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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reconstruction Treaties</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Reconstruction_Treaties" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>On the eve of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1861, a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> had been relocated from the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>, west of the Mississippi. The inhabitants of the eastern part of the Indian Territory, the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerain</a> nations with established tribal governments, well established cultures, and legal systems that allowed for <a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">slavery</a>. Before European Contact these tribes were generally <a href="/wiki/Matriarchial" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchial">matriarchial</a> societies, with agriculture being the primary economic pursuit. The bulk of the tribes lived in towns (some covering hundreds of acres and containing thousands of people) with planned streets, residential and public areas. The people were ruled by complex hereditary chiefdoms of varying size and complexity with high levels of military organization.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the middle of the 19th century, the United States Government had started leasing land from the Five Civilized Tribes (ex. <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> and Chickasaw<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in the western, more arid, part of Indian Territory. These <b>leased lands</b> were used to resettle several <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Indian">Plains Indian</a> tribes that tended to be <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> in nature, embracing the <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">Horse culture</a>. At the extreme, the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> society was based on <a href="/wiki/Patrilinear" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilinear">patrilinear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrilocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilocal">patrilocal</a> extended family sharing a common language; they did not develop the political idea of forming a nation or tribe until their relocation to Indian Territory. </p><p>At the beginning of the Civil War, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> was withdrawn from <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> exposing the Five Civilized Tribes to aggression from the Plains Indians. The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> filled the vacuum. All of the Five Civilized Tribes as well as other surrounding tribes signed treaties with the Confederacy. As a part of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era of the United States">reconstruction</a>, the Southern Treaty Commission was created by Congress to write new treaties with the Tribes that sided with the Confederacy. </p><p>An important consequence of the Reconstruction Treaties, signed in 1866, was the emancipation of 7,000 black slaves and the abolition of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Civil_War"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Civil War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Reconstruction_Era"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Reconstruction Era</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Southern_Treaty_Commission"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Southern Treaty Commission</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Committee_on_Territories"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Committee on Territories</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Tribes_making_treaties_with_the_Confederacy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Tribes making treaties with the Confederacy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Southern_Treaty_Commission_Delegations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Southern Treaty Commission Delegations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Federal"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Federal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Tribal"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tribal</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Treaties_of_Washington"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Treaties of Washington</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Freedman_tribal_rights"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Freedman tribal rights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Intertribal_Council"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Intertribal Council</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Land_concessions"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Land concessions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Choctaw_and_Chickasaw"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Choctaw and Chickasaw</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Cherokee"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cherokee</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Muskogee_(Creek)"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Muskogee (Creek)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Seminole"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Seminole</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Osage"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Osage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Tribes_of_the_Quapaw_Indian_Agency"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Tribes of the Quapaw Indian Agency</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Civil