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table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaius Hostilius Mancinus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Гай Хостилий Манцин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гай Хостилий Манцин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gai_Hostili_Manc%C3%AD" title="Gai Hostili Mancí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gai Hostili Mancí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus" title="Gaius Hostilius Mancinus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gaius Hostilius Mancinus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Hostilio_Mancino" title="Cayo Hostilio Mancino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cayo Hostilio Mancino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caius_Hostilius_Mancinus" title="Caius Hostilius Mancinus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caius Hostilius Mancinus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj_Hostilije_Mancin" title="Gaj Hostilije Mancin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gaj Hostilije Mancin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaio_Ostilio_Mancino" title="Gaio Ostilio Mancino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gaio Ostilio Mancino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus" title="Gaius Hostilius Mancinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gaius Hostilius Mancinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus" title="Gaius Hostilius Mancinus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gaius Hostilius Mancinus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" title="ガイウス・ホスティリウス・マンキヌス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガイウス・ホスティリウス・マンキヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caio_Host%C3%ADlio_Mancino" title="Caio Hostílio Mancino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caio Hostílio Mancino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Гай Гостилий Манцин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гай Гостилий Манцин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj_Hostlije_Mancin" title="Gaj Hostlije Mancin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gaj Hostlije Mancin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Гай Гостілій Манцін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гай Гостілій Манцін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q949544#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus" title="View the content page [c]" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman consul in 137 BC</div> <p><b>Gaius Hostilius Mancinus</b> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 140–135 BC) was a politician and general of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. He is mostly known for his defeat against the <a href="/wiki/Numantia" title="Numantia">Numantines</a> as <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> in 137 BC and the humiliating treaty he signed afterwards in order to save his army. </p><p>Mancinus was born no later than 179 BC as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeian</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">gens <a href="/wiki/Hostilia_gens" title="Hostilia gens">Hostilia</a></i></span>. He was elected as <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> around 140 BC, in which capacity he presided over a senatorial vote on a dispute between <a href="/wiki/Narthacium" title="Narthacium">Narthakion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melitaea_(Thessaly)" title="Melitaea (Thessaly)">Melitaia</a>, two cities in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thessaly" title="Ancient Thessaly">Thessaly</a> allied to Rome. In 137 BC, he was elected <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consul</a> and sent to command Roman forces in the <a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a> against the settlement of Numantia in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>. Following a series of defeats, he concluded a peace treaty with the Numantines, which preserved Numantia's independence and surrendered the Roman army's weapons and baggage to the Numantines. </p><p>In Rome, many <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Senate of the Roman Republic">senators</a> were outraged by the treaty, notably <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a>, one of the most influential politicians of the period. During the ensuing debate, both the supporters and the critics of the treaty produced coinage and promulgated contradictory historical precedents as <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. The affair marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a>' political career; he led the negotiations with the Numantines as a member of Mancinus' staff and supported the treaty in the senate. However, the senate ultimately rejected the treaty and, to avoid breaking Mancinus' religious oaths, surrendered him in chains to the Numantines. Mancinus won approval in Rome by making a speech before the senate in which he accepted his fate and affirmed his commitment to the oaths he had sworn. </p><p>However, as the Numantines refused to take him, Mancinus again returned to Rome, but was declared to have forfeited his citizenship and so to be ineligible to resume his place in the senate. Thanks to his courageous behaviour during the affair, he recovered some popularity and was able to have legislation passed restoring his citizenship. He was later successful in securing a second praetorship, restoring him to the senate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_background">Family background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mancinus belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeian</a> gens <a href="/wiki/Hostilia_gens" title="Hostilia gens">Hostilia</a>, which emerged in the late 3rd century. Its first <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> was Mancinus' father, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Hostilius_Mancinus" title="Aulus Hostilius Mancinus">Aulus Hostilius Mancinus</a> in 170.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZmeskal2009137_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal2009137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951419_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951419-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 145, Aulus' nephew and Mancinus' cousin, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Hostilius_Mancinus_(consul_145_BC)" title="Lucius Hostilius Mancinus (consul 145 BC)">Lucius Hostilius Mancinus</a>, was consul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZmeskal2009137_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal2009137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951469_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951469-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucius claimed to have been the first Roman soldier to break through the walls of Carthage during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a>, and based his electoral campaign on his military achievements, earning him and his family the enmity of <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a>, a leading politician in the period who had received a triumph as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">proconsul</i></span> in command of the victorious armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin196771_n._1,_91,_99_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin196771_n._1,_91,_99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen196825–26_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen196825–26-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000216_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000216-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucius Mancinus also had an elder brother named Aulus, who was possibly aedile in 151.