhelmina van Baden</a> en ze stamden ook beiden af van <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Willem_II_van_Pruisen" title="Frederik Willem II van Pruisen">Frederik Willem II van Pruisen</a>. Nicolaas was voornamelijk van Duits-Deense afkomst, zijn dichtstbijzijnde etnisch Russisch familielid was grootvorstin <a href="/wiki/Anna_Petrovna_van_Rusland" title="Anna Petrovna van Rusland">Anna Petrovna</a> (1708-1728), dochter van <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_van_Rusland" title="Peter I van Rusland">Peter de Grote</a>. </p><p>In zijn jeugd had Nicolaas een zeer goede relatie met zijn vader, de tsaar, hoewel hij als kind jaloers was op de fysieke kracht van zijn vader. Hij was ook zeer gehecht aan zijn moeder, dit is vooral duidelijk in gepubliceerde brieven van en aan elkaar. </p><p>Nicolaas had drie jongere broers: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland">Alexander</a> (1869-1870), <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Georgi Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland">Georgi</a> (1871-1899) en <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland">Michaël</a> (1878-1918). Ook had hij twee jongere zusjes: <a href="/wiki/Xenia_Aleksandrovna_van_Rusland" title="Xenia Aleksandrovna van Rusland">Xenia</a> (1875-1960), huwde grootvorst <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Michajlovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Alexander Michajlovitsj van Rusland">Alexander Michajlovitsj van Rusland</a> (kleinzoon van tsaar <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_I_van_Rusland" title="Nicolaas I van Rusland">Nicolaas I</a>), en <a href="/wiki/Olga_Aleksandrovna_van_Rusland" title="Olga Aleksandrovna van Rusland">Olga</a> (1882-1960), huwde <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Oldenburg_(1868-1924)" title="Peter van Oldenburg (1868-1924)">Peter van Oldenburg</a>. Na een scheiding huwde Olga in 1916 met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaj_Koelikovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaj Koelikovski (de pagina bestaat niet)">Nikolaj Koelikovski</a>. In zijn jeugdjaren ging Nicolaas met zijn familie jaarlijks op vakantie naar Denemarken voor reünies met de Britse, Duitse en Griekse takken van de familie. </p><p>Nicolaas droeg dezelfde naam als grootvorst <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Nikolajevitsj_van_Rusland_(1856-1929)" title="Nicolaas Nikolajevitsj van Rusland (1856-1929)">Nicolaas Nikolajevitsj van Rusland</a>. Om de grootvorst en de toekomstige tsaar te onderscheiden kreeg de grootvorst de bijnaam Nikolasja. Ook werden ze Nicolaas de Grote en Nicolaas de Kleine genoemd. Nicolaas Nikolajevitsj en zijn broer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nikolajevitsj_van_Rusland" title="Peter Nikolajevitsj van Rusland">Peter</a> huwden met de Montenegrijnse prinsessen <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_van_Montenegro" title="Anastasia van Montenegro">Stana</a> en <a href="/wiki/Militza_van_Montenegro" title="Militza van Montenegro">Militsa</a> ("het zwarte gevaar" of "de zwarte familie"). Toen de tsarina een zoon wilde krijgen, introduceerden de prinsessen de <a href="/wiki/Martinisme" title="Martinisme">martinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Meester_Philippe" title="Meester Philippe">Meester Philippe</a> uit <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> aan het hof. Zijn leerling <a href="/wiki/Papus" title="Papus">Papus</a> was in 1901, 1905 en 1906 aan het hof als arts en raadgever. Toen Philippe in 1901 de geboorte van een jongen voorspelde terwijl Anastasia werd geboren en de oorlog tussen Rusland en Japan anders uitpakte dan gedacht, vertrok hij weer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gezin">Gezin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Gezin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Gezin"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolaas trouwde in 1894 met de van oorsprong Duitse prinses <a href="/wiki/Alix_van_Hessen-Darmstadt" title="Alix van Hessen-Darmstadt">Alix van Hessen-Darmstadt</a>, die na haar huwelijk de naam <i>Alexandra Fjodorovna</i> aannam. Uit dit huwelijk werden vijf kinderen geboren, vier dochters en een zoon: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Afbeelding</th> <th>Naam</th> <th>Geboren</th> <th>Overleden</th> <th>Bijzonderheden </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Olga_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Olga_1910.jpg/100px-Olga_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Olga_1910.jpg/150px-Olga_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Olga_1910.jpg/200px-Olga_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="2865" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olga_Nikolajevna_van_Rusland_(1895-1918)" title="Olga Nikolajevna van Rusland (1895-1918)">Grootvorstin Olga</a></td> <td>15 november 1895</td> <td>17 juli 1918</td> <td>Was enige tijd in beeld als huwelijkskandidaat voor prins <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_van_Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Carol II van Roemenië">Carol van Roemenië</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Tatiana_in_court_gown_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tatiana_in_court_gown_1910.jpg/100px-Tatiana_in_court_gown_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tatiana_in_court_gown_1910.jpg/150px-Tatiana_in_court_gown_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tatiana_in_court_gown_1910.jpg/200px-Tatiana_in_court_gown_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="4888" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Nikolajevna_van_Rusland" title="Tatjana Nikolajevna van Rusland">Grootvorstin Tatjana</a></td> <td>29 mei 1897</td> <td>17 juli 1918</td> <td>De favoriet van haar ouders. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Grand_Duchess_Marie_in_court_dress_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Grand_Duchess_Marie_in_court_dress_1910.jpg/100px-Grand_Duchess_Marie_in_court_dress_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Grand_Duchess_Marie_in_court_dress_1910.jpg/150px-Grand_Duchess_Marie_in_court_dress_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Grand_Duchess_Marie_in_court_dress_1910.jpg/200px-Grand_Duchess_Marie_in_court_dress_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3418" data-file-height="5186" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikolajevna_van_Rusland_(1899-1918)" title="Maria Nikolajevna van Rusland (1899-1918)">Grootvorstin Maria</a></td> <td>14 juni 1899</td> <td>17 juli 1918</td> <td>Was enige tijd in beeld als huwelijkskandidaat voor prins <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten" title="Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna.jpg/100px-Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna.jpg/150px-Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna.jpg/200px-Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3633" data-file-height="5018" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Nikolajevna_van_Rusland" title="Anastasia Nikolajevna van Rusland">Grootvorstin Anastasia</a></td> <td>5 juni 1901</td> <td>17 juli 1918</td> <td>Waarschijnlijk het bekendste kind van Nicolaas en Alexandra. