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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Production centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Catalan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Arab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theories of origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Portolan chart</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مخططات بورتولان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخططات بورتولان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Портолан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портолан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_portolana" title="Carta portolana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carta portolana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portol%C3%A1nov%C3%A1_mapa" title="Portolánová mapa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portolánová mapa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan" title="Portolan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portolan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan" title="Portolan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portolan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Λιμενοδείκτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιμενοδείκτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulano" title="Portulano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portulano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulano" title="Portulano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portulano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulan" title="Portulan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portulan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolano" title="Portolano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Portolano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%86%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8" title="포르톨라노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르톨라노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պորտուլաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտուլաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolanokort" title="Portolanokort – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Portolanokort" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolano" title="Portolano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portolano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95" title="פורטולאנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטולאנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Портоландар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Портоландар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolani" title="Portolani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Portolani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulanas" title="Portulanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portulanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portol%C3%A1nt%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p" title="Portolántérkép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portolántérkép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolaan" title="Portolaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portolaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%87%9D%E5%84%80%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%B3" title="羅針儀海図 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="羅針儀海図" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulan" title="Portulan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Portulan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan" title="Portolan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portolan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulano" title="Portulano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portulano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portulan" title="Portulan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portulan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Портулан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портулан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portol%C3%A1n" title="Portolán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portolán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolanski_zemljevid" title="Portolanski zemljevid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portolanski zemljevid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Портолан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Портолан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan" title="Portolan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portolan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="แผนที่เดินเรือพอร์โทลาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผนที่เดินเรือพอร์โทลาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan_haritas%C4%B1" title="Portolan haritası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portolan haritası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Портолан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Портолан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto%C5%82an" title="Portołan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Portołan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%E5%9E%8B%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%96" title="波特蘭型海圖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波特蘭型海圖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nautical charts, first made in the 13th century</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_chart_fourteenth_century2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mediterranean_chart_fourteenth_century2.jpg/290px-Mediterranean_chart_fourteenth_century2.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mediterranean_chart_fourteenth_century2.jpg/435px-Mediterranean_chart_fourteenth_century2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mediterranean_chart_fourteenth_century2.jpg/580px-Mediterranean_chart_fourteenth_century2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5486" data-file-height="4009" /></a><figcaption>The oldest original cartographic artifact in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>: a portolan <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical chart</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Second quarter of the 14th century.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Portolan charts</b> are <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical charts</a>, first made in the 13th century in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> basin and later expanded to include other regions. The word <i>portolan</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>portolano</i>, meaning "related to <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> or <a href="/wiki/Harbours" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbours">harbors</a>", and which since at least the 17th century designates "a collection of sailing directions".