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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_Navy_(1662–1836)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Navy_(1662–1836)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Royal Navy (1662–1836) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Navy_(1662–1836)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1.2 Entry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_background_and_uniform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_background_and_uniform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1.3 Social background and uniform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_background_and_uniform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duties_and_promotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties_and_promotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1.4 Duties and promotion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duties_and_promotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Navy_(1794–1845)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Navy_(1794–1845)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 United States Navy (1794–1845) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Navy_(1794–1845)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadet_officer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadet_officer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Cadet officer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadet_officer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_Navy_from_1836" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Navy_from_1836"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Royal Navy from 1836 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Navy_from_1836-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Navy_from_1845" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Navy_from_1845"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 United States Navy from 1845 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Navy_from_1845-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_navies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_navies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Commonwealth navies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_navies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snotty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid%C5%9Dipmano" title="Midŝipmano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Midŝipmano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ناوآموز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناوآموز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Midshipman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelboarst" title="Adelboarst – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Adelboarst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perwira_muda" title="Perwira muda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perwira muda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Midshipman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_(%D7%A6%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99)" title="פרח קצונה (צי מלחמתי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרח קצונה (צי מלחמתי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegawai_Kadet_Kanan" title="Pegawai Kadet Kanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pegawai Kadet Kanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelborst" title="Adelborst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adelborst" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Officer cadet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Midshipman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Midshipman (disambiguation)">Midshipman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks mw-collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">Comparative military ranks</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <table class="infobox-subbox infobox-3cols-child infobox-table"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> Armies, air forces (non-Commonwealth)</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> Navies, coast guards</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> Air forces (Commonwealth system)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General officers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">Flag officers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_officer" title="Air officer">Air officers</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">Field marshal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">Captain general</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_fleet" title="Admiral of the fleet">Admiral of the fleet</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_air_force" title="Marshal of the air force">Marshal of the air force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colonel_general" title="Colonel general">colonel general</a> or <a href="/wiki/Army_general" title="Army general">army general</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air chief marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">Lieutenant general</a> or <a href="/wiki/Army_corps_general" title="Army corps general">army corps general</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral" title="Vice admiral">Vice admiral</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Air_marshal" title="Air marshal">Air marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major general</a> or <a href="/wiki/Divisional_general" title="Divisional general">divisional general</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral">Rear admiral</a> or <a href="/wiki/Counter_admiral" title="Counter admiral">Counter admiral</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Air_vice-marshal" title="Air vice-marshal">Air vice-marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(rank)" title="Commodore (rank)">Commodore</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flotilla_admiral" title="Flotilla admiral">flotilla admiral</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Air_commodore" title="Air commodore">Air commodore</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Senior_officer" title="Senior officer">Senior officers</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(naval)" title="Captain (naval)">(Ship-of-the-line) Captain</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Group_captain" title="Group captain">Group captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">Lieutenant colonel</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Frigate_captain" title="Frigate captain">Frigate captain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">Commander</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Wing_commander" title="Wing commander">Wing commander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commandant_(rank)" title="Commandant (rank)">commandant</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Corvette_captain" title="Corvette captain">Corvette captain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander" title="Lieutenant commander">Lieutenant commander</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Squadron_leader" title="Squadron leader">Squadron leader</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Junior_officer" title="Junior officer">Junior officers</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(armed_forces)" title="Captain (armed forces)">Captain</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">Lieutenant</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Flight_lieutenant" title="Flight lieutenant">Flight lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant" title="First lieutenant">First lieutenant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">Lieutenant junior grade</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sub-lieutenant" title="Sub-lieutenant">sub-lieutenant</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Flying_officer" title="Flying officer">Flying officer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">Second lieutenant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Junior_lieutenant" title="Junior lieutenant">junior lieutenant</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">Ensign</a> or <a class="mw-selflink selflink">midshipman</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Pilot_officer" title="Pilot officer">Pilot officer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">Officer cadet</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">Officer cadet</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Flight_cadet" title="Flight cadet">Flight cadet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">Non-commissioned officers</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer" title="Warrant officer">Warrant officer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sergeant_major" title="Sergeant major">sergeant major</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer" title="Warrant officer">Warrant officer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chief_petty_officer" title="Chief petty officer">chief petty officer</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer" title="Warrant officer">Warrant officer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Petty_officer" title="Petty officer">Petty officer</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">Enlisted ranks</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">Corporal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_(rank)" title="Bombardier (rank)">bombardier</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Leading_seaman" title="Leading seaman">Leading seaman</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">Corporal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Lance_corporal" title="Lance corporal">Lance corporal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lance_bombardier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lance bombardier">Lance bombardier</a> or <a href="/wiki/Specialist_(rank)" title="Specialist (rank)">Specialist</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Able_seaman_(rank)" title="Able seaman (rank)">Able seaman</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Leading_aircraftman" title="Leading aircraftman">Leading aircraftman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Air_specialist" title="Air specialist">Air specialist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">Private</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gunner_(rank)" title="Gunner (rank)">gunner</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trooper_(rank)" title="Trooper (rank)">trooper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sapper#Specific_usage" title="Sapper">sapper</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <a href="/wiki/Seaman_(rank)" title="Seaman (rank)">Seaman</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <a href="/wiki/Aircraftman" title="Aircraftman">Aircraftman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">airman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aircraftman" title="Aircraftman">aviator</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding:0 2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_ranks" title="Template:Military ranks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_ranks" title="Template talk:Military ranks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_ranks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Naval officer ranks</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: LightSteelBlue"> <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">Flag officers</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_fleet" title="Admiral of the fleet">Admiral of the fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_admiral" title="Grand admiral">Grand admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_admiral" title="General admiral">General admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral" title="Vice admiral">Vice admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadron_admiral" title="Squadron admiral">Squadron admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant admiral">Lieutenant admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral">Rear admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral-superintendent" title="Admiral-superintendent">Admiral-superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_admiral" title="Port admiral">Port admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_admiral" title="Counter admiral">Counter admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisional_admiral" title="Divisional admiral">Divisional admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_(rank)" title="Commodore (rank)">Commodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotilla_admiral" title="Flotilla admiral">Flotilla admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schout-bij-nacht" title="Schout-bij-nacht">Schout-bij-nacht</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: LightSteelBlue"> Senior officers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_(naval)" title="Captain (naval)">Captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_at_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain at sea">Captain at sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_of_sea_and_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain of sea and war">Captain of sea and war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_captain" title="Flag captain">Flag captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_captain" title="Fleet captain">Fleet captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-captain" title="Post-captain">Post-captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship-of-the-line_captain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship-of-the-line captain">Ship-of-the-line captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate_captain" title="Frigate captain">Frigate captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette_captain" title="Corvette captain">Corvette captain</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: LightSteelBlue"> Junior officers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_lieutenant" title="Captain lieutenant">Captain lieutenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander" title="Lieutenant commander">Lieutenant commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">Lieutenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship-of-the-line_lieutenant" title="Ship-of-the-line lieutenant">Ship-of-the-line lieutenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate_lieutenant" title="Frigate lieutenant">Frigate lieutenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">Lieutenant junior-grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-lieutenant" title="Sub-lieutenant">Sub-lieutenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette_lieutenant" title="Corvette lieutenant">Corvette lieutenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">Ensign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Midshipman</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navalranks" title="Template:Navalranks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navalranks" title="Template talk:Navalranks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navalranks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navalranks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A midshipman is an officer of the lowest <a href="/wiki/Military_rank#Subordinate/student_officer" title="Military rank">rank</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> navies. Commonwealth countries which use the rank include <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Canada</a> (Naval Cadet), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Navy" title="Namibian Navy">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Navy" title="South African Navy">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Navy" title="Republic of Singapore Navy">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Navy" title="Kenya Navy">Kenya</a>. In the 17th century, a midshipman was a <a href="/wiki/Naval_rating" title="Naval rating">rating</a> for an experienced seaman, and the word derives from the area aboard a ship, <a href="/wiki/Amidships" class="mw-redirect" title="Amidships">amidships</a>, either where he worked on the ship, or where he was <a href="/wiki/Berth_(sleeping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berth (sleeping)">berthed</a>. Beginning in the 18th century, a commissioned officer candidate was rated as a midshipman, and the seaman rating began to slowly die out. By the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a> (1793–1815), a midshipman was an apprentice officer who had at least nominally served at least three years as a volunteer, officer's servant or <a href="/wiki/Able_seaman" title="Able seaman">able seaman</a>, and was roughly equivalent to a present-day <a href="/wiki/Petty_officer" title="Petty officer">petty officer</a> in rank and responsibilities. After serving at least three years as a midshipman or <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_mate" title="Master's mate">master's mate</a>, he was eligible to take the examination for <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">lieutenant</a>. Promotion to lieutenant was not automatic, and many midshipmen took positions as master's mates for an increase in pay and responsibility aboard ship. Midshipmen in the United States Navy were trained and served similarly to midshipmen in the Royal Navy, although unlike their counterparts in the Royal Navy, a midshipman was a <a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer" title="Warrant officer">warrant officer</a> rank until 1912. During the 19th century, changes in the training of naval officers in both the Royal Navy and the United States Navy led to the replacement of apprenticeship aboard ships with formal schooling in a <a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">naval college</a>. Midshipman began to mean an officer cadet at a naval college. Trainees now spent around four years in a college and two years at sea prior to promotion to commissioned officer rank. Between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries, time at sea declined to less than a year as the entry age was increased from 12 to 18. Ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in many other navies. Using US midshipman or pre-fleet board UK midshipman as the basis for comparison, the equivalent rank would be a naval cadet in training to become a junior commissioned officer. Using post-fleet board UK midshipman for comparison, the rank would be the most junior commissioned officer in the rank structure, and similar to a US ensign in role and responsibility. In many <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a>, the literal translation of the local term for "midshipman" into English is "Navy Guard", including the French garde marine, Spanish guardia marina, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> guarda-marinha, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> guardiamarina. Today, these ranks all refer to naval cadets, but historically they were selected by the monarchy, and were trained mostly on land as soldiers. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apprentice_officers">Apprentice officers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Apprentice officers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_Navy_(1662–1836)">Royal Navy (1662–1836)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Royal Navy (1662–1836)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Origins">Origins</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Rowlandson-midship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A full size portrait of a boy with long golden hair wearing the uniform of a midshipman: a bicorne hat, a blue tails coat with white patches on the collar, a white waistcoat, breeches and hose, and a sword on the left side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thomas_Rowlandson-midship.jpg/170px-Thomas_Rowlandson-midship.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thomas_Rowlandson-midship.jpg/255px-Thomas_Rowlandson-midship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thomas_Rowlandson-midship.jpg/340px-Thomas_Rowlandson-midship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Midshipman of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1799),<a href="#cite_note-NMMImage-1">[1]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Thomas Rowlandson</a></figcaption></figure> The rank of midshipman originated during the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_period_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart period (England)">Stuart</a> eras, and originally referred to a post for an experienced seaman promoted from the ordinary deck hands, who worked in between the <a href="/wiki/Main-mast" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-mast">main</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizzen_mast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizzen mast">mizzen</a> masts and had more responsibility than an ordinary seaman, but was not a military officer or an officer in training.<a href="#cite_note-Penn34-2">[2]</a> The first published use of the term midshipman was in 1662.<a href="#cite_note-oed-3">[3]</a> The word derives from an area aboard a ship, <a href="/wiki/Amidships" class="mw-redirect" title="Amidships">amidships</a>, but it refers either to the location where midshipmen worked on the ship,<a href="#cite_note-Penn34-2">[2]</a> or the location where midshipmen were <a href="/wiki/Berth_(sleeping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berth (sleeping)">berthed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dictionary-4">[4]</a> By the 18th century, four types of midshipman existed: midshipman (original rating), <a href="/wiki/Midshipman_extraordinary" title="Midshipman extraordinary">midshipman extraordinary</a>, midshipman (apprentice officer), and <a href="/wiki/Midshipman_ordinary" title="Midshipman ordinary">midshipman ordinary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lewis217-5">[5]</a> Some midshipmen were older men, and while most were officer candidates who failed to pass the lieutenant examination or were passed over for promotion, some members of the original rating served, as late as 1822, alongside apprentice officers without themselves aspiring to a commission.<a href="#cite_note-Penn8-6">[6]</a> By 1794, all midshipmen were considered officer candidates, and the original rating was phased out.<a href="#cite_note-Words-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Entry">Entry</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Entry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_William_Baynton_by_Thomas_Hickey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Henry_William_Baynton_by_Thomas_Hickey.jpg/260px-Henry_William_Baynton_by_Thomas_Hickey.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Henry_William_Baynton_by_Thomas_Hickey.jpg/390px-Henry_William_Baynton_by_Thomas_Hickey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Henry_William_Baynton_by_Thomas_Hickey.jpg/520px-Henry_William_Baynton_by_Thomas_Hickey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="2198" /></a><figcaption>Midshipman Henry William Baynton aged 13 (in 1780), by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hickey_(painter)" title="Thomas Hickey (painter)">Thomas Hickey</a></figcaption></figure> Beginning in 1661, boys who aspired to become officers were sent by their families to serve on ships with a "letter of service" from the crown, and were paid at the same rate as midshipmen.<a href="#cite_note-Davies16-8">[8]</a> The letter instructed the admirals and captains that the bearer was to be shown "such kindness as you shall judge fit for a gentleman, both in accommodating him in your ship and in furthering his improvement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911423-9">[9]</a> Their official rating was <a href="/wiki/Volunteer-per-order" title="Volunteer-per-order">volunteer-per-order</a>, but they were often known as King's letter boys, to distinguish their higher social class from the original midshipman rating.<a href="#cite_note-Davies16-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Penn1011-10">[10]</a> Beginning in 1677, Royal Navy regulations for promotion to lieutenant required service as a midshipman, and promotion to midshipman required some time at sea.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis221-11">[11]</a> By the Napoleonic era, the regulations required at least three years of services as a midshipman or <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_mate" title="Master's mate">master's mate</a> and six years of total sea time.<a href="#cite_note-lavery89-12">[12]</a> Sea time was earned in various ways, most boys served this period at sea in any lower rating,<a href="#cite_note-band-13">[13]</a> either as a servant of one of the ship's officers, a volunteer, or a seaman.<a href="#cite_note-lavery89-12">[12]</a> By the 1730s, the rating volunteer-per-order was phased out and replaced with a system where prospective midshipmen served as servants for officers. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(naval)" title="Captain (naval)">captain</a> was allowed four servants for every 100 men aboard his ship; many of these servants were young men destined to become officers.<a href="#cite_note-lavery90-14">[14]</a> In 1729, the Royal Naval Academy in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> – renamed the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Academy" title="Royal Naval Academy">Royal Naval College</a> in 1806 – was founded, for 40 students aged between 13 and 16, who would take three years to complete a course of study defined in an illustrated book, and would earn two years of sea time as part of their studies.<a href="#cite_note-lewis217-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-lavery89-12">[12]</a> The rating of midshipman-by-order, or midshipman ordinary, was used specifically for graduates of the Royal Naval College, to distinguish them from midshipmen who had served aboard ship, who were paid more.<a href="#cite_note-lewis217-5">[5]</a> The school was unpopular in the Navy, because officers enjoyed the privilege of having servants and preferred the traditional method of training officers via apprenticeship.<a href="#cite_note-lavery90-14">[14]</a> In 1794, officers' servants were abolished and a new class of volunteers called 'volunteer class I' was created for boys between the ages of 11 and 13 who were considered future midshipmen and lived in the gunroom on a <a href="/wiki/Ship-of-the-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship-of-the-line">ship-of-the-line</a> or with the midshipmen on a <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> or smaller vessel.<a href="#cite_note-lavery90-14">[14]</a> Volunteers were paid £6 per year.<a href="#cite_note-lavery90-14">[14]</a> By 1816, the rating of midshipman ordinary was phased out, and all apprentice officers were rated as midshipmen.<a href="#cite_note-lewis217-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Social_background_and_uniform">Social background and uniform</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social background and uniform">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Midshipman_John_Windham_Dalling,_RN_(c_1800)_by_George_Henry_Harlow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Portrait_of_Midshipman_John_Windham_Dalling%2C_RN_%28c_1800%29_by_George_Henry_Harlow.jpg/260px-Portrait_of_Midshipman_John_Windham_Dalling%2C_RN_%28c_1800%29_by_George_Henry_Harlow.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Portrait_of_Midshipman_John_Windham_Dalling%2C_RN_%28c_1800%29_by_George_Henry_Harlow.jpg/390px-Portrait_of_Midshipman_John_Windham_Dalling%2C_RN_%28c_1800%29_by_George_Henry_Harlow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Portrait_of_Midshipman_John_Windham_Dalling%2C_RN_%28c_1800%29_by_George_Henry_Harlow.jpg/520px-Portrait_of_Midshipman_John_Windham_Dalling%2C_RN_%28c_1800%29_by_George_Henry_Harlow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Midshipman John Windham Dalling (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800), by <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Harlow" title="George Henry Harlow">George Henry Harlow</a></figcaption></figure> In the 18th century Royal Navy, rank and position on board ship was defined by a mix of two hierarchies, an official hierarchy of ranks and a conventionally recognized social divide between <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentlemen">gentlemen</a> and non-gentlemen.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis228-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[A 1]</a> Boys aspiring for a commission were often called <a href="/wiki/Young_gentlemen" title="Young gentlemen">young gentlemen</a> instead of their <a href="/wiki/War_substantive" class="mw-redirect" title="War substantive">substantive</a> rating to distinguish their higher social standing from the ordinary sailors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911423-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-illustrated2005-19">[18]</a> Generally, aboard most warships common seamen berthed in the <a href="/wiki/Gundeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundeck">gundeck</a>, while officers were quartered at the stern. Occasionally, a midshipman would be posted aboard a ship in a lower rating such as <a href="/wiki/Able_seaman" title="Able seaman">able seaman</a> but would eat and sleep with his social equals in the <a href="/wiki/Cockpit_(sailing)" title="Cockpit (sailing)">cockpit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis267-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[A 2]</a> Approximately 50 percent of midshipmen were the sons of professional men, which included the sons of naval officers, and there were notable sailing families throughout the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">Saumarez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood" title="Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood">Hood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Hyde_Parker,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Hyde Parker, 5th Baronet">Parker</a> families. The niceties of preferment and promotion made family connections an obvious advantage for prospective officers. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> formed the next largest group, about 27 percent of officers. The numbers were smaller, but similarly, their connections gave them excellent prospects for promotion, and they had a considerable influence on the Royal Navy. A notable member of this group was Prince William, later <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom#Early_life" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV</a>, who served as a midshipman from 1780 to 1785. The rest were from commercial or <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> backgrounds, and because of the advantages possessed by the nobility and professional sailors, their chances of promotion to lieutenant were slim.<a href="#cite_note-lavery90-14">[14]</a> Since most midshipmen were from the gentry or had family connections with sailing ships, many used their connections to have their names placed on a ship's books. The practice, known colloquially as "false muster" was common even though it was technically illegal and frowned upon.<a href="#cite_note-oedfalsemuster-23">[21]</a> This allowed some boys to be promoted to midshipmen, or in some cases lieutenant, without having completed the required amount of time at sea. A notable example was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a>, whose uncle had him entered at the age of five; his name was carried on various ships until he was 18 and received his commission.<a href="#cite_note-lavery89-12">[12]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_uniforms_of_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Navy uniforms of the 18th and 19th centuries">uniforms</a> were introduced in the Navy in 1748, midshipmen started wearing the same uniform as commissioned officers.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis221222-24">[22]</a> They also began wearing their traditional badge of rank, a white patch of cloth with a gold button and a twist of white cord on each side of the coat collar.<a href="#cite_note-Lavery108-25">[23]</a> The uniform emphasized that midshipmen were gentlemen and officers under instruction.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis221222-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Duties_and_promotion">Duties and promotion</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Duties and promotion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Passed_midshipman" title="Passed midshipman">Passed midshipman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_mate" title="Master's mate">Master's mate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sub-lieutenant" title="Sub-lieutenant">Sub-lieutenant</a></div> Midshipmen were expected to work on the ship, but were also expected to learn navigation and seamanship. They were expected to have learned already, as able seamen and volunteers, to rig sails, other duties included keeping watch, relaying messages between decks, supervising <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery#Naval_usage" title="Artillery battery">gun batteries</a>, commanding small boats, and taking command of a sub-division of the ship's company under the supervision of one of the lieutenants. On smaller ships, midshipmen were instructed by a senior master's mate, often a <a href="/wiki/Passed_midshipman" title="Passed midshipman">passed midshipman</a>, who taught them mathematics, navigation, and sailing lore. Larger ships would carry a <a href="/wiki/Schoolmaster" title="Schoolmaster">schoolmaster</a>, who was rated as a midshipman but usually was a civilian like the <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a>. Midshipmen were expected to keep detailed navigational logs, which were shown to the captain to assess their progress.<a href="#cite_note-lavery90-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NormalEntryCommissionRoute.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="From bottom to top, a boy would enter the Navy either at the Royal Naval Academy, or directly as a Volunteer 1st class, and serve at least three years before promotion to midshipman. A potential officer would have to serve as a midshipman, or a master's mate prior to taking the examination for lieutenant for another three years. A midshipman who passed the examination was not automatically promoted to lieutenant, but would either stay as a midshipman, titled passed midshipman, or take an appointment as a master's mate, styled passed master's mate, while awaiting promotion to lieutenant. Failed candidates also took appointments as master's mates, attempting to become masters instead of lieutenants. After 1861, candidates who passed the examination were promoted to sub-lieutenant." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/NormalEntryCommissionRoute.png/350px-NormalEntryCommissionRoute.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/NormalEntryCommissionRoute.png/525px-NormalEntryCommissionRoute.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/NormalEntryCommissionRoute.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Route to a commission in the Royal Navy, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1810<a href="#cite_note-lavery92-26">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> Prior to promotion to lieutenant, a commissioned officer candidate in the Royal Navy had to pass a formal examination. Officially, a prospective lieutenant was at least 19, and was expected to produce proof of his service, which would include certificates from his commanders and journals kept while a midshipman.<a href="#cite_note-nelson93-27">[25]</a> However, most midshipmen aspired to take the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">lieutenant</a> examination at age 17 or 18, and the typical age of a midshipman was between 15 and 22.<a href="#cite_note-band-13">[13]</a> The candidate was summoned before a board of three captains and questioned about <a href="/wiki/Seamanship" title="Seamanship">seamanship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a>. The board would ask questions such as: <blockquote> An enemy is observed; give orders for clearing your ship, and make all the necessary preparations for engaging.