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMünzer19132507_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMünzer19132507-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZmeskal2009137_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal2009137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951455_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951455-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Praetorship_(c._140_BC)"><span id="Praetorship_.28c._140_BC.29"></span>Praetorship (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 140 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Praetorship (c. 140 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 140,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mancinus was elected <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a>; the office required a minimum age of thirty-nine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarlowLaurence2002106_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlowLaurence2002106-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placing his birth no later than 179. He was probably the urban praetor (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">praetor urbanus</i></span>), because he presided over the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Senate of the Roman Republic">senate</a> during the vote on the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">senatus consultum</a> de Narthaciensibus et Melitaeensibus</i></span>, which arbitrated a border dispute between <a href="/wiki/Narthacium" title="Narthacium">Narthakion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melitaea_(Thessaly)" title="Melitaea (Thessaly)">Melitaia</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thessaly" title="Ancient Thessaly">Thessalian</a> cities allied with Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000118_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000118-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the urban praetor often acted as the head of state when the consuls were absent (because they served in the province), notably by presiding over the senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan20003,_4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan20003,_4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second century, when dealing with allies' territories, the senate usually returned to the situation at the date of the initial treaty with Rome, but in this affair, the border dispute had arisen after Melitaia's alliance with Rome, but before Narkathion's, so both had a valid claim. The senate therefore chose to revert to the situation at the time of <a href="/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus" title="Titus Quinctius Flamininus">Titus Quinctius Flamininus</a>, who as <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> had established the <a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> in 195, and sided with Narthakion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherk198438_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherk198438-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaniotis2004193–94_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaniotis2004193–94-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consulship_and_the_Numantine_affair_(137–136_BC)"><span id="Consulship_and_the_Numantine_affair_.28137.E2.80.93136_BC.29"></span>Consulship and the Numantine affair (137–136 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consulship and the Numantine affair (137–136 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Numantia_in_Hispania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Numantia_in_Hispania.png/220px-Numantia_in_Hispania.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Numantia_in_Hispania.png/330px-Numantia_in_Hispania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Numantia_in_Hispania.png/440px-Numantia_in_Hispania.png 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Spain and Numantia in the middle of the 2nd century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Mancinus was elected consul for 137 with <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_Porcina" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Porcina">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Porcina</a> as his colleague.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951484_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951484-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political life of the period was largely impacted by the difficult <a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen196833–34_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen196833–34-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to reduce competition for military commands in Hispania, the senate adopted a system of pairing a consul with a proconsul (who was consul the previous year) in the two provinces of the region (which were normally awarded to praetors). <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Callaicus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus">Decimus Junius Brutus</a>, consul in 138, was therefore given <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a>, while Mancinus received <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000244_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000244-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the campaign against Numantia, Mancinus suffered several defeats until he was trapped and surrounded by 4,000 Numantine soldiers, although his army was five times as numerous.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2509_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2509-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986232_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986232-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The place was possibly the village of <a href="/wiki/Renieblas" title="Renieblas">Renieblas</a>, where the consul <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fulvius_Nobilior" title="Quintus Fulvius Nobilior">Quintus Fulvius Nobilior</a> had been also trapped in 153.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan1989486_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan1989486-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mancinus felt that he had no other choice but to negotiate with the Numantines, and ordered his <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> (a junior financial magistrate), <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus</a> to deal with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967131_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967131-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Sempronius_Gracchus_(consul_177_BC)" title="Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 177 BC)">Tiberius' father</a> had also fought the Numantines some decades earlier and left a favourable impression on them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2510_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2510-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951393_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951393-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiberius negotiated a peace by which the 20,000 Roman soldiers would be spared and the boundaries of Roman territory preserved, in exchange for the army's weapons and baggage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel201312_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteel201312-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986234_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986234-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years earlier, in 140, the proconsul <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Pompeius_(consul_141_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Pompeius (consul 141 BC)">Quintus Pompeius</a> had also negotiated a treaty with the Numantines, but it was repudiated by the senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967148–49_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967148–49-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This time, the Numantines demanded that Mancinus and his staff swear religious oaths to uphold the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2510_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2510-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986232_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986232-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in Rome it was felt that the only acceptable outcome of the war would be a capitulation (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Deditio" title="Deditio">deditio</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967131_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967131-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford19733_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford19733-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When news of the treaty reached the senate in Rome, it consequently caused a "massive political storm".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967179_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967179-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mancinus was immediately stripped of his command and recalled; the other consul Lepidus Porcina replaced him. A Numantine delegation was nevertheless allowed to come to Rome, because Mancinus' treaty was still formally in place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2510_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2510-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The senate then likely delayed any discussion of the matter until Mancinus' consulship elapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986236_n._17_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986236_n._17-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new consuls for 136 were supporters of Scipio Aemilianus, Mancinus' enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967179_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967179-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mancinus and his officers, especially Tiberius Gracchus, defended themselves and the treaty they had reached on two grounds: that the troops with which he had to fight were lazy and undertrained due to his predecessor's incompetence – itself evidenced by his predecessor too had lost battles against the same foe – and that the war had been renewed in violation of Pompeius' treaty and therefore was inauspicious.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These defences were generally consistent with aristocratic thinking about the aetiology of military defeat, which tended to place blame on the soldiers and poor relations with the gods rather than the actions of senatorial commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986237–41_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986237–41-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ti._Veturius,_denarius,_137_BC,_RRC_234-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ti._Veturius%2C_denarius%2C_137_BC%2C_RRC_234-1.jpg/220px-Ti._Veturius%2C_denarius%2C_137_BC%2C_RRC_234-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ti._Veturius%2C_denarius%2C_137_BC%2C_RRC_234-1.jpg/330px-Ti._Veturius%2C_denarius%2C_137_BC%2C_RRC_234-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ti._Veturius%2C_denarius%2C_137_BC%2C_RRC_234-1.jpg/440px-Ti._Veturius%2C_denarius%2C_137_BC%2C_RRC_234-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Denarius minted by Tiberius Veturius in 137 BC in support of Mancinus' treaty with the Numantines. The coin shows an oath taken by Romans and non-Romans. </figcaption></figure> <p>A rare contemporary source of the event is a <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> (a silver coin) minted by the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">triumvir monetalis</a></i></span> Tiberius Veturius Gracchus in 137.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986241–42_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986241–42-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coin set a milestone in Roman coinage as it broke from the traditional civic symbols of the Republic and featured instead personal and political imageries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford19734_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford19734-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reverse shows a scene of oath, with a Roman pictured on the right, a non-Roman on the left; they are both depicting touching their sword on a pig about to be sacrificed by a third character kneeling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford1974266–67_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974266–67-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scene likely depicts aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caudine_Forks" title="Battle of the Caudine Forks">disaster of the Caudine Forks</a> in 321, during which a Roman army was trapped by the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> and forced to negotiate an unfavourable peace. The army was led by <a href="/wiki/Titus_Veturius_Calvinus" title="Titus Veturius Calvinus">Titus Veturius Calvinus</a>, a distant ancestor of the moneyer, who was also a cousin of Tiberius Gracchus (Mancinus' quaestor).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian196834–36_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian196834–36-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, the scene can have only been a reference to Mancinus' treaty, by insisting on <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fides Romana</i></span> (Rome's good faith or reliability) and respecting the oaths. It seems that two versions of the Caudine Forks story circulated at the time: one in which the Romans kept their oath, while the other told how the Romans broke the treaty and defeated the Samnites the following year. The latter story is fictitious and partially built on the development of Mancinus' case.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford19732,_6_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford19732,_6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The version supporting Mancinus was nevertheless abandoned and only the invented version survived in subsequent Roman historiography, such as in <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita (Livy)">Ab Urbe Condita</a></i> written a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford19736–7_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford19736–7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sex._Pompeius,_AR_denarius,_137_BC,_RRC_235-1c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sex._Pompeius%2C_AR_denarius%2C_137_BC%2C_RRC_235-1c.jpg/220px-Sex._Pompeius%2C_AR_denarius%2C_137_BC%2C_RRC_235-1c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sex._Pompeius%2C_AR_denarius%2C_137_BC%2C_RRC_235-1c.jpg/330px-Sex._Pompeius%2C_AR_denarius%2C_137_BC%2C_RRC_235-1c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sex._Pompeius%2C_AR_denarius%2C_137_BC%2C_RRC_235-1c.jpg/440px-Sex._Pompeius%2C_AR_denarius%2C_137_BC%2C_RRC_235-1c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Denarius minted by Sextus Pompeius in 137 to oppose Mancinus' treaty. The reverse shows the finding by the shepherd <a href="/wiki/Faustulus" title="Faustulus">Faustulus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolfsuckling</a> <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another moneyer in 137, Sextus Pompeius, minted a denarius with a reverse showing <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolf</a> suckling the twins <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>. This scene has been interpreted by numismatist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crawford_(historian)" title="Michael Crawford (historian)">Michael Crawford</a> as reflecting the imperial claims of Rome, therefore opposing Mancinus' treaty with the Numantines. Crawford also suggests that this Sextus Pompeius might have been related to the consul of 141, who spoke against Mancinus' treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford1974267,_268_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974267,_268-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main difficulty for the senate in repudiating Mancinus' treaty was the religious oath he and his staff swore on behalf of the Roman people, as breaking it would have damaged the relationship between the Roman people and their gods, known as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pax_deorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax deorum">pax deorum</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967132,_150–51_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967132,_150–51-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The senate commissioned the consul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Furius_Philus" title="Lucius Furius Philus">Lucius Furius Philus</a> to find a solution.<a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1986">Rosenstein 1986</a>, p. 245, Rosenstein mistakenly uses the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">praenomen</i></span> Publius for Furius Philus, instead of Lucius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley2005649_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley2005649-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philus was a good friend of Scipio Aemilianus and member of the <a href="/wiki/Scipionic_Circle" title="Scipionic Circle">Scipionic Circle</a> around him. Scipio and another friend <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Laelius" title="Gaius Laelius">Laelius</a> were moreover members of Philus' <i>consilium</i> (advisory council).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967132,_179_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967132,_179-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philus' solution was to consider that the person who made the illegal treaty had to be repudiated and returned to the other party, probably by misrepresenting the Caudine Forks story as precedent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967132_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967132-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philus drafted three bills to put before one of the <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assemblies_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Citizens' assemblies of the Roman Republic">citizens' assemblies</a>. The first proposed sending Mancinus to the Numantines as a prisoner, the second proposed the same for Mancinus' staff (including Tiberius Gracchus), and the third for Pompeius, the former consul of 141 and Scipio's bitter enemy. These proposals were approved by the senate for ratification by the assembly. After the senate voted to surrender him, Mancinus accepted his fate and even supported his own punishment, speaking to that effect before the assembly, as it was the only way for him to respect his oath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986251_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986251-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel201313_n._18_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteel201313_n._18-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voters nevertheless rejected the bills exiling Tiberius Gracchus and Pompeius, thanks to the two men's popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986247_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986247-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By separating Mancinus from his staff, it seems that Scipio wanted to spare his brother-in-law Tiberius Gracchus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967133,_179_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967133,_179-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consul Philus then went to Spain accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Fetial" title="Fetial">fetial</a> priests, who supervised the surrender of Mancinus to the Numantines, according to an archaic ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel201313,_p._13_n._18_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteel201313,_p._13_n._18-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mancinus was placed naked and bound in chains before the gates of Numantia, where he remained until nightfall, but the Numantines refused to take him, and he was brought back to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2511_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2511-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel201313,_68_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteel201313,_68-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classicist Alan Astin considers that Scipio Aemilianus was the main instigator and victor of the sequence against Mancinus.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_demotion_to_rehabilitation_(after_135_BC)"><span id="From_demotion_to_rehabilitation_.28after_135_BC.29"></span>From demotion to rehabilitation (after 135 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From demotion to rehabilitation (after 135 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the whole incident, Mancinus returned to Rome and again took up his seat in the senate. It seems he was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censors</a> who wrote the list of senators (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lectio_senatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lectio senatus (page does not exist)">lectio senatus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2688638#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2688638"><span title=""lectio senatus" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span></i>) in 136. These censors were indeed sympathetic to Mancinus: <a href="/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Pulcher_(consul_143_BC)" title="Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 143 BC)">Appius Claudius Pulcher</a> was the father-in-law of Tiberius Gracchus; his censorial colleague, Quintus Fulvius Nobilior, had similarly been defeated by the Numantines in 153.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200652_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200652-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Publius Rutilius, a <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">tribune of the plebs</a>, contested the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lectio</i></span>, and argued that Mancinus had lost his citizenship after his ritual surrender. A trial took place, and the jury adopted Rutilius' opinion; the distinguished jurist and praetor that year <a href="/wiki/Publius_Mucius_Scaevola_(consul_133_BC)" title="Publius Mucius Scaevola (consul 133 BC)">Publius Mucius Scaevola</a> spoke against Mancinus at this occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951486–87_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951486–87-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rutilius' motivation was possibly to settle a score against Pulcher and Tiberius Gracchus, whose fathers as censors had removed his uncle from his <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian status</a> in the <i>lectio</i> of 169.