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "portolan chart" was coined in the 1890s because at the time it was assumed that these maps were related to <a href="/wiki/Portolani" class="mw-redirect" title="Portolani">portolani</a>, medieval or early modern books of sailing directions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other names that have been proposed include <a href="/wiki/Rhumb_line" title="Rhumb line">rhumb line</a> charts, compass charts or <a href="/wiki/Loxodromic_navigation" title="Loxodromic navigation">loxodromic</a> charts<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas modern French scholars prefer to call them nautical charts to avoid any relationship with portolani.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several definitions of portolan chart coexist in the literature. A narrow definition includes only medieval<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, at the latest, early modern <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">sea charts</a> (i.e. maps that primarily cover maritime rather than inland regions) that include a <a href="/wiki/Rhumbline_network" title="Rhumbline network">network of rhumb lines</a> and do not show any indication of the use of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> or <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> coordinates.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaspar2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaspar2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geographic scope of these mostly medieval portolan charts is limited to the Mediterranean and Black Seas with possible extensions to West European coasts up to Scandinavia and West African coasts down to Guinea. Some authors further restrict the term portolan chart to single-sheet maps drawn on parchment,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas books that contain several sea charts are called nautical <a href="/wiki/Atlas" title="Atlas">atlases</a>. </p><p>A broader definition of portolan chart accepts any sea chart or atlas that meets the following series of stylistic requirements: drawn by hand, with a network of rhumb lines that emanate from the center of hidden circles, focused on the coasts and islands, with place names written perpendicular to the coastline on the land side and with sparse information about the interior of landmasses.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This broader definition encompasses charts of potentially any sea and even maps of the entire world, which are sometimes called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nautical_planisphere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nautical planisphere (page does not exist)">nautical planispheres</a>, provided they meet the aforesaid criteria. It includes nautical charts that depict latitude scales and have been called "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latitude_chart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latitude chart (page does not exist)">latitude charts</a>" by other authors to distinguish them from proper portolan charts, which are believed to have been constructed on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">dead reckoning</a> information.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaspar2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaspar2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhumb_lines">Rhumb lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rhumb lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhumbline_network" title="Rhumbline network">Rhumbline network</a></div> <p>Portolan charts are characterized by their <a href="/wiki/Rhumbline_network" title="Rhumbline network">rhumbline networks</a>, which emanate out from <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass roses</a> located at various points on the map. The lines in these networks are generated by compass observations to show lines of constant <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(navigation)" title="Bearing (navigation)">bearing</a>. Though often called rhumbs, they are better called "<a href="/wiki/Windrose_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Windrose line">windrose lines</a>": As cartographic historian Leo Bagrow states, "…the word [<i>loxodromic</i> or <i>rhumb chart</i>] is wrongly applied to the sea-charts of this period, since a loxodrome gives an accurate course only when the chart is drawn on a suitable projection. Cartometric investigation has revealed that no projection was used in the early charts…".<sup id="cite_ref-Bagrow2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagrow2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The straight lines shown criss-crossing portolan charts represent the sixteen directions (or headings) of the mariner's compass from a given point, which became thirty-two directions from around 1450.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal lines are oriented to the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_north_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic north pole">magnetic north pole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Discover-2014.06_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discover-2014.06-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the grid lines varied slightly for charts produced in different eras, due to the natural changes of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">magnetic declination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Discover-2014.06_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discover-2014.06-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lines are similar to the <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass rose</a> displayed on later maps and charts. "All portolan charts have wind roses, though not necessarily complete with the full thirty-two points; the compass rose ... seems to have been a Catalan innovation".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The portolan chart combined the exact notations of the text of the <a href="/wiki/Periplus" title="Periplus">periplus</a> or pilot book with the decorative illustrations of a medieval <a href="/wiki/T_and_O_map" title="T and O map">T and O map</a>. In addition, the charts provided realistic depictions of shores. They were meant for practical use by mariners of the period. Portolans failed to take into account the <a href="/wiki/Curvature_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Curvature of the Earth">curvature of the Earth</a>; as a result, they were not helpful as navigational tools for crossing the <a href="/wiki/Open_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Open ocean">open ocean</a>, and were replaced by later <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a> charts.<sup id="cite_ref-Discover-2014.06_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discover-2014.06-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portolans were most useful in close quarters' identification of landmarks.