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Alexis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alexis.png/100px-Alexis.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alexis.png/150px-Alexis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alexis.png/200px-Alexis.png 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleksej_Nikolajevitsj_van_Rusland" title="Aleksej Nikolajevitsj van Rusland">Grootvorst Aleksej</a></td> <td>12 augustus 1904</td> <td>17 juli 1918</td> <td>De lang verwachte troonopvolger, en derhalve behalve grootvorst ook <a href="/wiki/Tsarevitsj" title="Tsarevitsj">tsarevitsj</a>. Leed net als zijn oom Frederik aan <a href="/wiki/Hemofilie" title="Hemofilie">hemofilie</a>. Vernoemd naar <a href="/wiki/Alexis_van_Rusland" title="Alexis van Rusland">Aleksej de Vreedzame</a>, Nicolaas' favoriete tsaar. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>De enige zoon van Nicolaas en Alexandra, troonopvolger Aleksej, leed aan <a href="/wiki/Hemofilie" title="Hemofilie">hemofilie</a>, een erfelijke bloedziekte waarvoor men geen genezing kon vinden. Daarom haalde de familie, via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Vyroebova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Vyroebova (de pagina bestaat niet)">Anna Vyroebova</a>, de monnik en sinistere wonderdoener <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Raspoetin" title="Grigori Raspoetin">Grigori Raspoetin</a> in huis, die al snel een grote invloed op vooral de tsarina kreeg. Dit wekte bij de invloedrijke adel veel verzet en Raspoetin werd uiteindelijk in december 1916 vermoord door een aantal Russische edellieden. </p><p>Anastasia was de enige dochter die het gen voor hemofilie van haar moeder had overgeërfd. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regeringsperiode">Regeringsperiode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Regeringsperiode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Regeringsperiode"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nicholas_II_of_Russia01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nicholas_II_of_Russia01.jpg/260px-Nicholas_II_of_Russia01.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nicholas_II_of_Russia01.jpg/390px-Nicholas_II_of_Russia01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Nicholas_II_of_Russia01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Nicolaas II</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexander III had zijn zoon zo veel mogelijk buiten alle regeringsactiviteiten gelaten. Aan de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treinramp_van_Borki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treinramp van Borki (de pagina bestaat niet)">treinramp van Borki</a> in oktober 1888, die het keizerlijke gezin ternauwernood overleefde, hield Alexander III nieraandoeningen over. Hij stierf daaraan in 1894 op betrekkelijk jonge leeftijd en toen moest de 26-jarige Nicolaas hem opvolgen zonder ooit enige bestuurservaring te hebben opgedaan. Zijn kroning vond op 26 mei 1896 plaats in de <a href="/wiki/Kathedraal_van_de_Ontslapenis_van_de_Moeder_Gods_(Moskou)" title="Kathedraal van de Ontslapenis van de Moeder Gods (Moskou)">Oespenski-kathedraal</a> van <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a>. </p><p>Critici gaven Nicolaas de bijnaam <i>Bloedige Nicolaas</i>, onder meer vanwege de <a href="/wiki/Chodynkatragedie" title="Chodynkatragedie">Chodynkatragedie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloedige_Zondag_(1905)" title="Bloedige Zondag (1905)">Bloedige Zondag</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Antisemitisme" title="Antisemitisme">antisemitische</a> <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>, executies van politieke tegenstanders en de uitoefening van militaire campagnes op een tot dusver ongekende schaal. Na Bloedige Zondag, 9 januari 1905, trad de liberale minister van Binnenlandse Zaken, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pjotr_Dmitrijevitsj_Svjatopolk-Mirski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pjotr Dmitrijevitsj Svjatopolk-Mirski (de pagina bestaat niet)">Pjotr Dmitrijevitsj Svjatopolk-Mirski</a>, af, terwijl er juist een grondwet in de maak was. De rechtse politiecommissaris van Moskou, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Feodorovitsj_Trepov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitri Feodorovitsj Trepov (de pagina bestaat niet)">Dmitri Feodorovitsj Trepov</a>, die om dat beleid een week vóór Bloedige Zondag uit protest was afgetreden, werd er ná tot gouverneur-generaal van Sint-Petersburg benoemd. De priester <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Gapon" title="Georgi Gapon">Georgi Gapon</a>, die de arbeiders naar het Slotplein voorging en na het bloedbad opriep tot een vervloeking van de tsaar ('De tsaar is door het volk vervloekt'), bleek een agent-provocateur van het departement van Politie. Op 17 februari wierp de socialistische revolutionair <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kaljajev" title="Ivan Kaljajev">Ivan Kaljajev</a> in Moskou een bom in het rijtuig van grootvorst <a href="/wiki/Sergej_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Sergej Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland">Sergej Aleksandrovitsj</a>, Nicolaas' belangrijkste adviseur en steun.