War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory in the American Civil War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw Nation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw Nation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> strongly support the Confederacy which signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Choctaws_and_Chickasaws" title="Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws">Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee (Creek) Nation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminole Nation">Seminole Nation</a> had troops fighting on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other tribes such as <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca-Cayuga_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma">Seneca</a>, Seneca and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma">Shawnee</a> of the Neosho Agency, and <a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a> Tribes also signed treaties with the Confederacy. </p><p>During the Civil War, the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> Congress passed a statute that gave the President the authority to suspend the appropriations of any tribe if the tribe is "in a state of actual hostility to the government of the United States… and, by proclamation, to declare all treaties with such tribe to be abrogated by such tribe"(25 U.S.C. Sec. 72).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Reconstruction_Era">Reconstruction Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reconstruction Era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era of the United States">Reconstruction Era of the United States</a></div> <p>The term Reconstruction Era typically covers the transformation of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> in the decade after the Civil War. However, the reconstruction of the Indian Territory lasted significantly longer and fostered policy changes that impacted other tribes in the rest of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Treaty_Commission">Southern Treaty Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Southern Treaty Commission" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>As a component of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>, a "grand council was called by the President of the United States, through the department of the Interior, to which a summons was issued to each of the five tribes to send representatives. This call was mandatory as far as it related to all Indian tribes which had been identified by treaty or otherwise with the late southern confederacy. Word was also given to other tribes, many of whom had reservations in Kansas."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council, the Southern Treaty Commission, held in <a href="/wiki/Ft._Smith,_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ft. Smith, Arkansas">Ft. Smith, Arkansas</a>, was attended by hundreds of Indians representing dozens of tribes. Over the next several years the commission negotiated treaties with different tribes that resulted in additional relocations to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> and the de facto creation (initially by treaty) of an unorganized <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1865, the Southern Treaty Commission, headed by Dennis N. Cooley, <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Indian Affairs">Commissioner of Indian Affairs</a> met with delegates of the Five Civilized Tribes as well as other tribes. At the meeting Cooley informed the Tribes that by joining the Confederacy, their previous treaties were null and void, and that new treaties would need to be negotiated. Key components of new treaties would be the abolishment of slavery, providing homes for the freedmen, and giving up part of their lands for the settlement of other <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was stated that it was the policy of the US Government that "all nations and tribes in the Indian Territory be formed into one consolidated government after the plan proposed by the Senate of the United States, in a bill for organizing the Indian territory."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One result of the meeting was an "agreement" (not an officially ratified treaty) that served as a basis for the treaties that were signed the following year. In the agreement, the tribes agreed to "in all things recognize the government of the United States as exercising exclusive jurisdiction over them, and will not enter into any allegiance or conventional arrangement with any state, nation, power or sovereign whatsoever; that any treaty of alliance for cession of land, or any act heretofore done by them, or any of their people, by which they renounce their allegiance to the United States, is hereby revoked, cancelled, and repudiated"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The council adjourned, and was called back to order the middle of 1866. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committee_on_Territories">Committee on Territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Committee on Territories" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Territories" title="United States House Committee on Territories">United States House Committee on Territories</a> was initially formed in 1825. Shortly after the Civil War, the Committee began discussing how best to assimilate the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a> into the Union. Two significant decisions were made by the committee with regards to how the Union interacted with the Native Americans: </p> <ol><li>It was decided that <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> had limited effectiveness and that the new policy would be one of <a href="/wiki/Americanization_of_Native_Americans#Americanization_and_assimilation_(1857%E2%80%931920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Americanization of Native Americans">assimilation</a>. One component of assimilation would be the distribution of property held in-common by the tribe to individual members of the tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1871, Congress decided that the United States would no longer deal with Indian tribes through a formal treaty-making process, providing that "[n]o Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation . . .".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>These decisions were implemented over subsequent years through numerous "reconstruction treaties" and subsequent laws, including the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Act">Homestead Act</a> (which provided a framework for <a href="/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">land runs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Commission" title="Dawes Commission">Dawes Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Act_of_1898" title="Curtis Act of 1898">Curtis Act of 1898</a> (which extended the allotment process to the tribes of Indian Territory and limited the scope of tribal courts and governments), <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_organic_act" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma organic act">Oklahoma organic act</a> in 1890, and the Five Civilized Tribe Act of April 26, 1906 which "Provide for the Final Disposition of the Affairs of the Five Civilized Tribes in Oklahoma."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Tribes_making_treaties_with_the_Confederacy">Tribes making treaties with the Confederacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tribes making treaties with the Confederacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>When the Union troops withdrew from Indian Territory, the Five Civilized Tribes were unprotected from attack by the Plains Indians that had been settled in the western part of the Territory. General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_McCulloch" title="Benjamin McCulloch">Benjamin McCulloch</a> and Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pike" title="Albert Pike">Albert Pike</a> were placed in command of Indian Territory for the Confederacy, and offered protection to the tribes in the eastern part of the territory. </p><p>Tribes that entered into treaties with the Confederacy were left "without any treaty whatever or treaty obligations for protection by the United States"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a> <ul><li>Creek Nation - July 10, 1861</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> and Chickasaw - July 12, 1861</li> <li>Seminole - August 1, 1861</li> <li>Cherokee - October 7, 1861</li></ul></li> <li>Other Tribes <ul><li>Shawnees, Delawares, Wichitas and affiliated tribes residing on "leased territories" (the western part of <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> and Chickasaw territories) - August 12, 1861</li> <li>Comanches of the Prairie - August 12, 1861</li> <li>Osage - October 21, 1861</li> <li>Quapaw - October 4, 1861</li> <li>Senecas as well as Senecas and Shawnee of the Neosho Agency - October 4, 1861</li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Southern_Treaty_Commission_Delegations">Southern Treaty Commission Delegations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southern Treaty Commission Delegations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal">Federal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Federal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Brigader General Bussey was in command of the Post at Ft. Smith. Representing the Federal Government were:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Secretary of the Interior: <a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Harlan (senator)">James Harlan</a></li> <li>Commissioner of Indian Affairs: Dennis N. Cooley (President of the Commission)</li> <li>Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southern Superintendency: Elijah Sells</li> <li>Special Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Ely_S._Parker" title="Ely S. Parker">Ely S. Parker</a> (a member of the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca Nation">Seneca Nation</a> and future commissioner of Indian affairs under President Ulysses S. Grant)</li> <li>Commissioner of the General Land Office: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Edmunds" title="James M. Edmunds">James M. Edmunds</a></li> <li>Thomas Wistar of Pennsylvania</li> <li>Major General <a href="/wiki/William_S._Harney" title="William S. Harney">William S. Harney</a>, United States Army</li> <li>Major General Harron, United States Army</li> <li>Chief Clerk of the Indian Bureau: Mr. Mix (Secretary of the Commission)</li> <li>United States Agents <ul><li>JB Abbott: Shawnees in Kansas</li> <li>Isaac Coleman: <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> and Chickasaw</li> <li>JW Dunn: Creek, Milo Gookins, Wichitas, and tribes on land leased from Chickasaws and Choctaws</li> <li>Justin Harlan: Cherokee</li> <li>George A Reynolds: Seminole</li> <li>Major Snow: Osage, Quapaws, Senecas and Shawnees of the Neosho Agency</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribal">Tribal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tribal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Tribes represented include Osage, Senecas, Seneca and Shawnee of the Neosho agency, Shawnee, Quapaw and Wyandotts. From Kansas the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Delawares, and Sacs and Foxes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Choctaw: Colonel RM Jones (President), JR Kingsbury (Secretary), David Birney<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chickasaw: Colbert Carter (President), Lewis Johnson (Secretary), AG