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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hittite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hittite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hittite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hittite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Palaic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luwic_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luwic_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Luwic branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luwic_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Luwian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luwian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Luwian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luwian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lycian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lycian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Lycian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lycian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milyan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milyan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Milyan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milyan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Carian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sidetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sidetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Sidetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sidetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pisidian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pisidian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Pisidian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pisidian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kalašma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalašma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.7</span> <span>Kalašma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalašma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lydian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lydian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Lydian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lydian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_possible_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_possible_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Other possible languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_possible_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Extinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anatolian languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliese_tale" title="Anatoliese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anatoliese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolische_Sprachen" title="Anatolische Sprachen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Anatolische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات أناضولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات أناضولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_anatolies" title="Llingües anatolies – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües anatolies" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آناتولی دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آناتولی دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আনাতোলীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আনাতোলীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Анаталійскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анаталійскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Анаталійскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Анаталійскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Анатолийски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анатолийски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolische_Schprochn" title="Anatolische Schprochn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Anatolische Schprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_anat%C3%B2liques" title="Llengües anatòliques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües anatòliques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Анатоли чĕлхисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Анатоли чĕлхисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Anatolské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anatolské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliske_sprog" title="Anatoliske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anatoliske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolische_Sprachen" title="Anatolische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anatolische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Anatolske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Anatolske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ανατολιακές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανατολιακές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_anatolias" title="Lenguas anatolias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas anatolias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia_lingvaro" title="Anatolia lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anatolia lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های آناتولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های آناتولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_anatoliennes" title="Langues anatoliennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues anatoliennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Anat%C3%B3lacha" title="Teangacha Anatólacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Anatólacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Anatoalagh" title="Çhengaghyn Anatoalagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Anatoalagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_anat%C3%B3licas" title="Linguas anatólicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas anatólicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A4%D9%86" title="آناتؤلی زوانؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آناتؤلی زوانؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%82%98%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="아나톨리아어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아나톨리아어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անատոլիական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անատոլիական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolijski_jezici" title="Anatolijski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anatolijski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Anatolia" title="Rumpun bahasa Anatolia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B3l%C3%ADsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Anatólísk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Anatólísk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_anatoliche" title="Lingue anatoliche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue anatoliche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות אנטוליות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות אנטוליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kianatolia" title="Lugha za Kianatolia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kianatolia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82-%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хетт-лувий тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хетт-лувий тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Anatolicae" title="Linguae Anatolicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Anatolicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolie%C5%A1u_valodas" title="Anatoliešu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anatoliešu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatol%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Anatolų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anatolų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_anatolian" title="Linguas anatolian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas anatolian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B3liai_nyelvek" title="Anatóliai nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anatóliai nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Анадолски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Анадолски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_anat%C3%B4liana" title="Fiteny anatôliana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny anatôliana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="അനത്തോളിയൻ ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനത്തോളിയൻ ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Anatolia" title="Bahasa-bahasa Anatolia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolische_talen" title="Anatolische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anatolische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="アナトリア語派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アナトリア語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Anatoliske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anatoliske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Anatoliske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anatoliske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_anatolianas" title="Lengas anatolianas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas anatolianas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_anatolijskie" title="Języki anatolijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki anatolijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_anat%C3%B3lias" title="Línguas anatólias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas anatólias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_anatoliene" title="Limbi anatoliene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi anatoliene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Анатолийские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анатолийские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_anadollake" title="Gjuhët anadollake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët anadollake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anatolian languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B3lske_jazyky" title="Anatólske jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anatólske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolski_jeziki" title="Anatolski jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anatolski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Анатолски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анатолски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolijski_jezici" title="Anatolijski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anatolijski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolialaiset_kielet" title="Anatolialaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anatolialaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Anatoliska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anatoliska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="กลุ่มภาษาอานาโตเลีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาอานาโตเลีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolu_dilleri" title="Anadolu dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anadolu dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Анатолійські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анатолійські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="اناطولی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اناطولی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Ti%E1%BB%83u_%C3%81" title="Ngữ tộc Tiểu Á – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ tộc Tiểu Á" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="安那托利亚语族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安那托利亚语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Anatoliye" title="Zıwanê Anatoliye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Anatoliye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="安那托利亞語族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安那托利亞語族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolija_zyvonon" title="Anatolija zyvonon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Anatolija zyvonon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct branch of Indo-European languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "Anatolian", see <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anatolian (disambiguation)">Anatolian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Anatolian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Formerly in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anatolians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolians">Anatolians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Anatolian</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaic">Palaic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luwic" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwic">Luwic</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anat1257">anat1257</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Anatolian languages</b> are an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> that were spoken in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The best known Anatolian language is <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>, which is considered the earliest-attested Indo-European language. </p><p>Undiscovered until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they are often believed to be the earliest branch to have split from the <a href="/wiki/Proto_Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto Indo-European">Proto Indo-European</a> family. Once discovered, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">laryngeal consonants</a> <i>ḫ</i> and <i>ḫḫ</i> in Hittite and <a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a> provided support for the <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">laryngeal theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> linguistics. While Hittite attestation ends after the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">hieroglyphic Luwian</a> survived until the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittite kingdoms</a> by the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Assyrian Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alphabets_of_Anatolia" title="Alphabets of Anatolia">alphabetic inscriptions in Anatolian languages</a> are fragmentarily attested until the early <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">first millennium</a> AD, eventually succumbing to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> of Anatolia as a result of <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/350px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/525px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/700px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption> Early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Anatolian branch is often considered the earliest to have split from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>, from a stage referred to either as <a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a> or "Archaic PIE"; typically a date in the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">mid-4th millennium BC</a> is assumed. Under the <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a>, there are two possibilities for how the early Anatolian speakers could have reached Anatolia: from the north via the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, or from the west, via the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter is considered somewhat more likely by Mallory (1989), Steiner (1990), and Anthony (2007). Statistical research by Quentin Atkinson and others using <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_inference" title="Bayesian inference">Bayesian inference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">glottochronological</a> markers favors an <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Indo-European origin in Anatolia</a>, though the method's validity and accuracy are subject to debate.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been theorized that <a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă culture</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog culture</a>, was the source of Anatolian languages and introduced them to Anatolia through the Balkans after Anatolian split from the Proto-Indo-Anatolian language, which some linguists and archaeologists place in the area of the Sredny Stog culture.