<a href="#cite_note-nelson93-27">[25]</a></blockquote> Like the board, which might be an ad hoc affair, the actual exam questions were not standardized and their content depended mostly on individual captains. In seamanship, the candidate was expected to be able to <a href="/wiki/Rope_splicing" title="Rope splicing">splice ropes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reefing" title="Reefing">reef a sail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">work a ship in sailing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shift_his_tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift his tides">shift his tides</a>. In navigation, he was expected to be able to keep a reckoning of the ship's way by <a href="/wiki/Plane_sailing" title="Plane sailing">plane sailing</a>, to use <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a> maps and <a href="/wiki/Navigation#Celestial_navigation" title="Navigation">observation of the sun and stars</a> to determine the course and position of the ship, and to understand the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">variation of the compass</a>. He was also expected to be qualified to do the duty of an <a href="/wiki/Able_seaman" title="Able seaman">able seaman</a> and midshipman.<a href="#cite_note-nelson93-27">[25]</a> Failure usually meant six more months of sea service before the examination could again be attempted. Some men never passed it. Successful completion made the midshipman a 'passed midshipman'.<a href="#cite_note-nelson93-27">[25]</a> From the 18th century until the second half of the 19th century, a midshipman in the Royal Navy who passed the lieutenant's examination did not automatically receive a commission. Midshipmen with political connections were promoted first, while others would wait their turn on a roster. During wartime, when large numbers of ships and men might be lost in battle, most passed midshipman would be promoted in a year or two, but during peacetime the wait might be so long that the midshipman would eventually be considered too old and lose his chance for a commission.<a href="#cite_note-YG185-28">[26]</a> Passed midshipmen awaiting promotion often elected to become master's mates, a high-ranking petty officer who assisted the <a href="/wiki/Master_(naval)" title="Master (naval)">master</a> with his duties, served on watch as deputy to the lieutenants, and commanded small boats.<a href="#cite_note-officerranks-29">[27]</a> A midshipman who became master's mate earned an increase in pay from £2 5s to £3 16s per month but initially reduced his chances at a commission because master's mates, along with masters, were assumed to have a working-class background.<a href="#cite_note-YG186-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis146-31">[29]</a> Over time, however, appointment to master's mate became considered a normal part of the path to a commission; the situation caused some confusion during the last part of the 18th century, when two parallel roles – master's mates trying to become masters, and former midshipmen working toward a commission – held the same title and responsibilities aboard ship.<a href="#cite_note-seaofficers-32">[30]</a> By the first years of the 19th century, the term 'mate', without the prefix master's, was used for <a href="/wiki/Passed_midshipman" title="Passed midshipman">passed midshipmen</a>, to distinguish them from master's mates who had not served as midshipmen. In 1824, the rating of master's assistant replaced master's mate, and mate continued to be used unofficially by passed midshipmen.<a href="#cite_note-YG186-30">[28]</a> These changes helped eliminate the confusion caused by the mingling of midshipmen in the navigator's branch.<a href="#cite_note-seaofficers-32">[30]</a> In 1838 a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>, presided over by the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>, recommended the institution of the rank of mate as an official step between midshipman and lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-YG188-33">[31]</a> In 1861 mate was abolished in favor of <a href="/wiki/Sub-lieutenant" title="Sub-lieutenant">sub-lieutenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YG188-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_Navy_(1794–1845)">United States Navy (1794–1845)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States Navy (1794–1845)">edit</a>]</div> When Congress created the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> in 1794, midshipman was listed as a rank of warrant officer in the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Act_of_1794" title="Naval Act of 1794">Naval Act of 1794</a>, and they were appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mid-warrant-34">[32]</a> Midshipmen had similar duties and responsibilities as in the Royal Navy, and were typically young men between the age of 14 and 22 in training to become a naval officer. "Passed midshipman" was first used in 1819, and was an official rank of the US Navy.<a href="#cite_note-Hamersly496-35">[33]</a> During the long period of peace between 1815 and 1846 midshipmen had few opportunities for promotion, and their warrants were often obtained via <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a>. The poor quality of officer training in the US Navy became visible after the <a href="/wiki/Somers_Affair" title="Somers Affair">Somers Affair</a>, an alleged <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> aboard the training ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Somers_(1842)" title="USS Somers (1842)">USS Somers</a> in 1842, and the subsequent execution of midshipman <a href="/wiki/Philip_Spencer_(sailor)" title="Philip Spencer (sailor)">Philip Spencer</a>. Spencer had gained his post aboard the Somers via the influence of his father, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">John C. Spencer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miller102-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadet_officer">Cadet officer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cadet officer">edit</a>]</div> This rank is used in Merchant Marine/Merchant Navy service. There are two types of cadet officer <ol><li>Deck Cadet</li> <li>Cadet Engineer</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ol> Cadet officer commonly used in maritime service. It's know as a Trainee officer on board a ship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_Navy_from_1836">Royal Navy from 1836</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Royal Navy from 1836">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Selborne-Fisher_scheme" title="Selborne-Fisher scheme">Selborne-Fisher scheme</a></div> The original <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Academy" title="Royal Naval Academy">Royal Naval College</a> closed in 1837, after which the only method for training midshipmen in the Royal Navy was aboard ships. In 1844 the rank of naval cadet was created, and to qualify as a midshipman a candidate had to be 14 years old, successfully pass an admiralty examination and have two years of service as a naval cadet or three years of service in the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-NavyList1844-37">[35]</a> A decline in qualified officers prompted the Navy to order training in a ship at anchor for all cadets, which began in 1857 aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Illustrious_(1803)" title="HMS Illustrious (1803)">HMS Illustrious</a>, which was replaced by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Britannia_(1820)" title="HMS Britannia (1820)">HMS Britannia</a> in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-YG37-38">[36]</a> Britannia was moved to <a href="/wiki/Portland_Harbour" title="Portland Harbour">Portland</a> in 1862, and to the present location of the <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College" title="Britannia Royal Naval College">Britannia Royal Naval College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth</a> in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-YG39-39">[37]</a> Beginning in the 1840s the normal entry age for executive officer cadets, those destined to command ships and fleets, was between 12 and 13, and instruction consisted of two years of classroom training, during which time trainees were rated as naval cadets.<a href="#cite_note-Pack4243-40">[38]</a> Cadets who received a first-class passing grade in studies, seamanship and conduct on their final examination could receive a credit for up to a year of sea time, and could be rated as midshipmen immediately after passing out of the college.<a href="#cite_note-Pack4243-40">[38]</a> After passing out of the college, cadets served aboard a special training vessel for one year.<a href="#cite_note-Pack4243-40">[38]</a> Cadets were then rated as midshipmen, and served aboard the fleet another two years. Midshipmen lived in the gunroom, kept watches, and ran the ship's boats. They received instruction in navigation every day. After five total years of training and having reached the age of 19, the midshipmen were eligible to take the examination for lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-OxIllHist-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamersly16-42">[40]</a> After passing the examination for lieutenant, midshipmen were commissioned as sub-lieutenants, and were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_College,_Greenwich" title="Royal Naval College, Greenwich">Royal Naval College, Greenwich</a>, which opened in 1873 as the 'University of the Navy'.<a href="#cite_note-OxIllHist-41">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Drewry_and_Wilfred_Malleson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photo of three young men wearing World War I midshipmen uniforms carrying supplies for a picnic on a beach with three ships in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/George_Drewry_and_Wilfred_Malleson.jpg/280px-George_Drewry_and_Wilfred_Malleson.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/George_Drewry_and_Wilfred_Malleson.jpg/420px-George_Drewry_and_Wilfred_Malleson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/George_Drewry_and_Wilfred_Malleson.jpg/560px-George_Drewry_and_Wilfred_Malleson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Midshipmen <a href="/wiki/George_Drewry" title="George Drewry">George Drewry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_St_Aubyn_Malleson" title="Wilfred St Aubyn Malleson">Wilfred Malleson</a>, and Greg Russell in April 1915.</figcaption></figure> Beginning in 1903, officer training of military and engineering students was reformed by the <a href="/wiki/Selborne-Fisher_scheme" title="Selborne-Fisher scheme">Selborne-Fisher scheme</a>, and engineering and executive officer candidates began to enter the Navy in the same way, which was termed 'Common Entry'.<a href="#cite_note-Penn122124-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[A 3]</a> Previously engineer cadets had been trained separately at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Engineering_College#Keyham_College" title="Royal Naval Engineering College">Royal Naval Engineering College, Keyham</a>, which was closed in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Penn122124-43">[41]</a> In 1903 a new preparatory college was opened at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_College,_Osborne" title="Royal Naval College, Osborne">Royal Naval College, Osborne</a>, in part of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s favorite residence but not a favorite of her successor <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Edward VII</a> who had presented it to the nation in 1902. Training initially consisted of two years at Osborne and two years at Dartmouth as cadets, later four years at Dartmouth, followed by approximately 3 years of sea duty as midshipmen prior to promotion to sub-lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-OxIllHist-41">[39]</a> In 1905 a new building was completed on shore to replace Britannia, which was named Britannia Royal Naval College.<a href="#cite_note-Davies12-46">[43]</a> In 1913, increasing demand for officers led to recruitment of 18-year-old graduates of <a href="/wiki/Independent_school_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a>, which was called 'Special Entry', and was conducted separately from Selborne scheme cadets.<a href="#cite_note-Pack195-47">[44]</a> Special entry cadets trained for approximately 6 months prior to service in the fleet as midshipmen.<a href="#cite_note-Pack195-47">[44]</a> When <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> began in 1914, all the cadets at Dartmouth were quickly mobilized as midshipmen in the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)">Reserve Fleet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies14-48">[45]</a> During the war, two midshipmen, <a href="/wiki/George_Leslie_Drewry" class="mw-redirect" title="George Leslie Drewry">George Drewry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_St_Aubyn_Malleson" title="Wilfred St Aubyn Malleson">Wilfred Malleson</a> were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>, the highest award of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> for gallantry, during the <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Cape_Helles" title="Landing at Cape Helles">Landing at Cape Helles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GallipoliVC-49">[46]</a> After World War I ended, opposition to the Selborne-Fisher scheme led to re-segregating executive and engineering officers into separate branches, while common entry and special entry were maintained.<a href="#cite_note-OxIllHist-41">[39]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> another series of reforms, influenced by the quality of officers produced by the special entry scheme and other nations' experience with training officer candidates in a university setting, were initiated to increase the quality of officers in the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-Davies16-8">[8]</a> In 1949 the entry age was increased to 16, and by 1955 the entry age was increased to 18 and entry required a minimum of two <a href="/wiki/A_level" class="mw-redirect" title="A level">A levels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies21-50">[47]</a> After 1957 midshipmen no longer served in the fleet.<a href="#cite_note-RNMidDef-51">[48]</a> In 1972, all cadets became midshipmen when the rank of cadet was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-Davies23-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_Navy_from_1845">United States Navy from 1845</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States Navy from 1845">edit</a>]</div> Congress formally authorized the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> in 1802, but it took almost 50 years to approve a similar school for naval officers.<a href="#cite_note-miller103-53">[50]</a> One major reason for the delay was that Navy leaders preferred the apprenticeship system, citing famous officers such as <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Nelson</a> and the captains of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> who did not attend a formal naval school.<a href="#cite_note-miller103-53">[50]</a> However, after the <a href="/wiki/Somers_Affair" title="Somers Affair">Somers Affair</a>, officers realized that the system for training officers had to change to be more efficient.<a href="#cite_note-miller103-53">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midshipman_Theodorus_B_M_Mason.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white drawing of the shoulders and head of young man wearing the uniform of a midshipman in the United States Navy c. 1868." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Midshipman_Theodorus_B_M_Mason.png/220px-Midshipman_Theodorus_B_M_Mason.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Midshipman_Theodorus_B_M_Mason.png/330px-Midshipman_Theodorus_B_M_Mason.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Midshipman_Theodorus_B_M_Mason.png/440px-Midshipman_Theodorus_B_M_Mason.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Midshipman <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_B._M._Mason" title="Theodorus B. M. Mason">Theodorus B. M. Mason</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1868)<a href="#cite_note-NYPLMason-54">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a>, appointed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> in 1845, decided to work outside of congressional approval and create a new academy for officers.<a href="#cite_note-miller103-53">[50]</a> He formed a council led by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Commodore Perry</a> to create a new system for training officers, and turned the old <a href="/wiki/Fort_Severn" title="Fort Severn">Fort Severn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis">Annapolis</a> into a new institution which would be designated as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-miller103-53">[50]</a> Midshipmen studied at the academy for four years and trained aboard ships each summer.<a href="#cite_note-usnhistory-55">[52]</a> Midshipman began to mean "passed midshipman" at this time, and a student at the Naval Academy was a cadet midshipman.<a href="#cite_note-Hamersly496-35">[33]</a> The rank of <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)#United_States" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> was created in 1862, and passed midshipmen were promoted to ensign when vacancies occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Hamersly496-35">[33]</a> In 1865, the Department of Steam Enginery was created and cadet engineers were admitted to the academy for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-USNEngHist-56">[53]</a> In 1874, Congress changed the curriculum to include four years of classroom training and two years of sea duty aboard a regular vessel prior to examinations as warranted midshipmen.<a href="#cite_note-Hamersly14-57">[54]</a> In 1882, Congress eliminated the distinction in training between engineer and naval cadets, and designated the student officers as naval cadets; the name reverted to midshipmen in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-usnhistory-55">[52]</a> By an act of Congress passed in 1903, two appointments as midshipmen were allowed for each <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senator</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">representative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegate (United States Congress)">delegate</a> in Congress, two for the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, and five each year at large. In 1912, Congress authorized commissioning midshipmen as ensigns on graduation day, and ended the previously required two years of post-graduation sea service as warrant officers.