<sup id="cite_ref-Discover-2014.06_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discover-2014.06-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Portolani</i> were also useful for navigation in smaller bodies of water, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Seas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most extant portolan charts from before 1500 are drawn on <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>, which is a high-quality type of <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>, made from <a href="/wiki/Calf_(animal)" title="Calf (animal)">calf</a> skin. Single charts were normally rolled whereas those that formed part of atlases were pasted on wood or cardboard supports.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest surviving explanations of how to draw a portolan chart date from the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the techniques used by medieval mapmakers can only be inferred. The instruments available in the Middle Ages are believed to have been a ruler, a pair of dividers, a pen, and inks of various colors. Drawing probably started with the windrose lines and then the mapmaker copied the coastal outlines from some earlier chart. Place names, geographic details and decoration were added in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_centers">Production centers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Production centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png/220px-Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png/330px-Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png/440px-Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Portolan chart of 1541</figcaption></figure> <p>Two main families of portolan charts were distinguished by origin, according to 19th-century historians: Italian, developed mainly in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>; and Spanish, with <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a> as a main center of production. Portuguese charts were believed to be derived from the Spanish. Arab portolan charts were not recognized until the second half of the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian">Italian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The copious number of Italian portolan charts begins in the mid 13th century, with the oldest called <a href="/wiki/Carta_Pisana" title="Carta Pisana">Carta Pisana</a>, which is kept in the National Library in Paris. To the next century belong the Carignano Chart, disappeared from the National Archive of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> where it had been conserved for a long time; cartographic works of the Genoese <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Vesconte" title="Pietro Vesconte">Pietro Vesconte</a>, the illustrator of the work of <a href="/wiki/Marino_Sanuto_the_Elder" title="Marino Sanuto the Elder">Marino Sanudo</a>; the chart of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Pizigano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Pizigano (page does not exist)">Francisco Pizigano</a> (1373), with stylistic influence from Mallorca; and those of <a href="/wiki/Beccario" class="mw-redirect" title="Beccario">Beccario</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albino_de_Canepa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albino de Canepa (page does not exist)">Canepa</a> and the brothers <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brothers_Benincasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brothers Benincasa (page does not exist)">Benincasa</a>, natives of <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>. The fifteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Luxoro_Atlas" title="Luxoro Atlas">Luxoro Atlas</a>, whose authorship is anonymous, is held at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Civica_Berio" title="Biblioteca Civica Berio">Biblioteca Civica Berio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catalan">Catalan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catalan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriel_Vallseca._Museo_Mar%C3%ADtimo,_Barcelona.1439.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gabriel_Vallseca._Museo_Mar%C3%ADtimo%2C_Barcelona.1439.jpg/220px-Gabriel_Vallseca._Museo_Mar%C3%ADtimo%2C_Barcelona.1439.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gabriel_Vallseca._Museo_Mar%C3%ADtimo%2C_Barcelona.1439.jpg/330px-Gabriel_Vallseca._Museo_Mar%C3%ADtimo%2C_Barcelona.1439.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gabriel_Vallseca._Museo_Mar%C3%ADtimo%2C_Barcelona.1439.jpg/440px-Gabriel_Vallseca._Museo_Mar%C3%ADtimo%2C_Barcelona.1439.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>1439 portolan chart by Gabriel de Vallseca (Museu Maritim, Barcelona)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish introduced a novelty in nautical cartography, with geographical maps having common stylistic representation of certain accidents and locations. The masterpiece of the Majorcan portolan charts is the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas Catalan">Catalan Atlas</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cresques" title="Abraham Cresques">Abraham Cresques</a> in 1375, and kept in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cresques" title="Abraham Cresques">Abraham Cresques</a> was a Majorcan Jew who worked at the service of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_IV_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro IV of Aragon">Pedro IV of Aragon</a>. In his "buxolarum" [=<a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Compass">magnetic compass</a>] workshop he was helped by his son Jafuda. The Atlas is a World Map, that is, world map and regions of the Earth with the various peoples who live there. The work was done at the request of Prince John, son of Pedro IV, desirous of a faithful representation of the world from west to east. 12 sheets form the world map on tables, linked to each other by <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a> and screen layout. Each table measures 69 by 49 cm. The first four texts are filled with geographical and astronomical tables and calendars. The newest of the Cresques World Map is the representation of Asia, from the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> sea to <a href="/wiki/Cathay" title="Cathay">Cathay</a> (China), which takes into account information from Marco Polo, and Jordanus . </p><p>In the 14th century, also highlights the work of <a href="/wiki/Guillem_Soler" title="Guillem Soler">Guillem Soler</a>, which cultivates both styles, the purely nautical and nautical-geographical. To the 15th century corresponds the famous portolan chart by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Vallseca" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Vallseca">Gabriel Vallseca</a>, (1439)<i>,</i> kept in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Museum_of_Barcelona" title="Maritime Museum of Barcelona">Maritime Museum of Barcelona</a>, notable for its delicacy of execution and lively picturesque details, masked by a spot of <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> left by <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sand1843_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sand1843-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg/220px-Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg/330px-Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg/440px-Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5016" data-file-height="3878" /></a><figcaption>Portolan