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petra Goedegebuure suggests Anatolian separated from PIE in the north by 4500 BC and had arrived in Anatolia by about 2500 BC, via a migration route through the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Craig_Melchert" title="Craig Melchert">Melchert</a> (2012) has proposed the following classification:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li>Luwic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatolian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Anatolian.svg/331px-Anatolian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="331" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Anatolian.svg/497px-Anatolian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Anatolian.svg/662px-Anatolian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Classification of the Anatolian languages according to <a href="/wiki/Alwin_Kloekhorst" title="Alwin Kloekhorst">Alwin Kloekhorst</a> (2022).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Kloekhorst" title="Alwin Kloekhorst">Kloekhorst</a> (2022) has proposed a more detailed classification, with estimated dating for some of the reconstructed stages:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2022_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Proto-Anatolian (diverged around the 31st century BC) <ul><li>Proto-Luwo-Lydian <ul><li>Proto-Luwo-Palaic <ul><li>Proto-Luwic (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 21st</span>–20th century BC) <ul><li>Proto-Luwian (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 18th century BC</span>) <ul><li>Cuneiform Luwian (16th–15th century BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a> (13th–8th century BC)</li></ul></li> <li>Proto-Lyco-Carian <ul><li>Proto-Carian–Milyan <ul><li>Carian (7th–3rd century BC)</li> <li>Milyan (5th century BC)</li></ul></li> <li>Proto-Lycian–Sidetic <ul><li>Lycian (5th–4th century BC)</li> <li>Sidetic (5th–2nd century BC)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Pisidian (1st–2nd century AD) [unclassified]</li></ul></li> <li>Proto-Palaic <ul><li>Palaic (16th–15th century BC)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Proto-Lydian <ul><li>Lydian (8th–3rd century BC)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Proto-Hittite (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2100 BC</span>) <ul><li>Kanišite Hittite (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1935</span>–1710 BC)</li> <li>Ḫattuša Hittite (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1650</span>–1180 BC)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma_language" title="Kalašma language">Kalašma language</a> is believed to be a Luwic language, though further analysis has yet to be published.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phonology of the Anatolian languages preserves distinctions lost in its sister branches of Indo-European. Famously, the Anatolian languages retain the PIE <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">laryngeals</a> in words such as Hittite <i>ḫāran-</i> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄρνῑς</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <i>eręlis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>ǫrn</i>, PIE *<b>h₃éron-</b>) and Lycian 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀 <i>χuga</i> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>avus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a> <i>awis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Archaic Irish</a> ᚐᚃᚔ (avi), PIE *<b>h₂éwh₂s</b>). The three dorsal consonant series of PIE also remained distinct in Proto-Anatolian and have different reflexes in the Luwic languages, e.g. Luwian where *<b>kʷ</b> > <i>ku-</i>, *<b>k</b> > <i>k-</i>, and *<b>ḱ</b> > <i>z-.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three-way distinction in Proto-Indo-European stops (i.e. <b>*p, *b, *bʰ</b>) collapsed into a <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis-lenis</a> distinction in Proto-Anatolian, conventionally written as /<b>p</b>/ vs. /<b>b</b>/. In Hittite and Luwian cuneiform, the lenis stops were written as single voiceless consonants while the fortis stops were written as doubled voiceless, indicating a <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> pronunciation. By the first millennium, the lenis consonants seem to have been <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">spirantized</a> in Lydian, Lycian, and Carian.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Proto-Anatolian laryngeal consonant *H patterned with the stops in fortition and lenition and appears as geminated -ḫḫ- or plain -ḫ- in cuneiform. Reflexes of *H in Hittite are interpreted as pharyngeal fricatives and those in Luwian as uvular fricatives based on loans in Ugaritic and Egyptian, as well as vowel-coloring effects. The laryngeals were lost in Lydian but became Lycian 𐊐 (<i>χ</i>) and Carian 𐊼 (<i>k</i>), both pronounced [k], as well as <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labiovelars</a> —Lycian 𐊌 (<i>q</i>), Carian 𐊴 (<i>q</i>)—when labialized. Suggestions for their realization in Proto-Anatolian include <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal fricatives</a>, uvular fricatives, or <a href="/wiki/Uvular_stop" title="Uvular stop">uvular stops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anatolian morphology is considerably simpler than other early Indo-European (IE) languages. The verbal system distinguishes only two tenses (present-future and preterite), two voices (active and <a href="/wiki/Mediopassive_voice" title="Mediopassive voice">mediopassive</a>), and two moods (<a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">indicative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>), lacking the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative</a> moods found in other old IE languages like <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, and Ancient Greek. Anatolian verbs are also typically divided into two conjugations: the <i>mi</i> conjugation and <i>ḫi</i> conjugation, named for their first-person singular present indicative suffix in Hittite. While the <i>mi</i> conjugation has clear cognates outside of Anatolia, the <i>ḫi</i> conjugation is distinctive and appears to be derived from a reduplicated or intensive form in PIE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Anatolian <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> system is based on two classes: animate and inanimate (also termed common and neuter). Proto-Anatolian almost certainly did not inherit a separate feminine agreement class from PIE.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The two-gender system has been described as a merger of masculine and feminine genders following the phonetic merger of PIE a-stems with o-stems. However the discovery of a group of inherited nouns with suffix *<b>-eh<sub>2</sub></b> in Lycian and therefore Proto-Anatolian raised doubts about the existence of a feminine gender in PIE. The feminine gender typically marked with <i>-ā</i> in non-Anatolian Indo-European languages may be connected to a derivational suffix *<b>-h<sub>2</sub></b>, attested for abstract nouns and collectives in Anatolian.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appurtenance suffix *<i>-ih<sub>2</sub></i> is scarce in Anatolian but fully productive as a feminine marker in <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests the Anatolian gender system is the original for IE, while the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender#Masculine–feminine–neuter_contrast" title="Grammatical gender">feminine-masculine-neuter</a> classification of Tocharian + Core IE languages may have arisen following a sex-based split within the class of topical nouns to provide more precise reference tracking for male and female humans.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case">Case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proto-Anatolian retained the nominal case system of Proto-Indo-European, including the vocative, nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, genitive, and locative cases, and innovated an additional <a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative case</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nouns distinguish singular and plural numbers, as well as a collective plural for inanimates in Old Hittite and remnant dual forms for natural pairs. The Anatolian branch also has a <a href="/wiki/Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">split-ergative</a> system based on gender, with inanimate nouns being marked in the ergative case when the subject of a transitive verb. This may be an areal influence from nearby non-IE <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative languages</a> like Hurrian.