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200655_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200655-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his demotion, Mancinus started a campaign to recover his citizenship, as well as his social position and honour. Like his cousin Lucius, who had made a painting of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">siege of Carthage</a> to glorify his role during the war, Mancinus used visual arts for his bid, and commissioned a statue that represented him with the appearance he had when surrendered to the Numantines, naked and in chains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200650,_51,_53_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200650,_51,_53-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel201313_n._18_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteel201313_n._18-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statue is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> (written in the 1st century AD). It is the earliest known statue depicting a Roman citizen in the nude; portraits of the time generally showed men in a toga or military uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEtcheto2012431_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheto2012431-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mancinus' story of his voluntary sacrifice to keep his oath and preserve the diplomatic reputation of Rome brought him admiration among citizens. <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> later mentioned him favourably.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200653_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200653-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps soon after 135, a bill was carried in the assembly granting him citizenship anew.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ix<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986250,_251_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986250,_251-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mancinus did not stop there and sought to regain his place in the senatorial order by resuming his political career. He was successful in being elected to a second praetorship, which guaranteed him a place in the senate at the next <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lectio</i></span>. Second praetorships were rare during the Republic and may have been a way of rehabilitating disgraced politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriscoe1981131_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoe1981131-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, <i>Roman History</i>, 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, <i>Roman History</i>, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, <i>Roman History</i>, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velleius Paterculus, ii.1 § 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero <i>Epistulae ad Atticum</i> xii.5; <i>De oratore</i>, i.181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, <i>Natural History</i>, xxxiv.18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>De re publica</i>, iii.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Tiberius Gracchus</i>, 5 § 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Digest</i>, l.7 § 17.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmeskal2009137-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZmeskal2009137_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZmeskal2009137_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZmeskal2009137_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZmeskal2009">Zmeskal 2009</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951419-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951419_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951469-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951469_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin196771_n._1,_91,_99-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin196771_n._1,_91,_99_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstin1967">Astin 1967</a>, pp. 71 n. 1, 91, 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen196825–26-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen196825–26_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGruen1968">Gruen 1968</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000216-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000216_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2000">Brennan 2000</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMünzer19132507-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMünzer19132507_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMünzer1913">Münzer 1913</a>, p. 2507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951455-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951455_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 480, noting 140 as the "last possible date".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlowLaurence2002106-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarlowLaurence2002106_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarlowLaurence2002">Harlow & Laurence 2002</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000118-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000118_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2000">Brennan 2000</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan20003,_4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan20003,_4_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2000">Brennan 2000</a>, pp. 3, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherk198438-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherk198438_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSherk1984">Sherk 1984</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaniotis2004193–94-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaniotis2004193–94_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaniotis2004">Chaniotis 2004</a>, pp. 193–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951484-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951484_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen196833–34-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen196833–34_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGruen1968">Gruen 1968</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000244-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2000244_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2000">Brennan 2000</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2509-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2509_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMünzer1913">Münzer 1913</a>, col. 2509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986232-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986232_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986232_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1986">Rosenstein 1986</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan1989486-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan1989486_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan1989">Brennan 1989</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967131-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967131_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967131_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstin1967">Astin 1967</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2510-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2510_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2510_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2510_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMünzer1913">Münzer 1913</a>, col. 2510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951393-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951393_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteel201312-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel201312_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteel2013">Steel 2013</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986234-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986234_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1986">Rosenstein 1986</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967148–49-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967148–49_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstin1967">Astin 1967</a>, pp. 148–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford19733-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford19733_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1973">Crawford 1973</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967179-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967179_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967179_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstin1967">Astin 1967</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986236_n._17-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986236_n._17_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1986">Rosenstein 1986</a>, p. 236 n. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1986">Rosenstein 1986</a>, pp. 236, 241, Rosenstein also notes that Pompeius' treaty had not been ratified; Mancinus likely stressed the breach of Roman <i>fides</i> and moral ratification instead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986237–41-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986237–41_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1986">Rosenstein 1986</a>, p. 237–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986241–42-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986241–42_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1986">Rosenstein 1986</a>, pp. 241–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford19734-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford19734_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1973">Crawford 1973</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974266–67-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford1974266–67_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1974">Crawford 1974</a>, pp. 266–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian196834–36-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian196834–36_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadian1968">Badian 1968</a>, pp. 34–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford19732,_6-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford19732,_6_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1973">Crawford 1973</a>, pp. 2, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford19736–7-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford19736–7_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1973">Crawford 1973</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFOakley2005">Oakley 2005</a>, pp. 25–31, 648–51 for extensive treatment of the matter. Oakley is a bit sceptical of Crawford's reasoning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974267,_268-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford1974267,_268_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1974">Crawford 1974</a>, pp. 267, 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967132,_150–51-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967132,_150–51_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstin1967">Astin 1967</a>, pp. 132, 150–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1986">Rosenstein 1986</a>, p. 233, "strictly speaking, the central question before the senate was not how to punish those responsible, but how the Roman people could refuse to accept the treaty without the risk of divine displeasure"; p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley2005649-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakley2005649_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley2005">Oakley 2005</a>, p. 649.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967132,_179-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967132,_179_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstin1967">Astin 1967</a>, pp. 132, 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967132-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967132_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstin1967">Astin 1967</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986251-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986251_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1986">Rosenstein 1986</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2006">Brennan 2006</a>, p. 54, suggests that as the Numantine envoys were in Rome for some time, Mancinus had grown confident that nothing would happen to him if he was surrendered to them.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteel201313_n._18-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel201313_n._18_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel201313_n._18_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteel2013">Steel 2013</a>, p. 13 n. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986247-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986247_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1986">Rosenstein 1986</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstin1967133,_179-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstin1967133,_179_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstin1967">Astin 1967</a>, pp. 133, 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteel201313,_p._13_n._18-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel201313,_p._13_n._18_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteel2013">Steel 2013</a>, p. 13, p. 13 n. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2511-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMünzer1913col._2511_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMünzer1913">Münzer 1913</a>, col. 2511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteel201313,_68-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel201313,_68_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteel2013">Steel 2013</a>, pp. 13, 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstin1967">Astin 1967</a>, pp. 179, 181, noting, however, that Scipio was not completely successful as he failed to punish Pompeius.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200652-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200652_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2006">Brennan 2006</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951486–87-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1951486–87_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1951">Broughton 1951</a>, pp. 486–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200655-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200655_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2006">Brennan 2006</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200650,_51,_53-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200650,_51,_53_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2006">Brennan 2006</a>, pp. 50, 51, 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheto2012431-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEtcheto2012431_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEtcheto2012">Etcheto 2012</a>, p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200653-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200653_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2006">Brennan 2006</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986250,_251-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenstein1986250,_251_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1986">Rosenstein 1986</a>, pp. 250, 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoe1981131-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriscoe1981131_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriscoe1981">Briscoe 1981</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan1989">Brennan 1989</a>, pp. 478, 486, 487, Brennan, however, considers there to be a lack of evidence for Briscoe's theory.