Griffith, (Maharda Colbert-Interpreter)</li> <li>Osage: Me-lo-tah-mo-ne, Wa-dah-ne-ga</li></ul> <p>Some tribes sent two delegations, one representing a Southern faction and the other representing a Northern faction. The Government typically negotiated only with the Northern delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Cherokee <ul><li>Northern: headed by <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Ross (Cherokee chief)">John Ross (Cherokee chief)</a>, Colonel Reese, Pas-co-fa, Fos-har-go, Cho-Cote Har-go, Fos-hut-she</li> <li>Southern: headed by <a href="/wiki/Elias_Cornelius_Boudinot" title="Elias Cornelius Boudinot">Elias Cornelius Boudinot</a> (a colonel in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a>, and a territorial representative in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Congress">Confederate Congress</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Stand Watie</a> (a brigadier general of the Confederate States Army, and the last Confederate general in the field to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul></li> <li>Muscogee (Creek) <ul><li>Northern: Mik-ko-hut-kee (Little White Chief), Sanford Berryman</li> <li>Southern: Colonel Daniel N. McIntosh<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Seminole <ul><li>Northern: <a href="/wiki/John_Chupco" title="John Chupco">John Chupco</a></li> <li>Southern: <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Seminole_Chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brown (Seminole Chief)">John Brown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Treaties_of_Washington">Treaties of Washington</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treaties of Washington" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Many of the Reconstruction Treaties were titled with the phrase "Treaty of Washington." These treaties replaced the treaties that were voided when the tribes signed treaties with the Confederacy. Some Indian tribes signed treaties at the Ft. Smith conference. The Five Civilized Tribes agreed to draft treaties, but final treaties were signed in Washington, D.C. during the year of 1866. </p> <ul><li>Five Civilized Tribes <ul><li>The Chickasaw and <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_organic_act#Treaty_of_Washington_(1866)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma organic act">Chickasaw and Choctaw Treaty of Washington</a>, Proclaimed on July 10, 1866<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Creek August 11, 1866<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy#Fort_Smith_Conference_and_Treaty_of_1866" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866</a> (August 11)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Seminole treaty ratified on August 16, 1866<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Tribes occupying Leased Land of <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> and Chickasaw tribes <ul><li>Shawnees October 14, 1868<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Delawares August 10, 1866<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Other Tribes <ul><li>Osage Jan 21 1867<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sac and Fox 1867<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>All the treaties contained:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>amnesty for all crimes committed against the United States prior to the treaties</li> <li>included specific provisions of peace and friendship toward the United States</li> <li>notice that previous treaties were null and void</li> <li>the Tribes acknowledgement of the supremacy of the United States Government, its Constitution, and its laws: past, present and future</li> <li>clause stating that no federal legislation could interfere with their tribal organization</li> <li>tribes would provide <a href="/wiki/Land_grants" class="mw-redirect" title="Land grants">Land grants</a> in their various domains for rights-of-way for railroad (and sometimes telegraph) construction through Indian Territory</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedman_tribal_rights">Freedman tribal rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Freedman tribal rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Different tribes addressed freedman tribal rights (resulting from the abolition of slavery) in different ways. The Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole treaties gave the freedmen unqualified rights, while the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> and Chickasaw treaty gave them the choice of being adopted into their nations or being removed by the federal government and settled elsewhere. The Chickasaw however refused to accept the Freedmen into the Chickasaw Nation on the grounds that the Nation was so small that absorbing their Freedmen would dilute the Chickasaw Nation. This refusal resulted in the Chickasaw Freedmen spending a significant number of years being citizens of no country at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intertribal_Council">Intertribal Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Intertribal Council" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Intertribal Council evolved into the Territorial Legislature for the Indian Territory described in the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_organic_act" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma organic act">Oklahoma organic act</a> which established Oklahoma and Indian Territories. Each tribe would have one representative, with an additional representative for each one thousand tribal members. The superintendent of Indian affairs would serve as the council's chief executive. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Land_concessions">Land concessions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Land concessions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choctaw_and_Chickasaw">Choctaw and Chickasaw</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Choctaw and Chickasaw" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> and Chickasaw Nations had a single Reconstruction Treaty, the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_organic_act#Treaty_of_Washington_(1866)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma organic act">Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington (1866)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which they sold land west of the 98 longitude to the United States for $300,000. Much of this land was previously "leased" to the Federal Government and was the home of other Indian tribes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cherokee">Cherokee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cherokee" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Cherokee gave up their "Neutral Lands" in southeastern Kansas and the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee Strip">Cherokee Strip</a>, to be sold to the highest bidder for not less than $1.25 an acre. They also agreed sell land to the <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage Nation</a> and to allow the federal government to settle other tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Outlet" title="Cherokee Outlet">Cherokee Outlet</a> in exchange for payment made by the government to the Cherokee Nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muskogee_(Creek)"><span id="Muskogee_.28Creek.29"></span>Muskogee (Creek)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Muskogee (Creek)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Creek ceded the western half of their lands to the Federal Government for $975,168, about $0.30 per acre </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seminole">Seminole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Seminole" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Seminole sold all of their land in the western part of the territory for $0.15 per acre to the Federal Government. The Seminole then purchased from the Federal Government about two hundred thousand acres of land (the current <a href="/wiki/Seminole_County,_Oklahoma" title="Seminole County, Oklahoma">Seminole County, Oklahoma</a>) for $0.50 per acre (former Creek land). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osage">Osage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Osage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage Nation</a> originated in the Ohio River valley in present-day Kentucky. After years of war with invading Iroquois, they become the dominant power in an area between the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red</a> rivers. The Reconstruction era treaties provided an excuse for the Osage to be moved to an area in Oklahoma Territory. With the 1865 Treaty with the Osage<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tribe sells significant territory in Kansas and Missouri to the US for $1.25 per acre. The <a href="/wiki/Drum_Creek_Treaty" title="Drum Creek Treaty">Drum Creek Treaty</a> of 1870 provided that the remainder of Osage land in Kansas be sold and the proceeds used to relocate the tribe to the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Outlet" title="Cherokee Outlet">Cherokee Outlet</a>. That Osage purchased the land from the Cherokees, receiving <a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">Fee simple</a> title, provided the tribe with a legitimately that later allowed them more autonomy when the State of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> was formed. The land purchased is now the present <a href="/wiki/Osage_County,_Oklahoma" title="Osage County, Oklahoma">Osage County, Oklahoma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribes_of_the_Quapaw_Indian_Agency">Tribes of the Quapaw Indian Agency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tribes of the Quapaw Indian Agency" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Quapaw_Indian_Agency" title="Quapaw Indian Agency">Quapaw Indian Agency</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shawnee" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Shawnee">Eastern Shawnee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Miami Tribe of Oklahoma">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modoc_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma">Modoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peoria_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria Tribe">Peoria</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederation" title="Illinois Confederation">Illinois Confederation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw Tribe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca-Cayuga_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma">Seneca and Cayuga</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte</a>, and some small remnants of other tribes. The tribes were originally removed from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois#History" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#European_contact" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio#History" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a> to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas#1820s%E2%80%931840s:_Indian_territory" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri#Statehood_and_the_Missouri_Compromise" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas Territory</a> in the 1820s and 1830s. The post-Civil War Treaties negotiated by the Southern Treaty Commission with the various tribes relocated these tribes to an area northeast of the Cherokee nation, chiefly in what is today <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_County,_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa County, Oklahoma">Ottawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Oklahoma" title="Delaware County, Oklahoma">Delaware</a> Counties in Oklahoma. Many of the tribal governments are located in <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Oklahoma" title="Miami, Oklahoma">Miami, Oklahoma</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">Native American self-determination</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Act+of+Congress%2C+R.S.