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aanvankelijk kende Nicolaas' regeringsperiode een tijd van bloei, reformatie en zowel economische als demografische groei. Nicolaas werd bijgestaan door ministers van buitengewone capaciteiten: <a href="/wiki/Sergej_Witte" title="Sergej Witte">Sergej Witte</a> (minister van Financiën van 1892-1903) en <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Stolypin" title="Pjotr Stolypin">Pjotr Stolypin</a> (premier van 1906-1911), die veel gedaan hebben voor de economische ontwikkeling van Rusland. Witte sloot in 1905 het <a href="/wiki/Verdrag_van_Portsmouth" title="Verdrag van Portsmouth">Verdrag van Portsmouth</a> met Japan. Toch zou Nicolaas' regeringsperiode eindigen met de politieke en economische ineenstorting van het eens zo machtige <a href="/wiki/Keizerrijk_Rusland" title="Keizerrijk Rusland">Keizerrijk Rusland</a>. Stolypin werd op 14 september 1911 voor Nicolaas' ogen in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> neergeschoten, tijdens de festiviteiten ter ere van Nicolaas' grootvader <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_van_Rusland" title="Alexander II van Rusland">Alexander II</a>, die vijftig jaar eerder het systeem van <a href="/wiki/Lijfeigenschap" title="Lijfeigenschap">lijfeigenschap</a> ophief. </p><p>In 1897 was het inwoneraantal van het Russisch Rijk 125 miljoen mensen. Tijdens Nicolaas' regeerperiode groeide dat aantal met 50 miljoen mensen. De Franse econoom Edmond Teri schreef dat als deze tendentie zo zou volhouden dat Rusland zowel politiek als financieel tegen het midden van de 20e eeuw Europa zou domineren.<sup id="cite_ref-VoR_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van het totale aantal inwoners hadden er 84 miljoen het Russisch als moedertaal. 21% kon lezen en schrijven. Van de inwoners tussen 10 en 19 jaar kon 34% lezen en schrijven. In het jaar 1906 werd de leerplicht ingevoerd, waardoor tegen 1922 iedereen zou moeten kunnen lezen en schrijven. Was het budget voor onderwijs in 1894 nog 40 miljoen roebel, in 1914 was het tot 400 miljoen roebel gestegen. </p><p>Tijdens Nicolaas' regeringsperiode werd de weg naar Siberië geopend. Zo werd de <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberische_spoorlijn" title="Trans-Siberische spoorlijn">langste spoorweg van de wereld</a> voltooid, die liep van Moskou naar <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>. De ontwikkeling van deze spoorweg had ook tot gevolg dat er veel nieuwe steden werden gesticht. </p><p>Veel aandacht werd ook besteed aan de levensstandaard van de werkende klasse. Zo werd op 2 juni 1897 een begrenzing van de werkdag ingevoerd tot 11,5 uur op een gewone werkdag en 10 uur op zaterdagen en feestdagen. In fabrieken met meer dan 100 personeelsleden was er kosteloze medische hulp voorzien. In juni 1903 werd er een wet ingevoerd die arbeiders moest beschermen bij werkongevallen. De compensatie zou uit 66% van het normale loon bestaan. Op 23 juni 1912 werd er een wet ingevoerd voor een verplichte ziektekosten- en arbeidsongevallenverzekering voor werknemers. </p><p>Enerzijds was Nicolaas veel gelegen aan het behoud van de vrede in Europa. Zo was hij de initiatiefnemer van de <a href="/wiki/Vredesconferentie_van_Den_Haag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vredesconferentie van Den Haag">Vredesconferentie van Den Haag</a> van 1899, die zou leiden tot de oprichting van het <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Hof_van_Arbitrage" title="Permanent Hof van Arbitrage">Permanent Hof van Arbitrage</a>. Anderzijds wordt Nicolaas' regeringsperiode ook gekenmerkt door een aantal grote oorlogen waarin Rusland grote verliezen leed. In augustus 1914 keurde Nicolaas de Russische mobilisatie goed, die gezien wordt als de eerste stap in de <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Wereldoorlog" title="Eerste Wereldoorlog">Eerste Wereldoorlog</a>. Deze oorlog zou de vorstenhuizen in Europa doen wankelen en eindigen met de ondergang van de monarchie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Het_einde_van_een_imperium">Het einde van een imperium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Het einde van een imperium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Het einde van een imperium"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nikolaus_II._(Russland).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nikolaus_II._%28Russland%29.jpg/260px-Nikolaus_II._%28Russland%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nikolaus_II._%28Russland%29.jpg/390px-Nikolaus_II._%28Russland%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nikolaus_II._%28Russland%29.jpg/520px-Nikolaus_II._%28Russland%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption>Nicolaas II in gevangenschap</figcaption></figure> <p>In september 1915 nam Nicolaas, na het ontslag van zijn neef <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Nikolajevitsj_van_Rusland_(1856-1929)" title="Nicolaas Nikolajevitsj van Rusland (1856-1929)">grootvorst Nicolaas</a>, persoonlijk het opperbevel over het leger op zich. Op 23 februari 1917,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in een tijd van bittere armoede na drie jaar oorlog, barre oorlogswinters en miljoenen slachtoffers, begon in Sint-Petersburg een <a href="/wiki/Februarirevolutie_(1917)" title="Februarirevolutie (1917)">spontane volksopstand</a>, die het begin was van de eerste fase van de <a href="/wiki/Russische_Revolutie" title="Russische Revolutie">Russische Revolutie</a>. Hoewel de tsaristische garde tot dan toe elke opstand had neergeslagen, gebeurde dat deze keer niet. Integendeel, soldaten van de garde schoten hun eigen officieren neer en deden met de opstand mee. Een week later, op 2 maart,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deed Nicolaas in <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, aan boord van de keizerlijke trein, gedwongen <a href="/wiki/Abdicatie" title="Abdicatie">afstand van de troon</a> ten gunste van zijn broer, <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland">Michaël II</a>, die de troon vervolgens weigerde. Nadat asiel in het <a href="/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk_van_Groot-Brittanni%C3%AB_en_Ierland" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Ierland">Verenigd Koninkrijk</a> (de Britse koning <a href="/wiki/George_V_van_het_Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="George V van het Verenigd Koninkrijk">George V</a> was een neef van de tsaar) door de Britse regering was afgewezen (officieel omdat gevreesd werd dat met hem de kans op revolutionaire ideeën in Groot-Brittannië te groot zou worden), werd hij naar <a href="/wiki/Jekaterinenburg" title="Jekaterinenburg">Jekaterinenburg</a> verbannen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_tsaar_en_zijn_gezin_vermoord">De tsaar en zijn gezin vermoord</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De tsaar en zijn gezin vermoord" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De tsaar en zijn gezin vermoord"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolaas en zijn familie werden eerst opgesloten in het Alexanderpaleis bij <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoje_Selo" title="Tsarskoje Selo">Tsarskoje Selo</a>, daarna in het 'Huis van de Vrijheid'; het huis van de <a href="/wiki/Siberi%C3%AB" title="Siberië">Siberische</a> gouverneur in <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a>. Op 25 oktober 1917 wierpen de bolsjewieken de voorlopige regering omver. Op 