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He was [[Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia|Governor of Nova Scotia]] from 1816 to 1820, [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General of British North America]] from 1820 to 1828 and later [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief in India]]. In turn, his son, [[James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie]], would later serve as [[Governor-General of India]]. ==Background and education== Dalhousie was born at [[Dalhousie Castle]], [[Midlothian]], the son of [[George Ramsay, 8th Earl of Dalhousie]], and Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew Glen. He was educated at the [[Royal High School (Edinburgh)|Royal High School]], [[Edinburgh]], and the [[University of Edinburgh]]. ==Military career== After his father's death in 1787, Dalhousie joined the [[British Army]] in July 1788 by [[sale of commissions|purchasing]] a [[Cornet (military rank)|cornetcy]] in the [[3rd Dragoons]], and was later appointed to the captaincy of an independent company he himself had raised. He joined the 2nd battalion of the [[1st Regiment of Foot|1st Foot]] in January 1791, and purchased the rank of major in the [[2nd (The Queen's Royal) Regiment of Foot|2nd Foot]] in June 1792. He travelled with the regiment to [[Martinique]], as its commander, and succeeded to the lieutenant-colonelcy in August 1794. He was severely wounded in 1795 and returned to Britain. In 1798 he served in the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish Rebellion]], and in 1799 throughout the Flanders campaign. He received the [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] rank of colonel in January 1800, and fought in the later stages of the Egyptian campaign under [[Ralph Abercromby]], capturing [[Rosetta]] without a fight and [[Siege of Fort Julien|successfully investing]] the nearby [[Fort Julien]] in April 1801. In 1803 he served as a brigadier-general on the staff in Scotland, and was appointed Major-General in April 1805. During the later stages of the [[Peninsular War]] Dalhousie commanded the 7th Division under the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]]. Wellington was sometimes critical of his performance, as during the retreat from [[Siege of Burgos|Burgos]], because of his tardy arrival at [[Battle of Vitoria|Vitoria]], and for his misinformation about French intentions shortly before the [[Battle of Roncesvalles (1813)|Battle of Roncesvalles]].<ref>Chandler, David. ''Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars''. New York: Macmillan, 1979. {{ISBN|0-02-523670-9}} p.113</ref> With [[Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1771)|Henry Clinton]] (or Oswald) and [[William Stewart (1774–1827)|William Stewart]] he displayed insubordination during the retreat from Burgos. Wellington ordered them down a certain road, but they decided it "was too long and too wet and chose another. This brought them to a bridge which was blocked so that they could not cross. Here, eventually, Wellington found them, waiting. What, Wellington was asked, did he say to them? 'Oh by God, it was too serious to say anything.' 'What a situation is mine!’ he complained to London later. 'It is impossible to prevent incapable men from being sent to the army.'".<ref>Chandler p.203</ref> At Vitoria he was delayed because he "had found difficulty in marching through the broken country", though [[Thomas Picton]] arrived early enough and attacked in his stead when the 7th Division failed to appear<ref>Parkinson ''The Peninsular War'' p.179</ref> He was nevertheless voted the thanks of Parliament for his services at Vitoria where he commanded the Left Center Column, consisting of the 3rd and 7th Divisions. He was appointed lieutenant-general, and colonel of the [[13th Regiment of Foot|13th Foot]] in 1813. He led his division in the [[Battle of the Pyrenees]] where it was lightly engaged, then went home to England in October. After the previous commander was wounded at the [[Battle of Orthez]] in February 1814, Dalhousie briefly led the 7th Division again. He occupied the city of [[Bordeaux]] and thus missed the final [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Battle of Toulouse]]. William Kemley was said to have saved the life of Ramsay in battle, by holding a flag over his body. In doing so he suffered a wound from a musket ball that left him with a permanent hole in the palm of his hand. His grandson, Peter Gordon Kemley, used to tell how he could put his finger through the palm of his grandfather's hand. For his actions, William Kemley was given a house on the Dalhousie Estate at Brechin Castle, rent-free for life. His daughter, Caroline Kemley, was born under a gun carriage the evening before the [[Battle of Quatre Bras]]. Her mother was one of six wives per regiment permitted to accompany their husbands. ==Later career== In 1815 he was created '''Baron Dalhousie''', of Dalhousie Castle in [[Midlothian]], in the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]], to allow him to sit in the [[House of Lords]] by right (until that point he had sat as a [[List of Scottish representative peers|Scottish representative peer]]).