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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/New_England_Courant%2C_first_issue%2C_August_7%2C_1721.jpg/440px-New_England_Courant%2C_first_issue%2C_August_7%2C_1721.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1981" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">August 7, 1721, first issue</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Weekly_newspaper" title="Weekly newspaper">Weekly newspaper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Format</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">Broadsheet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">August 7, 1721<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Ceased publication</span></th><td class="infobox-data">June 25, 1726</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The New-England Courant</b></i> (also spelled <i><b>New England Courant</b></i>), one of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">first American newspapers</a>, was founded in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in 1721, by <a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin</a>. It was a weekly newspaper and the third to appear in Boston. Unlike other newspapers, it offered a more critical account about the British colonial government and other royal figures of authority. The newspaper published critical commentary about smallpox inoculation which fueled the controversy during the <a href="/wiki/North_American_smallpox_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="North American smallpox epidemic">smallpox epidemic</a> in Boston. Ultimately it was suppressed in 1726 by British colonial authorities for printing what they considered seditious articles. Franklin took on his brother, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, as an apprentice and at one point was compelled to sign over publication of the <i>Courant</i> to him to avert further prosecution. Benjamin submitted anonymous editorials to the <i>Courant</i>, which resulted in James' imprisonment after he began publishing them. This sort of Governmental censorship of early colonial newspapers is what largely fostered the American ideal of <i>Freedom of Speech</i> in the press. <i>The New England Courant</i> is widely noted among historians as being the first newspaper to publish Benjamin's writings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New-England_Courant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Franklin%27s_Ramage_Press.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/James_Franklin%27s_Ramage_Press.jpg/180px-James_Franklin%27s_Ramage_Press.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/James_Franklin%27s_Ramage_Press.jpg/270px-James_Franklin%27s_Ramage_Press.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/James_Franklin%27s_Ramage_Press.jpg/360px-James_Franklin%27s_Ramage_Press.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>The Ramage printing press, made in London, used by James Franklin <sup id="cite_ref-winsor275_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winsor275-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><i>The New-England Courant</i> made its first appearance on Monday, August 7, 1721, printed and published by <a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin</a> and was the third newspaper established in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winsor_p._394_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winsor_p._394-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drake564_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drake564-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James was the elder brother of the renowned <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, and began his printing career in Boston in March 1716 at the age of twenty-five. He owned his own printing press and type brought over from London where he had served as an apprentice. He printed pamphlets for various booksellers, and was the first printer for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boston Gazette">The Boston Gazette</a></i>. When <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Kneeland_(printer)" title="Samuel Kneeland (printer)">Samuel Kneeland</a> and his partner took over publication of the <i>Gazette</i> James was replaced as its printer. Offended by the loss of that position, and encouraged by a number of respectable friends who wanted to see a newspaper that presented a more critical and candid view than other newspapers, he established and began to print <i>The New-England Courant</i>, and without official review and approval, at his own risk.<sup id="cite_ref-drake564_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drake564-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-winsor394_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winsor394-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operating without a printing license from provincial government,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New-England Courant</i> became the first truly independent American newspaper to use literary content, critical and often humorous essays.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It debuted at a time when there was much political and social controversy over the cause of poverty in Boston, which was compounded by the smallpox epidemic, its controversy over the proposed inoculation, and the severe censorship on the part of the provincial government and clergy towards individual opinions and conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-winsor394_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winsor394-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James announced the birth of the <i>Courant</i> with a scathing attack on Cotton Mather, a major supporter of inoculation,<sup id="cite_ref-brands25_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brands25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in its outspoken and candid capacity his newspaper gave the signal for rebellion against such established authority. Not satisfied with voicing simple protest, it assailed the most honored names and the most deeply cherished opinions without reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fireoved214_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fireoved214-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a public address James criticized <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_News-Letter" title="The Boston News-Letter">The Boston News-Letter</a></i> for being overly modest and compliant with governmental authority, referring to it as "a dull vehicle of intelligence".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 4 pence a copy, the <i>New-England Courant</i> was the most expensive newspaper of its time. It consisted of one single sheet printed on both sides, focusing mostly on shipping reports, snippets of information from neighboring towns, and letters from Europe. From the start, Franklin's <i>New England Courant</i>, was more enthusiastic and outspoken in its treatment of Boston's public affairs than the existing newspapers. Its real substance was in letters to the editor from Boston's intellectuals who were highly critical of the British government viz the Massachusetts province. As such it often found itself in the middle of political or social controversy. The <i>New England Courant</i>, however, proved a success, and rescued James's struggling printing business.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smallpox_controversy">Smallpox controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New-England_Courant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Smallpox controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_Mather.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cotton_Mather.jpg/150px-Cotton_Mather.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cotton_Mather.jpg/225px-Cotton_Mather.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cotton_Mather.jpg/300px-Cotton_Mather.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Reverend <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a> supported the smallpox inoculation and was derided in the <i>New-England Courant</i> for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-brands25_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brands25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1721, just before <i>The New-England Courant</i> made its first appearance, HMS <i>Seahorse</i> arrived at Boston harbor from the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> carrying many passengers infected with smallpox. The highly contagious disease quickly spread and within months approximately nine hundred of Boston's ten thousand residents had died.<sup id="cite_ref-isaacson23_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaacson23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/North_American_smallpox_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="North American smallpox epidemic">smallpox epidemic</a> naturally was a cause for great alarm, while the city's publishing and other intellectual pursuits had declined considerably. A highly questionable method of inoculation was being proposed, but the greater Boston populace feared that this would only serve to accelerate the spread of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strong differences in opinion over the ethics of inoculation sparked a bitter newspaper and pamphlet war, of which the <i>Courant</i> was playing a major role, beginning with its first issue of August 7.