3 maart 1918 werd de <a href="/wiki/Vrede_van_Brest-Litovsk" title="Vrede van Brest-Litovsk">Vrede van Brest-Litovsk</a> met Duitsland getekend, waarbij Rusland een miljoen vierkante kilometer grond verloor. Daarna bracht commissaris <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasili_Jakovlev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasili Jakovlev (de pagina bestaat niet)">Vasili Jakovlev</a> de tsaar, tsarina en Maria in april in opdracht van <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Sverdlov" title="Jakov Sverdlov">Jakov Sverdlov</a> naar het <a href="/wiki/Ipatjev-huis" title="Ipatjev-huis">Ipatjev-huis</a>, het 'Huis met het Bijzondere Doel', in <a href="/wiki/Jekaterinenburg" title="Jekaterinenburg">Jekaterinenburg</a>. Jekaterinenburg heette in die tijd 'de Rode hoofdstad van de Oeral'. Op 10 mei arriveerden ook de zoon van de tsaar, Aleksej. en zijn overige drie dochters. </p><p>De tsaar en tsarina hielden tot de laatste dagen een dagboek bij. De laatste zin in Nicolaas' dagboek (13 juli) luidt: 'Wij hebben geen nieuws van de buitenwereld.' In de nacht van 16 op 17 juli 1918, toen het contrarevolutionaire leger van <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Koltsjak" title="Aleksandr Koltsjak">Aleksandr Koltsjak</a> op het punt stond om Jekaterinenburg te veroveren, werd de hele tsarenfamilie (vader, moeder en vijf kinderen) op geheim bevel van Lenin en Sverdlov in het <a href="/wiki/Souterrain" title="Souterrain">souterrain</a> van het Ipatjev-huis geëxecuteerd. Ook de lijfarts van de familie (Botkin), de kamerdienaar van de tsaar (Trupp), de hofdame van de keizerin (Demidova) en de kok van de familie (Charitonov) werden vermoord. Er waren twaalf schutters: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakov_Joerovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakov Joerovski (de pagina bestaat niet)">Jakov Joerovski</a>, de dronken Pjotr Jermakov, Grigori Nikoelin ('Akoelov'), de wachtcommandant Pavel Medvedev, Michail Medvedev-Koedrin, Aleksej Kabanov en zes Letse scherpschutters. De tsarina en de tsarevitsj waren op stoelen gaan zitten, die speciaal voor hen werden gebracht. Joerovski las het bevel voor hen te moeten executeren. De meisjes waren moeilijk te doden, vanwege de juwelen, die in hun corset waren ingenaaid. De schutters beleefden de schrik van hun leven toen de kogels op de 'onsterfelijke' dochters afketsten en zagen zich genoodzaakt hun <a href="/wiki/Bajonet" title="Bajonet">bajonet</a> te gebruiken om hun werk af te maken. De lijken werden in lakens gewikkeld en in een vrachtwagen geladen. Vanwege de drassige wegen (het had veel geregend) werden de lichamen op een gegeven moment verder op karren vervoerd. Bij een oude mijn bij het dorp <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koptjaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koptjaki (de pagina bestaat niet)">Koptjaki</a> werd hun kleding verbrand. De lichamen werden in de drie meter diepe, naamloze mijn geworpen, maar de volgende nacht opgehaald en op 19 juli ergens tussen Koptjaki en Boven-Isjetsk begraven. De lijken bleven daarna lange tijd spoorloos. Halverwege de jaren zeventig werden in een massagraf negen lichamen gevonden.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ze waren met <a href="/wiki/Zwavelzuur" title="Zwavelzuur">zwavelzuur</a> overgoten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latere_ontwikkelingen">Latere ontwikkelingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Latere ontwikkelingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Latere ontwikkelingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pas na het uiteenvallen van de <a href="/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie">Sovjet-Unie</a> werden de lichamen opgegraven en werden Nicolaas, zijn vrouw en drie van zijn kinderen met DNA-onderzoek geïdentificeerd. Twee kinderen ontbraken.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Op 17 juli 1998 werden de stoffelijke overschotten herbegraven in de <a href="/wiki/Petrus-en-Pauluskathedraal_(Sint-Petersburg)" title="Petrus-en-Pauluskathedraal (Sint-Petersburg)">Petrus en Pauluskathedraal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sint-Petersburg" title="Sint-Petersburg">Sint-Petersburg</a>. Over de stad die de laatste rustplaats moest worden van de familie, heeft een discussie plaatsgevonden: Jekaterinenburg, waar de overblijfselen zeven jaar eerder gevonden werden, Moskou als de huidige Russische hoofdstad of Sint-Petersburg, de locatie van de begraafplaatsen van de tsaren.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Botresten die in 2007 door archeologen werden gevonden in de omgeving van Jekaterinenburg, bleken na DNA-onderzoek afkomstig te zijn van de twee overige kinderen. Het gaat om troonopvolger Aleksej en zijn zus Maria,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maakte gouverneur <a href="/wiki/Edoeard_Rossel" title="Edoeard Rossel">Rossel</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Oblast_Sverdlovsk" title="Oblast Sverdlovsk">oblast Sverdlovsk</a> in april 2008 bekend.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Het verhaal over de ontsnapping van Aleksej en Maria of Anastasia is daarmee definitief ontzenuwd. De overblijfselen van de kinderen werden mee begraven in de <a href="/wiki/Petrus-en-Pauluskathedraal_(Sint-Petersburg)" title="Petrus-en-Pauluskathedraal (Sint-Petersburg)">Petrus en Pauluskathedraal</a> in Sint-Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De troonopvolging in ballingschap werd vanaf 1924 geclaimd door de derde in lijn van opvolging <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Vladimirovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Kirill Vladimirovitsj van Rusland">Kirill</a>. In 1938 stierf hij en werd opgevolgd door zijn zoon <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kirillovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Vladimir Kirillovitsj van Rusland">Vladimir</a>. Nadat deze in 1992 was gestorven ontstond er onenigheid over de opvolging, waardoor er sindsdien twee kandidaten zijn; <a href="/wiki/Maria_Vladimirovna_van_Rusland" title="Maria Vladimirovna van Rusland">Maria Vladimirovna</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaj_Romanovitsj_Romanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaj Romanovitsj Romanov (de pagina bestaat niet)">Nikolaj</a>, die beiden op basis van de huisregels van de Romanovs beweren de rechtmatige troonopvolg(st)er te zijn. </p><p>Op 14 augustus 2000 werden Nicolaas, zijn vrouw en kinderen door de <a href="/wiki/Russisch-Orthodoxe_Kerk" title="Russisch-Orthodoxe Kerk">Russisch-Orthodoxe Kerk</a> tot <a href="/wiki/Strastoterpets" title="Strastoterpets">strastoterpets</a> (lijdendulders) verklaard, nadat de <a href="/wiki/Russisch-Orthodoxe_Kerk_in_het_Buitenland" title="Russisch-Orthodoxe Kerk in het Buitenland">Russisch-Orthodoxe Kerk in het Buitenland</a> hen al in 1978 als martelaren heilig had verklaard. Hun feestdag is op 4 juli. Op de plaats waar hun lichamen in de mijnschacht werden gegooid bevindt zich nu het <a href="/wiki/Klooster_van_de_heilige_koninklijke_lijdendulders" title="Klooster van de heilige koninklijke lijdendulders">klooster van de heilige koninklijke lijdendulders</a>. </p><p>Op 1 oktober 2008 verleende het Russische hooggerechtshof eerherstel aan Nicolaas II en zijn familie. Zij werden aangemerkt als slachtoffers van politieke onderdrukking nadat dit jarenlang geweigerd was. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kwartierstaat">Kwartierstaat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Kwartierstaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Kwartierstaat"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border:0px; padding:5px; border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:separate; font-size:80%;"><tbody><tr align="center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I,_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_(Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I%2C_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_%28Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I%2C_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_%28Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I%2C_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_%28Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I%2C_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_%28Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I%2C_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_%28Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I%2C_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_%28Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_I_van_Rusland" title="Nicolaas I van Rusland">Nicolaas I van Rusland</a> <br /> (1796–1855)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:pink;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Alexandra_Feodorovna_of_Russia_(Order_of_Maria_Luisa).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Alexandra_Feodorovna_of_Russia_%28Order_of_Maria_Luisa%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Alexandra_Feodorovna_of_Russia_%28Order_of_Maria_Luisa%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Alexandra_Feodorovna_of_Russia_%28Order_of_Maria_Luisa%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Alexandra_Feodorovna_of_Russia_%28Order_of_Maria_Luisa%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Alexandra_Feodorovna_of_Russia_%28Order_of_Maria_Luisa%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Alexandra_Feodorovna_of_Russia_%28Order_of_Maria_Luisa%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_van_Pruisen_(1798-1860)" title="Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)">Charlotte van Pruisen</a> <br /> (1798-1860)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg/45px-Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_II_van_Hessen-Darmstadt" title="Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt">Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt</a> <br /> (1777-1848)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:pink;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Arms_of_the_house_of_Baden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Arms_of_the_house_of_Baden.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Baden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Arms_of_the_house_of_Baden.svg/45px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Baden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Arms_of_the_house_of_Baden.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Baden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_van_Baden" title="Wilhelmina van Baden">Wilhelmina van Baden</a> <br /> (1788-1836)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Coa_House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coa_House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg.png/30px-Coa_House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coa_House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg.png/45px-Coa_House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coa_House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg.png/60px-Coa_House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="638" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Willem_van_Sleeswijk-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg" title="Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg"> Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk-<br />Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg</a> <br /> (1785-1831)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:pink;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg/45px-Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <br /> Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel <br /> (1789-1867)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_(1815-1866).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg/45px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Hessen-Kassel" title="Willem van Hessen-Kassel">Willem van Hessen-Kassel</a> <br /> (1787-1867)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:pink;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Royal_Arms_of_Norway_%26_Denmark_(1559-1699).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Royal_Arms_of_Norway_%26_Denmark_%281559-1699%29.svg/32px-Royal_Arms_of_Norway_%26_Denmark_%281559-1699%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Royal_Arms_of_Norway_%26_Denmark_%281559-1699%29.svg/48px-Royal_Arms_of_Norway_%26_Denmark_%281559-1699%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Royal_Arms_of_Norway_%26_Denmark_%281559-1699%29.svg/64px-Royal_Arms_of_Norway_%26_Denmark_%281559-1699%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Louise_Charlotte_van_Denemarken" title="Louise Charlotte van Denemarken">Louise Charlotte van Denemarken</a> <br /> (1789-1864)</td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px dashed; border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px dashed; border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px dashed; border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px dashed; border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr align="center"><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I,_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_(Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I%2C_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_%28Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I%2C_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_%28Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I%2C_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_%28Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I%2C_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_%28Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I%2C_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_%28Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_I%2C_Nicholas_I_and_Alexander_II_of_Russia_%28Orden_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_van_Rusland" title="Alexander II van Rusland">Alexander II van Rusland</a> <br /> (1818–1881)</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:pink;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Lesser_CoA_of_the_empress_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lesser_CoA_of_the_empress_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia.svg/60px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_empress_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lesser_CoA_of_the_empress_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia.svg/90px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_empress_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lesser_CoA_of_the_empress_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia.svg/120px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_empress_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1013" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Marie_van_Hessen-Darmstadt_(1824-1880)" title="Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)">Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt</a> <br /> (1824-1880)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Royal_Crown_of_Denmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Royal_Crown_of_Denmark.svg/25px-Royal_Crown_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Royal_Crown_of_Denmark.svg/38px-Royal_Crown_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Royal_Crown_of_Denmark.svg/50px-Royal_Crown_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="284" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Royal_arms_of_Denmark_(1819%E2%80%931903).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_arms_of_Denmark_%281819%E2%80%931903%29.svg/32px-Royal_arms_of_Denmark_%281819%E2%80%931903%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_arms_of_Denmark_%281819%E2%80%931903%29.svg/48px-Royal_arms_of_Denmark_%281819%E2%80%931903%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_arms_of_Denmark_%281819%E2%80%931903%29.svg/64px-Royal_arms_of_Denmark_%281819%E2%80%931903%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_IX_van_Denemarken" title="Christiaan IX van Denemarken">Christiaan IX van Denemarken</a> <br /> (1818-1906)</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:pink;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Coat_of_Arms_of_Louise_of_Hesse-Cassel,_Queen_of_Denmark_(Order_of_Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Louise_of_Hesse-Cassel%2C_Queen_of_Denmark_%28Order_of_Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa%29.svg/37px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Louise_of_Hesse-Cassel%2C_Queen_of_Denmark_%28Order_of_Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Louise_of_Hesse-Cassel%2C_Queen_of_Denmark_%28Order_of_Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa%29.svg/56px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Louise_of_Hesse-Cassel%2C_Queen_of_Denmark_%28Order_of_Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Louise_of_Hesse-Cassel%2C_Queen_of_Denmark_%28Order_of_Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa%29.svg/74px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Louise_of_Hesse-Cassel%2C_Queen_of_Denmark_%28Order_of_Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Louise_van_Hessen-Kassel" title="Louise van Hessen-Kassel">Louise van Hessen-Kassel</a> <br /> (1817-1898)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_(Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_%28Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_%28Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_%28Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_%28Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_%28Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_%28Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_van_Rusland" title="Alexander III van Rusland">Alexander III van Rusland</a> <br /> (1845–1894)</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:pink;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Maria_Feodorovna_of_Russia_(Order_of_Queen_Maria_Luisa).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Maria_Feodorovna_of_Russia_%28Order_of_Queen_Maria_Luisa%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Maria_Feodorovna_of_Russia_%28Order_of_Queen_Maria_Luisa%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Maria_Feodorovna_of_Russia_%28Order_of_Queen_Maria_Luisa%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Maria_Feodorovna_of_Russia_%28Order_of_Queen_Maria_Luisa%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Maria_Feodorovna_of_Russia_%28Order_of_Queen_Maria_Luisa%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Empress_Maria_Feodorovna_of_Russia_%28Order_of_Queen_Maria_Luisa%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="1055" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dagmar_van_Denemarken_(1847-1928)" title="Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)">Dagmar van Denemarken</a> <br /> (1847-1928)</td></tr><tr align="center"><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; 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height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 1em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr><tr align="center"><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid;"><div style="width: 1em; height: 1em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:white;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_(Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_%28Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_%28Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_%28Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_%28Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_%28Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_III_and_Nicholas_II_of_Russia_%28Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span> <br /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolaas II van Rusland</a> <br /> (1868–1918)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:white;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="612" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland">Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland</a> <br /> (1869-1870)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:white;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="612" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Georgi Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland">Georgi Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland</a> <br /> (1871-1899)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:pink;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg/45px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg/68px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg/90px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="752" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Xenia_Aleksandrovna_van_Rusland" title="Xenia Aleksandrovna van Rusland">Xenia Aleksandrovna van Rusland</a> <br /> (1875-1960)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:white;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="612" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland">Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland</a> <br /> (1878-1918)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid var(--color-emphasized,#000); padding: 0.2em; color:#202122; background:pink;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg/45px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg/68px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg/90px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_daughters_of_the_emperor_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="752" /></a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Olga_Aleksandrovna_van_Rusland" title="Olga Aleksandrovna van Rusland">Olga Aleksandrovna van Rusland</a> <br /> (1882-1960)</td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Tsaar. De verdwenen wereld van Nicolaas en Alexandra</i>, vertaald uit het <a href="/wiki/Engels" title="Engels">Engels</a> door <a href="/wiki/Pim_van_der_Meiden" title="Pim van der Meiden">Pim van der Meiden</a> in 1995, 230 blz., uitgeverij De Bataafsche Leeuw, Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9067073806" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-6707-380-6</a> <ul><li>vertaling van <i>Tsar: The Lost World of Nicholas and Alexandra</i> door <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kurth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Kurth (de pagina bestaat niet)">Peter Kurth</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edvard_Radzinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edvard Radzinsky (de pagina bestaat niet)">Edvard Radzinsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>De laatste Tsaar; het drama van Nicolaas 2</i>, vertaald uit het Engels door <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_van_der_Wijk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap van der Wijk (de pagina bestaat niet)">Jaap van der Wijk</a> in 1993, 448 blz., uitgeverij Balans, Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9050182038" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-5018-203-8</a> <ul><li>vertaling van <i>The last tsar, the life and death of Nicolas 2</i> door Edvard Radzinsky</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathedraal_op_het_bloed" title="Kathedraal op het bloed">Kathedraal op het bloed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russische_kerk_(Nice)" title="Russische kerk (Nice)">Russische kerk (Nice)</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolaas II had de volgende titels: "<i>keizer en autocraat van heel Rusland, van Moskou, Kiev, Vladimir en Novgorod; tsaar van Astrachan, tsaar van Polen, tsaar van Siberië, tsaar van de Taurische Chersonesus en tsaar van Georgië; heer van Pskov; grootvorst van Smolensk, Litouwen, Wolynië, Podolië en Finland; vorst van Estland, Lijfland, Koerland, Semigal, Samogitië, Belostok, Karelië, Tver, Joegrië, Perm, Vjatka, Bulgarije en andere gebieden; heer en grootvorst van Nizjni Novgorod, Tsjernigov, Rjazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Jaroslav, Belo-Ozero, Oedorië, Obdorië, Kondinië, Vitebsk, Mstislavl en heerser van alle noordelijke gebieden; heer en soeverein van de gebieden van Iberia, Kartli en Kabardino en van de Armeense provincie; erfheer en opperleenheer van de Tsjerkessische vorsten, vorsten van de hooglanden en anderen; heer van Turkestan; erfgenaam van de troon van Noorwegen; hertog van Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, de Dithmarschen en Oldenburg.</i>" Bron: Orlando Figes: <i>Tragedie van een volk: De Russische Revolutie 1891-1924</i>; 1996; Tweede Nederlandse druk van 2008; voetnoot op bladzijde 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/case-closed-famous-royals-suffered-hemophilia">Case Closed: Famous Royals Suffered From Hemophilia</a>. <i>www.science.org</i>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2022-02-20">20 februari 2022</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">E.Radzinsky</span> (1992), <i>De Laatste Tsaar</i>, Uitgeverij Balans, Amsterdam, blz. 105,112,113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VoR-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VoR_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voiceofrussia.com/radio_broadcast/2248959/2316880/">The reign of Nicholas II, Russia's last emperor</a>, The Voice of Russia, 19 mei 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Volgens de destijds in Rusland gangbare <a href="/wiki/Juliaanse_kalender" title="Juliaanse kalender">juliaanse kalender</a>, volgens de <a href="/wiki/Gregoriaanse_kalender" title="Gregoriaanse kalender">gregoriaanse kalender</a> op 8 maart</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">15 maart <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_en_New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style en New Style">nieuwe stijl</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncbi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ncbi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncbi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3205009/">The identification of the Romanovs: Can we (finally) put the controversies to rest?