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Découverte </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="AMÉRICIUM, Isotopes utilisés. Dangers biologiques" href="/encyclopedie/americium/2-isotopes-utilises-dangers-biologiques/"> 2. Isotopes utilisés. Dangers biologiques </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="AMÉRICIUM, Physico-chimie" href="/encyclopedie/americium/3-physico-chimie/"> 3. Physico-chimie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="AMÉRICIUM, Production" href="/encyclopedie/americium/4-production/"> 4. Production </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="AMÉRICIUM, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/americium/5-bibliographie/"> 5. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>AMÉRICIUM</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yA912501_0"><i class="anchor" id="yA912501_0"></i><p>L' américium (symbole Am) est un élément artificiel qui fait partie d'une série d'éléments lourds découverts depuis 1940, les <em>transuraniens</em>. Comme tous ces éléments, il possède de nombreux isotopes, tous radioactifs. Son numéro atomique, 95, le place, dans la classification périodique, après l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'uranium (symbole U, numéro atomique 92) est un élément chimique métallique très dense ( d = 19), dur, dont la couleur grise rappelle celle du nickel . Pendant les cent cinquante ans qui suivirent sa découverte, en 1789, par Martin Heinrich Klaproth, on lui trouva peu d'applications – essentiellement la fabrication d'émaux –, et il fut étudié principalement parce qu'il é..." title="Article : URANIUM" href="/encyclopedie/uranium/">uranium</a>, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Élément chimique de numéro atomique 93, le neptunium (symbole Np) est le premier membre de la série d'éléments lourds artificiels : les transuraniens.. Comme tous ces éléments, il a de nombreux isotopes qui sont tous radio-actifs et produits principalement dans les réacteurs nucléaires. Seul l'isotope 237 existe dans la nature, mais en quantité trop faible pour constituer une source..." title="Article : NEPTUNIUM" href="/encyclopedie/neptunium/">neptunium</a> et le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Élément chimique artificiel de numéro atomique 94, le plutonium a pour symbole chimique Pu. Par analogie avec les éléments uranium et neptunium le précédant immédiatement dans la classification périodique, il doit son nom à la planète Pluton découverte après Uranus et Neptune.. Le plutonium fut découvert en 1940 à l'université de Californie par une équipe dirigée par Glenn T..." title="Article : PLUTONIUM" href="/encyclopedie/plutonium/">plutonium</a>, avec lesquels il présente de nombreuses analogies.</p><p>Élément purement synthétique, l'américium n'existe probablement pas à l'état naturel : il se forme principalement dans les réacteurs nucléaires lors de l'irradiation du plutonium 239 par les neutrons.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yA912501_1"><i class="anchor" id="yA912501_1"></i><h2>Découverte</h2><p>Albert Ghiorso, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan et Glenn T. Seaborg identifièrent à la fin de l'année 1944, au Metallurgical Laboratory de l'université de Chicago, l'isotope de masse 241 de l'élément 95, qu'ils nommèrent américium, par analogie avec l'europium, son homologue selon une classification impliquant un parallélisme de propriétés entre deux séries d'éléments, les lanthanides et les « actinides ». Quelques mois plus tard, le premier composé pur de <sup>241</sup>Am fut isolé dans le même laboratoire par Burris B. Cunningham. Six ans après, en 1951, E. F. Westrum et L. R. Eyring préparèrent le métal à partir de quelques centaines de microgrammes de trifluorure d'américium 241. Des centaines de grammes d'américium prennent naissance dans des réacteurs à flux de neutrons très intense. Cette production a pour but de permettre l'élaboration de futures cibles pour la synthèse d'éléments transuraniens plus lourds.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" 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</li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Métaux et composés dérivés" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/composes-chimie-minerale/elements-chimiques-et-composes-derives/metaux-et-composes-derives/"> Métaux et composés dérivés </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Actinium, actinides et composés dérivés"> <a title="Classification : Actinium, actinides et composés dérivés" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/composes-chimie-minerale/elements-chimiques-et-composes-derives/metaux-et-composes-derives/actinium-actinides-et-composes-derives/"> Actinium, actinides et composés dérivés </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Chimie" href="/classification/chimie/"> Chimie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Chimie inorganique ou chimie minérale" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/"> Chimie inorganique ou chimie