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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventing_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Inventing career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventing_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Later years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Seclusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards,_honors,_and_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards,_honors,_and_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Awards, honors, and tributes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards,_honors,_and_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Marriages and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Filmography </div> </a> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hedy Lamarr</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="هيدي لامار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيدي لامار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedi_Lamarr" title="Hedi Lamarr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hedi Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="هدی لامار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هدی لامار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="হেডি লেমার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেডি লেমার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хедзі Ламар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хедзі Ламар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хеди Ламар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хеди Ламар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarrov%C3%A1" title="Hedy Lamarrová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hedy Lamarrová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81" title="Χέντι Λαμάρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χέντι Λαμάρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="هدی لامار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هدی لامار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%94%94_%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4" title="헤디 라마르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤디 라마르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Հեյդի Լամար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեյդի Լամար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8" title="הדי לאמאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדי לאמאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჰედი ლამარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰედი ლამარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedija_Lamarra" title="Hedija Lamarra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hedija Lamarra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хеди Ламар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хеди Ламар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="ഹെഡി ലമാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെഡി ലമാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="هيدى لامار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيدى لامار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="ヘディ・ラマー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘディ・ラマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਹੇਡੀ ਲਾਮਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੇਡੀ ਲਾਮਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80" title="Хеди Ламарр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хеди Ламарр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хеди Ламар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хеди Ламар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="எடி இலமார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எடி இலமார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เฮดี ลามาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮดี ลามาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80" title="Хеди Ламарр – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Хеди Ламарр" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Геді Ламар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геді Ламар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%91%AA" title="海蒂·拉瑪 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="海蒂·拉瑪" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hedy Lamarr" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%9B" title="海蒂·拉玛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海蒂·拉玛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%92%82%E6%8B%89%E7%91%AA" title="海蒂拉瑪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海蒂拉瑪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%9B" title="海蒂·拉玛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海蒂·拉玛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49034#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hedy_Lamarr" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hedy Lamarr</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg/220px-Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg/330px-Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg/440px-Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="841" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Lamarr, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1944</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler</div> (1914-11-09)November 9, 1914 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (now Austria)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 19, 2000(2000-01-19) (aged 85) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Casselberry,_Florida" title="Casselberry, Florida">Casselberry, Florida</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Austria (until 1938)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a> (1938–1953)</li> <li>US (from 1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Actress</li><li>inventor</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Mandl" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Mandl">Friedrich Mandl</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1933; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1937)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Markey" title="Gene Markey">Gene Markey</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1939; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1941)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/John_Loder_(actor)" title="John Loder (actor)">John Loder</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1943; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1947)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Stauffer" title="Teddy Stauffer">Teddy Stauffer</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1951; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1952)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">W. Howard Lee</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1953; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1960)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Lewis J. Boies</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1963; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1965)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr></tbody></table> Hedy Lamarr (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɛdi/</a>; born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler; November 9, 1914<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> – January 19, 2000) was an Austrian-born American actress and inventor. After a brief early film career in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, including the controversial erotic romantic drama <a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(film)" title="Ecstasy (film)">Ecstasy</a> (1933), she fled from her first husband, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Mandl" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Mandl">Friedrich Mandl</a>, and secretly moved to Paris. Traveling to London, she met <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a>, who offered her a film contract in Hollywood. Lamarr became a film star with her performance in the romantic drama <a href="/wiki/Algiers_(1938_film)" title="Algiers (1938 film)">Algiers</a> (1938).