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/133725.stm">BBC NEWS | Europe | Romanovs laid to rest</a>. <i>news.bbc.co.uk</i>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-03-03">3 maart 2021</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.standaard.be/cnt/eg1ri0dd">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nu.nl/wetenschap/1548994/laatste-kinderen-russische-tsaar-gevonden.html">Laatste kinderen Russische tsaar gevonden</a>, NU.nl, 1 mei 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Brigit Katz</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/dna-analysis-confirms-authenticity-remains-attributed-romanovs-180969674/">DNA Analysis Confirms Authenticity of Romanovs' Remains</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305232416/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/dna-analysis-confirms-authenticity-remains-attributed-romanovs-180969674/">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-03-05">5 maart 2021</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-03-03">3 maart 2021</span>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud 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title="Ivan IV van Rusland">Ivan IV de Verschrikkelijke</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fjodor_I_van_Rusland" title="Fjodor I van Rusland">Fjodor I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godoenov" title="Boris Godoenov">Boris Godoenov</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fjodor_II_van_Rusland" title="Fjodor II van Rusland">Fjodor II</a> · <a href="/wiki/Valse_Dimitri_I" title="Valse Dimitri I">Valse Dimitri I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV_van_Rusland" title="Vasili IV van Rusland">Vasili IV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wladislaus_Wasa" title="Wladislaus Wasa">Wladislaus I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_I_van_Rusland" title="Michaël I van Rusland">Michaël I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_van_Rusland" title="Alexis van Rusland">Alexis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fjodor_III_van_Rusland" title="Fjodor III van Rusland">Fjodor III</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_van_Rusland" title="Ivan V van Rusland">Ivan V</a> · <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_van_Rusland" title="Peter I van Rusland">Peter I de Grote</a> · <a href="/wiki/Catharina_I_van_Rusland" 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolaas II</a> </p> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862"><div class="navigatie mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Bibliografische informatie" data-collapsetext="Inklappen" data-expandtext="Uitklappen"><div id="Bibliografische_informatie" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bibliografische_informatie" title="Wikipedia:Bibliografische informatie">Bibliografische informatie</a></div><div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content plainlist ta-left"><ul style="column-width:36em"><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibsys">Bibsys</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90349717">90349717</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">Biblioteca Nacional de Chile</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000047208">000047208</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1024631">XX1024631</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950255q">cb11950255q</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950255q">(data)</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A0leg_d%27autoritats_de_noms_i_t%C3%ADtols_de_Catalunya" title="Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya">Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058529999006706">981058529999006706</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02102726?l=en">DA02102726</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11873492X">11873492X</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">International Standard Name Identifier</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000121272687">0000 0001 2127 2687</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/KulturNav" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582469">10582469</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheek_van_het_Japanse_parlement" title="Bibliotheek van het Japanse parlement">Bibliotheek van het Japanse parlement</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621214">00621214</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Tsjechi%C3%AB" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië">Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701236&CON_LNG=ENG">jn20000701236</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_bibliotheek_van_Australi%C3%AB" title="Nationale bibliotheek van Australië">Nationale bibliotheek van Australië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35386281">35386281</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël">Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266074505171">987007266074505171</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Polen" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Polen">Nationale Bibliotheek van Polen</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000001181115">a0000001181115</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_en_Universitaire_bibliotheek_Zagreb" title="Nationale en Universitaire bibliotheek Zagreb">Nationale en Universitaire bibliotheek Zagreb</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="Virtual International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34465066">34465066</a></span></li><li><b></b> <b><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></b> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/34465066">34465066</a></li></ul></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&oldid=68359245">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_II_van_Rusland&oldid=68359245</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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Burgeroorlog">Persoon in de Russische Burgeroorlog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Huis_Romanov" title="Categorie:Huis Romanov">Huis Romanov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Ridder_in_de_Orde_van_de_Witte_Adelaar" title="Categorie:Ridder in de Orde van de Witte Adelaar">Ridder in de Orde van de Witte Adelaar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Russisch_persoon_in_de_Eerste_Wereldoorlog" title="Categorie:Russisch persoon in de Eerste Wereldoorlog">Russisch persoon in de Eerste Wereldoorlog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Tsaar_van_Rusland" title="Categorie:Tsaar van Rusland">Tsaar van Rusland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Vermoord_heerser" title="Categorie:Vermoord heerser">Vermoord heerser</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Persoon_in_de_19e_eeuw" title="Categorie:Persoon in de 19e eeuw">Persoon in de 19e eeuw</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a 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