<a href="#cite_note-usnhistory-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-midshipmen1912-58">[55]</a> In 1930, the Naval Academy received <a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">accreditation</a> as an approved technological institution.<a href="#cite_note-usnhistory-55">[52]</a> In 1933, a new law enabled the Naval, Military, and Coast Guard Academies to award <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor of science degrees</a>, and the class of 1933 was the first to receive this degree and have it written in the diploma.<a href="#cite_note-usnhistory-55">[52]</a> In 1937, the superintendent of the Naval Academy was granted the authority to award Bachelor of Science degrees to all living graduates.<a href="#cite_note-usnhistory-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commonwealth_navies">Commonwealth navies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Commonwealth navies">edit</a>]</div> As <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> formed their own navies during the 20th century, further countries began using the rank of midshipman. Today Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, India, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Navy" title="Republic of Singapore Navy">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Navy" title="Kenya Navy">Kenya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Navy" title="Royal Brunei Navy">Brunei</a> use the rank.<a href="#cite_note-Janes-59">[56]</a> Prior to 1968 Canada also used the rank of midshipman, until the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Act" title="National Defence Act">National Defence Act</a> consolidated the Royal Canadian Navy with the Army and Air Force into a single military, called the Canadian Forces. As part of the act, the rank of midshipman was replaced with the rank of naval cadet.<a href="#cite_note-NDA-60">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snotty">Snotty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Snotty">edit</a>]</div> In Royal Navy slang, a midshipman is sometimes referred to as a "snotty". Two popular stories give origins for the term: the first claims that it arose from a shortage of handkerchiefs among midshipmen, who would consequently use their sleeves to wipe their noses. Prince William, later <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom#Early_life" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV</a>, is sometimes cited as a notorious example of this practice among midshipmen.<a href="#cite_note-snotty-61">[58]</a> The other story claims that the three buttons formerly sewn onto midshipmen's jacket cuffs were placed there to prevent them from wiping their noses on their sleeves.<a href="#cite_note-RNMidDef-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-snotty-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern usage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">Officer cadet</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Navy">Royal Navy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Royal Navy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK-Navy-OFD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A piece of white cloth on the lapel of a blue dress coat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/UK-Navy-OFD.svg/220px-UK-Navy-OFD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/UK-Navy-OFD.svg/330px-UK-Navy-OFD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/UK-Navy-OFD.svg/440px-UK-Navy-OFD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption>Royal Navy midshipman's insignia<a href="#cite_note-RNInsignia-62">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> In the modern <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, a midshipman is the lowest rank of officer, and ranks with <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pilot_officer" title="Pilot officer">pilot officer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> and above all enlisted and <a href="/wiki/Warrant_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant rank">warrant ranks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-STANAG-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pre1965Midshipman-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[A 4]</a> A midshipman's rank insignia, which has changed little since <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic</a> times,<a href="#cite_note-RNNavyList1834-66">[62]</a> is called a "turnback":<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> a white patch of cloth with a gold button and a twist of white cord on each side of the coat collar.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> Prospective officers must have at least five <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSEs</a>, including English and maths, plus at least 72 (<a href="/wiki/UCAS_Tariff#New_tariff" title="UCAS Tariff">new tariff</a>) <a href="/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">UCAS</a> points from at least two <a href="/wiki/A_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="A levels">A levels</a> or other suitable qualifications (each qualification must be over 45 (old tariff) UCAS points). They must pass a two-and-a-half-day assessment, called the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Interview_Board" title="Admiralty Interview Board">Admiralty Interview Board</a>, and a medical examination.<a href="#cite_note-Connex-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-UCAS-70">[66]</a> Initial officer training for the Royal Navy takes place at <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College" title="Britannia Royal Naval College">Britannia Royal Naval College</a>. The first two phases are 15 weeks each, followed by specialisation training.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> All prospective officers join as midshipman,<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> but use the rank of <a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">officer cadet</a> when under initial training.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> During the first seven weeks of training, officer cadets learn militarisation and sea sense, focusing on learning about the military environment, along with team and leadership skills. During the second seven weeks, officer cadets learn essential sea officer skills, including navigation and the marine environment, strategic studies, and basic sea survival. During the second term officer cadets spend 6 weeks in Initial Sea Time (IST), serving aboard capital warships as <a href="/wiki/Naval_rating" title="Naval rating">junior ratings</a>. Upon completion of Initial Sea Time, officer cadets return to Dartmouth for four weeks to complete their final leadership assessment, the Maritime Leadership Exercise (MARL). MARL may be completed prior to IST depending on scheduling. If they have been successful, officers of all branches then pass out of the college.<a href="#cite_note-IOT-74">[70]</a> Upon completion of initial officer training, university cadet entrants, engineering, logistics and flight specialisation officer cadets move to their second phase of training elsewhere within the Royal Navy.<a href="#cite_note-IOT-74">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Warfare_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare Officer">Midshipmen specializing in warfare</a> remain at the college for the Initial Warfare Officer's Foundation course, which completes part of a <a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">foundation degree</a> in naval studies (equating to two thirds of a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>), on completion of initial professional training. Officers can complete degrees via distance learning with the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>, although completion is not required.<a href="#cite_note-RNService-75">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_Australian_Navy">Royal Australian Navy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Royal Australian Navy">edit</a>]</div> A midshipman in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> (RAN) holds a commission, which is effective from the date of their appointment. Officer candidates enter the RAN at various ranks depending on previous experience or degree qualifications; graduates from a three-year course, non-degree qualified entrants, and sailor changeovers below the rank of leading seaman enter as midshipman.<a href="#cite_note-RANSingleService-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[A 5]</a> On joining the RAN, midshipmen complete six months' initial officer training (New Entry Officers' Course) at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Naval_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Australian Naval College">Royal Australian Naval College</a>. Following this, all members serve six months in the fleet completing Primary Qualification (PQ) continuation training. Direct entry midshipmen continue their normal training and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force_Academy" title="Australian Defence Force Academy">Australian Defence Force Academy</a> (ADFA) entry midshipmen post to Canberra to study at the ADFA in their second year in the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-AUSMid-78">[73]</a> Midshipmen undertake an undergraduate degree over the course of three years, whilst also completing elements of their naval training.<a href="#cite_note-ADFA-79">[74]</a> ADFA midshipmen are also undergraduate students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a> (UNSW). When they graduate from UNSW at ADFA at the completion of their three- or four-year undergraduate program, they do so with a fully recognized degree from UNSW – the same degree received by graduates of UNSW's campus in Sydney.<a href="#cite_note-RANDegree-80">[75]</a> During Single Service Training (SST) at ADFA, midshipmen have the opportunity to return to sea during the SST period as well as visiting <a href="/wiki/Stone_frigate" title="Stone frigate">shore establishments</a> for PQ related training.<a href="#cite_note-ADFA-79">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_New_Zealand_Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Royal New Zealand Navy">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a> (RNZN), midshipman is the lowest officer rank for officers under training and retained upon completion of initial training by those without a university degree.<a href="#cite_note-RNZNMid-81">[76]</a> Unlike officer cadet ranks in the Army, midshipmen are treated as officers but do not hold a commission.<a href="#cite_note-NZDefenceAct-82">[77]</a> The RNZN has approximately 60 midshipmen in service at a time.<a href="#cite_note-RNZNMid-81">[76]</a> Midshipman begin their career at Junior Officer Common Training, which lasts 21 weeks. After completing their initial training course, midshipmen serve aboard ships for a short time, followed by specialty training for 16 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-NZWarfare-83">[78]</a> After approximately two years in the Navy, midshipmen are promoted to ensign.<a href="#cite_note-NZCareer-84">[79]</a> Officers who entered the service with a university degree are promoted to sub-lieutenant after completion of Junior Officer Common Training.<a href="#cite_note-NZSupplyOfficer-85">[80]</a> Officers without a degree have the option of earning a university degree while serving in the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-NZTertiary-86">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_African_Navy">South African Navy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: South African Navy">edit</a>]</div> A midshipman in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Navy" title="South African Navy">South African Navy</a> (SAN) is an officer of the lowest rank.<a href="#cite_note-SANRanks-87">[82]</a> Officer candidates are citizens between the ages of 18 and 22, either in grade 12 or graduated from high school with an academic background in mathematics and science.<a href="#cite_note-sanbroch-88">[83]</a> Cadets initially spend a year training at the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Naval_College" title="South African Naval College">South African Naval College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gordon%27s_Bay" title="Gordon's Bay">Gordon's Bay</a>, about 55 km southeast of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, and upon graduation are commissioned as midshipmen.<a href="#cite_note-SANCareer-89">[84]</a> Midshipmen can then study for three more years at the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Military_Academy" title="South African Military Academy">South African Military Academy</a>, and upon graduation receive a B Mil degree from <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch_University" title="Stellenbosch University">Stellenbosch University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SAMA-90">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_Navy">Indian Navy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Indian Navy">edit</a>]</div> Midshipmen in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> begin their career as cadets at the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Academy_(India)" title="National Defence Academy (India)">National Defence Academy</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Naval_Academy" title="Indian Naval Academy">Indian Naval Academy</a>, where they study for approximately three years. After graduation they receive a BTech degree from <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University" title="Jawaharlal Nehru University">Jawaharlal Nehru University</a> and are assigned to training ships for one year. After six months aboard the training ship, the cadets are promoted to midshipman.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> At the end of their training midshipmen are examined by a board and are cleared for promotion to sub-lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan_Navy">Pakistan Navy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pakistan Navy">edit</a>]</div> Cadets in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistan Navy</a> undertake an initial 18 months' training at the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Naval_Academy" title="Pakistan Naval Academy">Pakistan Naval Academy</a>. They study humanities, engineering, professional and technical subjects.<a href="#cite_note-PN-93">[88]</a> After passing out they are appointed midshipmen, and undertake another six months of training at sea. They are assigned to operations, weapons engineering, mechanical engineering, or logistics. After passing the final fleet examination, they are promoted to the rank of sub-lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-94">[89]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="title"><div>Midshipman insignia of Commonwealth nations</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Midshipman.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="RAN midshipman insignia and patch[90]"><img alt="A piece of white cloth on the shoulder of a blue dress coat with the word Australia, and below a piece of white cloth on a button." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Midshipman.PNG/54px-Midshipman.PNG" decoding="async" width="54" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7d/Midshipman.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="206" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">RAN midshipman insignia and patch<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_New_Zealand_Navy_Midshipman_Badge.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="RNZN midshipman patch[76]"><img alt="A piece of white cloth on the lapel of a blue dress coat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/93/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy_Midshipman_Badge.PNG" decoding="async" width="115" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="97" data-file-height="151" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">RNZN midshipman patch<a href="#cite_note-RNZNMid-81">[76]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Midshipman-SA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="SAN midshipman insignia[82]"><img alt="A piece of white cloth on the shoulder of a blue dress coat with the words South Africa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Midshipman-SA.png/70px-Midshipman-SA.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8b/Midshipman-SA.png 1.5x" data-file-width="101" data-file-height="257" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">SAN midshipman insignia<a href="#cite_note-SANRanks-87">[82]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Midshipman_Pak_Navy.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pakistan Navy midshipman insignia"><img alt="A piece of white cloth on the shoulder of a blue dress coat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Midshipman_Pak_Navy.png/180px-Midshipman_Pak_Navy.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Midshipman_Pak_Navy.png/270px-Midshipman_Pak_Navy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2b/Midshipman_Pak_Navy.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="150" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pakistan Navy midshipman insignia</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Naval_and_Merchant_Marine_Academies">United States Naval and Merchant Marine Academies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States Naval and Merchant Marine Academies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Midshipman_Insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="U.S. Navy Midshipman all carry the same military rank but are divided internally into 10 ranks: Midshipman 4th class, abbreviated MIDN 4/C, midshipman 3rd class, abbreviated MIDN 3/C, midshipman 2nd class, abbreviated MIDN 2/C, midshipman 1st class, abbreviated MIDN 1/C, midshipman ensign, abbreviated MIDN ENS, midshipman lieutenant junior grade, abbreviated MIDN LTJG, midshipman lieutenant, abbreviated MIDN LT, midshipman lieutenant commander, abbreviated MIDN LCDR, midshipman commander, abbreviated MIDN CDR, and midshipman captain, abbreviated MIDN CAPT. Each rank has a specific insignia on the shoulder, sleeve and collar to distinguish the rank." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/US_Midshipman_Insignia.svg/170px-US_Midshipman_Insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/US_Midshipman_Insignia.svg/255px-US_Midshipman_Insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/US_Midshipman_Insignia.svg/340px-US_Midshipman_Insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Navy midshipman rank structure (<a href="/wiki/USNA" class="mw-redirect" title="USNA">USNA</a> & <a href="/wiki/NROTC" class="mw-redirect" title="NROTC">NROTC</a>)<a href="#cite_note-uniform-96">[91]</a></figcaption></figure> In the modern United States Navy, a midshipman is classified as an <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the line">officer of the line</a>, though their exercise of authority is limited by their training status.<a href="#cite_note-Bracklin-97">[92]</a> Legally, midshipmen are a special grade of uncommissioned officer that ranks between the senior noncommissioned enlisted grade (E-9) and the lowest grade of <a href="/wiki/Chief_warrant_officer#United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Chief warrant officer">chief warrant officer</a> (W-2, in the <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)#Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer (United States)">U.S. Coast Guard</a>, which does not currently use the grade of <a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">warrant officer</a> (W-1))<a href="#cite_note-Bracklin-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-MidshipmanRank-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[A 6]</a> or warrant officer (W-1), <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)#Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer (United States)">U.S. Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)#Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer (United States)">U.S. Navy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)#Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer (United States)">U.S. Marine Corps.</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[A 7]</a> Students at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> (USNA) are appointed to Office as midshipmen, United States Navy, by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a>, alone, without Senate confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-USN_Admissions-101">[94]</a> Students at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">United States Merchant Marine Academy</a> (USMMA) are appointed to Office as midshipmen, United States Navy Reserve, by the Secretary of the Navy, using delegated Presidential authority, and are likewise not subject to Senate confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-USMMA1-102">[95]</a> Students in the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps">Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps</a> (NROTC) are also appointed to Office as midshipmen, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Navy Reserve</a>, by the Secretary of the Navy, without Senate confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-104">[A 8]</a> The student body at the USNA is the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy#Rank_structure" title="United States Naval Academy">Brigade of Midshipmen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-usnhistorylife-105">[97]</a> and the student body at the USMMA is the Regiment of Midshipmen.<a href="#cite_note-USMMA2-106">[98]</a> Generally, a nomination from a member of Congress or the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> is required to receive an appointment to the USNA. A nomination does not guarantee an appointment; in a typical year about 38% of nominees receive an appointment.<a href="#cite_note-USN_Admissions-101">[94]</a> Currently each member of Congress and the Vice President can have five appointees attending the Naval Academy at any time.<a href="#cite_note-USNAA_apps-107">[99]</a> Other nomination sources include the Secretary of the Navy, who may appoint 170 enlisted members of the regular and reserve Navy and Marine Corps to the Naval Academy each year,<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a> and the President may nominate an unlimited number of children of career military personnel for up to 100 appointments each year.<a href="#cite_note-USN_ActiveAppoint-109">[101]</a> Additionally, children of <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipients and select cadets of JROTC Honor Unit with Distinction units do not need a nomination but need only qualify for admission.<a href="#cite_note-USN_MedalHonorAppoint-110">[102]</a> The United States Merchant Marine Academy only accepts nominations from members of Congress. There are currently no Presidential, Vice-Presidential, military-affiliated, JROTC-honor unit, ROTC or Unit Commander, or Medal of Honor nominations permitted to the USMMA.<a href="#cite_note-USMMA3-111">[103]</a> Midshipmen at the US Naval Academy, US Merchant Marine Academy, and in the NROTC wear <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy#Uniforms" title="United States Naval Academy">uniforms</a> that comply with standards established for commissioned officers of the Navy, with shoulder board and sleeve insignia varying by school year or midshipman officer rank as prescribed by Chapter 6 of Navy Uniform Regulations.<a href="#cite_note-uniform-96">[91]</a> Midshipmen wear gold fouled anchors as the primary insignia on caps and shoulder boards and gold plain anchors as collar insignia on <a href="/wiki/Dress_uniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Dress uniform">service dress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Full_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Full dress">full dress</a> uniforms. Marine-option midshipmen in the NROTC wear gold <a href="/wiki/Eagle,_Globe,_and_Anchor" title="Eagle, Globe, and Anchor">Eagle, Globe and Anchor</a> insignia in place of the fouled anchor insignia worn by all other midshipmen.<a href="#cite_note-uniform-96">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-USMC-112">[104]</a> Midshipmen at the US Naval Academy study a core curriculum of engineering, natural sciences, the humanities, and social sciences,<a href="#cite_note-USNAA_curric-113">[105]</a> and participate in a required "summer cruise" with an active vessel after their freshman (plebe) ad junior academic years.<a href="#cite_note-114">[106]</a> Upon graduation, midshipmen are commissioned as <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensigns</a> in the Navy or <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenants</a> in the Marine Corps.<a href="#cite_note-USN_Career-115">[107]</a> Midshipmen at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">United States Merchant Marine Academy</a> study a similar core curriculum, except they are split into deck (navigation oriented) and engineering programs. Additionally, they typically spend a year at sea working as cadets on U.S. flagged merchant ships, visiting ports around the world. At graduation they have two options: (1) a job in the maritime industry ashore or sailing aboard commercial US-flagged vessels, plus a US Navy Reserve commission,<a href="#cite_note-116">[A 9]</a> or (2) an active-duty commission in any of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Uniformed_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Uniformed Services">United States Uniformed Services</a> (Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, <a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration</a>, or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">United States Public Health Service</a>) as an ensign or second lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-USMMA_Career-117">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a>]</div> Today, ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in many countries. Using U.S. midshipman or pre-fleet board UK midshipman as the basis for comparison, the equivalent rank would be a naval cadet in training to become a junior commissioned officer. Using post-fleet board UK midshipman for comparison, the rank would be the most junior commissioned officer in the rank structure, and similar to a U.S. ensign in role and responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-oed-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Royal Netherlands Navy</a> has included a midshipman rank since the 17th century. The Dutch term <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/adelborst" class="extiw" title="nl:adelborst">adelborst</a> translates to "noble youth" and stems from the time that naval officers were recruited from the nobility. Today, adelborsten train at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Naval_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Netherlands Naval College">Royal Netherlands Naval College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine) for 3 years.<a href="#cite_note-adelborst-119">[110]</a> Officer cadets in the <a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a> begin their training at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Academy_M%C3%BCrwik" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Academy Mürwik">Naval Academy Mürwik</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Marineschule Mürwik) in <a href="/wiki/Flensburg" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCrwik" title="Mürwik">Mürwik</a> holding enlisted ranks with the qualifier officer candidate (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Offizieranwärter), abbreviated as OA.<a href="#cite_note-deofficer-120">[111]</a> After about a year, they are promoted to Seekadetten,<a href="#cite_note-deofficer-120">[111]</a> equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officer</a> (NCO) rank Mate (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Maat), and move to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_German_Federal_Armed_Forces" title="University of the German Federal Armed Forces">University of the German Federal Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-STANAG-63">[60]</a> About nine months later, they are promoted to Fähnrich zur See rank,<a href="#cite_note-deofficer-120">[111]</a> equivalent to the NCO rank Boatswain (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Bootsmann).<a href="#cite_note-STANAG-63">[60]</a> After 30 months of total training they are promoted to the final officer candidate rank, Oberfähnrich zur See,<a href="#cite_note-deofficer-120">[111]</a> equivalent to the NCO rank Hauptbootsmann, and after about 4 years of total training graduate with a master's degree.<a href="#cite_note-STANAG-63">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a> uses the rank of <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardiamarina" class="extiw" title="es:Guardiamarina">Guardiamarina</a> in 1717, established with the formation at Cadiz of the Royal Company of Midshipmen (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Real Compañía de Guardias Marinas).<a href="#cite_note-Harding145-121">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-SpanishGuardiaMarina-122">[113]</a> Titles derived from the Spanish name are used in latin american navies. This originated in the succession of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> to the Spanish throne, when the French system of naval officer education spread to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Harding145-121">[112]</a> The French rank of garde de la marine was established in 1670, when an office of the monarchy selected young gentlemen from the nobility to serve the King in the <a href="/wiki/Gardes_de_la_Marine" title="Gardes de la Marine">Gardes de la Marine</a>. The concept of the Gardes was borrowed from the various guards units within the <a href="/wiki/Maison_militaire_du_roi_de_France" title="Maison militaire du roi de France">Maison militaire du roi de France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harding145-121">[112]</a> In 1686 these guards were organized into companies of cadets at the ports of <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochefort,_Charente-Maritime" title="Rochefort, Charente-Maritime">Rochefort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>. Unlike midshipmen in the Royal Navy, the Gardes trained mostly on shore and focused on military drill and theory rather than practical skills in gunnery, navigation and seamanship.<a href="#cite_note-nelson281-123">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harding145-121">[112]</a> By restricting the French officer corps to members of the nobility, there were not enough Gardes to man all of the ships during wartime.<a href="#cite_note-Harding145-121">[112]</a> To fill the gaps, volunteers were temporarily recruited from the merchant service; they were allowed to hold permanent rank in the navy starting in 1763.<a href="#cite_note-Harding145-121">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harding229-124">[115]</a> These professional officers wore blue uniforms to distinguish them from the Gardes de la Marine who wore red uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-Harding229-124">[115]</a> After the revolution, the royal connotations of the term garde marine led to its replacement with aspirant (officer cadet), and later élèves de la Marine (naval officer candidate).<a href="#cite_note-nelson281-123">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> has adopted new names for officer cadets at the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_navale" class="extiw" title="fr:École navale">École navale</a> begin their first year as <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%A9l%C3%A8ve-officier" class="extiw" title="fr:élève-officier">élève-officier</a>, are promoted in their second year to <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/aspirant" class="extiw" title="fr:aspirant">aspirant</a>, and in their third year are commissioned as an acting sub-lieutenant (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseigne_de_vaisseau_de_deuxi%C3%A8me_classe" class="extiw" title="fr:Enseigne de vaisseau de deuxième classe">Enseigne de vaisseau de deuxième classe</a>). In many romance languages, the literal translation of the local term for "midshipman" into English is "Navy Guard", including the French garde-marine,<a href="#cite_note-nelson281-123">[114]</a> Spanish guardia marina,<a href="#cite_note-nelson284-125">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> guarda-marinha, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> guardiamarina, and in most cases the term refers to the lowest ranking commissioned naval officer. While in modern French-English dictionaries, élève officier translates to midshipman, both the historical term garde-marine and the modern term for an officer candidate, aspirant, are other equivalents to midshipman.<a href="#cite_note-FrenchDef-126">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[A 10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harding145-121">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparative_ranks_and_insignia">Comparative ranks and insignia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Comparative ranks and insignia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparative_military_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative military ranks">Comparative military ranks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_officers_of_NATO_navies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks and insignia of officers of NATO navies">Ranks and insignia of officers of NATO navies</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country, equivalent rank </th> <th>Insignia </th> <th>Country, equivalent rank </th> <th>Insignia </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Naval_Cadet" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Cadet">Naval Cadet</a> · Aspirant de marine <a href="#cite_note-CanRank-128">[118]</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NCdt-Can-2010.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Naval Cadet"><img alt="A narrow gold stripe on a blue sleeve." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NCdt-Can-2010.png/90px-NCdt-Can-2010.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NCdt-Can-2010.png/135px-NCdt-Can-2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/NCdt-Can-2010.png 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Naval Cadet</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">France</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirant" class="extiw" title="fr:Aspirant">Aspirant</a> <a href="#cite_note-129">[119]</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grade-aspirant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aspirant"><img alt="A fouled anchor above a dashed gold stripe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Grade-aspirant.svg/150px-Grade-aspirant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Grade-aspirant.svg/225px-Grade-aspirant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Grade-aspirant.svg/300px-Grade-aspirant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Aspirant</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seekadett" class="extiw" title="de:Seekadett">Seekadett</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4hnrich_zur_See" class="extiw" title="de:Fähnrich zur See">Fähnrich zur See</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberf%C3%A4hnrich_zur_See" class="extiw" title="de:Oberfähnrich zur See">Oberfähnrich zur See</a> <a href="#cite_note-deofficer-120">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeRank-130">[120]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:67px;max-width:67px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:7_-_skad.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Worn on the sleeve, a gold star surrounded inside of a gold diamond." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/7_-_skad.GIF/65px-7_-_skad.GIF" decoding="async" width="65" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/7_-_skad.GIF 1.5x" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="225" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Seekadett</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:67px;max-width:67px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:9_-_fhr_zs.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gold star above a gold chevron." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/9_-_fhr_zs.GIF/65px-9_-_fhr_zs.GIF" decoding="async" width="65" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/9_-_fhr_zs.GIF 1.5x" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="225" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fähnrich zur See</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:67px;max-width:67px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:11_-_ofhr_zs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gold star above a horizontal gold bar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/11_-_ofhr_zs.png/65px-11_-_ofhr_zs.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/11_-_ofhr_zs.png 1.5x" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="225" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Oberfähnrich zur See</div></div></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Navy" title="Italian Navy">Italy</a> <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirante_guardiamarina" class="extiw" title="it:Aspirante guardiamarina">Aspirante guardiamarina</a> <a href="#cite_note-ItRank-131">[121]</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IT-Navy-OFD-s.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aspirante guardiamarina"><img alt="Single gold bar on a blue background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/IT-Navy-OFD-s.png/70px-IT-Navy-OFD-s.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/IT-Navy-OFD-s.png 1.5x" data-file-width="104" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>Aspirante guardiamarina</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Navy" title="Portuguese Navy">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda-marinha" class="extiw" title="pt:Guarda-marinha">Guarda-marinha</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirante" class="extiw" title="pt:Aspirante">Aspirante</a> <a href="#cite_note-PortRank-132">[122]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:72px;max-width:72px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:POR-Navy-OF1a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A single gold stripe with an executive curl in the center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/POR-Navy-OF1a.svg/70px-POR-Navy-OF1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/POR-Navy-OF1a.svg/105px-POR-Navy-OF1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/POR-Navy-OF1a.svg/140px-POR-Navy-OF1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="185" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Guarda-marinha</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:72px;max-width:72px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:POR-Navy-Aspirante-EN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagonal gold stripe above three circles containing fouled anchors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/POR-Navy-Aspirante-EN.png/70px-POR-Navy-Aspirante-EN.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/POR-Navy-Aspirante-EN.png/105px-POR-Navy-Aspirante-EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/POR-Navy-Aspirante-EN.png/140px-POR-Navy-Aspirante-EN.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="296" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aspirante (student from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Naval_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Naval School">Escola Naval</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:72px;max-width:72px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:POR-Navy-Aspirante-outros.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A single thin gold stripe with an executive curl in the center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/POR-Navy-Aspirante-outros.png/70px-POR-Navy-Aspirante-outros.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/POR-Navy-Aspirante-outros.png/105px-POR-Navy-Aspirante-outros.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/POR-Navy-Aspirante-outros.png/140px-POR-Navy-Aspirante-outros.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="296" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aspirante (not student from the Escola Naval)</div></div></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelborst" class="extiw" title="nl:Adelborst">Adelborst</a> <a href="#cite_note-adelborst-119">[110]</a></li> <li>Korporaal adelborst</li> <li>Sergeant adelborst</li></ul> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:72px;max-width:72px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-marine-vloot-matroos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Worn on the sleeve near the shoulder, no stripes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nl-marine-vloot-matroos.svg/70px-Nl-marine-vloot-matroos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nl-marine-vloot-matroos.svg/105px-Nl-marine-vloot-matroos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nl-marine-vloot-matroos.svg/140px-Nl-marine-vloot-matroos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="185" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Adelborst</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:72px;max-width:72px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-marine-vloot-korporaal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two gold chevrons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nl-marine-vloot-korporaal.svg/70px-Nl-marine-vloot-korporaal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nl-marine-vloot-korporaal.svg/105px-Nl-marine-vloot-korporaal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nl-marine-vloot-korporaal.svg/140px-Nl-marine-vloot-korporaal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="185" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Korporaal adelborst</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:72px;max-width:72px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-marine-vloot-sergeant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="three gold chevrons on a blue background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nl-marine-vloot-sergeant.svg/70px-Nl-marine-vloot-sergeant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nl-marine-vloot-sergeant.svg/105px-Nl-marine-vloot-sergeant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nl-marine-vloot-sergeant.svg/140px-Nl-marine-vloot-sergeant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="185" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sergeant adelborst</div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spain</a> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardiamarina" class="extiw" title="es:Guardiamarina">Guardiamarina</a> · <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirante" class="extiw" title="es:Aspirante">Aspirante</a> <a href="#cite_note-EsRank-133">[123]</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SP_Alumnos.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Guardiamarina (left, 4th year) and Aspirante' (right, 2nd year)"><img alt="Two diagonal fouled anchors above two horizontal gold stripes, and a single fouled anchor above two gold stripes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/SP_Alumnos.gif/180px-SP_Alumnos.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/SP_Alumnos.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Guardiamarina (left, 4th year) and Aspirante' (right, 2nd year)</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy" title="Royal Norwegian Navy">Norway</a> <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvartermester" class="extiw" title="no:Kvartermester">Kvartermester</a> <a href="#cite_note-STANAG-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[A 11]</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kvartermester.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kvartermester sleeve insignia"><img alt="A gold bar on the shoulder of a blue dress coat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kvartermester.JPG/90px-Kvartermester.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Kvartermester.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption>Kvartermester sleeve insignia</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> A midshipman was a petty officer who could be demoted by the captain, but outranked most other petty officers and lesser warrant officers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Master-at-arms" title="Master-at-arms">Master-at-arms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis270-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lavery270-17">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> served as an able seaman aboard the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Seahorse_(1748)" title="HMS Seahorse (1748)">Seahorse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lewis267-20">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heywood" title="Peter Heywood">Peter Heywood</a> served as an able seaman aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bounty" title="HMS Bounty">HMS Bounty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BountyCrew-21">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> The scheme included the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> but they did not participate in the scheme.<a href="#cite_note-Penn123-44">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Pre-1956 Royal Navy and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer">warrant officers</a> and commissioned officers from Warrant Rank were senior to midshipmen.<a href="#cite_note-Pre1965Midshipman-64">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> On entry to the Navy, candidates with 3–4 year degrees enter as acting sub-lieutenants or sub-lieutenants. Medical personnel enter as lieutenants, and chaplains enter as commanders.<a href="#cite_note-RANSingleService-76">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> The Navy and Coast Guard abolished the grade of warrant officer (W-1) in 1975, but the US Navy again began using W-1 in 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps continue to appoint officers to the grade of warrant officer (W-1), as warrant officers they outrank midshipmen (as well as cadets), who are in training to become officers and have yet neither a commission nor warrant of authority. The <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)#Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer (United States)">U.S. Air Force</a> no longer uses the warrant officer ranks, the <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)#Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer (United States)">U.S. Public Health Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)#United_States_Maritime_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer (United States)">U.S. Maritime Service</a>, while authorized warrant officers, have never appointed or commissioned warrant officers, and the <a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps#Commissioned_officers" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> is not authorized warrant officers. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Legally, NROTC midshipmen enlist in the Navy Reserve or Marine Corps Reserve for the purpose of being appointed as a midshipman; USNA midshipmen are neither enlisted nor commissioned or warrant officers.<a href="#cite_note-CNSTCINST15332-103">[96]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Graduates of the USMMA may also request a commission in any of the reserve components, such as the U.S. Coast Guard Reserve, although the request is subject to approval by both the U.S. Navy and the gaining Service. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Aspirant: Élève de deuxième année de l'École navale translates to second year student at the Naval Academy.<a href="#cite_note-FrenchDef-126">[117]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Officer candidates in the Norwegian Navy hold the rank of Kvartermester.<a href="#cite_note-STANAG-63">[60]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NMMImage-1"><a href="#cite_ref-NMMImage_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConGallery.57/Ranksin-Nelsons-navy.html">"Ranks in Nelson's Navy"</a>. Port Cities London. National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 20 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Port+Cities+London&rft.atitle=Ranks+in+Nelson%27s+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portcities.org.uk%2Flondon%2Fserver%2Fshow%2FConGallery.57%2FRanksin-Nelsons-navy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penn34-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penn34_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penn34_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenn1957">Penn 1957</a>, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/118240?redirectedFrom=midshipman">"midshipman, n."</a> Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. 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Retrieved 19 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Career+Opportunities&rft.pub=U.S.+Naval+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usna.edu%2Fadmissions%2Ffaq.htm%23career&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USMMA_Career-117"><a href="#cite_ref-USMMA_Career_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usmma.edu/after-graduation">"After Graduation"</a>. U.S. Merchant Marine Academy. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+Graduation&rft.pub=U.S.+Merchant+Marine+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmma.edu%2Fafter-graduation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmma.edu/after-graduation/obligation-compliance">"Obligation Compliance"</a>. U.S. Merchant Marine Academy. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Merchant+Marine+Academy&rft.atitle=Obligation+Compliance&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmma.edu%2Fafter-graduation%2Fobligation-compliance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adelborst-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adelborst_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adelborst_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162605/http://www.onderscheidingenhuis.nl/downloads/VKM_003.pdf">"Voorschrift Koninklijke Marine 003: Uniformen Voor Militairen van de Koninklijke Marine (VKM 003)"</a> (PDF) (in Dutch). Koninklijke Marine. 2008. p. 69. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onderscheidingenhuis.nl/downloads/VKM_003.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voorschrift+Koninklijke+Marine+003%3A+Uniformen+Voor+Militairen+van+de+Koninklijke+Marine+%28VKM+003%29&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Marine&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onderscheidingenhuis.nl%2Fdownloads%2FVKM_003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deofficer-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deofficer_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deofficer_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deofficer_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deofficer_120-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deofficer_120-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetra_Schmittberger2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petra Schmittberger (4 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mil.bundeswehr-karriere.de/fileserving/PortalFiles/C1256DC500375C10/W2756H4S323INFODE/Offizier_Marine.pdf">"Offizier Marine"</a> (PDF) (in German). German Federal Armed Forces. p. 12. Retrieved 6 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Offizier+Marine&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=German+Federal+Armed+Forces&rft.date=2009-02-04&rft.au=Petra+Schmittberger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmil.bundeswehr-karriere.de%2Ffileserving%2FPortalFiles%2FC1256DC500375C10%2FW2756H4S323INFODE%2FOffizier_Marine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding145-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harding145_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding145_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding145_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding145_121-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding145_121-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding145_121-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding145_121-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarding1999">Harding 1999</a>, pp. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-SpanishGuardiaMarina-122"><a href="#cite_ref-SpanishGuardiaMarina_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/personal_escuelas/02_enm--03_historia_es">"Historia"</a> (in Spanish). Armada Española. Retrieved 9 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia&rft.pub=Armada+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armada.mde.es%2FArmadaPortal%2Fpage%2FPortal%2FArmadaEspannola%2Fpersonal_escuelas%2F02_enm--03_historia_es&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nelson281-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nelson281_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson281_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson281_123-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavery1989">Lavery 1989</a>, p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding229-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harding229_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding229_124-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarding1999">Harding 1999</a>, pp. 229–230 </li> <li id="cite_note-nelson284-125"><a href="#cite_ref-nelson284_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavery1989">Lavery 1989</a>, p. 284 </li> <li id="cite_note-FrenchDef-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FrenchDef_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrenchDef_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414125340/http://gr.bvdep.com/">"le Grand Robert"</a> (in French). Dictionnaires Le Robert. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gr.bvdep.com/">the original</a> on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=le+Grand+Robert&rft.pub=Dictionnaires+Le+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgr.bvdep.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> (Login required) </li> <li id="cite_note-CanRank-128"><a href="#cite_ref-CanRank_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728093240/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/acf-apfc/Insig/navy-marine-eng.asp">"Army Rank and Appointment Insignia"</a>. Canadian Department of National Defence. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/acf-apfc/Insig/navy-marine-eng.asp">the original</a> on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Army+Rank+and+Appointment+Insignia&rft.pub=Canadian+Department+of+National+Defence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forces.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Facf-apfc%2FInsig%2Fnavy-marine-eng.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/decouverte/patrimoine/tenue/grades/les-grades-de-la-marine-nationale">"Les grades de la Marine nationale"</a> (in French). Ministère de la défense. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+grades+de+la+Marine+nationale&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+d%C3%A9fense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gouv.fr%2Fmarine%2Fdecouverte%2Fpatrimoine%2Ftenue%2Fgrades%2Fles-grades-de-la-marine-nationale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeRank-130"><a href="#cite_ref-DeRank_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marine.de/fileserving/PortalFiles/02DB070000000001/W27CFBZY746INFODE/Uniformen_der_Bundeswehr.pdf?yw_repository=youatweb">"Uniformen"</a> (PDF) (in German). Deutsche Marine. p. 20. Retrieved 18 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uniformen&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Deutsche+Marine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marine.de%2Ffileserving%2FPortalFiles%2F02DB070000000001%2FW27CFBZY746INFODE%2FUniformen_der_Bundeswehr.pdf%3Fyw_repository%3Dyouatweb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-ItRank-131"><a href="#cite_ref-ItRank_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310055853/http://www.marina.difesa.it/uniformigradi/gradi/ufficiali_inf.asp">"Gradi"</a> (in Italian). Ministero della Difesa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marina.difesa.it/uniformigradi/gradi/ufficiali_inf.asp">the original</a> on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gradi&rft.pub=Ministero+della+Difesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marina.difesa.it%2Funiformigradi%2Fgradi%2Fufficiali_inf.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PortRank-132"><a href="#cite_ref-PortRank_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090526171752/http://www.marinha.pt/PT/amarinha/vidanaval/Pages/Postos.aspx">"Postos"</a> (in Portuguese). Marinha Portuguesa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinha.pt/PT/amarinha/vidanaval/Pages/Postos.aspx">the original</a> on 26 May 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Postos&rft.pub=Marinha+Portuguesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinha.pt%2FPT%2Famarinha%2Fvidanaval%2FPages%2FPostos.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EsRank-133"><a href="#cite_ref-EsRank_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/personal_empleo/prefLang_en/06_divisas--01_divisas_es">"Badges and Emblems"</a> (in Spanish). Armada Española. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Badges+and+Emblems&rft.pub=Armada+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armada.mde.es%2FArmadaPortal%2Fpage%2FPortal%2FArmadaEspannola%2Fpersonal_empleo%2FprefLang_en%2F06_divisas--01_divisas_es&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midshipman&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeLawrence2005" class="citation cs2">Blake, Nicholas; Lawrence, Richard (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5NdhjSOpqpcC&q=Midshipman%20post%20not%20rank&pg=PA72">The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy</a>, Stackpole Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-3275-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-3275-4"><bdi>0-8117-3275-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70659490">70659490</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Companion+to+Nelson%27s+Navy&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70659490&rft.isbn=0-8117-3275-4&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5NdhjSOpqpcC%26q%3DMidshipman%2520post%2520not%2520rank%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheema2003" class="citation cs2">Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&q=The+Armed+Forces+of+Pakistan">The Armed Forces of Pakistan</a>, New York University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1633-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1633-4"><bdi>0-8147-1633-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49959459">49959459</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Forces+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49959459&rft.isbn=0-8147-1633-4&rft.aulast=Cheema&rft.aufirst=Pervaiz+Iqbal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcw_gduyRv5oC%26q%3DThe%2BArmed%2BForces%2Bof%2BPakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Midshipman">"Midshipman" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 423–424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Midshipman&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=423-424&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesGrove1980" class="citation cs2">Davies, E. L.; Grove, E. J. (1980), The Royal Naval College Dartmouth: Seventy-five years in Pictures, Portsmouth: Gieves & Hawkes Limited, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85997-462-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85997-462-6"><bdi>0-85997-462-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Naval+College+Dartmouth%3A+Seventy-five+years+in+Pictures&rft.place=Portsmouth&rft.pub=Gieves+%26+Hawkes+Limited&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-85997-462-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=E.+L.&rft.au=Grove%2C+E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1991" class="citation cs2">Davies, J.D. (1991), Gentlemen and Tarpaulins : The Officers and Men of the Restoration Navy, Oxford: Clarendon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820263-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820263-6"><bdi>0-19-820263-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentlemen+and+Tarpaulins+%3A+The+Officers+and+Men+of+the+Restoration+Navy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-820263-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamersly1881" class="citation cs2">Hamersly, Lewis (1881), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPvxNqDjeXYC">A Naval Encyclopædia</a>, Philadelphia: L. R. Hamersly & Co., <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8514211">8514211</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Naval+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=L.+R.+Hamersly+%26+Co.&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8514211&rft.aulast=Hamersly&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPvxNqDjeXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1999" class="citation cs2">Harding, Richard (1999), Seapower and naval warfare, 1650–1830, Annapolis, MD: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-888-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-888-7"><bdi>1-55750-888-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41106614">41106614</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seapower+and+naval+warfare%2C+1650%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41106614&rft.isbn=1-55750-888-7&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2001" class="citation cs2">King, Dean (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JKY8yZFChX4C&q=A+Sea+of+Words">A Sea of Words: Lexicon and Companion for Patrick O'Brian's Seafaring Tales</a>, Henry Holt, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6615-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6615-2"><bdi>0-8050-6615-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59538604">59538604</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sea+of+Words%3A+Lexicon+and+Companion+for+Patrick+O%27Brian%27s+Seafaring+Tales&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59538604&rft.isbn=0-8050-6615-2&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJKY8yZFChX4C%26q%3DA%2BSea%2Bof%2BWords&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavery1989" class="citation cs2">Lavery, Brian (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DVE5YzfTir4C&q=Nelson%27s+Navy+Lavery">Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization</a>, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-258-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-258-3"><bdi>0-87021-258-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20997619">20997619</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+Navy%3A+The+Ships%2C+Men+and+Organization&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20997619&rft.isbn=0-87021-258-3&rft.aulast=Lavery&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDVE5YzfTir4C%26q%3DNelson%2527s%2BNavy%2BLavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1939" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lewis_(naval_historian)" title="Michael Lewis (naval historian)">Lewis, Michael</a> (1939), England's Sea-Officers, London: George Allen & Unwin, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1084558">1084558</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Sea-Officers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1084558&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1960" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Michael (1960), A Social History of the Navy, London: Ruskin House, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2832855">2832855</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Navy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ruskin+House&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2832855&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1997" class="citation cs2">Miller, Nathan (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usnavyhistory00mill">The U.S. Navy: a history</a> (3rd ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-595-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-595-0"><bdi>1-55750-595-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37211290">37211290</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Navy%3A+a+history&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37211290&rft.isbn=1-55750-595-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fusnavyhistory00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisKearns1998" class="citation cs2">Morris, James; Kearns, Patricia (1998), Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3406-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3406-5"><bdi>0-8108-3406-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37903579">37903579</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+United+States+Navy&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37903579&rft.isbn=0-8108-3406-5&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Kearns%2C+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPack1966" class="citation cs2">Pack, S.W.C. (1966), Britannia at Dartmouth, London: Redman, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/957379">957379</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannia+at+Dartmouth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Redman&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F957379&rft.aulast=Pack&rft.aufirst=S.W.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenn1957" class="citation cs2">Penn, Geoffrey (1957), Snotty: The Story of the Midshipman, London: Hollis & Carter, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8317840">8317840</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snotty%3A+The+Story+of+the+Midshipman&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hollis+%26+Carter&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8317840&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipson1996" class="citation cs2">Phillipson, David (1996), Band of Brothers: Boy Seamen in the Royal Navy 1800–1956, Stroud: Sutton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-1976-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-1976-0"><bdi>0-7509-1976-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41959874">41959874</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Band+of+Brothers%3A+Boy+Seamen+in+the+Royal+Navy+1800%E2%80%931956&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41959874&rft.isbn=0-7509-1976-0&rft.aulast=Phillipson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1938" class="citation cs2">Walker, C.F. (1938), Young Gentlemen: The Story of Midshipmen from the XVIIth Century to the Present Day, London: Longmans, Green, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2936648">2936648</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Gentlemen%3A+The+Story+of+Midshipmen+from+the+XVIIth+Century+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2936648&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinton1995" class="citation cs2">Winton, John (1995), "Life And Education in a Technically Evolving Navy: 1815–1925", in J.R. Hill (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWFxWv-gd-IC&q=Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Royal+Navy">Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy</a>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211675-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211675-4"><bdi>0-19-211675-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32237618">32237618</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+And+Education+in+a+Technically+Evolving+Navy%3A+1815%E2%80%931925&rft.btitle=Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Royal+Navy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32237618&rft.isbn=0-19-211675-4&rft.aulast=Winton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWWFxWv-gd-IC%26q%3DOxford%2BIllustrated%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRoyal%2BNavy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidshipman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_officer_ranks" title="Template:UK officer ranks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_officer_ranks" title="Template talk:UK officer ranks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_officer_ranks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK officer ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="_Commissioned_officer_ranks_of_the_British_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">  <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">Commissioned</a> <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">ranks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a>  </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:right; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:10%"><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO">NATO rank code</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branch</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:7%"><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet#United_Kingdom" title="Officer cadet">OF(D)</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:11%" colspan="2">OF-1 </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:4%">OF-2 </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:6%">OF-3 </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:6%">OF-4 </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:6%">OF-5 </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:7%"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#One-star" title="Military star ranking">OF-6 ★</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:7%"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#Two-star" title="Military star ranking">OF-7 ★★</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:7%"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#Three-star" title="Military star ranking">OF-8 ★★★</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:9%"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#Four-star" title="Military star ranking">OF-9 ★★★★</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:11%"><a href="/wiki/Five-star_rank" title="Five-star rank">OF-10 ★★★★★</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="Royal Navy officer rank insignia">Royal Navy</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">OC</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Midshipman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sub-lieutenant" title="Sub-lieutenant">Sub Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(Royal_Navy)" title="Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)">Lt Cdr</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commander_(Royal_Navy)" title="Commander (Royal Navy)">Cdr</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)" title="Captain (Royal Navy)">Captain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commodore_(Royal_Navy)" title="Commodore (Royal Navy)">Cdre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Rear admiral (Royal Navy)">RAdm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice-admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Vice-admiral (Royal Navy)">VAdm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Adm of the Fleet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">OCdt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">2Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">Capt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">Major</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">Lt Col</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brig</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">Maj Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lt Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_General_Royal_Marines" title="Captain General Royal Marines">Capt Gen RM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/British_Army_officer_rank_insignia" title="British Army officer rank insignia">British Army</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">OCdt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">2Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">Capt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">Major</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">Lt Col</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brig</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">Maj Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lt Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field marshal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/RAF_officer_ranks" title="RAF officer ranks">Royal Air Force</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">Off Cdt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acting_pilot_officer" title="Acting pilot