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic word order in Anatolian is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject-object-verb</a> except for Lycian, where verbs typically precede objects. Clause-initial particles are a striking feature of Anatolian syntax; in a given sentence, a connective or the first accented word usually hosts a chain of clitics in <a href="/wiki/Clitic#Word_order" title="Clitic">Wackernagel's position</a>. Enclitic pronouns, discourse markers, conjunctions, and local or modal particles appear in rigidly ordered slots. Words fronted before the particle chain are topicalized.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The list below gives the Anatolian languages in a relatively flat arrangement, following a summary of the Anatolian family tree by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Beekes" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Beekes">Robert Beekes</a> (2010).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model recognizes only one clear subgroup, the Luwic languages. Modifications and updates of the branching order continue, however. A second version opposes Hittite to Western Anatolian, and divides the latter node into Lydian, Palaic, and a Luwian group (instead of Luwic).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hittite">Hittite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hittite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Hittite_rule_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_Hittite_rule_en.svg/260px-Map_Hittite_rule_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_Hittite_rule_en.svg/390px-Map_Hittite_rule_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_Hittite_rule_en.svg/520px-Map_Hittite_rule_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>The Hittite Empire at its greatest extent under <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma I">Suppiluliuma I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350–1322 BC</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Mursili_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursili II">Mursili II</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1321–1295 BC</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> (<i>nešili</i>) was the language of the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a>, dated approximately 1650–1200 BC, which ruled over nearly all of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> during that time. The earliest sources of Hittite are the 19th century BC <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a> texts, the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a> records of the <i>kârum kaneš</i>, or "port of Kanes," an Assyrian enclave of merchants within the city of <i>kaneš</i> (Kültepe). This collection records Hittite names and words loaned into Akkadian from Hittite.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hittite name for the city was <i><a href="/wiki/Ne%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Neša">Neša</a></i>, from which the Hittite <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> for the language, <i>Nešili</i>, was derived. The fact that the enclave was Assyrian, rather than Hittite, and that the city name became the language name, suggest that the Hittites were already in a position of influence, perhaps dominance, in <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia">central Anatolia</a>. </p><p>The main cache of Hittite texts is the approximately 30,000 clay tablet fragments, of which only some have been studied, from the records of the royal city of <i><a href="/wiki/Hattu%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattuša">Hattuša</a></i>, located on a ridge near what is now Boğazkale, Turkey (formerly named Boğazköy). The records show a gradual rise to power of the Anatolian language speakers over the native <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a>, until at last the kingship became an Anatolian privilege. From then on, little is heard of the Hattians, but the Hittites kept the name. The records include rituals, medical writings, letters, laws and other public documents, making possible an in-depth knowledge of many aspects of the civilization. </p><p>Most of the records are dated to the 13th century BC (Late Bronze Age). They are written in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> script borrowing heavily from the Mesopotamian system of writing. The script is a <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>. This fact, combined with frequent use of Akkadian and <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> words, as well as <a href="/wiki/Logograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Logograms">logograms</a>, or signs representing whole words, to represent lexical items, often introduces considerable uncertainty as to the form of the original. However, phonetic syllable signs are present also, representing syllables of the form V, CV, VC, CVC, where V is "vowel" and C is "consonant".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hittite is divided into Old, Middle, and New (or Neo-). The dates are somewhat variable. They are based on an approximate coincidence of historical periods and variants of the writing system: the Old Kingdom and the Old Script, the Middle Kingdom and the Middle Script, and the New Kingdom and the New Script. Fortson gives the dates, which come from the reigns of the relevant kings, as 1570–1450 BC, 1450–1380 BC, and 1350–1200 BC respectively. These are not <a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">glottochronologic</a>. All cuneiform Hittite came to an end at 1200 BC with the destruction of Hattusas and the end of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaic">Palaic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Palaic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic language</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a>, spoken in the north-central Anatolian region of <a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Palā</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a>), extinct around the 13th century BC, is known only from fragments of quoted prayers in Old Hittite texts. It was extinguished by the replacement of the culture, if not the population, as a result of an invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskas</a>, which the Hittites could not prevent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luwic_branch">Luwic branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Luwic branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:300px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Luwic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Luvic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li>Anatolian<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>Luwo-<a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>Luwo-<a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Luwic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma_language" title="Kalašma language">Kalasmaic</a>?</i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/luvi1234">luvi1234</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term <i>Luwic</i> was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Craig_Melchert" title="Craig Melchert">Craig Melchert</a> as the node of a branch to include several languages that seem more closely related than the other Anatolian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not a neologism, as <i>Luvic</i> had been used in the early 20th century to mean the Anatolian language group as a whole, or languages identified as Luvian by the Hittite texts. The name comes from Hittite <span title="Hittite-language romanization"><i lang="hit-Latn">luwili</i></span> (<span title="Hittite-language text"><span lang="hit"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:UllikummiA" lang="und-Xsux">𒇻𒌑𒄿𒇷</span></span></span>). The earlier use of <i>Luvic</i> fell into disuse in favor of <i>Luvian</i>. Meanwhile, most of the languages now termed Luvian, or Luvic, were not known to be so until the latter 20th century. Even more fragmentary attestations might be discovered in the future. </p><p><i>Luvian</i> and <i>Luvic</i> have other meanings in English, so currently <i>Luwian</i> and <i>Luwic</i> are preferred. Before the term <i>Luwic</i> was proposed for Luwian and its closest relatives, scholars used the term <i>Luwian</i> in the sense of 'Luwic languages'. For example, Silvia Luraghi's Luwian branch begins with a root language she terms the "Luwian group", which logically is in the place of Common Luwian or Proto-Luwian. Its three offsprings, according to her are Milyan, Proto-Luwian, and Lycian, while Proto-Luwian branches into Cuneiform and Hieroglyphic Luwian.