minérale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Composés, chimie minérale" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/composes-chimie-minerale/"> Composés, chimie minérale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Éléments chimiques et composés dérivés" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/composes-chimie-minerale/elements-chimiques-et-composes-derives/"> Éléments chimiques et composés dérivés </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Transuraniens et éléments superlourds"> <a title="Classification : Transuraniens et éléments superlourds" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/composes-chimie-minerale/elements-chimiques-et-composes-derives/transuraniens-et-elements-superlourds/"> Transuraniens et éléments superlourds </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yA912501_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/berkelium/#c1379"> <span class="rg">BERKÉLIUM</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marc LEFORT</span> et <span rel="author">Monique PAGÈS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">974 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...l'élément 97 ne fut identifié qu'en décembre 1949, car sa <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="On appelle nucléosynthèse l'ensemble des processus nucléaires qui sont à l'origine de la composition chimique de la matière qui constitue l' Univers observable. On sait depuis le xix e siècle, grâce aux travaux du chimiste russe Dmitri Mendeleïev, que la matière observable est constituée d'environ quatre-vingt-dix éléments chimiques différents allant depuis le plus léger, l' hy..." title="Article : NUCLÉOSYNTHÈSE" href="/encyclopedie/nucleosynthese/">nucléosynthèse</a> était liée à la production d'une quantité suffisamment importante d' <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L' américium (symbole Am) est un élément artificiel qui fait partie d'une série d'éléments lourds découverts depuis 1940, les transuraniens . Comme tous ces éléments, il possède de nombreux isotopes, tous radioactifs. Son numéro atomique, 95, le place, dans la classification périodique, après l' uranium , le neptunium et le plutonium , avec lesquels il présente de nombreus..." title="Article : AMÉRICIUM" href="/encyclopedie/americium/">américium</a> 241 utilisé comme cible :<div class="m-0 text-center"><img id="V04f0012c01" src="/media_src/v04f0012c01.png" class="d-formule figure-img img-fluid" alt=""></div>L'activité spécifique élevée de ce matériau de départ exigea un nouvel équipement pour protéger les chercheurs contre... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/curium/#c1379"> <span class="rg">CURIUM</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marc LEFORT</span> et <span rel="author">Monique PAGÈS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 228 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...de <sup>239</sup> Pu irradiées, non plus par des particules alpha, mais par un flux très intense de neutrons dans un réacteur. Il accompagnait alors l' <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L' américium (symbole Am) est un élément artificiel qui fait partie d'une série d'éléments lourds découverts depuis 1940, les transuraniens . Comme tous ces éléments, il possède de nombreux isotopes, tous radioactifs. Son numéro atomique, 95, le place, dans la classification périodique, après l' uranium , le neptunium et le plutonium , avec lesquels il présente de nombreus..." title="Article : AMÉRICIUM" href="/encyclopedie/americium/">américium</a> (<sup>241</sup><sub>95</sub>Am), premier produit de la réaction de capture des neutrons. Lorsque cet élément est accumulé en quantité suffisante, il capte aussi... </div> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yA912501_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ISOTOPES" href="/index/isotopes/"> <span class="rg">ISOTOPES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TRANSURANIENS" href="/index/transuraniens/"> <span class="rg">TRANSURANIENS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : NUCLÉAIRE CHIMIE" href="/index/chimie-nucleaire/"> <span class="rg">NUCLÉAIRE </span><span class="pc">CHIMIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RADIOÉLÉMENTS ou RADIONUCLÉIDES ou ISOTOPES RADIOACTIFS" href="/index/radioelements-radionucleides-radio-isotopes/"> <span class="rg">RADIOÉLÉMENTS </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">RADIONUCLÉIDES </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">ISOTOPES RADIOACTIFS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ÉLÉMENTS ARTIFICIELS" href="/index/elements-artificiels/"> <span class="rg">ÉLÉMENTS ARTIFICIELS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RÉACTEUR NUCLÉAIRE" href="/index/reacteur-nucleaire/"> <span class="rg">RÉACTEUR NUCLÉAIRE</span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Crédits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Crédits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2025 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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