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reverend <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a>, a prominent and respected <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> who trained as a physician before becoming a preacher, sent out letters to various doctors in Boston, urging their support for inoculation, but nearly all of them were highly skeptical of the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-isaacson23_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaacson23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin was bitterly opposed to the prospect and through the <i>New-England Courant</i> he rushed into the fray on the anti-inoculation side. In the <i>Courant</i> he characterized Mather as the "arch-hypocrite of New-England" who had abandoned his religious principles by his support for the smallpox inoculation. At this time the editors of <i>The Boston News-Letter</i> and the <i>Boston Gazette</i> had refused to print any accounts opposing inoculation. Subsequently, one of the reasons Franklin started the <i>Courant</i> was to give Doctor <a href="/wiki/William_Douglass_(physician)" title="William Douglass (physician)">William Douglass</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others who opposed inoculation a voice to make their opposition public.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no actual names were used it was very apparent that the <i>Courant</i> was attacking the Reverend Mather by mocking and mimicking his sermons.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 14 a committee of the House ordered James Franklin from further publication of the <i>New-England Courant</i> as they felt that it was being used to mock religion and held the holy scriptures in contempt, while the "faithful Ministers of the Gospel" were being routinely slandered.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller,_1956,_p._7_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_1956,_p._7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Franklin's derogatory statements Mather declared that <i>The New-England Courant</i> was "carried on by a <a href="/wiki/Hellfire_Club" title="Hellfire Club">Hell-Fire Club</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a Non-Juror at the head of them."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mather openly condemned and denounced the "vile <i>Courant</i>", for "wicked Libel" and for "Wicked Comments" made against him in an address to the general public, which was published in the January 29, 1721 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boston Gazette">The Boston Gazette</a></i>. From that point on Franklin and his newspaper were incessantly challenged in this manner for their criticisms about inoculation and the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-drake564_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drake564-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brands25_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brands25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_trouble">Legal trouble</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New-England_Courant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal trouble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At various times during his six-year term as printer and publisher of the <i>New-England Courant</i> James Franklin found himself at odds and in the middle of controversy with the Massachusetts provincial government and the Clergy. On June 11, 1722, he printed what appeared to be an innocent enough account about the particular affairs of the Massachusetts government when he published that, </p> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"We are advised from Boston that the government of Massachusetts are fitting out a ship [the <i>Flying Horse</i>], to go after the pirates, to be commanded by Captain Peter Papillon, and ’tis thought he will sail some time this month, wind and weather permitting.”</p></blockquote></dd></dl> <p>The magisterial Council for their own reasons took this to be an insult, and perhaps a breach of security, resulting in James' incarceration for a couple of weeks. Meanwhile, Benjamin took over operations of the <i>Courant</i>. However, upon the publication January issue 1723, James got into serious trouble when he published an account, which Benjamin later referred to as an "Essay against Hypocrites”.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller,_1956,_p._7_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_1956,_p._7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against the advice of his father and various friends Franklin, regardless, published the paper's first issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Winsor_p._394_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winsor_p._394-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1718 Franklin's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, was pressed into service as his apprentice at the age of twelve, while he was printer for <i>The Boston Gazette</i> - three years before he established the <i>Courant</i>. The apprenticeship included a variety of odd jobs, including typesetting issuing pamphlets, linens and silks. Beginning at age sixteen, Benjamin would later write some fifteen controversial editorials under the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silence_Dogood" title="Silence Dogood">Silence Dogood</a>, disguising his hand-writing, and submitted them to the <i>Courant</i> by slipping them under the door of the printing shop. His brother had no knowledge about who had actually written them. Impressed with the writing, James shared the Dogood letters with his newspaper colleagues who regarded them with equal approval.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-winsor275_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winsor275-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his editorials began appearing in the <i>Courant</i> Benjamin was thrilled that his writing was being published for the public to read. When he finally informed his brother that he was the author James became angry.<sup id="cite_ref-winsor275_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winsor275-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fireoved214_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fireoved214-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the letters was about the virtues of freedom of speech, and contained the following passage: "WITHOUT Freedom of Thought, there can be no such Thing as Wisdom; and no such thing as public Liberty, without Freedom of Speech; which is the right of every man, as far as by it, he does not hurt or control the Right of another."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such article led to James Franklin's imprisonment from June 12 until July 7, 1722, after he declined to reveal the identity of its author. Benjamin Franklin continued to publish the <i>Courant</i> while James was serving his term in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his release Franklin was ordered by the Massachusetts provincial government to cease publishing <i>The New-England Courant</i>, without first submitting its contents for review by the secretary of the Massachusetts province.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Franklin, regardless, continued publishing the <i>Courant</i>, which went unpunished, and which marked the beginning of the end of restrictive censorship by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Duniway_p._101_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duniway_p._101-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New-England_Courant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New-England_Courant,_July_16-23,_1722,_p1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/New-England_Courant%2C_July_16-23%2C_1722%2C_p1.jpg/220px-New-England_Courant%2C_July_16-23%2C_1722%2C_p1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/New-England_Courant%2C_July_16-23%2C_1722%2C_p1.jpg/330px-New-England_Courant%2C_July_16-23%2C_1722%2C_p1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/New-England_Courant%2C_July_16-23%2C_1722%2C_p1.jpg/440px-New-England_Courant%2C_July_16-23%2C_1722%2C_p1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2468" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>The New-England Courant</i></div>July 16–23, 1722, featuring Silence Dogood editorial #9</figcaption></figure><p> Deeply galled over the cause of his brother's imprisonment, Benjamin "unleashed a piercing attack" at colonial authorities after James' release from jail, through another Silence Dogood editorial (essay 9), which was carried by the July 16–23, 1722 issue of <i>Courant</i>, considered the "most biting of his entire career". In the opening passage of the editorial the question was put forward:<sup id="cite_ref-isaacson32_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaacson32-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "Whether a commonwealth suffers more by hypocritical pretenders to religion or by the openly profane. But some late thoughts of this nature have inclined me to think that the hypocrite is the most dangerous person of the two, especially if he sustains a post in the government."<sup id="cite_ref-isaacson32_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaacson32-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Not long after his release from prison, in January 1723, James subsequently held a secret meeting with his brother, now seventeen years old, in his shop. There they decided that the best way to get around the government's prohibitive order was to publish the <i>Courant</i> without James as the official publisher. Beginning on Monday, February 11, 1723, the inscription, "Printed and sold by Benjamin Franklin" appeared in the heading of the <i>Courant</i>. Benjamin conducted its publication more cautiously than did his brother. His first issue contained an editorial which denounced publishing anything " hateful" and "malicious". It declared that from now on the <i>Courant</i> would be "designed purely for the diversion and merriment of the reader" and also to "entertain the town with the most comical and diverting incidents of human life." The editorial also stated that the master of <i>The New-England Courant</i> would be the Roman god <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a>, who could look in opposite directions at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-isaacson33_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaacson33-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent issues, however, did not live up to declaration put forward in Benjamin's editorial. Most of the articles consisted of dated dispatches rehashing foreign news and old speeches. Only one of these essays was clearly written by Benjamin which were an essay about the folly of titles of nobility, which was consistent with his lifelong aversion to titles based on heredity and aristocracy. A few weeks passed and James, considered a man of jealous and tyrannical disposition, returned to the <i>Courant</i> and resumed treating Benjamin as an apprentice, and subjected his teenage brother to beatings, rather than as a fellow writer and brother. Eventually the relationship between James and Benjamin Franklin suffered as the <i>New-England Courant</i> reached the peak of its fame. Benjamin would later recall that this "demanded too much of me", and was now anxious to move out on his own and in 1723, he left for Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-isaacson33_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaacson33-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benjamin assumed correctly that his brother would not seek legal recourse for breaking his apprenticeship with James,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it would reveal that James had signed over the <i>New-England Courant</i> in his name, undermining the arrangement James had with Benjamin.