<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_obituary-3">[2]</a> She achieved further success with the Western <a href="/wiki/Boom_Town_(film)" title="Boom Town (film)">Boom Town</a> (1940) and the drama <a href="/wiki/White_Cargo" title="White Cargo">White Cargo</a> (1942). Lamarr's most successful film was the religious epic <a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(1949_film)" title="Samson and Delilah (1949 film)">Samson and Delilah</a> (1949).<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-4">[3]</a> She also acted on television before the release of her final film in 1958. She was honored with a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> in 1960. At the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">George Antheil</a>, Lamarr co-invented a radio guidance system for <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> that used <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread spectrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frequency_hopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency hopping">frequency hopping</a> technology to defeat the threat of <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">radio jamming</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. However, the technology was not used in operational systems until after World War II, and then independently of their patent.<a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-5">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Lamarr was born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in 1914 in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> the only child of Gertrud "Trude" Kiesler (née Lichtwitz) and Emil Kiesler. Her father was born to a <a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician-Jewish</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Lemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemberg">Lemberg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) and was, in the 1920s, deputy director of <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Bankverein" title="Wiener Bankverein">Wiener Bankverein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> and at the end of his life a director at the united <a href="/wiki/Creditanstalt" title="Creditanstalt">Creditanstalt-Bankverein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shearer-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Her mother, a pianist and a native of <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, had come from an upper-class Hungarian-Jewish family. She had <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion to Catholicism">converted to Catholicism</a> and was described as a "practicing Christian" who raised her daughter as a Christian, although Hedy was not baptized at the time.<a href="#cite_note-shearer-9">[8]</a>: 8  As a child, Lamarr showed an interest in acting and was fascinated by theater and film. At the age of 12, she won a beauty contest in Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201012–13-11">[10]</a> She also began to learn about technological inventions with her father, who would take her out on walks, explaining how devices functioned.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_film_career">European film career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European film career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_work">Early work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early work">edit</a>]</div> Lamarr was taking acting classes in Vienna when one day, she forged a note from her mother and went to <a href="/wiki/Sascha-Film" title="Sascha-Film">Sascha-Film</a> and was able to have herself hired as a <a href="/wiki/Script_girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Script girl">script girl</a>. While there, she had a role as an <a href="/wiki/Extra_(acting)" title="Extra (acting)">extra</a> in the romantic comedy <a href="/wiki/Money_on_the_Street" title="Money on the Street">Money on the Street</a> (1930), and then a small speaking part in the comedy <a href="/wiki/Storm_in_a_Water_Glass_(1931_film)" title="Storm in a Water Glass (1931 film)">Storm in a Water Glass</a> (1931). Producer <a href="/wiki/Max_Reinhardt" title="Max Reinhardt">Max Reinhardt</a> then cast her in a play entitled The Weaker Sex, which was performed at the <a href="/wiki/Theater_in_der_Josefstadt" title="Theater in der Josefstadt">Theater in der Josefstadt</a>. Reinhardt was so impressed with her that he brought her with him back to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201016–19-14">[13]</a> However, she never actually trained with Reinhardt or appeared in any of his Berlin productions. Instead, she met the Russian theatre producer <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Granowsky" title="Alexis Granowsky">Alexis Granowsky</a>, who cast her in his film directorial debut, <a href="/wiki/The_Trunks_of_Mr._O.F." title="The Trunks of Mr. O.F.">The Trunks of Mr. O.F.</a> (1931), starring <a href="/wiki/Walter_Abel" title="Walter Abel">Walter Abel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lorre" title="Peter Lorre">Peter Lorre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201021–22-15">[14]</a> Granowsky soon moved to Paris, but Lamarr stayed in Berlin and was given the lead role in <a href="/wiki/No_Money_Needed" title="No Money Needed">No Money Needed</a> (1932), a comedy directed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Boese" title="Carl Boese">Carl Boese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201025-16">[15]</a> Lamarr then starred in the film which made her internationally famous. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecstasy">Ecstasy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecstasy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedy_Lamarr_Argentinean_Magazine_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hedy_Lamarr_Argentinean_Magazine_AD.jpg/220px-Hedy_Lamarr_Argentinean_Magazine_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hedy_Lamarr_Argentinean_Magazine_AD.jpg/330px-Hedy_Lamarr_Argentinean_Magazine_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hedy_Lamarr_Argentinean_Magazine_AD.jpg/440px-Hedy_Lamarr_Argentinean_Magazine_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Lamarr in a 1934 publicity photo with the name "Heddie Kietzler"</figcaption></figure> In early 1933, at age 18, Lamarr was given the lead in <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Machat%C3%BD" title="Gustav Machatý">Gustav Machatý</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(film)" title="Ecstasy (film)">Ecstasy</a> (Ekstase in German, Extase in Czech). She played the neglected young wife of an indifferent older man. The film became both celebrated and notorious for showing Lamarr's face in the throes of orgasm as well as close-up and brief scenes of nudity. Lamarr claimed she was "duped" by the director and producer, who used high-power telephoto lenses, although the director contested her claims.