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources_2">Ancient sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancient sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>Roman History</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Oratore" title="De Oratore">De Oratore</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ad_Atticum" title="Epistulae ad Atticum">Epistulae ad Atticum</a></i>.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digest</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i> (Life of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Tiberius_Gracchus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a>, <i>Historiae Romanae</i>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources_2">Modern sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAstin1967" class="citation book cs1">Astin, Alan Edgar (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Li7rQEACAAJ"><i>Scipio Aemilianus</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814257-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814257-9"><bdi>0-19-814257-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928115">928115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scipio+Aemilianus&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928115&rft.isbn=0-19-814257-9&rft.aulast=Astin&rft.aufirst=Alan+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Li7rQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadian1968" class="citation journal cs1">Badian, Ernst (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26307042">"Sulla's augurate"</a>. <i>Arethusa</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 26–46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0975">0004-0975</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26307042">26307042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arethusa&rft.atitle=Sulla%27s+augurate&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-46&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26307042%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0004-0975&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26307042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._Corey_Brennan" title="T. Corey Brennan">Brennan, T. Corey</a> (1989). "C. Aurelius Cotta, Praetor Iterum (CIL I<sup>2</sup>. 610)". <i>Athenaeum</i> (77): 467–487.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum&rft.atitle=C.+Aurelius+Cotta%2C+Praetor+Iterum+%28CIL+I%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E.+610%29&rft.issue=77&rft.pages=467-487&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=T.+Corey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2000" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, T. Corey (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jd8N4LTUv8YC"><i>The praetorship in the Roman republic</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511459-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511459-0"><bdi>0-19-511459-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41503761">41503761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+praetorship+in+the+Roman+republic&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41503761&rft.isbn=0-19-511459-0&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=T.+Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJd8N4LTUv8YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2006" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, T. Corey (2006). "Power and Process under the Republican "Constitution"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Flower, Harriet (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1390-0033-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1390-0033-8"><bdi>978-1-1390-0033-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Power+and+Process+under+the+Republican+%22Constitution%22&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Roman+Republic&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=31-65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-1390-0033-8&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=T.+Corey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriscoe1981" class="citation book cs1">Briscoe, John (1981). <i>A Commentary on Livy, Books XXXIV-XXXVII</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814455-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814455-5"><bdi>0-19-814455-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Livy%2C+Books+XXXIV-XXXVII&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-19-814455-5&rft.aulast=Briscoe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton" title="Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton">Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon</a> (1951). <i>The magistrates of the Roman republic</i>. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+magistrates+of+the+Roman+republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Philological+Association&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Robert+Shannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaniotis2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angelos_Chaniotis" title="Angelos Chaniotis">Chaniotis, Angelos</a> (2004). "Justifying territorial claims in classical and hellenistic Greece: the beginnings of international law". In Harris, Edward Monroe; Rubinstein, Lene (eds.). <i>The law and the courts in ancient Greece</i>. London: Duckworth. pp. 185–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3117-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-3117-9"><bdi>0-7156-3117-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55014391">55014391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Justifying+territorial+claims+in+classical+and+hellenistic+Greece%3A+the+beginnings+of+international+law&rft.btitle=The+law+and+the+courts+in+ancient+Greece&rft.place=London&rft.pages=185-213&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55014391&rft.isbn=0-7156-3117-9&rft.aulast=Chaniotis&rft.aufirst=Angelos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1973" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Michael H. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40310700">"Foedus and sponsio"</a>. <i>Papers of the British School at Rome</i>. <b>41</b>: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068246200008011">10.1017/S0068246200008011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0068-2462">0068-2462</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40310700">40310700</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162870895">162870895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+of+the+British+School+at+Rome&rft.atitle=Foedus+and+sponsio&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0068-2462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162870895%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40310700%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0068246200008011&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40310700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1974" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael H. (1974). <i>Roman republican coinage</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07492-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07492-4"><bdi>0-521-07492-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/310578773">310578773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+republican+coinage&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F310578773&rft.isbn=0-521-07492-4&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtcheto2012" class="citation book cs1">Etcheto, Henri (2012). <i>Les Scipions. Famille et pouvoir à Rome à l'époque républicaine</i>. Bordeaux: Ausonius Éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-124-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-124-9"><bdi>978-2-35613-124-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Scipions.