chart by Jorge de Aguiar (1492), the oldest known signed and dated chart of Portuguese origin (Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, USA)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese portolan charts come from the Majorcan tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as traditional portolan charts did not fulfill the requirements demanded by the expansion of the geographic horizons attained by Portuguese and Spaniards, they superposed the astronomical lines of the equator and tropics on top of the wind line network, and they continued being elaborated over the 16th and 17th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab">Arab</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three medieval portolan charts written in Arabic are preserved:<sup id="cite_ref-Ducene_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ducene-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Map of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_ibn_Suleiman_al-Tangi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed ibn Suleiman al-Tangi (page does not exist)">Ahmed ibn Suleiman al-Tangi</a> from 1413 to 1414.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Map of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_al-Tabib_al-Mursi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim al-Tabib al-Mursi (page does not exist)">Ibrahim al-Tabib al-Mursi</a> from 1461</li> <li>Map of western Europe, anonymous and undated, preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosiana_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosiana Library">Ambrosiana Library</a>, dating from the 14th <sup id="cite_ref-Vernet_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vernet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 15th centuries.</li></ul> <p>In addition there is a detailed description of a nautical Arab map of the Mediterranean in the Encyclopedia of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Fadlallah_al-Umari" title="Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari">Ibn Fadl Allah al-'Umari</a>, written between 1330 and 1348.<sup id="cite_ref-Ducene_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ducene-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also descriptions limited to smaller geographic regions, in a work of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27id_al-Maghribi" title="Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi">Ibn Sa'id al Maghribi</a> (13th century) and even in the work of <a href="/wiki/Al-Idrisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Idrisi">Al-Idrisi</a> (12th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Vernet_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vernet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_origin">Theories of origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theories of origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of portolan charts are obscure, having no known predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolai2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolai2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concludes that portolans originated from earlier charts drawn on what is now called the <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a>, stating that portolans are mosaics of smaller charts, each with their own scale and orientation, and suggesting that the cartographic capabilities of whichever civilization produced the antecedent charts was more advanced than is currently acknowledged.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ideas are rejected by established researchers in the field, however, who find ample evidence of medieval origins and construction methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaspar_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaspar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been proposed that portolan charts evolved from the mental maps that Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(shipping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot (shipping)">pilots</a> had used since ancient times, which had been <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">transmitted orally</a> over generations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest portolan charts focused on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coasts, with only partial and sometimes sketchy depiction of Atlantic coasts up to Scandinavia. In the 15th and 16th centuries, with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, the scope of portolan charts expanded south down to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>. Charts also started to be drawn by Portuguese and Spanish mapmakers for the newly explored seas in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>, South Asia and the Pacific. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antillia" title="Antillia">Antillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_chart" title="Catalan chart">Catalan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_compass_winds" title="Classical compass winds">Classical compass winds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornaro_Atlas" title="Cornaro Atlas">Cornaro Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cartograf%C3%ADa_Mallorquina" title="La Cartografía Mallorquina">La Cartografía Mallorquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan cartographic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Marteloio" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of Marteloio">Rule of Marteloio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_school_of_chartmakers" title="Thames school of chartmakers">Thames school of chartmakers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maphistory.info/portolanchapter.html#terminology">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Portolan charts from the late thirteenth century to 1500' (Additions, Corrections, Updates)"</a>. <i>Map History / History of Cartography: THE Gateway to the Subject</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Map+History+%2F+History+of+Cartography%3A+THE+Gateway+to+the+Subject&rft.atitle=%27Portolan+charts+from+the+late+thirteenth+century+to+1500%27+%28Additions%2C+Corrections%2C+Updates%29&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maphistory.info%2Fportolanchapter.html%23terminology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1987, page 375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoel2016" class="citation book cs1">Roel, Nicolai (2016). <i>The enigma of the origin of Portolan charts : a geodetic analysis of the hypothesis of a medieval origin</i>. Leiden. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004282971" title="Special:BookSources/9789004282971"><bdi>9789004282971</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932069190">932069190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+enigma+of+the+origin+of+Portolan+charts+%3A+a+geodetic+analysis+of+the+hypothesis+of+a+medieval+origin&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=11-12&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932069190&rft.isbn=9789004282971&rft.aulast=Roel&rft.aufirst=Nicolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVagnon2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vagnon, Emmanuelle (2013). "La représentation cartographique de l'espace maritime". In Gautier Dalché, Patrick (ed.). <i>La Terre connaissance, représentations, mesure au Moyen Âge</i> (in French). Brepols. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-54753-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-54753-4"><bdi>978-2-503-54753-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+repr%C3%A9sentation+cartographique+de+l%27espace+maritime&rft.btitle=La+Terre+connaissance%2C+repr%C3%A9sentations%2C+mesure+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-503-54753-4&rft.aulast=Vagnon&rft.aufirst=Emmanuelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Ramon Pujades only considers charts earlier than 1470 in his census.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPujades_i_Bataller2007" class="citation book cs1">Pujades i Bataller, Ramon Josep (2007). <i>Les cartes portolanes: la representació medieval d'una mar solcada</i>. Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya, l’Institut d’Estudis Catalans i l’Institut Europeu de la Mediterrània. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-393-7576-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-393-7576-0"><bdi>978-84-393-7576-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+cartes+portolanes%3A+la+representaci%C3%B3+medieval+d%27una+mar+solcada&rft.pub=Institut+Cartogr%C3%A0fic+de+Catalunya%2C+l%E2%80%99Institut+d%E2%80%99Estudis+Catalans+i+l%E2%80%99Institut+Europeu+de+la+Mediterr%C3%A0nia&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-393-7576-0&rft.aulast=Pujades+i+Bataller&rft.aufirst=Ramon+Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaspar2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaspar2013_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaspar2013_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaspar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lecfc.fr/new/articles/216-article-6.pdf">"From the Portolan Chart to the Latitude Chart: The silent cartographic revolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CFC</i> (216): 67–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CFC&rft.atitle=From+the+Portolan+Chart+to+the+Latitude+Chart%3A+The+silent+cartographic+revolution&rft.issue=216&rft.pages=67-77&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Gaspar&rft.aufirst=Joaquim+Alves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecfc.fr%2Fnew%2Farticles%2F216-article-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelano-Smith2018" class="citation conference cs1">Delano-Smith, Catherine (7–8 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37273410"><i>Emergent Maps: Questioning the Rise and Function of the Portolan Chart and the Regional Map in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Second International Workshop on the Origin and Evolution of Portolan Charts. Lisbon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Emergent+Maps%3A+Questioning+the+Rise+and+Function+of+the+Portolan+Chart+and+the+Regional+Map+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=2018-06-07%2F2018-06-08&rft.aulast=Delano-Smith&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37273410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPflederer2009" class="citation book cs1">Pflederer, Richard (2009). <i>Census of Portolan Charts and Atlases</i>. Privately printed.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+Portolan+Charts+and+Atlases&rft.pub=Privately+printed&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Pflederer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2016" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Tony (18 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maphistory.info/PortolanChartInnovations.html">"Cartographic innovations by the early portolan chartmakers"</a>. <i>Map History / History of Cartography: THE Gateway to the Subject</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Map+History+%2F+History+of+Cartography%3A+THE+Gateway+to+the+Subject&rft.atitle=Cartographic+innovations+by+the+early+portolan+chartmakers&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maphistory.info%2FPortolanChartInnovations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagrow2010-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bagrow2010_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Bagrow2010" class="citation book cs1">Leo Bagrow (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OBeB4tDmJv8C&pg=PA65"><i>History of Cartography</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2518-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2518-4"><bdi>978-1-4128-2518-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Cartography&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2518-4&rft.au=Leo+Bagrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOBeB4tDmJv8C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1987, page 396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discover-2014.06-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discover-2014.06_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discover-2014.06_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discover-2014.06_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discover-2014.06_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehmeyer, Julie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2014/june/14-the-mapmakers-mystery">The Mapmaker's Mystery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)"><i>Discover</i></a>, June 2014, pp. 44–49 (subscription).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1987, page 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1987, page 376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example Martín Cortés, <i>Arte de navegar</i>, 1551</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1987, pages 391-392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sand1843-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sand1843_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Sand1843" class="citation book cs1">George Sand (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wv0TAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA69"><i>Oeuvres complètes de George Sand</i></a>. Perrotin. pp. 69–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oeuvres+compl%C3%A8tes+de+George+Sand&rft.pages=69-&rft.pub=Perrotin&rft.date=1843&rft.au=George+Sand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwv0TAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVc0MZsZj48C&q=pacheco+pereira+mandou+%C3%A1+ilha+de+Malhorca+por+um+mestre+Jacome%2C+mestre+de+cartas+de+marear%2C&pg=PA10"><i>Estudos de História, Volume III</i></a>. UC Biblioteca Geral 1. pp. 