<a href="#cite_note-Liberty-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Although she was dismayed and now disillusioned about taking other roles, the film gained world recognition after winning an award at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morandini_Morandini_Morandini_2009_p._493-20">[18]</a> Throughout Europe, it was regarded as an artistic work. In America, it was considered overly sexual and received negative publicity, especially among women's groups.<a href="#cite_note-Liberty-17">[16]</a> It was banned there and in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-doc-21">[19]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Withdrawal">Withdrawal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Withdrawal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedy_Lamarr_Ziegfeld_Girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hedy_Lamarr_Ziegfeld_Girl.jpg/250px-Hedy_Lamarr_Ziegfeld_Girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hedy_Lamarr_Ziegfeld_Girl.jpg/330px-Hedy_Lamarr_Ziegfeld_Girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hedy_Lamarr_Ziegfeld_Girl.jpg/500px-Hedy_Lamarr_Ziegfeld_Girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption>Studio publicity still of Lamarr for the film <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Girl_(film)" title="Ziegfeld Girl (film)">Ziegfeld Girl</a> (1941)</figcaption></figure> Lamarr played a number of stage roles, including a starring one in Sissy, a play about <a href="/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria" title="Empress Elisabeth of Austria">Empress Elisabeth of Austria</a> produced in Vienna. It won accolades from critics. Admirers sent roses to her <a href="/wiki/Dressing_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Dressing room">dressing room</a> and tried to get backstage to meet her. She sent most of them away, including a man who was more insistent, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Mandl" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Mandl">Friedrich Mandl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Liberty-17">[16]</a> He became obsessed with getting to know her.<a href="#cite_note-Lemelson-22">[20]</a> Mandl was an Austrian military arms merchant<a href="#cite_note-LaTimes-23">[21]</a> and munitions manufacturer who was reputedly the third-richest man in Austria. She fell for his charming and fascinating personality, partly due to his immense financial wealth.<a href="#cite_note-doc-21">[19]</a> Her parents, both of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish descent">Jewish descent</a>, did not approve due to Mandl's ties to Italian fascist leader <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and, later, German Führer <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, but they could not stop the headstrong Lamarr.<a href="#cite_note-Liberty-17">[16]</a> On August 10, 1933, Lamarr married Mandl at the <a href="/wiki/Karlskirche" title="Karlskirche">Karlskirche</a>. She was 18 years old and he was 33. In her autobiography, <a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_and_Me" title="Ecstasy and Me">Ecstasy and Me</a>, she described Mandl as an extremely controlling husband who strongly objected to her simulated orgasm scene in Ecstasy and prevented her from pursuing her acting career. She claimed she was kept a virtual prisoner in their castle home, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schloss_Schwarzenau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schloss Schwarzenau (page does not exist)">Schloss Schwarzenau</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Schwarzenau_(Waldviertel)" class="extiw" title="de:Schloss Schwarzenau (Waldviertel)">de</a>].<a href="#cite_note-doc-21">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedy_Lamarr_in_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hedy_Lamarr_in_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg/220px-Hedy_Lamarr_in_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hedy_Lamarr_in_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg/330px-Hedy_Lamarr_in_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hedy_Lamarr_in_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg/440px-Hedy_Lamarr_in_The_Heavenly_Body_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="2787" /></a><figcaption>Hedy Lamarr, 1944</figcaption></figure> Mandl had close social and business ties to the Italian government, selling munitions to the country,<a href="#cite_note-shearer-9">[8]</a> and had ties to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> regime of Germany as well, even though his own father was Jewish, as was Hedy's. Lamarr wrote that the dictators of both countries attended lavish parties at the Mandl home. Lamarr accompanied Mandl to business meetings, where he conferred with scientists and other professionals involved in military technology. These conferences were her introduction to the field of applied science and nurtured her latent talent in science.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> Lamarr's marriage to Mandl eventually became unbearable and she decided to separate herself from both her husband and country in 1937. In her <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>, she wrote that she disguised herself as her maid and fled to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, but by other accounts she persuaded Mandl to let her wear all of her jewelry for a dinner party and then disappeared afterward.<a href="#cite_note-friedrich1997-25">[23]</a> She wrote about her marriage: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I knew very soon that I could never be an actress while I was his wife. ... He was the absolute monarch in his marriage. ... I was like a doll. I was like a thing, some object of art which had to be guarded—and imprisoned—having no mind, no life of its own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes201228–29-26">[24]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hollywood_career">Hollywood career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hollywood career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Louis_B._Mayer_and_MGM">Louis B. Mayer and MGM</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Louis B. Mayer and MGM">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algiers_1938_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Algiers_1938_%283%29.jpg/220px-Algiers_1938_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Algiers_1938_%283%29.jpg/330px-Algiers_1938_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Algiers_1938_%283%29.jpg/440px-Algiers_1938_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Gurie" title="Sigrid Gurie">Sigrid Gurie</a> (left) and Hedy Lamarr (right) were <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a>'s leading ladies in Algiers (1938).</figcaption></figure> After arriving in London<a href="#cite_note-knowledgenuts_2015-09-07-27">[25]</a> in 1937, she met <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a>, head of <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a>, who was scouting for talent in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> She initially turned down the offer he made her (of $125 a week), but then booked herself onto the same New York-bound liner as him, and managed to impress him enough to secure a $500 a week contract. Mayer persuaded her to change her name to Hedy Lamarr (to distance herself from her real identity, and "the Ecstasy lady" reputation associated with it),<a href="#cite_note-friedrich1997-25">[23]</a> choosing the surname in homage to the beautiful silent film star, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_La_Marr" title="Barbara La Marr">Barbara La Marr</a>, on the suggestion of his wife, who admired La Marr. He brought her to Hollywood in 1938 and began promoting her as the "world's most beautiful woman".