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New-England Courant</i> continued to be published under Benjamin's name until the final release of its 255th issue, dated June 25, 1726. The <i>Courant</i> thereafter slowly failed in the face of the constant conflicts with Mathers and Puritanical Boston and wore James down, where he subsequently folded the paper and removed to Rhode Island where he eventually died in 1735.<sup id="cite_ref-winsor275_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winsor275-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New-England_Courant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benjamin Franklin biographer, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Walter Isaacson</a>, maintains that the <i>New-England Courant</i> is remembered in history chiefly because it contained the first words of Benjamin to be published for the general public, which launched Benjamin's printing career.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Franklin came to be known as the strict and jealous master which Benjamin described in his famous autobiography. Isaacson further states that <i>The New-England Courant</i> was America's first independent newspaper that proved to be a bold-anti-establishment journal, the "first open effort to defy the norm", and the first newspaper that promoted the ideal of Freedom of Speech.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only known remaining copies of <i>The New-England Courant</i> are housed in the library of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society</a>. They are all bound together in one volume, and are far from being in perfect condition. The April 2, 1722 issue (pictured below) is the only surviving issue of <i>The New-England Courant</i> that published Benjamin Franklin's earliest known writing.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_issues">Selected issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New-England_Courant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silence_Dogood_essay_8,_freedom_of_speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Silence_Dogood_essay_8%2C_freedom_of_speech.jpg/180px-Silence_Dogood_essay_8%2C_freedom_of_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="475" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Silence_Dogood_essay_8%2C_freedom_of_speech.jpg/270px-Silence_Dogood_essay_8%2C_freedom_of_speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Silence_Dogood_essay_8%2C_freedom_of_speech.jpg/360px-Silence_Dogood_essay_8%2C_freedom_of_speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Benjamin Franklin under the assumed name of Silence Dogood, essay about Freedom of Speech submitted to The New-England Courant; Excerpt from July 2–9, 1722 issue</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_England_Courant,_April_2,_1722.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/New_England_Courant%2C_April_2%2C_1722.jpg/260px-New_England_Courant%2C_April_2%2C_1722.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/New_England_Courant%2C_April_2%2C_1722.jpg/390px-New_England_Courant%2C_April_2%2C_1722.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/New_England_Courant%2C_April_2%2C_1722.jpg/520px-New_England_Courant%2C_April_2%2C_1722.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2413" /></a><figcaption>:New England Courant, April 2, 1722</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silence_Dogwood_Essay_in_the_New_England_Courant,_April_16,_1722.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Silence_Dogwood_Essay_in_the_New_England_Courant%2C_April_16%2C_1722.jpg/180px-Silence_Dogwood_Essay_in_the_New_England_Courant%2C_April_16%2C_1722.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="506" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Silence_Dogwood_Essay_in_the_New_England_Courant%2C_April_16%2C_1722.jpg/270px-Silence_Dogwood_Essay_in_the_New_England_Courant%2C_April_16%2C_1722.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Silence_Dogwood_Essay_in_the_New_England_Courant%2C_April_16%2C_1722.jpg/360px-Silence_Dogwood_Essay_in_the_New_England_Courant%2C_April_16%2C_1722.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption>Silence Dogood Essay in <i>New England Courant</i>; Excerpt from April 16, 1722, issue</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New-England_Courant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">Early American publishers and printers</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Newspapers_of_colonial_America" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Newspapers of colonial America">Newspapers of colonial America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New-England_Courant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before the American Revolution printers and newspaper publishers were required to obtain an official license, with their publications subject to review and possible censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Franklin recalls its literay style: "The earlier numbers of the <i>New England Courant</i> were principally filled with original articles, in the form of essays, letters, and short paragraphs, written with considerable ability and wit, and touching with great freedom the vices and follies of the time. The weapon of satire was used with an unsparing hand."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas was the only physician in Boston who had an actual medical degree.<sup id="cite_ref-isaacson23_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaacson23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first he opposed the inoculation of smallpox, but by 1730 he had changed his views and had become an advocate of the prospect, and eventually administered the inoculations himself, although he and Mather never reconciled their differences.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Hell-Fire Club consisted of about forty people, including fifteen ladies of considerable respectability. They "blasphemously assumed to themselves" the tremendous names of God, saints and other biblical figures, and were known to ridicule religious doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his <i>Autobiography</i> Franklin recalls this event in detail, as he was present when Franklin's colleagues shared their approbations over his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The actual order read: "James Franklin should no longer print or publish the newspaper called <i>The New England Courant</i>, or any Pamphlet or paper of the like Nature, Except it be first Supervised, by the Secretary of this Province"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duniway_p._101_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duniway_p._101-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apprentices were legally bound to serve out the full term of their apprenticeship:Benjamin's term was for nine years.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In order to prevent the court from acting against Ben as James's apprentice, James relinquished Benjamin's term of apprenticeship and signed the back of the original agreement which released his brother from all legal obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New-England_Courant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#isaacson2003">Isaacson, 2003</a>, p. 497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#brands2000">Brands, 2000</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winsor275-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-winsor275_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-winsor275_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-winsor275_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-winsor275_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#winsor1881">Winsor, 1881</a>, p. 