officer">APO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pilot_officer" title="Pilot officer">Plt Off</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flying_officer" title="Flying officer">Fg Off</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flight_lieutenant" title="Flight lieutenant">Flt Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squadron_leader" title="Squadron leader">Sqn Ldr</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wing_commander_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing commander (rank)">Wg Cdr</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_captain" title="Group captain">Gp Capt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_commodore" title="Air commodore">Air Cdre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_vice-marshal" title="Air vice-marshal">AVM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_marshal" title="Air marshal">Air Mshl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air Chf Mshl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Marshal of the Royal Air Force">Mshl of the RAF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; background-color:#DCDCDC">lists </th> <th colspan="12" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Navy_rear_admirals" title="List of Royal Navy rear admirals">rear admirals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Navy_vice_admirals" title="List of Royal Navy vice admirals">vice admirals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Navy_admirals_(1707%E2%80%93current)" title="List of Royal Navy admirals (1707–current)">admirals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Marines_full_generals" title="List of Royal Marines full generals">RM full generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Army_full_generals" title="List of British Army full generals">Army full generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_air_chief_marshals" title="List of Royal Air Force air chief marshals">air chief marshals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_senior_female_officers_of_the_British_Armed_Forces" title="List of senior female officers of the British Armed Forces">female senior officers </a></li></ul></div> </th></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_uniformed_services_commissioned_officer_and_officer_candidate_ranks" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_officer_ranks" title="Template:US officer ranks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_officer_ranks" title="Template talk:US officer ranks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_officer_ranks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US officer ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_uniformed_services_commissioned_officer_and_officer_candidate_ranks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">United States uniformed services <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)#United_States" title="Officer (armed forces)">commissioned officer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Officer_candidate#United_States" title="Officer candidate">officer candidate</a> ranks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:gainsboro;">Pay grade / branch of service </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;">Officer candidate </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;">O-1 </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;">O-2 </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;">O-3 </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;">O-4 </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;">O-5 </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;">O-6 </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#One-star" title="Military star ranking">O-7</a> </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#Two-star" title="Military star ranking">O-8</a> </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#Three-star" title="Military star ranking">O-9</a> </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#Four-star" title="Military star ranking">O-10</a> </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Five-star_rank#United_States" title="Five-star rank">Wartime grade</a> </th> <th style="background:gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Six-star_rank" title="Six-star rank">Special grade</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:gainsboro;">Insignia </td> <td>[1] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US-O1_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="alt=alt=Second lieutenant / Ensign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/10px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/15px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/20px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US-O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="alt=alt=First lieutenant / Lieutenant (junior grade)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/10px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/15px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/20px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="alt=alt=alt=Captain / Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/25px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/38px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/50px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US-O4_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="alt=alt=Major / Lieutenant commander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/25px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/38px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/50px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US-O5_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="alt=alt=Lieutenant colonel / Commander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/25px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/38px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/50px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="alt=alt=Colonel / Captain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/30px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/45px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/60px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="alt=alt=Brigadier general / Rear admiral (lower half)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/25px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/38px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/50px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="583" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="alt=alt=Major General / Rear admiral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/35px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/53px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/70px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US-O9_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="alt=alt=Lieutenant general / Vice admiral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/50px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/75px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/100px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="583" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US-O10_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="alt=alt=General / Admiral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/70px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/105px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/140px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="583" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US-O11_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="alt=alt=General of the Air Force / General of the Army / Fleet Admiral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US-O11_insignia.svg/50px-US-O11_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US-O11_insignia.svg/75px-US-O11_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US-O11_insignia.svg/100px-US-O11_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1541" /></a> </td> <td>[2] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:gainsboro;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet#United_States" title="Officer cadet">CDT</a> / <a href="/wiki/Officer_candidate#U.S._Army" title="Officer candidate">OC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">2LT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">1LT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">CPT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">MAJ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">LTC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">COL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">BG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">MG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">LTG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">GEN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">GA</a>[3] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">GAS</a>[2] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:gainsboro;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5940" data-file-height="4680" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#United_States_Navy_and_Marine_Corps">Midn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Officer_candidate#U.S._Marine_Corps" title="Officer candidate">Cand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">2ndLt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">1stLt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Capt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Maj</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">LtCol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Col</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">BGen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">MajGen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">LtGen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">Gen</a> </td> <td>[5] </td> <td>[5] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:gainsboro;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="520" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#United_States_Navy_and_Marine_Corps">MIDN</a> / <a href="/wiki/Officer_candidate#U.S._Navy" title="Officer candidate">OC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)#United_States" title="Ensign (rank)">ENS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">LTJG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">LT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">LCDR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">CDR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">CAPT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)#Rear_admiral_(lower_half)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">RDML</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)#Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral (United States)">RADM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)" title="Vice admiral (United States)">VADM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">ADM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fleet_admiral_(United_States)" title="Fleet admiral (United States)">FADM</a>[3] </td> <td>[5] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:gainsboro;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet#United_States" title="Officer cadet">Cdt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Officer_candidate#U.S._Air_Force" title="Officer candidate">OT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">2d Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">1st Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Capt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Maj</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lt Col</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Col</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brig Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Maj Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lt Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Air_Force" title="General of the Air Force">GAF</a>[3] </td> <td>[5] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:gainsboro;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_the_United_States_Space_Force.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Space_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_the_United_States_Space_Force.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Space_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_the_United_States_Space_Force.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Space_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="708" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet#United_States" title="Officer cadet">Cdt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Officer_candidate#U.S._Air_Force" title="Officer candidate">OT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">2d Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">1st Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Capt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Maj</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lt Col</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Col</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brig Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Maj Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lt Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">Gen</a> </td> <td>[5] </td> <td>[5] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:gainsboro;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="803" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet#United_States" title="Officer cadet">CDT</a> / <a href="/wiki/Officer_candidate#U.S._Coast_Guard" title="Officer candidate">OC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)#United_States" title="Ensign (rank)">ENS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">LTJG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">LT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">LCDR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">CDR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">CAPT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)#Rear_admiral_(lower_half)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">RDML</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)#Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral (United States)">RADM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)" title="Vice admiral (United States)">VADM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">ADM</a> </td> <td>[5] </td> <td>[5] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:gainsboro;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_the_United_States_Public_Health_Service.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Public_Health_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_the_United_States_Public_Health_Service.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Public_Health_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_the_United_States_Public_Health_Service.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Public_Health_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">PHS Corps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_candidate#PHS_Corps" title="Officer candidate">OC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)#United_States" title="Ensign (rank)">ENS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">LTJG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">LT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">LCDR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">CDR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">CAPT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)#Rear_admiral_(lower_half)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">RDML</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)#Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral (United States)">RADM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)" title="Vice admiral (United States)">VADM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">ADM</a> </td> <td>[5] </td> <td>[5] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:gainsboro;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NOAA_Flag.svg/23px-NOAA_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NOAA_Flag.svg/35px-NOAA_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NOAA_Flag.svg/46px-NOAA_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="418" /> <a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_candidate#NOAA_Corps" title="Officer candidate">OC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)#United_States" title="Ensign (rank)">ENS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">LTJG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">LT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">LCDR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">CDR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">CAPT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)#Rear_admiral_(lower_half)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">RDML</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)#Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral (United States)">RADM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)" title="Vice admiral (United States)">VADM</a> </td> <td>[4] </td> <td>[5] </td> <td>[5] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightsteelblue;" colspan="15">[1] No universal insignia for officer candidate rank [2] No official insignia and not currently listed by the Army as an obtainable rank. <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>'s GAS insignia: <a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="General of the Armies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a> (collar) <a href="/wiki/File:US-O10_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="General of the Armies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/45px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/68px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/90px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="583" /></a> (epaulettes) [3] These ranks are reserved for wartime use only, and are still listed as ranks within their respective services [4] Grade is authorized by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S. Code</a> for use but has not been created [5] Grade has never been created or authorized </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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