<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Mayer loaned Lamarr to producer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a>, who was making <a href="/wiki/Algiers_(1938_film)" title="Algiers (1938 film)">Algiers</a> (1938), an American version of the French film, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9p%C3%A9_le_Moko" title="Pépé le Moko">Pépé le Moko</a> (1937). Lamarr was cast in the lead opposite <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a>. The film created a "national sensation", says Shearer.<a href="#cite_note-shearer-9">[8]</a>: 77  She was billed as an unknown but well-publicized Austrian actress, which created anticipation in audiences. Mayer hoped she would become another <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shearer-9">[8]</a>: 77  According to one viewer, when her face first appeared on the screen, "everyone gasped ... Lamarr's beauty literally took one's breath away."<a href="#cite_note-shearer-9">[8]</a>: 2  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clark_Gable_and_Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_Comrade_X_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Clark_Gable_and_Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_Comrade_X_1940.jpg/220px-Clark_Gable_and_Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_Comrade_X_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Clark_Gable_and_Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_Comrade_X_1940.jpg/330px-Clark_Gable_and_Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_Comrade_X_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Clark_Gable_and_Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_Comrade_X_1940.jpg/440px-Clark_Gable_and_Hedy_Lamarr_Publicity_Photo_for_Comrade_X_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a> and Lamarr in Comrade X (1940)</figcaption></figure> In future Hollywood films, she was invariably <a href="/wiki/Typecasting_(acting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Typecasting (acting)">typecast</a> as the archetypal glamorous seductress of exotic origin. Her second American film was to be <a href="/wiki/I_Take_This_Woman_(1940_film)" title="I Take This Woman (1940 film)">I Take This Woman</a>, co-starring with <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a> under the direction of regular Dietrich collaborator <a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Josef von Sternberg</a>. Von Sternberg was fired during the shoot, replaced by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borzage" title="Frank Borzage">Frank Borzage</a>. The film was put on hold, and Lamarr was put into <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Tropics" title="Lady of the Tropics">Lady of the Tropics</a> (1939), where she played a mixed-race seductress in Saigon opposite <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(American_actor)" title="Robert Taylor (American actor)">Robert Taylor</a>. She returned to I Take This Woman, re-shot by <a href="/wiki/W._S._Van_Dyke" title="W. S. Van Dyke">W. S. Van Dyke</a>. The resulting film was a flop. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedy_Lamarr_-_Screenland_(October_1942).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hedy_Lamarr_-_Screenland_%28October_1942%29.png/220px-Hedy_Lamarr_-_Screenland_%28October_1942%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hedy_Lamarr_-_Screenland_%28October_1942%29.png/330px-Hedy_Lamarr_-_Screenland_%28October_1942%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hedy_Lamarr_-_Screenland_%28October_1942%29.png/440px-Hedy_Lamarr_-_Screenland_%28October_1942%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>Lamarr on the cover of <a href="/wiki/Screenland" title="Screenland">Screenland</a>, October 1942</figcaption></figure> Far more popular was <a href="/wiki/Boom_Town_(film)" title="Boom Town (film)">Boom Town</a> (1940) with <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a>; it made $5 million.<a href="#cite_note-Mannix-30">[28]</a> MGM promptly reteamed Lamarr and Gable in <a href="/wiki/Comrade_X" title="Comrade X">Comrade X</a> (1940), a comedy film in the vein of <a href="/wiki/Ninotchka" title="Ninotchka">Ninotchka</a> (1939), which was another hit. Lamarr was teamed with <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> in <a href="/wiki/Come_Live_with_Me_(film)" title="Come Live with Me (film)">Come Live with Me</a> (1941), playing a Viennese refugee. Stewart was also in <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Girl_(film)" title="Ziegfeld Girl (film)">Ziegfeld Girl</a> (1941), where Lamarr, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lana_Turner" title="Lana Turner">Lana Turner</a> played aspiring showgirls – a big success.<a href="#cite_note-Mannix-30">[28]</a> Lamarr was top-billed in <a href="/wiki/H._M._Pulham,_Esq." title="H. M. Pulham, Esq.">H. M. Pulham, Esq.</a> (1941), although the film's protagonist was the title role played by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Young_(actor)" title="Robert Young (actor)">Robert Young</a>. She made a third film with Tracy, <a href="/wiki/Tortilla_Flat_(film)" title="Tortilla Flat (film)">Tortilla Flat</a> (1942). It was successful at the box office, as was <a href="/wiki/Crossroads_(1942_film)" title="Crossroads (1942 film)">Crossroads</a> (1942) with <a href="/wiki/William_Powell" title="William Powell">William Powell</a>. Lamarr played the exotic Arab seductress<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Tondelayo in <a href="/wiki/White_Cargo" title="White Cargo">White Cargo</a> (1942), top billed over <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pidgeon" title="Walter Pidgeon">Walter Pidgeon</a>. It was a huge hit. White Cargo contains arguably her most memorable film quote, delivered with provocative invitation: "I am Tondelayo. I make <a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">tiffin</a> for you?" This line typifies many of Lamarr's roles, which emphasized her beauty and sensuality while giving her relatively few lines. The lack of acting challenges bored Lamarr. She reportedly took up inventing to relieve her boredom.<a href="#cite_note-npr.org-32">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedy_Lamarr_in_Her_Highness_and_the_Bellboy_trailer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hedy_Lamarr_in_Her_Highness_and_the_Bellboy_trailer.JPG/220px-Hedy_Lamarr_in_Her_Highness_and_the_Bellboy_trailer.