<sup id="cite_ref-Luraghi_1998_173_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luraghi_1998_173-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luwian">Luwian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Luwian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luwian_language_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Luwian_language_en.svg/220px-Luwian_language_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Luwian_language_en.svg/330px-Luwian_language_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Luwian_language_en.svg/440px-Luwian_language_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Area where the 2nd millennium BC Luwian language was spoken</figcaption></figure> <p>The Luwian language is attested in two different scripts, <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian hieroglyph">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a>, over more than a millennium. While the earlier scholarship tended to treat these two corpora as separate linguistic entities,<sup id="cite_ref-Luraghi_1998_173_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luraghi_1998_173-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the current tendency is to separate genuine dialectal distinctions within Luwian from orthographic differences. Accordingly, one now frequently speaks of Kizzuwatna Luwian (attested in cuneiform transmission), Empire Luwian (cuneiform and hieroglyphic transmission), and Iron Age Luwian / Late Luwian (hieroglyphic transmission), as well as several more Luwian dialects, which are more scarcely attested.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cuneiform corpus (Melchert's CLuwian) is recorded in <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glosses</a> and short passages in Hittite texts, mainly from Boğazkale. About 200 tablet fragments of the approximately 30,000 contain CLuwian passages. Most of the tablets reflect the Middle and New Script, although some Old Script fragments have also been attested. Benjamin Fortson hypothesizes that "Luvian was employed in rituals adopted by the Hittites."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large proportion of tablets containing Luwian passages reflect rituals emanating from <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, many Luwian glosses (foreign words) in Hittite texts appear to reflect a different dialect, namely Empire Luwian.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hittite language of the respective tablets sometimes displays interference features, which suggests that they were recorded by Luwian native speakers. </p><p>The hieroglyphic corpus (Melchert's HLuwian) is recorded in <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian hieroglyph">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a>, reflecting Empire Luwian and its descendant Iron Age Luwian.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some HLuwian texts were found at Boğazkale, so it was formerly thought to have been a "Hieroglyphic Hittite". The contexts in which CLuwian and HLuwian have been found are essentially distinct. Annick Payne asserts: "With the exception of digraphic seals, the two scripts were never used together."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HLuwian texts are found on clay, shell, potsherds, pottery, metal, natural rock surfaces, building stone and sculpture, mainly carved lions. The images are in <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> or counter-relief that can be carved or painted. There are also <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seals</a> and sealings. A sealing is a counter-relief impression of hieroglyphic signs carved or cast in relief on a seal. The resulting signature can be stamped or rolled onto a soft material, such as sealing wax. The HLuwian writing system contains about 500 signs, 225 of which are <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a>, and the rest purely functional <a href="/wiki/Determinative" title="Determinative">determinatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">syllabograms</a>, representing syllables of the form V, CV, or rarely CVCV.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HLuwian texts appear as early as the 14th century BC in names and titles on seals and sealings at Hattusa. Longer texts first appear in the 13th century BC. Payne refers to the Bronze Age HLuwian as Empire Luwian. All Hittite and CLuwian came to an end at 1200 BC as part of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>, but the concept of a "fall" of the Hittite Empire must be tempered in regard to the south, where the civilization of a number of <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> went on uninterrupted, using HLuwian, which Payne calls Iron-Age Luwian and dates 1000–700 BC. Presumably these autonomous "Neo-Hittite" heads of state no longer needed to report to Hattusa. HLuwian caches come from ten city states in northern Syria and southern Anatolia: <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charchamesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Charchamesh">Charchamesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Til_Barsip" title="Til Barsip">Tell Akhmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Maras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Amuq">Amuq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lycian">Lycian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lycian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatolian_03.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Anatolian_03.png/220px-Anatolian_03.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Anatolian_03.png/330px-Anatolian_03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Anatolian_03.png/440px-Anatolian_03.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Luwic branch of Anatolian languages attested in the mid-1st millennium BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Lycian (called "Lycian A" when Milyan was a "Lycian B") was spoken in classical <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, in southwestern Anatolia. It is attested from 172 inscriptions,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly on stone, from about 150 funerary monuments, and 32 public documents. The writing system is the <a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian alphabet</a>, which the Lycians modified from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. In addition to the inscriptions are 200 or more coins stamped with Lycian names. Of the texts, some are bilingual in Lycian and Greek, and one, the <a href="/wiki/Letoon_trilingual" title="Letoon trilingual">Létôon trilingual</a>, is in Lycian, Greek, and Aramaic. The longest text, the <a href="/wiki/Xanthian_Obelisk" title="Xanthian Obelisk">Xanthus stele</a>, with about 250 lines, was originally believed to be bilingual in Greek and Lycian; however the identification of a verse in another, closely related language, a "Lycian B" identified now as <a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a>, renders the stele trilingual. The earliest of the coins date before 500 BC;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the writing system must have required time for its development and implementation. </p><p>The name of Lycia appears in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more historically, in Hittite and in Egyptian documents among the "<a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>", as the Lukka, dwelling in the <a href="/wiki/Lukka_lands" title="Lukka lands">Lukka lands</a>. No Lycian text survives from Late Bronze Age times, but the names offer a basis for postulating its continued existence. </p><p>Lycia was completely Hellenized by the end of the 4th century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which Lycian is not to be found. Stephen Colvin goes so far as to term this, and the other scantily attested Luwic languages, "Late Luwian",<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they probably did not begin late. Analogously, <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Hajnal" title="Ivo Hajnal">Ivo Hajnal</a> calls them – using an equivalent German term – <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jungluwisch</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milyan">Milyan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Milyan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan language</a></div> <p>Milyan was previously considered a variety of Lycian, as "Lycian B", but it is now classified as a separate language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carian">Carian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Carian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian language</a></div> <p>Carian was spoken in <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>. It is fragmentarily attested from graffiti by <a href="/wiki/Carian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carian">Carian</a> mercenaries and other members of an ethnic enclave in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis, Egypt</a> (and other places in Egypt), personal names in Greek records, twenty inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a> (including four <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual inscription">bilingual inscriptions</a>), scattered inscriptions elsewhere in the Aegean world and words stated as Carian by ancient authors.