+Sec.+2080+derived+from+act+July+5%2C+1862%2C+ch.+135%2C+Sec.+1%2C+12+Stat.+528.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuscode.house.gov%2Fdownload%2Fpls%2F25C3.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214095157/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v014/v014p022.html">"Perry, Dan W. "Oklahoma, A Foreordained Commonwealth" Chronicles of Oklahoma, Volume 14, No. 1, March, 1936, p30 (Oklahoma Historical Society)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v014/v014p022.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perry%2C+Dan+W.+%22Oklahoma%2C+A+Foreordained+Commonwealth%22+Chronicles+of+Oklahoma%2C+Volume+14%2C+No.+1%2C+March%2C+1936%2C+p30+%28Oklahoma+Historical+Society%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2FChronicles%2Fv014%2Fv014p022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_organic_act" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma organic act">Oklahoma organic act</a> in 1890, Oklahoma Territory became an "organized" incorporated territory of the United States</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reconstruction Treaties, ibid</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treaty Commission Journal, p4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202231258/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/treaties/che1050.htm">"AGREEMENT WITH THE CHEROKEE AND OTHER TRIBES IN THE INDIAN TERRITORY, Sept 13, 1865, Ft. Smith, Arkansaw. House Ex. Doc. No. 1, 1st sess. 39th Cong., vol. 2, 1865-66, pp. 480 to 542"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/che1050.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AGREEMENT+WITH+THE+CHEROKEE+AND+OTHER+TRIBES+IN+THE+INDIAN+TERRITORY%2C+Sept+13%2C+1865%2C+Ft.+Smith%2C+Arkansaw.+House+Ex.+Doc.+No.+1%2C+1st+sess.+39th+Cong.%2C+vol.+2%2C+1865-66%2C+pp.+480+to+542.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fche1050.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek: Hearings on H.R. 19213 Before the H. Subcomm. on Indian Affairs, at 24 (Feb. 14, 1912) (statement of Hon. Byron P. Harrison) ("While the {1866 Treaty of Washington} contemplated the immediate allotment in severalty of the lands in the Choctaw-Chickasaw country, yet such allotment in severalty to anyone was never made under such treaty, and has only been consummated since the breaking up of the tribal organization and preparatory to the organization of the State of Oklahoma.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Appropriation Act of March 3, 1871, 16 Stat. 544, 566 (currently codified at 25 U.S.C. § 71)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congress' plenary authority to "override treaty provisions and legislate for the protection of the Indians." United States v. City of McAlester, 604 F.2d 42, 47 (10th Cir. 1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States v. Blackfeet Tribe of Blackfeet Indian Reservation, 364 F.Supp. 192, 194 (D.Mont. 1973) ("[A]n Indian tribe is sovereign to the extent that the United States permits it to be sovereign – neither more nor less.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/laws/act_april_26_1906.htm">"Act of April 26, 1906, Public Number 129"</a>. 9 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Act+of+April+26%2C+1906%2C+Public+Number+129&rft.date=2011-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessgenealogy.com%2Fnative%2Flaws%2Fact_april_26_1906.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treaty Commission Journal p3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RvwJmv8kOcUC&pg=PA18"><i>Journal of the Southern Treaty Commission 1865, Larry S. Watson, Editor. HISTREE, 1994</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Southern+Treaty+Commission+1865%2C+Larry+S.+Watson%2C+Editor.+HISTREE%2C+1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRvwJmv8kOcUC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treaty Commission Journal, p1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treaty Commission Journal p18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reconstruction Treaties, idib</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarhome.com/watiebio.htm">Stand Watie bio</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbtsinindianterritory.com.istemp.com/custom2_1.html">Brigadier General Stand Waite</a>, Civil War</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Newnan McIntosh was born in Georgia on 20 September 1822, son of Susannah Coe and William McIntosh (1778-1825), Principal Chief of the Lower Creeks. After the war, McIntosh represented the Creek Nation as a delegate signing the Creek Treaty of 1866. He served frequently as a tribal delegate to Washington, D.C. He became a successful farmer, stockman and landholder. During his lifetime, he had held every office except Principal Chief of the Creek Nation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226072202/http://scvtulsa.com/index_files/Page334.html">"Col. Daniel McIntosh"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scvtulsa.com/index_files/Page334.html">the original</a> on 2013-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Col.+Daniel+McIntosh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scvtulsa.com%2Findex_files%2FPage334.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.choctawnation.com/sites/default/files/2015/09/29/1866treaty_original.pdf">"Treaty with Choctaw & Chickasaw, 1866"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+with+Choctaw+%26+Chickasaw%2C+1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.choctawnation.