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#thomas1874b">Thomas, 1874, Vol. II</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winsor_p._394-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winsor_p._394_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winsor_p._394_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#winsor1881">Winsor, 1881</a>, p. 394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drake564-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drake564_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drake564_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drake564_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#drake1856">Drake, 1856</a>. p. 564</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winsor394-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-winsor394_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-winsor394_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#windsor1881">Winsor, 1881</a>, p. 394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#wroth1938">Wroth, 1938</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#isaacson2003">Isaacson, 2003</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#franklin1895">Franklin Autobiography, 1895 [1757]</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brands25-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brands25_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brands25_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brands25_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#brands2000">Brands, 2000</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#winsor1881">Winsor, 1881</a>, p. 396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fireoved214-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fireoved214_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fireoved214_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#fireoved1985">Fireoved, 1985</a>, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#thomas1874b">Thomas, 1874, Vol. II</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#thomas1874a">Thomas, 1874</a>, pp. 16, 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#duniway1906">Duniway, 1906</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isaacson23-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isaacson23_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isaacson23_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isaacson23_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#isaacson2003">Isaacson, 2003</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#blake1952">Blake, 1952</a>, p. 491</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#miller1956">Miller, 1956</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lee1923">Lee, 1923</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#blake1952">Blake, 1952</a>, p. 494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#bullock1897">Bullock (ed.), 1897</a>, pp. 269-270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lemay2006">Lemay, 2006</a>, p. 455</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#fireoved1985">Fireoved, 1985</a>, pp. 214, 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller,_1956,_p._7-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_1956,_p._7_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_1956,_p._7_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#miller1956">Miller, 1956</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lee1923">Lee, 1923</a>, pp. 29-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#buckingham1850">Buckingham, 1850</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ashe2000">Ashe, 2000</a>, pp. 48, 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#blake1952">Blake, 1952</a>, p. 502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#buckingham1850">Buckingham, 1850</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#buckingham1850">Buckingham, 1850</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#brands2000">Brands, 2000</a>, pp. 26-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#franklin1895">Franklin Autobiography, 1895 [1757]</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#isaacson2003">Isaacson, 2003</a>, pp. 21-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#dogood8">Silence Dogood essay 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#buckingham1850">Buckingham, 1850</a>, pp. 62-64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#thomas1874a">Thomas, 1874, Vol. I</a>, pp. 16, 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#thomas1874">Thomas, 1874, Vol. I</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#thomas1874a">Thomas, 1874, Vol. I</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duniway_p._101-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duniway_p._101_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duniway_p._101_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#duniway1906">Duniway, 1906</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#franklin1895">Franklin Autobiography, 1895 [1757]</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isaacson32-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isaacson32_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isaacson32_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#isaacson2003">Isaacson, 2003</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isaacson33-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isaacson33_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isaacson33_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#isaacson2003">Isaacson, 2003</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#winsor1881">Winsor, 1881</a>, p. 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>American Media History</i>, Second Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#brands2000">Brands, 2000</a>, pp.20-21, 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#brands2000">Brands, 2000</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#isaacson2003">Isaacson, 2003</a>, pp. 33-34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#drake1856">Drake, 1856</a>, p. 565</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ushistory">Independence Hall Association</a>, Essay</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#isaacson2003">Isaacon, 2003</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#drake1856">Drake, 1856</a>, p. 564</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#buckingham1850">Buckingham, 1850</a>, p. 49</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New-England_Courant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Bibliography of early American publishers and printers"> Bibliography of early American publishers and printers</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="ashe2000" class="citation book cs1">Ashe, Geoffrey (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellfireclubshis0000ashe"><i>The hell-fire clubs : a history of anti-morality</i></a>. Stroud : Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-24023" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-24023"><bdi>978-0-7509-24023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hell-fire+clubs+%3A+a+history+of+anti-morality&rft.pub=Stroud+%3A+Sutton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-24023&rft.aulast=Ashe&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellfireclubshis0000ashe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="blake1952" class="citation journal cs1">Blake, John B. (December 1952). "The Inoculation Controversy in Boston: 1721-1722". <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>25</b> (4). The New England Quarterly, Inc.: 489–506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F362582">10.2307/362582</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/362582">362582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Inoculation+Controversy+in+Boston%3A+1721-1722&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=489-506&rft.date=1952-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F362582&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F362582%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="brands2000" class="citation book cs1">Brands, H. W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstamericanlif00bran"><i>The first American : the life and times of Benjamin Franklin</i></a>. New York : Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3077-54943" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3077-54943"><bdi>978-0-3077-54943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+American+%3A+the+life+and+times+of+Benjamin+Franklin&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Doubleday&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-3077-54943&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstamericanlif00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2bPCEbMAvwC">Google link</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="buckingham1" class="citation book cs1">Buckingham, Joseph Tinker (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specimensofnewsp01buckuoft/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Specimens of newspaper literature : with personal memoirs, anecdotes, and reminiscences</i></a>. Vol. I. Boston : Charles C. Little and James Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specimens+of+newspaper+literature+%3A+with+personal+memoirs%2C+anecdotes%2C+and+reminiscences&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Charles+C.+Little+and+James+Brown&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Buckingham&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Tinker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecimensofnewsp01buckuoft%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="bullock1897" class="citation book cs1">Douglass, William (1897). Bullock, Charles J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4o8VAAAAYAAJ"><i>A Discourse Concerning the Currencies of the British Plantations in America, &c</i></a>. American Economic Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Discourse+Concerning+the+Currencies+of+the+British+Plantations+in+America%2C+%26c&rft.pub=American+Economic+Association&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4o8VAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="drake1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gardner_Drake" title="Samuel Gardner Drake">Drake, Samuel Gardner</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyantiquiti00indrak/page/n9/mode/2up?q=gazette"><i>The history & antiquities of Boston : from its settlement in 1630, to the year 1770</i></a>. Boston : Luther Stevens.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+%26+antiquities+of+Boston+%3A+from+its+settlement+in+1630%2C+to+the+year+1770&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Luther+Stevens&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryantiquiti00indrak%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dgazette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="duniway1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clyde_A._Duniway" title="Clyde A. Duniway">Duniway, Clyde Augustus</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentoffre12duniuoft"><i>The development of freedom of the press in Massachusetts</i></a>. Vol. XII. New York, Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+development+of+freedom+of+the+press+in+Massachusetts&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Longmans&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Duniway&rft.aufirst=Clyde+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevelopmentoffre12duniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="fireoved1985" class="citation journal cs1">Fireoved, Joseph (Winter 1985). "Nathaniel Gardner and the "New-England Courant"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Early American Literature</i>. <b>20</b> (3). 