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hedy_Lamarr_in_Her_Highness_and_the_Bellboy_trailer.JPG/330px-Hedy_Lamarr_in_Her_Highness_and_the_Bellboy_trailer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hedy_Lamarr_in_Her_Highness_and_the_Bellboy_trailer.JPG/440px-Hedy_Lamarr_in_Her_Highness_and_the_Bellboy_trailer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Lamarr in Her Highness and the Bellboy (1945)</figcaption></figure> She was reunited with Powell in a comedy <a href="/wiki/The_Heavenly_Body" title="The Heavenly Body">The Heavenly Body</a> (1944), then was borrowed by Warner Bros for <a href="/wiki/The_Conspirators_(1944_film)" title="The Conspirators (1944 film)">The Conspirators</a> (1944). This was an attempt to repeat the success of Casablanca (1943), and RKO borrowed her for a melodrama <a href="/wiki/Experiment_Perilous" title="Experiment Perilous">Experiment Perilous</a> (1944). Back at MGM Lamarr was teamed with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walker_(actor,_born_1918)" title="Robert Walker (actor, born 1918)">Robert Walker</a> in the romantic comedy <a href="/wiki/Her_Highness_and_the_Bellboy" title="Her Highness and the Bellboy">Her Highness and the Bellboy</a> (1945), playing a princess who falls in love with a New Yorker. It was very popular, but would be the last film she made under her MGM contract.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Her off-screen life and personality during those years was quite different from her screen image. She spent much of her time feeling lonely and homesick. She might swim at her agent's pool, but shunned the beaches and staring crowds. When asked for an autograph, she wondered why anyone would want it. Writer Howard Sharpe interviewed her and gave his impression: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Hedy has the most incredible personal sophistication. She knows the peculiarly European art of being womanly; she knows what men want in a beautiful woman, what attracts them, and she forces herself to be these things. She has magnetism with warmth, something that neither Dietrich nor Garbo has managed to achieve.<a href="#cite_note-Liberty-17">[16]</a></blockquote> Author <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Richard Rhodes</a> describes her <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> into American culture: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Of all the European émigrés who escaped Nazi Germany and Nazi Austria, she was one of the very few who succeeded in moving to another culture and becoming a full-fledged star herself. There were so very few who could make the transition linguistically or culturally. She really was a resourceful human being–I think because of her father's strong influence on her as a child.<a href="#cite_note-Sarandon-34">[32]</a></blockquote> Lamarr also had a penchant for <a href="/wiki/Illeism" title="Illeism">speaking about herself in the third person</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201097-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wartime_fundraiser">Wartime fundraiser</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wartime fundraiser">edit</a>]</div> Lamarr wanted to join the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Council" title="National Inventors Council">National Inventors Council</a>, but was reportedly told by NIC member <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a> and others that she could better help the war effort by using her celebrity status to sell <a href="/wiki/War_bond#United_States_2" title="War bond">war bonds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> She participated in a war bond-selling campaign with a sailor named Eddie Rhodes. Rhodes was in the crowd at each Lamarr appearance, and she would call him up on stage. She would briefly flirt with him before asking the audience if she should give him a kiss. The crowd would say yes, to which Hedy would reply that she would if enough people bought war bonds. After enough bonds were purchased, she would kiss Rhodes and he would head back into the audience. Then they would head off to the next war bond rally.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Producer">Producer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Producer">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_photograph_of_Victor_Mature_and_Hedy_Lamarr_as_Samson_and_Delilah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Color_photograph_of_Victor_Mature_and_Hedy_Lamarr_as_Samson_and_Delilah.jpg/220px-Color_photograph_of_Victor_Mature_and_Hedy_Lamarr_as_Samson_and_Delilah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Color_photograph_of_Victor_Mature_and_Hedy_Lamarr_as_Samson_and_Delilah.jpg/330px-Color_photograph_of_Victor_Mature_and_Hedy_Lamarr_as_Samson_and_Delilah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Color_photograph_of_Victor_Mature_and_Hedy_Lamarr_as_Samson_and_Delilah.jpg/440px-Color_photograph_of_Victor_Mature_and_Hedy_Lamarr_as_Samson_and_Delilah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_Mature" title="Victor Mature">Victor Mature</a> and Lamarr in <a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(1949_film)" title="Samson and Delilah (1949 film)">Samson and Delilah</a> (1949)</figcaption></figure> After leaving MGM in 1945, Lamarr formed a production company with <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chertok" title="Jack Chertok">Jack Chertok</a> and made the thriller <a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Woman" title="The Strange Woman">The Strange Woman</a> (1946). It went over budget and only made minor profits.<a href="#cite_note-tino-39">[37]</a> She and Chertok then made <a href="/wiki/Dishonored_Lady" title="Dishonored Lady">Dishonored Lady</a> (1947), another thriller starring Lamarr, which also went over budget – but was not a commercial success. She tried a comedy with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cummings" title="Robert Cummings">Robert Cummings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Live_a_Little" title="Let's Live a Little">Let's Live a Little</a> (1948). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_films">Later films</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later films">edit</a>]</div> Lamarr enjoyed her biggest success playing <a href="/wiki/Delilah" title="Delilah">Delilah</a> against <a href="/wiki/Victor_Mature" title="Victor Mature">Victor Mature</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Biblical strongman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(1949_film)" title="Samson and Delilah (1949 film)">Samson and Delilah</a>, the highest-grossing film of 1950. The film won two Oscars.<a href="#cite_note-doc-21">[19]</a> Lamarr returned to MGM for a <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_Hodiak" title="John Hodiak">John Hodiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Lady_Without_Passport" title="A Lady Without Passport">A Lady Without Passport</a> (1950), which flopped. More popular were two pictures she made at Paramount, a Western with <a href="/wiki/Ray_Milland" title="Ray Milland">Ray Milland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_Canyon_(film)" title="Copper Canyon (film)">Copper Canyon</a> (1950), and a <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> spy spoof, <a href="/wiki/My_Favorite_Spy_(1951_film)" title="My Favorite Spy (1951 film)">My Favorite Spy</a> (1951). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hodiak_and_Hedy_Lamarr_in_A_Lady_Without_Passport_trailer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/John_Hodiak_and_Hedy_Lamarr_in_A_Lady_Without_Passport_trailer.JPG/220px-John_Hodiak_and_Hedy_Lamarr_in_A_Lady_Without_Passport_trailer.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/John_Hodiak_and_Hedy_Lamarr_in_A_Lady_Without_Passport_trailer.