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions first appeared in the 7th century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sidetic">Sidetic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sidetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidetic_language_inscriptions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sidetic_language_inscriptions.jpg/350px-Sidetic_language_inscriptions.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sidetic_language_inscriptions.jpg/525px-Sidetic_language_inscriptions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sidetic_language_inscriptions.jpg/700px-Sidetic_language_inscriptions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Inscriptions in Sidetic language, exhibits of the Museum of Side, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p>Sidetic was spoken in the city of <a href="/wiki/Side,_Turkey" title="Side, Turkey">Side</a>. It is known from coin legends and bilingual inscriptions that date from the 5th to the 2nd centuries BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pisidian">Pisidian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pisidian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian language</a></div> <p>The Pisidic language was spoken in <a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>. Known from some thirty short inscriptions from the first to second centuries AD, it appears to be closely related to Lycian and Sidetic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kalašma"><span id="Kala.C5.A1ma"></span>Kalašma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kalašma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma_language" title="Kalašma language">Kalašma language</a></div> <p>Kalašma was spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma" title="Kalašma">Kalašma</a> region, likely near the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Bolu" title="Bolu">Bolu</a>. It is known from a single inscription found in Hattusa.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lydian">Lydian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lydian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian language</a></div> <p>Lydian was spoken in <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>. Within the Anatolian group, Lydian occupies a unique and problematic position due, first, to the still very limited evidence and understanding of the language and, second, to a number of features not shared with any other Anatolian language.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lydian language is attested in graffiti and in coin legends from the end of the 8th or the beginning of the 7th century BC down to the 3rd century BC, but well-preserved inscriptions of significant length are presently limited to the 5th–4th centuries BC, during the period of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Persian</a> domination. Extant Lydian texts now number slightly over one hundred but are mostly fragmentary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_possible_languages">Other possible languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other possible languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been proposed that other languages of the family existed that have left no records, including the pre-Greek languages of <a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaurian_language" title="Isaurian language">Isauria</a> unattested in the alphabetic era.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these regions, only Hittite, <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a>, and Luwian are attested in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. Languages of the region such as <a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> are Indo-European but not Anatolian, and are thought to have entered Anatolia from the Balkan peninsula at a later date than the Anatolian languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extinction">Extinction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anatolia was heavily <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a> following the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, as well as the previous <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a>, and the native languages of the area ceased to be spoken as a result of assimilation in the subsequent centuries, making Anatolian the first well-attested branch of Indo-European to become extinct. The only other well-known major branch with no living descendants is <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a>, whose attestation ceases in the 8th century AD. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a> inscriptions date until the second century AD, the poorly-attested <a href="/wiki/Isaurian_language" title="Isaurian language">Isaurian language</a>, which was probably a late <a href="/wiki/Luwic" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwic">Luwic</a> dialect, appears to have been the last of the Anatolian languages to become extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isaurian_incident_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaurian_incident-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epigraphic evidence, including funerary inscriptions dating from as late as the 5th century, has been found by archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaurian_incident_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaurian_incident-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Personal names with Anatolian etymologies are known from the Hellenistic and Roman era and may have outlasted the languages they came from. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilician</a> Ταρκυνδβερρας <i>Tarku-ndberras</i> "assistance of <a href="/wiki/Tar%E1%B8%ABunz" title="Tarḫunz">Tarḫunz</a>", <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isaurian</a> Ουαξαμοας <i>Ouaxamoas < *Waksa-muwa</i> "power of blessing(?)", and <a href="/wiki/Lycaonian_language" title="Lycaonian language">Lycaonian</a> Πιγραμος <i>Pigramos</i> "resplendent, mighty" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a> 𐊷𐊹𐊼𐊥𐊪𐊸 <i>Pikrmś,</i> <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a> <i>pīhramma/i-</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> words are suggested to be <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate#Anatolian_loanwords" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Anatolian borrowings</a>, for example: </p> <ul><li><i>Apóllōn</i> (Doric: <i>Apéllōn</i>, Cypriot: <i>Apeílōn</i>), from *<i>Apeljōn</i>, as in <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> <i>Appaliunaš</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>dépas</i> 'cup; pot, vessel', Mycenaean <i>di-pa</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a> <i>ti-pa-s</i> 'sky; bowl, cup' (cf. Hittite <i>nēpis</i> 'sky; cup');</li> <li><i>eléphās</i> 'ivory', from Hittite <i>laḫpa</i> (itself from Mesopotamia; cf. <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <i>ʾlp</i>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> <i>ꜣbw</i>);</li> <li><i>kýanos</i> 'dark blue glaze; enamel', from Hittite <i>kuwannan-</i> 'copper ore; azurite' (ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> <i>kù-an</i>);</li> <li><i>kýmbachos</i> 'helmet', from Hittite <i>kupaḫi</i> 'headgear';</li> <li><i>kýmbalon</i> 'cymbal', from Hittite <i>ḫuḫupal</i> 'wooden percussion instrument';</li> <li><i>mólybdos</i> 'lead', Mycenaean <i>mo-ri-wo-do</i>, from *<i>mork<sup>w</sup>-io-</i> 'dark', as in <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a> <i>mariwda(ś)-k</i> 'the dark ones';</li> <li><i>óbryza</i> 'vessel for refining gold', from Hittite <i>ḫuprušḫi</i> 'vessel';</li> <li><i>tolýpē</i> 'ball of wool', from Hittite <i>taluppa</i> 'lump'/'clod' (or <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Cuneiform Luwian</a> <i>taluppa/i</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A few words in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a> have been also suggested as possible borrowings from Hittite or Luwian, such as Arm. զուռնա <i>zuṙna</i> (compare Luwian <i>zurni</i> "horn").