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Philadelphia : Henry Altemus. <q>Note: Franklin's autobiography has been printed over the years by numerous publishers, and page numbers can differ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+autobiography+of+Benjamin+Franklin&rft.pub=Philadelphia+%3A+Henry+Altemus&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiography00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ushistory" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushistory.org/franklin/courant/story.htm">"The New-England Courant"</a>. Independence Hall Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New-England+Courant&rft.pub=Independence+Hall+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Ffranklin%2Fcourant%2Fstory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="isaacson2003" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L64OOJGaCKIC"><i>Benjamin Franklin: An American Life</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743258074" title="Special:BookSources/9780743258074"><bdi>9780743258074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%3A+An+American+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780743258074&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL64OOJGaCKIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lee1923" class="citation book cs1">Lee, James Melvin (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica00leejuoft"><i>History of American journalism</i></a>. Boston, New York, Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+American+journalism&rft.pub=Boston%2C+New+York%2C+Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=James+Melvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofamerica00leejuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lemay2006" class="citation book cs1">Lemay, J. A. Leo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminfr0002lema"><i>The life of Benjamin Franklin</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-38556" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-38556"><bdi>978-0-8122-38556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Benjamin+Franklin&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-38556&rft.aulast=Lemay&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofbenjaminfr0002lema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="miller1956" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Perry (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newenglandcouran0000unse"><i>The New-England courant; a selection of certain issues containing writings of Benjamin Franklyn or published by him during his brother's imprisonment</i></a>. Boston American Academy of Arts and Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New-England+courant%3B+a+selection+of+certain+issues+containing+writings+of+Benjamin+Franklyn+or+published+by+him+during+his+brother%27s+imprisonment&rft.pub=Boston+American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewenglandcouran0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="thomas1874a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Thomas_(publisher)" title="Isaiah Thomas (publisher)">Thomas, Isaiah</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprintin01thom"><i>The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers</i></a>. Vol. I. New York, B. Franklin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+printing+in+America%2C+with+a+biography+of+printers&rft.pub=New+York%2C+B.+Franklin&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofprintin01thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="thomas1874b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Thomas_(publisher)" title="Isaiah Thomas (publisher)">Thomas, Isaiah</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprintin02thom/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers</i></a>. Vol. II. New York, B. Franklin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+printing+in+America%2C+with+a+biography+of+printers&rft.pub=New+York%2C+B.+Franklin&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofprintin02thom%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="windsor1881" class="citation book cs1">Winsor, Justin, ed. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memorialhistoryo02wins/page/n8/mode/2up?q=courant"><i>The memorial history of Boston : including Suffolk County, Massachusetts. 1630-1880</i></a>. Vol. II. Boston: James R. Osgood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+memorial+history+of+Boston+%3A+including+Suffolk+County%2C+Massachusetts.+1630-1880&rft.pub=Boston%3A+James+R.+Osgood&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemorialhistoryo02wins%2Fpage%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dcourant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="dogood8" class="citation web cs1">Franklin, Benjamin (1722). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?ft=Silence%20Dogood&item_id=646&pid=6">"Silence Dogood essay 8"</a>. Massachusetts Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silence+Dogood+essay+8&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Historical+Society&rft.date=1722&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masshist.org%2Fdatabase%2Fviewer.php%3Fft%3DSilence%2520Dogood%26item_id%3D646%26pid%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New-England+Courant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New-England_Courant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_New-England_Courant" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/The New-England Courant">The New-England Courant</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/courant/index.htm">Brief history and scanned issues</a>, from the <i>Electric Ben Franklin</i> (Nos. 1, 18, 25, 27, 28, 35, 379, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51) (1721–22)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsc2AQAAMAAJ">The New-England Courant</a>, Google books, Issues 1-74 (issues for 1721–22)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8c2AQAAMAAJ">The New-England Courant</a>, Google books, Issues 75-126 (issues for 1723)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=psc2AQAAMAAJ">The New-England Courant</a>, Google books, Issues 127–178 (issues for 1724)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMc2AQAAMAAJ">The New-England Courant</a>, Google books, Issues 179–255 (issues for 1725–26)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paperage.com/issues/nov_dec2004/11_2004newspapers.pdf">The First Newspapers in America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226113642/https://www.paperage.com/issues/nov_dec2004/11_2004newspapers.pdf">Archived</a> 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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Franklin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">Ambassador to France (1779–1785)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding of the<br />United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Join,_or_Die" title="Join, or Die"><i>Join, or Die.</i> (1754 political cartoon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Plan" title="Albany Plan">Albany Plan of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">"...to be self-evident"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">1776 Pennsylvania Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania#Government" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions,<br />other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine" title="Franklin's electrostatic machine">Franklin's electrostatic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifocals" title="Bifocals">Bifocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">Franklin stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_harmonica#Franklin's_armonica" title="Glass harmonica">Glass armonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream#History" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_experiment" title="Kite experiment">Kite experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_it_forward" title="Pay it forward">Pay it forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associators" title="Associators">Associators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/111th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="111th Infantry Regiment (United States)">111th Infantry Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junto_(club)" title="Junto (club)">Junto club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_and_College_of_Philadelphia" title="Academy and College of Philadelphia">Academy and College of Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Contributionship" title="Philadelphia Contributionship">Philadelphia Contributionship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Fire_Company" title="Union Fire Company">Union Fire Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_currency" title="Early American currency">Early American currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugio_cent" title="Fugio cent">Fugio cent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Early_postal_history" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">United States Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">Street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Abolition_Society" title="Pennsylvania Abolition Society">President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Neuf_S%C5%93urs" title="Les Neuf Sœurs">Master, Les Neuf Sœurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Burial_Ground" title="Christ Church Burial Ground">Gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Papers of Benjamin Franklin">The Papers of Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_Dogood" title="Silence Dogood">Silence Dogood letters (1722)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dissertation_on_Liberty_and_Necessity,_Pleasure_and_Pain" title="A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain"><i>A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain</i> (1725)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Busy-Body_(pen_name)" title="The Busy-Body (pen name)">The Busy-Body columns (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Gazette" title="The Pennsylvania Gazette"><i>The Pennsylvania Gazette</i> (1729–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">Early American publishers and printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack" title="Poor Richard's Almanack"><i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i> (1732–1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drinker%27s_Dictionary" title="The Drinker's Dictionary">The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advice_to_a_Friend_on_Choosing_a_Mistress" title="Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress">"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_of_Polly_Baker" title="The Speech of Polly Baker">"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_Concerning_the_Increase_of_Mankind,_Peopling_of_Countries,_etc." title="Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc."><i>Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.</i> (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiments_and_Observations_on_Electricity" title="Experiments and Observations on Electricity"><i>Experiments and Observations on Electricity</i> (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Birch#Copies_of_Franklin_letters" title="Thomas Birch">Birch letters (1755)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Wealth" title="The Way to Wealth"><i>The Way to Wealth</i> (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Chronicle" title="Pennsylvania Chronicle"><i>Pennsylvania Chronicle</i> (1767)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rules_By_Which_A_Great_Empire_May_Be_Reduced_To_A_Small_One" class="extiw" title="s:Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One"><i>Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One</i> (1773)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal#Benjamin_Franklin" title="Indian removal">Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Royal_Academy" title="A Letter to a Royal Academy"><i>A Letter to a Royal Academy</i> (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage#Benjamin_Franklin's_Remarks_Concerning_the_Savages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage"><i>Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America</i> (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Morals_of_Chess" title="The Morals of Chess">"The Morals of Chess" (1786)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Address_to_the_Public" class="extiw" title="s:An Address to the Public"><i>An Address to the Public</i> (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Plan_for_Improving_the_Condition_of_the_Free_Blacks" class="extiw" title="s:A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks"><i>A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks</i> (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin"><i>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</i> (1771–1790, pub. 1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatelles_and_Satires" title="Bagatelles and Satires"><i>Bagatelles and Satires</i> (pub. 1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers#The_New_England_Courant" title="History of American newspapers">Franklin as a journalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_phonetic_alphabet" title="Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet">Franklin's phonetic alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Court" title="Franklin Court">Franklin Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_House" title="Benjamin Franklin House">Benjamin Franklin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology">Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway" title="Benjamin Franklin Parkway">Benjamin Franklin Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial" title="Benjamin Franklin National Memorial">Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute_Awards" title="Franklin Institute Awards">awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(American_Philosophical_Society)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Royal Society of Arts medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">Depicted in <i>The Apotheosis of Washington</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a></i> (1783 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky" title="Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky">Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky</a></i> (1816 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Boston)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Chicago)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Chicago)">Chicago statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Columbus,_Ohio)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Columbus, Ohio)">Columbus, Ohio, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)">University of Pennsylvania statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Portland, Oregon)">Portland, Oregon, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (San Francisco)">San Francisco statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Stanford University)">Stanford University statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Washington, D.C.)">Washington D.C. statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial pediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refunding_Certificate" title="Refunding Certificate">Refunding Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_half_dollar" title="Franklin half dollar">Franklin half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-hundred-dollar_bill" title="United States one-hundred-dollar bill">One-hundred-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_silver_dollar" title="Benjamin Franklin silver dollar">Franklin silver dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin stamps</a> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin_on_stamps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Benjamin Franklin on stamps">other stamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Benjamin_Franklin" title="List of places named for Benjamin Franklin">Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_College" title="Benjamin Franklin College">Benjamin Franklin College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Franklin_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Franklin (New Hampshire)">Mount Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ben_(MLS_supporters_association)" title="Sons of Ben (MLS supporters association)">Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin" title="USS Franklin">Ships named USS <i>Franklin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_effect" title="Ben Franklin effect">Ben Franklin effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_in_popular_culture" title="Benjamin Franklin in popular culture">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_and_Me" title="Ben and Me"><i>Ben and Me</i> (1953 short)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_in_Paris" title="Ben Franklin in Paris"><i>Ben Franklin in Paris</i> (1964 musical play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)"><i>1776</i> (1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Benjamin Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (miniseries)</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!"><i>Liberty!</i> (1997 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 animated series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(2002_TV_series)" title="Benjamin Franklin (2002 TV series)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (2002 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)"><i>John Adams</i> (2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(film)" title="Benjamin Franklin (film)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (2022 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Franklin</i> (2024 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The New-England Courant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Read" title="Deborah Read">Deborah Read (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin" title="William Franklin">William Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Folger_Franklin" title="Francis Folger Franklin">Francis Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Franklin_Bache" title="Sarah Franklin Bache">Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Franklin" title="William Temple Franklin">William Franklin (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bache" title="Benjamin Franklin Bache">Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Franklin_Bache" title="Louis Franklin Bache">Louis F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache_Jr." title="Richard Bache Jr.">Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Harwood" title="Andrew A. Harwood">Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Bache (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Franklin" title="Josiah Franklin">Josiah Franklin (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Franklin_Mecom" title="Jane Franklin Mecom">Jane Mecom (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Morrell_Folger" title="Mary Morrell Folger">Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Folger_(Nantucket_settler)" title="Peter Folger (Nantucket settler)">Peter Folger (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache" title="Richard Bache">Richard Bache (son-in-law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Smith_Franklin" title="Ann Smith Franklin">Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Category:Benjamin Franklin">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Massachusetts_newspapers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Newspapers_in_Massachusetts" title="Template:Newspapers in Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Newspapers_in_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Newspapers in Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Newspapers_in_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Newspapers in Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Massachusetts_newspapers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Massachusetts" title="List of newspapers in Massachusetts">Massachusetts newspapers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_newspapers_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current newspapers in Massachusetts">Current</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable County, Massachusetts">Barnstable County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barnstable_Patriot" title="The Barnstable Patriot">The Barnstable Patriot</a></i> (1830–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod_Times" title="Cape Cod Times">Cape Cod Times</a></i> (1936–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Berkshire County, Massachusetts">Berkshire County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Berkshire_Eagle" title="The Berkshire Eagle">The Berkshire Eagle</a></i> (1892–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taunton_Daily_Gazette" title="Taunton Daily Gazette">Taunton Daily Gazette</a></i> (1848–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Standard-Times_(New_Bedford)" title="The Standard-Times (New Bedford)">The Standard-Times</a></i> (1850–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald_News" title="The Herald News">The Herald News</a></i> (1892–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Chronicle" title="The Sun Chronicle">The Sun Chronicle</a></i> (1971–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(Fairhaven)" title="The Advocate (Fairhaven)">The Advocate</a></i> (1979–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts" title="Dukes County, Massachusetts">Dukes County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Gazette" title="Vineyard Gazette">Vineyard Gazette</a></i> (1846–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Martha%27s_Vineyard_Times" title="The Martha's Vineyard Times">The Martha's Vineyard Times</a></i> (1984–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Andover,_Massachusetts" title="North Andover, Massachusetts">North Andover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haverhill_Gazette" title="Haverhill Gazette">Haverhill Gazette</a></i> (1821–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eagle-Tribune" title="The Eagle-Tribune">The Eagle-Tribune</a></i> (1868–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salem_Gazette" title="Salem Gazette">Salem Gazette</a></i> (1790–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Item_(Lynn)" title="The Daily Item (Lynn)">The Daily Item</a></i> (1876–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Salem_News" title="The Salem News">The Salem News</a></i> (1880–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_News_of_Newburyport" title="The Daily News of Newburyport">The Daily News of Newburyport</a></i> (1887–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Daily_Times" title="Gloucester Daily Times">Gloucester Daily Times</a></i> (1888–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Journal_(Boston_North)" title="The Jewish Journal (Boston North)">The Jewish Journal</a></i> (1976–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumbo_(newspaper)" title="Rumbo (newspaper)">Rumbo</a></i> (1996–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin County, Massachusetts">Franklin County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Recorder_(Massachusetts_newspaper)" title="The Recorder (Massachusetts newspaper)">The Recorder</a></i> (1792–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Republican_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)" title="The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts)">The Republican</a></i> (1824–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Westfield_News" title="The Westfield News">The Westfield News</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampshire County, Massachusetts">Hampshire County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Massachusetts_Daily_Collegian" title="The Massachusetts Daily Collegian">The Massachusetts Daily Collegian</a></i> (1890–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Sol_Latino" title="El Sol Latino">El Sol Latino</a></i> (2004–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Hampshire_Gazette" title="Daily Hampshire Gazette">Daily Hampshire Gazette</a></i> (1786–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></i> (1873–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tech_(newspaper)" title="The Tech (newspaper)">The Tech</a></i> (1881–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spare_Change_News" title="Spare Change News">Spare Change News</a></i> (1992–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hairenik" title="Hairenik">Hairenik</a></i> (1899–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baikar" title="Baikar">Baikar</a></i> (1922–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Armenian_Mirror-Spectator" title="The Armenian Mirror-Spectator">The Armenian Mirror-Spectator</a></i> (1939–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Weekly">Armenian Weekly</a></i> (1969–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stoneham_Independent" title="Stoneham Independent">Stoneham Independent</a></i> (1870–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(Lowell)" title="The Sun (Lowell)">The Sun</a></i> (1878–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wakefield_Daily_Item" title="The Wakefield Daily Item">The Wakefield Daily Item</a></i> (1894–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_MetroWest_Daily_News" title="The MetroWest Daily News">The MetroWest Daily News</a></i> (1897–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_Chronicle" title="Daily Times Chronicle">Daily Times Chronicle</a></i> (1901–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tufts_Daily" title="The Tufts Daily">The Tufts Daily</a></i> (1980–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Inquirer_and_Mirror" title="The Inquirer and Mirror">The Inquirer and Mirror</a></i> (1821–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot_(Massachusetts_newspaper)" title="The Pilot (Massachusetts newspaper)">The Pilot</a></i> (1829–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriot_Ledger" title="The Patriot Ledger">The Patriot Ledger</a></i> (1837–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wellesley_Townsman" title="The Wellesley Townsman">The Wellesley Townsman</a></i> (1906–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Medfield_Press" title="The Medfield Press">The Medfield Press</a></i> (1922–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Westwood_Press" title="The Westwood Press">The Westwood Press</a></i> (1987–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Colony_Memorial_(newspaper)" title="Old Colony Memorial (newspaper)">Old Colony Memorial</a></i> (1822–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middleboro_Gazette" title="Middleboro Gazette">Middleboro Gazette</a></i> (1852–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Enterprise_(Brockton)" title="The Enterprise (Brockton)">The Enterprise</a></i> (1881–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wanderer_(Massachusetts_newspaper)" title="The Wanderer (Massachusetts newspaper)">The Wanderer</a></i> (1992–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a></i> (1846–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> (1872–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i> (1908–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Huntington_News" title="The Huntington News">The Huntington News</a></i> (1926–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Suffolk_Journal" title="The Suffolk Journal">The Suffolk Journal</a></i> (1936–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Berkeley_Beacon" title="The Berkeley Beacon">The Berkeley Beacon</a></i> (1947–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_State_Banner" title="Bay State Banner">Bay State Banner</a></i> (1965–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Free_Press" title="The Daily Free Press">The Daily Free Press</a></i> (1970–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sampan_(newspaper)" title="Sampan (newspaper)">Sampan</a></i> (1972–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/World_Journal" title="World Journal">World Journal</a></i> (1976–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Business_Journal" title="Boston Business Journal">Boston Business Journal</a></i> (1981–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Windows" title="Bay Windows">Bay Windows</a></i> (1983–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Reporter" title="Dorchester Reporter">Dorchester Reporter</a></i> (1983–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Ender_Newsletter" title="West Ender Newsletter">West Ender Newsletter</a></i> (1985–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metro_International" title="Metro International">Metro</a></i> (1995–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DigBoston" title="DigBoston">DigBoston</a></i> (1999–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Planeta" title="El Planeta">El Planeta</a></i> (2004–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Revere_Journal" title="Revere Journal">Revere Journal</a></i> (1881–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Sun_Transcript" title="Winthrop Sun Transcript">Winthrop Sun Transcript</a></i> (1956–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Milford,_Massachusetts" title="Milford, Massachusetts">Milford</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Milford_Daily_News" title="The Milford Daily News">The Milford Daily News</a></i> (1887–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Gazette" title="The Country Gazette">The Country Gazette</a></i> (1981–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_%26_Enterprise" title="Sentinel & Enterprise">Sentinel & Enterprise</a></i> (1838–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telegram_%26_Gazette" title="Telegram & Gazette">Telegram & Gazette</a></i> (1866–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gardner_News" title="The Gardner News">The Gardner News</a></i> (1869–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southbridge_Evening_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Southbridge Evening News">Southbridge Evening News</a></i> (1923–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athol_Daily_News" title="Athol Daily News">Athol Daily News</a></i> (1934–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Plus_Advocate" title="Fifty Plus Advocate">Fifty Plus Advocate</a></i> (1975–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley_Tribune" title="Blackstone Valley Tribune">Blackstone Valley Tribune</a></i> (2008–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_Massachusetts_newspapers" title="List of defunct Massachusetts newspapers">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_News-Letter" title="The Boston News-Letter">The Boston News-Letter</a></i> (1704–1776)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Gazette" title="Boston Gazette">Boston Gazette</a></i> (1719–1798)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The New-England Courant</a></i> (1721–1726)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Rehearsal" title="The Weekly Rehearsal">The Weekly Rehearsal</a></i> (1731–1735)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Post-Boy" title="Boston Post-Boy">Boston Post-Boy</a></i> (1734–1754)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Evening-Post" title="Boston Evening-Post">Boston Evening-Post</a></i> (1735–1775)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Magazine_and_Historical_Chronicle" title="American Magazine and Historical Chronicle">American Magazine and Historical Chronicle</a></i> (1743–1746)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Advertiser" title="The Independent Advertiser">The Independent Advertiser</a></i> (1748–?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Weekly_Advertiser" title="Boston Weekly Advertiser">Boston Weekly Advertiser</a></i> (1757–1775)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Chronicle" title="Boston Chronicle">Boston Chronicle</a></i> (1767–1770)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Chronicle" title="Independent Chronicle">Independent Chronicle</a></i> (1768–1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Spy" title="Massachusetts Spy">Massachusetts Spy</a></i> (1770–1776)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Ledger_and_the_American_Advertiser" title="Independent Ledger and the American Advertiser">Independent Ledger and the American Advertiser</a></i> (1778–1786)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Herald" title="American Herald">American Herald</a></i> (1784–1790)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herald_of_Freedom_(Boston_newspaper)" title="Herald of Freedom (Boston newspaper)">Herald of Freedom</a></i> (1788–1791)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Centinel" title="Columbian Centinel">Columbian Centinel</a></i> (1790–1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Apollo" title="American Apollo">American Apollo</a></i> (1792–1794)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Telegraphe" title="Constitutional Telegraphe">Constitutional Telegraphe</a></i> (1799–1802)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New-England_Repertory" title="New-England Repertory">New-England Repertory</a></i> (1804–1820)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Patriot_(newspaper)" title="Boston Patriot (newspaper)">Boston Patriot</a></i> (1809–?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Weekly_Messenger" title="Boston Weekly Messenger">Boston Weekly Messenger</a></i> (1811–1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Daily_Advertiser" title="Boston Daily Advertiser">Boston Daily Advertiser</a></i> (1813–1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Courier" title="Boston Courier">Boston Courier</a></i> (1824–1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Evening_Transcript" title="Boston Evening Transcript">Boston Evening Transcript</a></i> (1830–1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Investigator" title="Boston Investigator">Boston Investigator</a></i> (1831–1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Post" title="The Boston Post">The Boston Post</a></i> (1831–1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Atlas" title="Boston Atlas">Boston Atlas</a></i> (1832–1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Universalist_and_Ladies%27_Repository" title="The Universalist and Ladies' Repository">The Universalist and Ladies' Repository</a></i> (1832–1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Journal" title="The Boston Journal">The Boston Journal</a></i> (1833–1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Evening_Traveller" title="Boston Evening Traveller">Boston Evening Traveller</a></i> (1845–1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flag_of_Our_Union" title="The Flag of Our Union">The Flag of Our Union</a></i> (1846–?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Heathen_Woman%27s_Friend" title="The Heathen Woman's Friend">The Heathen Woman's Friend</a></i> (1869–1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Star_(New_Hampshire_newspaper)" title="The Morning Star (New Hampshire newspaper)">The Morning Star</a></i> (c. 1874–c. 1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Record" title="The Boston Record">The Boston Record</a></i> (1884–?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Nation_(United_States)" title="New Nation (United States)">New Nation</a></i> (1891–1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Guardian" title="Boston Guardian">Boston Guardian</a></i> (1901–c. 1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Advocate" title="The Jewish Advocate">The Jewish Advocate</a></i> (1902–2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_American" title="Boston American">Boston American</a></i> (1904–1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dielli_(newspaper)" title="Dielli (newspaper)">Dielli</a></i> (1909–2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolutionary_Age" title="The Revolutionary Age">The Revolutionary Age</a></i> (1918–1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_(newspaper)" title="The Phoenix (newspaper)">The Phoenix</a></i> (1966–2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(newspaper)" title="Avatar (newspaper)">Avatar</a></i> (1967–1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fag_Rag" title="Fag Rag">Fag Rag</a></i> (1971–c. 1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gay_Community_News_(Boston)" title="Gay Community News (Boston)">Gay Community News</a></i> (1973–1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Newsweekly" title="In Newsweekly">In Newsweekly</a></i> (1991–2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Courant" title="The Boston Courant">The Boston Courant</a></i> (1995–2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BostonNOW" title="BostonNOW">BostonNOW</a></i> (2007–2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Chronicle" title="Cambridge Chronicle">Cambridge Chronicle</a></i> (1846–2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Tribune" title="The Cambridge Tribune">The Cambridge Tribune</a></i> (1878–1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Tech_Talk" title="MIT Tech Talk">MIT Tech Talk</a></i> (1957–2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Mole" title="Old Mole">Old Mole</a></i> (1968–1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Paper" title="The Real Paper">The Real Paper</a></i> (1972–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts" title="Fitchburg, Massachusetts">Fitchburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Industry" title="Voice of Industry">Voice of Industry</a></i> (1845–1848)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raivaaja" title="Raivaaja">Raivaaja</a></i> (1905–2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9_de_Fitchburg" title="Liberté de Fitchburg">Liberté de Fitchburg</a></i> (1909–?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Transcript-Telegram" title="Holyoke Transcript-Telegram">Holyoke Transcript-Telegram</a></i> (1849–1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neu_England_Rundschau" title="Neu England Rundschau">Neu England Rundschau</a></i> (1883–1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Justice" title="La Justice">La Justice</a></i> (1903–1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gwiazda_(Holyoke)" title="Gwiazda (Holyoke)">Gwiazda</a></i> (1923–1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nantucket_Beacon" title="The Nantucket Beacon">The Nantucket Beacon</a></i> (1989–1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nantucket_Independent" title="Nantucket Independent">Nantucket Independent</a></i> (2003–2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newburyport_Herald" title="Newburyport Herald">Newburyport Herald</a></i> (1797–1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New-England_Repertory" title="New-England Repertory">New-England Repertory</a></i> (1803–1804)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salem_Register" title="Salem Register">Salem Register</a></i> (1800–c. 1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salem_Observer" title="Salem Observer">Salem Observer</a></i> (1823–1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Spy" title="Worcester Spy">Worcester Spy</a></i> (1770–?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteenp%C3%A4in" title="Eteenpäin">Eteenpäin</a></i> (1922–1931)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Adams_Transcript" title="North Adams Transcript">North Adams Transcript</a></i> (1843–2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_News_Tribune" title="The Daily News Tribune">The Daily News Tribune</a></i> (1863–2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_News_Transcript" title="The 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