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2015%2F09%2F29%2F1866treaty_original.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216041516/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0918.htm">"Treaty of Washington United States-Choctaw Nation-Chickasaw Nation, 14 Stat. 769, signed April 28, 1866"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0918.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Washington+United+States-Choctaw+Nation-Chickasaw+Nation%2C+14+Stat.+769%2C+signed+April+28%2C+1866&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fcho0918.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613220526/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/treaties/cre0931.htm">"Treaty with the Creeks, 1866, June 14, 1866. (14 Stats., 785) Ratified July 19, 1866, Proclaimed Aug. 11, 1866"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/treaties/cre0931.htm">the original</a> on June 13, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+with+the+Creeks%2C+1866%2C+June+14%2C+1866.+%2814+Stats.%2C+785%29+Ratified+July+19%2C+1866%2C+Proclaimed+Aug.+11%2C+1866&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2Fvol2%2Ftreaties%2Fcre0931.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/VOL2/treaties/che0942.htm">"Treaty with the Cherokee, August 11, 1866. <i>Oklahoma Historical Society: Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties.</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+with+the+Cherokee%2C+August+11%2C+1866.+Oklahoma+Historical+Society%3A+Indian+Affairs%3A+Laws+and+Treaties.+Vol.+2%2C+Treaties.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVOL2%2Ftreaties%2Fche0942.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/?q=primarywest/u-s-treaty-seminole-nation-1866">"Treaty of March 21, 1866, with the Seminole Indians. Ratified Treaty No. 352"</a>. 24 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+March+21%2C+1866%2C+with+the+Seminole+Indians.+Ratified+Treaty+No.+352&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2F%3Fq%3Dprimarywest%2Fu-s-treaty-seminole-nation-1866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215215237/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sen0960.htm">"TREATY WITH THE SENECA, MIXED SENECA AND SHAWNEE, QUAPAW, ETC., 1867 (15 Stats., 513) Ratified June 18, 1868. Proclaimed Oct. 14, 1868"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sen0960.htm">the original</a> on February 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TREATY+WITH+THE+SENECA%2C+MIXED+SENECA+AND+SHAWNEE%2C+QUAPAW%2C+ETC.%2C+1867+%2815+Stats.%2C+513%29+Ratified+June+18%2C+1868.+Proclaimed+Oct.+14%2C+1868&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fsen0960.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216070603/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/del0937.htm">"Treaty with the Delawares, 1866. (14 Stats., 793) Ratified July 26, 1866. Proclaimed Aug. 10, 1866"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/del0937.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+with+the+Delawares%2C+1866.+%2814+Stats.%2C+793%29+Ratified+July+26%2C+1866.+Proclaimed+Aug.+10%2C+1866&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fdel0937.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216080216/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/osa0878.htm">"Treaty with the Osage, 1865 (14 Stat., 687) Ratified June 26, 1866. Proclaimed, Jan. 21, 1867"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/osa0878.htm">the original</a> on February 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+with+the+Osage%2C+1865+%2814+Stat.%2C+687%29+Ratified+June+26%2C+1866.+Proclaimed%2C+Jan.+21%2C+1867&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fosa0878.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126135016/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sau0951.htm">"Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes, 1867 (15 Stat., 495) Ratified July 25, 1868. Proclaimed Oct. 14, 1868"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sau0951.htm">the original</a> on November 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+with+the+Sauk+and+Foxes%2C+1867+%2815+Stat.%2C+495%29+Ratified+July+25%2C+1868.+Proclaimed+Oct.+14%2C+1868&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fsau0951.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reconstruction Treaties, idib</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216041516/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0918.htm">"Treaty of Washington United States-Choctaw Nation-Chickasaw Nation, 14 Stat. 769, signed April 28, 1866"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0918.htm">the original</a> on February 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Washington+United+States-Choctaw+Nation-Chickasaw+Nation%2C+14+Stat.+769%2C+signed+April+28%2C+1866&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fcho0918.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216080216/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/osa0878.htm#mn10">"TREATY WITH THE OSAGE, 1865. Sept. 29, 1865; 14 Stat., 687; Ratified June 26, 1866; Proclaimed, Jan. 21, 1867"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/osa0878.htm#mn10">the original</a> on 2012-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TREATY+WITH+THE+OSAGE%2C+1865.+Sept.+29%2C+1865%3B+14+Stat.%2C+687%3B+Ratified+June+26%2C+1866%3B+Proclaimed%2C+Jan.+21%2C+1867.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fosa0878.htm%23mn10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReconstruction+Treaties" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Treaties&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only 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