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/John_Hodiak" title="John Hodiak">John Hodiak</a> in <a href="/wiki/A_Lady_Without_Passport" title="A Lady Without Passport">A Lady Without Passport</a> (1950)</figcaption></figure> Her career went into decline. She went to Italy to play multiple roles in <a href="/wiki/Loves_of_Three_Queens" title="Loves of Three Queens">Loves of Three Queens</a> (1954), which she also produced. However she lacked the experience necessary to make a success of such an epic production, and lost millions of dollars when she was unable to secure distribution of the picture. She played <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> in <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Allen" title="Irwin Allen">Irwin Allen</a>'s critically panned epic, <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Mankind_(film)" title="The Story of Mankind (film)">The Story of Mankind</a> (1957) and did episodes of <a href="/wiki/Zane_Grey_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zane Grey Theatre">Zane Grey Theatre</a> ("Proud Woman") and <a href="/wiki/Shower_of_Stars" title="Shower of Stars">Shower of Stars</a> ("Cloak and Dagger"). Her last film was a thriller <a href="/wiki/The_Female_Animal" title="The Female Animal">The Female Animal</a> (1958). Lamarr was signed to act in the 1966 film <a href="/wiki/Picture_Mommy_Dead" title="Picture Mommy Dead">Picture Mommy Dead</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> but was let go when she collapsed during filming from nervous exhaustion.<a href="#cite_note-los-41">[39]</a> She was replaced in the role of Jessica Flagmore Shelley by <a href="/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Gabor" title="Zsa Zsa Gabor">Zsa Zsa Gabor</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventing_career">Inventing career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inventing career">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">Frequency-hopping spread spectrum</a></div> Although Lamarr had no formal training and was primarily self-taught, she invested her spare time, including on set between takes, in designing and drafting inventions,<a href="#cite_note-segulamag-42">[40]</a> which included an improved <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic stoplight</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">tablet</a> that would dissolve in water to create a flavored <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">carbonated drink</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npr.org-32">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamarr_patent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lamarr_patent.png/220px-Lamarr_patent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lamarr_patent.png/330px-Lamarr_patent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lamarr_patent.png/440px-Lamarr_patent.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Copy of U.S. patent for "Secret Communication System"</figcaption></figure> During the late <a href="/wiki/1930s" title="1930s">1930s</a>, Lamarr attended arms deals with her then-husband, arms dealer Fritz Mandl, "possibly to improve his chances of making a sale".<a href="#cite_note-NavalHistoricalSocietyOfAustralia-43">[41]</a> From the meetings, she learned that navies needed "a way to guide a torpedo as it raced through the water." Radio control had been proposed. However, an enemy might be able to <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jam</a> such a torpedo's guidance system and set it off course.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceShow-44">[42]</a> When later discussing this with a new friend, composer and pianist <a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">George Antheil</a>, her idea to prevent jamming by frequency hopping met Antheil's previous work in music. In that earlier work, Antheil attempted synchronizing note-hopping in the avant-garde piece written as a score for the film <a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a> (1923–24) that involved multiple synchronized <a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">player pianos</a>. Antheil's idea in the piece was to synchronize the start time of identical player pianos with identical player piano rolls, so the pianos would play in time with one another. Together, they realized that radio frequencies could be changed similarly, using the same kind of mechanism, but miniaturized.<a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-NavalHistoricalSocietyOfAustralia-43">[41]</a> Based on the strength of the initial submission of their ideas to the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Council" title="National Inventors Council">National Inventors Council</a> (NIC) in late December 1940, in early 1941 the NIC introduced Antheil to Samuel Stuart Mackeown, Professor of Electrical Engineering at <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a>, to consult on the electrical systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2012169-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-segulamag-42">[40]</a> Lamarr hired the legal firm of <a href="/wiki/Lyon_%26_Lyon" title="Lyon & Lyon">Lyon & Lyon</a> to draft the application for the patent<a href="#cite_note-Rhodes2-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnsNews-wifi-47">[45]</a> which was granted as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2292387">U.S. patent 2,292,387</a> on August 11, 1942, under her legal name Hedy Kiesler Markey.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> The invention was proposed to the Navy, who rejected it on the basis that it would be too large to fit in a torpedo,<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> and Lamarr and Antheil, shunned by the Navy, pursued their invention no further. It was suggested that Lamarr invest her time and attention to selling war bonds since she was a celebrity.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a>]</div> Lamarr became a <a href="/wiki/Naturalized_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized citizen">naturalized citizen</a> of the United States at age 38 on April 10, 1953. Her <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_and_Me" title="Ecstasy and Me">Ecstasy and Me</a>, was published in 1966. She said on TV that it was not written by her, and much of it was fictional.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin-51">[49]</a> Lamarr later sued the publisher, saying that many details were fabricated by its <a href="/wiki/Ghost_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost writer">ghost writer</a>, Leo Guild.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Lamarr, in turn, was sued by Gene Ringgold, who asserted that the book plagiarized material from an article he had written in 1965 for Screen Facts magazine.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> In the late 1950s, along with former husband W. Howard Lee, Lamarr designed and developed the Villa LaMarr ski resort in Aspen, Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> In 1966, Lamarr was arrested in Los Angeles for <a href="/wiki/Shoplifting" title="Shoplifting">shoplifting</a>. The charges were eventually dropped. In 1991, she was arrested on the same charge in <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a>, this time for stealing $21.48 worth of laxatives and eye drops.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> She pleaded no contest to avoid a court appearance, and the charges were dropped in return for her promise to refrain from breaking any laws for a year.