+Famille+et+pouvoir+%C3%A0+Rome+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+r%C3%A9publicaine&rft.place=Bordeaux&rft.pub=Ausonius+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-35613-124-9&rft.aulast=Etcheto&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruen1968" class="citation book cs1">Gruen, Erich S. (1968). <i>Roman politics and the criminal courts, 149-78 B.C</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-28421-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-28421-0"><bdi>978-0-674-28421-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/576654216">576654216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+politics+and+the+criminal+courts%2C+149-78+B.C&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F576654216&rft.isbn=978-0-674-28421-0&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlowLaurence2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harlow" title="Mary Harlow">Harlow, Mary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ray_Laurence" title="Ray Laurence">Laurence, Ray</a> (2002). <i>Growing Up and Growing Old in Ancient Rome: A Life Course Approach</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20200-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20200-8"><bdi>978-0-415-20200-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Up+and+Growing+Old+in+Ancient+Rome%3A+A+Life+Course+Approach&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20200-8&rft.aulast=Harlow&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Laurence%2C+Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMünzer1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_M%C3%BCnzer" title="Friedrich Münzer">Münzer, Friedrich</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elexikon.ch/RE/VIII,2_2509.png">"Hostilius 18"</a>. In Pauly, August (ed.). <i>Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft</i> (in German). Vol. 16. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler. cols. 2508–2511.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hostilius+18&rft.btitle=Realencyclop%C3%A4die+der+Classischen+Altertumswissenschaft&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=cols.+2508-2511&rft.pub=J.+B.+Metzler&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCnzer&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felexikon.ch%2FRE%2FVIII%2C2_2509.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Oakley" title="Stephen Oakley">Oakley, Stephen P</a> (2005). <i>A commentary on Livy, Books VI-X</i>. Vol. 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-7143-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-7143-6"><bdi>978-0-1992-7143-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34546163">34546163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+commentary+on+Livy%2C+Books+VI-X&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34546163&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-7143-6&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenstein1986" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenstein, Nathan (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010850">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Imperatores victi": the case of C Hostilius Mancinus"</a>. <i>Classical Antiquity</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 230–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25010850">10.2307/25010850</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-6656">0278-6656</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010850">25010850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=%22Imperatores+victi%22%3A+the+case+of+C+Hostilius+Mancinus&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=230-252&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0278-6656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25010850%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25010850&rft.aulast=Rosenstein&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25010850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherk1984" class="citation book cs1">Sherk, Robert K. (1984). <i>Translated Documents of Greece and Rome vol. 4, Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27123-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27123-3"><bdi>978-0-521-27123-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translated+Documents+of+Greece+and+Rome+vol.+4%2C+Rome+and+the+Greek+East+to+the+Death+of+Augustus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27123-3&rft.aulast=Sherk&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteel2013" class="citation book cs1">Steel, Catherine (2013). <i>The end of the Roman republic, 149 to 44 BC: conquest and crisis</i>. Edinburgh History of Ancient Rome. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1944-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1944-3"><bdi>978-0-7486-1944-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+end+of+the+Roman+republic%2C+149+to+44+BC%3A+conquest+and+crisis&rft.series=Edinburgh+History+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1944-3&rft.aulast=Steel&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZmeskal2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zmeskal, Klaus (2009). <i>Adfinitas</i> (in German). Vol. 1. Passau: Verlag Karl Stutz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88849-304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88849-304-1"><bdi>978-3-88849-304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adfinitas&rft.place=Passau&rft.pub=Verlag+Karl+Stutz&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-88849-304-1&rft.aulast=Zmeskal&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Hostilius+Mancinus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Nasica_Serapio" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio">Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Callaicus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus">Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Republican_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Republican consuls">Consul</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> </b><br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_Porcina" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Porcina">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Porcina</a></i><br /> 137 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Furius_Philus" title="Lucius Furius Philus">Lucius Furius Philus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Atilius_Serranus" title="Sextus Atilius Serranus">Sextus Atilius Serranus</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&oldid=1230145378">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Hostilius_Mancinus&oldid=1230145378</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_BC_Roman_consuls" title="Category:2nd-century BC Roman consuls">2nd-century BC Roman consuls</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hostilii" title="Category:Hostilii">Hostilii</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_interlanguage_link_with_the_wikidata_parameter" title="Category:Pages using interlanguage link with the wikidata parameter">Pages using interlanguage link with the wikidata parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing" title="Category:Year of birth missing">Year of birth missing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_death_missing" title="Category:Year of death missing">Year of death missing</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 June 2024, at 23:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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