<ref name=DictCanadianBioRamsay/> ===Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia=== According to the [[Dictionary of Canadian Biography]] Ramsay sought a position in colonial administration to pay debts he incurred expanding his estate.<ref name=DictCanadianBioRamsay/> He replaced Sir [[John Coape Sherbrooke]] as [[Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia]] in 1816. He is known to have employed an official draughtsman, [[John Elliott Woolford]], known for many surviving drawings and paintings. Ramsay created [[Dalhousie College]] in Halifax, Nova Scotia, which grew into Dalhousie University.<ref name=Cbc2018-02-18/> ===Governor-General of Canada=== [[File:Portage at Lake Nippising, 1821, by John Elliott Woolford.png | thumb | When Ramsay was made Governor-General of Canada he toured both Upper and Lower Canada, including what was then distant wilderness. This painting shows his expedition portaging at what is now [[North Bay, Ontario]].<ref name=TheCarryingPlace/>]] He was appointed [[Governor-General of British North America]] in 1820 and held that position until 1828.<ref name=DictCanadianBioRamsay/> ===Commander in Chief of India=== Dalhousie was appointed [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Indian Army]] in 1828.<ref name=DictCanadianBioRamsay/> Army headquarters alternated between [[Calcutta]] and [[Simla]]. India taxed his health, and he resigned in 1832. ===Retirement=== Dalhousie suffered a ''"fainting fit"'' in February 1833.<ref name=DictCanadianBioRamsay/> His health continued to deteriorate, and he returned to his estate, in 1834, where his health continued to deteriorate until his death 4 years later. He went both blind and senile in his final years. ==Family== Lord Dalhousie married [[Christian Ramsay|Christian]], daughter of Charles Broun, of [[Clan Broun|Colstoun]] in [[East Lothian]], Scotland, a lady of gentle extraction and distinguished gifts, in 1805.<ref name=WomenGardens/><ref name=CanadaScienceArctic/> She was recognised as a "zealous botanist" by leading scientists of her day. Ramsay and Christian had three sons, the two elder of whom died early. He died at Dalhousie Castle in March 1838, aged 67, and was succeeded by his youngest son, [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James]], who was later created [[Earl of Dalhousie|Marquess of Dalhousie]]. Lady Dalhousie died in January 1839. ==Legacy== While serving as Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia he founded [[Dalhousie University]] in [[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax, Nova Scotia]]. The town of [[Dalhousie, New Brunswick]] was named after him when he visited there in 1826, although his diary entry for the day stated that he disapproved of changing the original French and Mi'kmaq location names. The villages of East and [[West Dalhousie]] in Nova Scotia are named after him, as are [[Earltown]] and [[Port Dalhousie]], which is part of [[St. Catharines, Ontario]], a community in Calgary Alberta, [[Dalhousie Station (Montreal)|Dalhousie Station]] and an adjacent square, ''Dalhousie Square'' in [[Montreal]].<ref name="Vieux-Montréal">{{cite web|title=Square Dalhousie|url=http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/inventaire/fiches/fiche_rue.php?id=779&sec=c|work=Vieux-Montréal|publisher=[[City of Montreal]]|access-date=20 December 2011|language=fr}}</ref> ==See also== * [[List of universities named after people]] ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=WomenGardens> {{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aqcfRKaUoikC&q=%22christian+broun%22+OR+%22christian+ramsay%22+science&pg=PA26 | title = Women and Their Gardens: A History from the Elizabethan Era to Today | author = Catherine Horwood | publisher = [[Chicago Review Press]] | year = 2012 | isbn = 9781613743409 | quote = While they were there, between 1823 [sic] and 1828 [sic], the countess did some serious plant collecting in and around Simla, and on their final return to Britain she presented her complete Indian herbarium of some 1,200 specimens to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. This gesture resulted in William Hooker dedicating a volume of ''Curtis's Botanical Magazine'' to her, and Robert Graham, Professor of Botany at Edinburgh, then named the genus ''Dalhousiea'' for her, although one feels she deserved better than this not particularly interesting leguminous plant. }} </ref> <ref name=CanadaScienceArctic> {{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SJmjH2HAIZoC&q=christian&pg=PA113 | title = Science and the Canadian Arctic: A Century of Exploration, 1818-1918 | author1 = [[Trevor H. Levere]] | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780521524919 | quote = Lady Dalhousie offered to send me everything in her power from Canada & she is a very zealous Botanist. }} </ref> <ref name=Cbc2018-02-18> {{cite news | url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/dalhousie-slavery-bicentennial-1.4524383 | title = Dalhousie University probes founder's record on slavery and race as it marks bicentennial: Lord Dalhousie called black refugees 'slaves by habit and education' | work = [[CBC News]] | author = Kayla Hounsell | date = 2018-02-18 | access-date = 2019-11-05 | quote = Lord Dalhousie's feelings about black refugees went well beyond words. As Nova Scotia's governor, he called on the British government to return the refugees to the U.S. or send them to Sierra Leone. According to the Nova Scotia Archives, he dropped the idea after visiting them and discovering that {{'}}none of them are willing to return to their masters, or to America.{{'}} }} </ref> <ref name=TheCarryingPlace> {{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gmnBBAAAQBAJ&q=the+carrying+place | title = The Toronto Carrying Place: Rediscovering Toronto's Most Ancient Trail | author = Glenn Turner | publisher = [[Dundurn Press]] | year = 2015 | isbn = 9781459730472 }} </ref> <ref name=DictCanadianBioRamsay> {{Cite DCB |last=Burroughs |first=Peter |title=Ramsay, George, 9th Earl of Dalhousie |volume=7 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/ramsay_george_7E.html}} </ref> }} ==External links== * {{Hansard-contribs | mr-george-ramsay-1 | the Earl of Dalhousie }} * Glover, Michael. ''The Peninsular War 1807-1814.'' Penguin, 1974. * Oman, Charles. ''Wellington's Army, 1809-1814.'' Greenhill, (1913) 1993. * ''The Royal Military Calendar, Or Army Service and Commission Book'', ed. John Philippart. p.&nbsp;248-249, Vol I of V, 3rd edition, London, 1820. * Archives of George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie [https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=98649&lang=eng (George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie fonds, R4950)] are held at [[Library and Archives Canada]] {{S-start}} {{s-npo|mason}} {{Succession box| title=[[List of Grand Masters of the Grand Lodge of Scotland|Grand Master of the<br />Grand Lodge of Scotland]] | before=[[George Gordon, 9th Marquess of Huntly|The Earl of Aboyne]] | after=[[George IV of the United Kingdom|The Duke of Rothesay]] | years=1804–1806}} {{S-office}} {{Succession box| title=[[Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia]] | before=[[George Stracey Smyth]]<br>(acting) | after=[[James Kempt|Sir James Kempt]] | years=1816–1820}} {{Succession box| title=[[Governor General of Canada|Governor General of British North America]] | before=[[Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond|The Duke of Richmond]] | after=[[James Kempt|Sir James Kempt]] | years=1820–1828}} {{S-mil}} {{s-bef | before=[[John Elphinstone, 12th Lord Elphinstone|The Lord Elphinstone]]}} {{s-ttl | title=Colonel of the [[26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot]] | years=1813–1838}} {{s-aft | after=[[John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton|Sir John Colborne]]}} {{Succession box| title=[[Commander-in-Chief, India]] | before=[[Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|The Viscount Combermere]] | after=[[Edward Barnes (British Army officer)|Sir Edward Barnes]] | years=1830–1832}} {{S-reg|sct}} {{Succession box| title=[[Earl of Dalhousie]] | before=[[George Ramsay, 8th Earl of Dalhousie|George Ramsay]] | after=[[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James Broun-Ramsay]] | years=1787–1838}} {{s-reg|uk}} {{s-new|Creation}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Earl of Dalhousie|Baron Dalhousie]]|years=1815–1838}} {{s-aft|after=[[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James Broun-Ramsay]]}} {{s-end}} {{Dalhousie University}} {{NSLG}} {{QCLG}} {{Commander-in-Chief, India}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dalhousie, George Ramsay, 9th Earl Of}} [[Category:1770 births]] [[Category:1838 deaths]] [[Category:Nobility from Midlothian]] [[Category:People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]] [[Category:British Army generals]] [[Category:British Army commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]] [[Category:British Army personnel of the Peninsular War]] [[Category:British Commanders-in-Chief of India]] [[Category:Cameronians officers]] [[Category:People of the Irish Rebellion of 1798]] [[Category:Governors of the Colony of Nova Scotia|British Governors of Nova Scotia]] [[Category:Governors of British North America]] [[Category:Scottish educators]] [[Category:Scottish Presbyterians]] [[Category:Scottish representative peers]] [[Category:Dalhousie University]] [[Category:Earls of Dalhousie]] [[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Category:Royal Scots officers]] [[Category:Queen's Own Royal West Kent 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