10–. GGKEY:7186FCQBHS5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estudos+de+Hist%C3%B3ria%2C+Volume+III&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=UC+Biblioteca+Geral+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVc0MZsZj48C%26q%3Dpacheco%2Bpereira%2Bmandou%2B%25C3%25A1%2Bilha%2Bde%2BMalhorca%2Bpor%2Bum%2Bmestre%2BJacome%252C%2Bmestre%2Bde%2Bcartas%2Bde%2Bmarear%252C%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ducene-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ducene_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ducene_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucène2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ducène, Jean-Charles (2013-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lecfc.fr/new/articles/216-article-7.pdf">"Le portulan arabe décrit par Al-'Umari"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CFC</i> (216): 81–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CFC&rft.atitle=Le+portulan+arabe+d%C3%A9crit+par+Al-%27Umari&rft.issue=216&rft.pages=81-90&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft.aulast=Duc%C3%A8ne&rft.aufirst=Jean-Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecfc.fr%2Fnew%2Farticles%2F216-article-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herrera Casais, Mónica. '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25842182/The_1413_14_sea_chart_of_A%E1%B8%A5mad_al_%E1%B9%ACanj%C4%AB">The 1413-14 sea chart of Ahmad al-Ţanjī</a>', in: Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig & Mónica Rius (eds) <i>A shared legacy: Islamic science East and West. Homage to Prof. J.M. Millàs Vallicrosa</i> (Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 2008) pp.283-307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vernet-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vernet_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vernet_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernet_Ginés1962" class="citation journal cs1">Vernet Ginés, John (1962). "The Maghreb in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana Chart". <b>16</b>: 1–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Maghreb+in+the+Biblioteca+Ambrosiana+Chart&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Vernet+Gin%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1987, page 380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolai2014-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolai2014_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolai, R. (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dart-europe.eu/full.php?id=1139867">A critical review of the hypothesis of a medieval origin for portolan charts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614211123/https://www.dart-europe.eu/full.php?id=1139867">Archived</a> 2022-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Uitgeverij Educatieve Media</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/648-portolan-charts-too-accurate-to-be-medieval">"Portolan Charts 'Too Accurate' to be Medieval"</a>. <i>Big Think</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+Think&rft.atitle=Portolan+Charts+%27Too+Accurate%27+to+be+Medieval&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigthink.com%2Fstrange-maps%2F648-portolan-charts-too-accurate-to-be-medieval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaspar-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaspar_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaspar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bimcc.org/newsletters/53">"Review of Roel Nicolai's article by Joaquim Alves Gaspar"</a>. <i>Maps in History</i>. <b>53</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maps+in+History&rft.atitle=Review+of+Roel+Nicolai%27s+article+by+Joaquim+Alves+Gaspar&rft.volume=53&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Gaspar&rft.aufirst=Joaquim+Alves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bimcc.org%2Fnewsletters%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Tony (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bimcc.org/newsletters/53">"Review of Roel Nicolai's article by Tony Campbell"</a>. <i>Maps in History</i>. <b>53</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maps+in+History&rft.atitle=Review+of+Roel+Nicolai%27s+article+by+Tony+Campbell&rft.volume=53&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bimcc.org%2Fnewsletters%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2021" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Tony (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maphistory.info/PortolanOriginsMENU.html">"Mediterranean portolan charts: their origin in the mental maps of medieval sailors, their function and their early development"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+portolan+charts%3A+their+origin+in+the+mental+maps+of+medieval+sailors%2C+their+function+and+their+early+development&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maphistory.info%2FPortolanOriginsMENU.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortolan+chart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Konrad Kretschmer, <i>Die italienischen Portolane des Mittelalters, Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kartographie und Nautik,</i> Berlin, Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Meereskunde und des geographischen Instituts an der Universität Berlin, Vol. 13, 1909. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:46828924$5i">(available online)</a></li> <li>Alessandra D. Debanne, <i>Lo Compasso de navegare. Edizione del codice Hamilton 396 con commento linguistico e glossario</i>, Brussels, Peter Lang for the Gruppo degli italianisti delle Università francofone del Belgio, 2011.</li> <li>Patrick Gautier Dalché, <i>Carte marine et portulan au XIIe siècle. Le Liber de existencia rivieriarum et forma maris nostri Mediterranei, Pise, circa 1200</i>, Roma, École Française de Rome, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_1995_mon_203_1">(available online)</a></li> <li>Tony Campbell, "Portolan Charts from the Late Thirteenth Century to 1500", Chapter 19 of <i>The History of Cartography</i>, Volume I. U. of Chicago Press, 74th edition (May 15, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V1/HOC_VOLUME1_chapter19.pdf">(available online)</a></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portolan_chart&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Portolan_charts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Portolan charts">Portolan charts</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maphistory.info/portolan.html">A Critical Re-examination of Portolan Charts, with a Reassessment of Their Replication and Seaboard Function</a>, ongoing collection of essays and tabulated data by Tony Campbell, comprising about 30 separate web publications, over 120 tables and graphs, a census of surviving charts pre-1500 and a comprehensive bibliography.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elgranerocomun.net/IMG/pdf/Cartografia_Mallorquina_JRP_EGC.pdf">J. Rey Pastor & E. Garcia Camarero <i>La cartografía mallorquina</i></a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Images of portolan charts: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umn.edu/apps/bell/map/PORTO/porto.html">Portolan Charts</a> mini-site, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary/portolan.html">Portolan Charts</a>, samples from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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