<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_model" title="Tree model">Tree model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a>, a Celtic language spoken in Anatolia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Models assuming an Anatolian PIE homeland of course do not assume any migration at all, and the model assuming an <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> homeland assumes straightforward immigration from the East.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Russell D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. 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The Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anatolians+on+the+Move%3A+From+Kurgans+to+Kanesh&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft.au=Petra+Goedegebuure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyoutube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPe4jnBdVxjw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelchert2012">Melchert 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2022-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2022_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2022">Kloekhorst 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrysopoulos2023" class="citation news cs1">Chrysopoulos, Philip (2023-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekreporter.com/2023/09/23/new-indo-european-language-ancient-hatussa/">"New Indo-European Language Discovered in Ancient City of Hattusa"</a>. <i>Greek Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Brill. pp. 1–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek%3A+The+Pre-Greek+Loanwords+in+Greek&rft.pages=1-21&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Roberts+S.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionaries.brillonline.com%2Fgreek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajnalPosch2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hajnal, Ivo; Posch, Claudia (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1822403">"Graeco-Anatolian Contacts in the Mycenaean Period"</a>. <i>Sprachwissenschaft Innsbruck Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sprachwissenschaft+Innsbruck+Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachen+und+Literaturen&rft.atitle=Graeco-Anatolian+Contacts+in+the+Mycenaean+Period&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hajnal&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft.au=Posch%2C+Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1822403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreppin1991" class="citation journal cs1">Greppin, John A. 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"The Survival of Ancient Anatolian and Mesopotamian Vocabulary until the Present". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 203–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F373501">10.1086/373501</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/546019">546019</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162282522">162282522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Survival+of+Ancient+Anatolian+and+Mesopotamian+Vocabulary+until+the+Present&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-207&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162282522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F546019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F373501&rft.aulast=Greppin&rft.aufirst=John+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martirosyan, Hrach (2017). "Notes on Anatolian loanwords in Armenian." In Pavel S. Avetisyan, Yervand H. Grekyan (eds.), <i>Bridging times and spaces: papers in ancient Near Eastern, Mediterranean and Armenian studies: Honouring Gregory E. Areshian on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday.</i> Oxford: Archaeopress, 293–306.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2010" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W (2010). <i>Indo-European Language and Culture: An introduction</i>. Blackwell textbooks in linguistics (2nd ed.). Chichester, U.K.; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture%3A+An+introduction&rft.place=Chichester%2C+U.K.%3B+Malden%2C+MA&rft.series=Blackwell+textbooks+in+linguistics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen1998" class="citation book cs1">Keen, Anthony G. (1998) [1992]. <i>Dynastic Lycia: A political history of the Lycians & their relations with foreign powers, c. 545–362 BC</i>. Mnemosyne: bibliotheca classica Batavia. Supplementum. Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+Lycia%3A+A+political+history+of+the+Lycians+%26+their+relations+with+foreign+powers%2C+c.+545%E2%80%93362+BC&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston%3B+K%C3%B6ln&rft.series=Mnemosyne%3A+bibliotheca+classica+Batavia.+Supplementum&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Anthony+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloekhorst2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Kloekhorst" title="Alwin Kloekhorst">Kloekhorst, Alwin</a> (2022). "Anatolian". In Olander, Thomas (ed.). <i>The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108758666">10.1017/9781108758666</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49979-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49979-8"><bdi>978-1-108-49979-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161016819">161016819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatolian&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Language+Family%3A+A+Phylogenetic+Perspective&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161016819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108758666&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49979-8&rft.aulast=Kloekhorst&rft.aufirst=Alwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuraghi1998" class="citation cs2">Luraghi, Silvia (1998) [1993], "The Anatolian Languages", in Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (eds.), <i>The Indo-European Languages</i>, Routledge Language Family Descriptions, London; New York: Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anatolian+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Languages&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Language+Family+Descriptions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Luraghi&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span>. Originally published as <i>Le Lingue Indoeuropee</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchert2012" class="citation web cs1">Melchert, H. Craig (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/The%20Position%20of%20AnatolianRevised3.pdf">"The Position of Anatolian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Position+of+Anatolian&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Melchert&rft.aufirst=H.+Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2FMelchert%2FThe%2520Position%2520of%2520AnatolianRevised3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchert2016" class="citation web cs1">Melchert, H. Craig (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/melchertChapter14Luwian.pdf">"Luwian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luwian&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Melchert&rft.aufirst=H.+Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2FMelchert%2FmelchertChapter14Luwian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieken2017" class="citation book cs1">Rieken, Elisabeth (2017). "The dialectology of Anatolian". In Fritz, Mathias; Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared (eds.). <i>Comparative Indo-European Linguistics</i>. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science. Berlin; New York: de Gruyter Mouton. pp. 298–308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+dialectology+of+Anatolian&rft.btitle=Comparative+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.series=Handbooks+of+Linguistics+and+Communication+Science&rft.pages=298-308&rft.pub=de+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Rieken&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2010" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Annick (2010). <i>Hieroglyphic Luwian: An Introduction with original Texts</i>. SILO: Subsidia et Instrumenta Linguarum Orientis (2nd revised ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hieroglyphic+Luwian%3A+An+Introduction+with+original+Texts&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=SILO%3A+Subsidia+et+Instrumenta+Linguarum+Orientis&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Annick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakubovich2011" class="citation book cs1">Yakubovich, Ilya (2011). "Luwian and the Luwians". In Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 534–547.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luwian+and+the+Luwians&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Anatolia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=534-547&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Yakubovich&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonenGojko_BarjamovicMichaël_Peyrot2018" class="citation web cs1">Kroonen, Guus; Gojko Barjamovic; Michaël Peyrot (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1240524">"Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian"</a>. pp. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1240524">10.5281/zenodo.1240524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguistic+supplement+to+Damgaard+et+al.+2018%3A+Early+Indo-European+languages%2C+Anatolian%2C+Tocharian+and+Indo-Iranian&rft.pages=3-7&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.1240524&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft.au=Gojko+Barjamovic&rft.au=Micha%C3%ABl+Peyrot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1240524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1989" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J.P. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma"><i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans</i></a></span>. London: Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofindoeu00jpma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatri2007" class="citation book cs1">Patri, Sylvain (2007). <i>L'alignement syntaxique dans les langues indo-européennes d'Anatolie</i>. <a href="/wiki/Studien_zu_den_Bogazkoy-Texten" title="Studien zu den Bogazkoy-Texten">Studien zu den Bogazkoy-Texten</a> 49. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05612-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05612-0"><bdi>978-3-447-05612-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27alignement+syntaxique+dans+les+langues+indo-europ%C3%A9ennes+d%27Anatolie&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Studien+zu+den+Bogazkoy-Texten+49&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05612-0&rft.aulast=Patri&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner1990" class="citation journal cs1">Steiner, G. (1990). "The immigration of the first Indo-Europeans into Anatolia reconsidered". <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>18</b>: 185–214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=The+immigration+of+the+first+Indo-Europeans+into+Anatolia+reconsidered&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=185-214&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_languages&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225141334/https://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/">"Digital etymological-philological Dictionary of the Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München">Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de">the original</a> on 25 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+etymological-philological+Dictionary+of+the+Ancient+Anatolian+Corpus+Languages+%28eDiAna%29&rft.pub=Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t+M%C3%BCnchen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033540/http://www.ancientscripts.com/luwian.html">"Luwian"</a>. ancientscripts.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/luwian.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luwian&rft.pub=ancientscripts.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientscripts.com%2Fluwian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustusSlocum" class="citation web cs1">Justus, Carol; Slocum, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205215306/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/iedocctr/ie-lg/Anatolian.html">"Indo-European Languages: Anatolian Family"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/iedocctr/ie-lg/Anatolian.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Languages%3A+Anatolian+Family&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.aulast=Justus&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Slocum%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utexas.edu%2Fcola%2Fcenters%2Flrc%2Fiedocctr%2Fie-lg%2FAnatolian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchert" class="citation web cs1">Melchert, H. Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/webpage/AnatolianDatabases.htm">"Anatolian Databases"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatolian+Databases&rft.pub=UCLA&rft.aulast=Melchert&rft.aufirst=H.+Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2FMelchert%2Fwebpage%2FAnatolianDatabases.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauffenburger2006" class="citation web cs1">Lauffenburger, Olivier (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520043043/http://www.premiumwanadoo.com/cuneiform.languages/index_en.php?page=accueil">"The Hittite Grammar Homepage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.premiumwanadoo.com/cuneiform.languages/index_en.php?page=accueil">the original</a> on 2011-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hittite+Grammar+Homepage&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lauffenburger&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumwanadoo.com%2Fcuneiform.languages%2Findex_en.php%3Fpage%3Daccueil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anatolian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Luwic_branch">Luwic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Balts" title="Dnieper Balts">Dnieper Baltic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tocharian A</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuchean_language" title="Kuchean language">Kuchean</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getaean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Hellenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatolian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anatolian_languages" title="Template:Anatolian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anatolian_languages" title="Template talk:Anatolian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anatolian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anatolian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatolian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anatolian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaic">Palaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Luwic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luwic" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwic">Luwic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma_language" title="Kalašma language">Kalasmaic</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaurian_language" title="Isaurian language">Isaurian</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Cappadocian_language" title="Ancient Cappadocian language">Cappadocian</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonian_language" title="Lycaonian language">Lycaonian</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphabets_of_Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabets of Asia Minor">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120140-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Anatolian languages"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004830">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langues anatoliennes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11957328s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langues anatoliennes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11957328s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="anatolské jazyky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph202895&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294861305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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