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seclusion">Seclusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Seclusion">edit</a>]</div> The 1970s was a decade of increasing seclusion for Lamarr. She was offered several scripts, television commercials, and stage projects, but none piqued her interest. In 1974, she filed a $10 million lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, claiming that the running parody of her name ("Hedley Lamarr") in the <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> comedy <a href="/wiki/Blazing_Saddles" title="Blazing Saddles">Blazing Saddles</a> infringed her right to privacy. Brooks said he was flattered. The studio settled out of court for an undisclosed nominal sum and an apology to Lamarr for "almost using her name". Brooks said that Lamarr "never got the joke".<a href="#cite_note-DVD-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton2010220-61">[59]</a> In 1981, with her eyesight failing, Lamarr retreated from public life and settled in <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach, Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shearer-9">[8]</a> A large <a href="/wiki/Corel" class="mw-redirect" title="Corel">Corel</a>-drawn image of Lamarr won <a href="/wiki/CorelDRAW" title="CorelDRAW">CorelDRAW</a>'s yearly software suite cover design contest in 1996. For several years, beginning in 1997, it was featured on boxes of the software suite. Lamarr sued the company for using her image without her permission. Corel countered that she did not own rights to the image. The parties reached an undisclosed settlement in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Lamarr has a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> at 6247 <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard" title="Hollywood Boulevard">Hollywood Boulevard</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_and_Vine" title="Hollywood and Vine">Vine Street</a> where the walk is centered. Lamarr became estranged from her older son, James Lamarr Loder, when he was 12 years old. Their relationship ended abruptly, and he moved in with another family. They did not speak again for almost 50 years. Lamarr left James Loder out of her will, and he sued for control of the US$3.3 million estate left by Lamarr in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-jloder-66">[64]</a> He eventually settled for US$50,000.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> In the last decades of her life, the telephone became Lamarr's only means of communication with the outside world, even with her children and close friends. She often talked up to six or seven hours a day on the phone, but she spent hardly any time with anyone in person in her final years.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_-_Gruppe_33_G_-_Grab_von_Hedy_Lamarr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_-_Gruppe_33_G_-_Grab_von_Hedy_Lamarr.jpg/250px-Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_-_Gruppe_33_G_-_Grab_von_Hedy_Lamarr.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_-_Gruppe_33_G_-_Grab_von_Hedy_Lamarr.jpg/330px-Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_-_Gruppe_33_G_-_Grab_von_Hedy_Lamarr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_-_Gruppe_33_G_-_Grab_von_Hedy_Lamarr.jpg/500px-Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_-_Gruppe_33_G_-_Grab_von_Hedy_Lamarr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="5624" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Hedy Lamarr at Vienna's <a href="/wiki/Zentralfriedhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralfriedhof">Central Cemetery</a> (Group 33G, Tomb n°80)</figcaption></figure> Lamarr died in <a href="/wiki/Casselberry,_Florida" title="Casselberry, Florida">Casselberry, Florida</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> on January 19, 2000, of heart disease, aged 85.<a href="#cite_note-shearer-9">[8]</a> Her son Anthony Loder spread part of her ashes in Austria's <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Woods" title="Vienna Woods">Vienna Woods</a> in accordance with her last wishes.<a href="#cite_note-calling-70">[68]</a> In 2014, a memorial to Lamarr was unveiled in Vienna's <a href="/wiki/Zentralfriedhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralfriedhof">Central Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The remainder of her ashes were buried there.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrengrab-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-VDFW-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards,_honors,_and_tributes">Awards, honors, and tributes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Awards, honors, and tributes">edit</a>]</div> On January 7, 1939, Hedy Lamarr was selected the "most promising new actress" of 1938 in a poll of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> film fans conducted by Elsie Finn, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Record">Philadelphia Record</a> film critic.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> On January 26, 1939, Lamar was chosen the "ideal type" of woman in a poll of both male and female students conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona College</a> newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> On May 9, 1939, Lamarr was named the "most beautiful actress" in "a secret poll of 30 Hollywood correspondents" conducted by the American magazine <a href="/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)">Look</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> On August 30, 1940, Lamarr won "top honors for facial features" in a poll of 400 members of the California Models Association.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> In December 1943, makeup expert <a href="/wiki/Max_Factor,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Max Factor, Jr.">Max Factor, Jr.</a> included Lamarr among the ten glamorous Hollywood actresses with the most appealing voices.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> In 1951, British moviegoers voted Lamarr the year's 10th best actress, for her performance in <a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(1949_film)" title="Samson and Delilah (1949 film)">Samson and Delilah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anna_Neagle's_Film_Award-79">[77]</a> In 1960, Lamarr was honored with a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> for her contributions to the motion picture industry.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> In 1997, Lamarr and <a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">George Antheil</a> were jointly honored with the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/EFF_Pioneer_Award" title="EFF Pioneer Award">Pioneer Award</a><a href="#cite_note-EFF1997-81">[79]</a> and Lamarr also was the first woman to receive the Invention Convention's BULBIE Gnass Spirit of Achievement Award, known as the "Oscars of inventing".<a href="#cite_note-INVENTION_CONVENTION_®_-_Gateway_to_the_World_of_Inventing_1942-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> given to individuals whose creative lifetime achievements in the arts, sciences, business, or invention fields have significantly contributed to society.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The following year, Lamarr's native Austria awarded her the Viktor Kaplan Medal of the Austrian Association of Patent Holders and Inventors.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In 2006, the Hedy-Lamarr-Weg was founded in Vienna <a href="/wiki/Meidling" title="Meidling">Meidling</a> (12th District), named after the actress. In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/IQOQI" class="mw-redirect" title="IQOQI">IQOQI</a> installed a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_telescope" title="Quantum telescope">quantum telescope</a> on the roof of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, which they named after her in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In 2014, Lamarr was posthumously inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> for frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> The same year, Anthony Loder's request that the remaining ashes of his mother should be buried in an honorary grave of the city of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> was realized. On November 7, her urn was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Zentralfriedhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiener Zentralfriedhof">Vienna Central Cemetery</a> in Group 33 G, Tomb No. 80, not far from the centrally located presidential tomb.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrengrab-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-VDFW-73">[71]</a> On November 9, 2015, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> honored her on the 101st anniversary of her birth, and on her 109th on November 9, 2023 with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">doodle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> On August 27, 2019, an asteroid was named after her: <a href="/wiki/32730_Lamarr" class="mw-redirect" title="32730 Lamarr">32730 Lamarr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> On August 6, 2023 <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Prodigy" title="Star Trek: Prodigy">Star Trek: Prodigy</a> showrunners Dan and Kevin Hageman debuted the first five minutes of footage from season two, showing the new Lamarr-class USS Voyager-A, in tribute to her.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marriages and children">edit</a>]</div> Lamarr was married and divorced six times and had three children: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Mandl" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Mandl">Friedrich Mandl</a> (married 1933–1937), chairman of the Hirtenberger Patronen-Fabrik<a href="#cite_note-boeing-93">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Markey" title="Gene Markey">Gene Markey</a> (married 1939–1941), screenwriter and producer. She adopted a boy (however this was later contested by the child, see below) during her marriage with Markey. Lamarr became estranged from the boy when he was 12 years old, their relationship ended abruptly, they did not speak again for almost 50 years, and Lamarr left him out of her will.<a href="#cite_note-jloder-66">[64]</a> Lamarr and Markey lived at 2727 Benedict Canyon Drive in Beverly Hills, California during their marriage, at a place called Hedgerow Farm. The home still exists.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Loder_(actor)" title="John Loder (actor)">John Loder</a> (married 1943–1947), actor. The two had a daughter, Denise, who married <a href="/wiki/Larry_Colton" title="Larry Colton">Larry Colton</a>, a writer and former baseball player, and a son, Anthony, who worked for illustrator <a href="/wiki/James_McMullan" title="James McMullan">James McMullan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Anthony Loder was featured in the 2004 documentary film Calling Hedy Lamarr.<a href="#cite_note-calling-70">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Stauffer" title="Teddy Stauffer">Ernest "Teddy" Stauffer</a> (married 1951–1952), nightclub owner, restaurateur, and former bandleader</li> <li>W. Howard Lee (married 1953–1960), a Texas oilman (who later married film actress <a href="/wiki/Gene_Tierney" title="Gene Tierney">Gene Tierney</a>)</li> <li>Lewis J. Boies (married 1963–1965), Lamarr's divorce lawyer</li></ol> Following her sixth and final divorce in 1965, Lamarr remained unmarried for the last 35 years of her life. Throughout her life, Lamarr claimed that her first son, James Lamarr Loder, was not biologically related to her and was adopted during her marriage to Gene Markey.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> However, years later, her son found documentation that he was the <a href="/wiki/Out-of-wedlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-wedlock">out-of-wedlock</a> son of Lamarr and actor John Loder, whom she later married as her third husband.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> However, a later DNA test proved him not to be biologically related to either.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/107525%7C68054/wp">Hedy Lamarr</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49034#P3056" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:50px;">Year </th> <th style="width:200px;">Title </th> <th style="width:150px;">Role </th> <th style="width:350px;" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Money_on_the_Street" title="Money on the Street">Money on the Street</a> </td> <td>Young Girl </td> <td>Original title: Geld auf der Straße </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Storm_in_a_Water_Glass_(1931_film)" title="Storm in a Water Glass (1931 film)">Storm in a Water Glass</a> </td> <td>Secretary </td> <td>Original title: Sturm im Wasserglas </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Trunks_of_Mr._O.F." title="The Trunks of Mr. O.F.">The Trunks of Mr. O.F.</a> </td> <td>Helene </td> <td>Original title: Die Koffer des Herrn O.F. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No_Money_Needed" title="No Money Needed">No Money Needed</a> </td> <td>Käthe Brandt </td> <td>Original title: Man braucht kein Geld </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(film)" title="Ecstasy (film)">Ecstasy</a> </td> <td>Eva Hermann </td> <td>Original title: Ekstase </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algiers_(1938_film)" title="Algiers (1938 film)">Algiers</a> </td> <td>Gaby </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Tropics" title="Lady of the Tropics">Lady of the Tropics</a> </td> <td>Manon deVargnes Carey </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1940 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Take_This_Woman_(1940_film)" title="I Take This Woman (1940 film)">I Take This Woman</a> </td> <td>Georgi Gragore Decker </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boom_Town_(film)" title="Boom Town (film)">Boom Town</a> </td> <td>Karen Vanmeer </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comrade_X" title="Comrade X">Comrade X</a> </td> <td>Golubka/ Theodore Yahupitz/ Lizvanetchka "Lizzie" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Come_Live_with_Me_(film)" title="Come Live with Me (film)">Come Live with Me</a> </td> <td>Johnny Jones </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Girl_(film)" title="Ziegfeld Girl (film)">Ziegfeld Girl</a> </td> <td>Sandra Kolter </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H._M._Pulham,_Esq." title="H. M. Pulham, Esq.">H. M. Pulham, Esq.</a> </td> <td>Marvin Myles Ransome </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1942 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tortilla_Flat_(film)" title="Tortilla Flat (film)">Tortilla Flat</a> </td> <td>Dolores Ramirez </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_(1942_film)" title="Crossroads (1942 film)">Crossroads</a> </td> <td>Lucienne Talbot </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Cargo" title="White Cargo">White Cargo</a> </td> <td>Tondelayo </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Heavenly_Body" title="The Heavenly Body">The Heavenly Body</a> </td> <td>Vicky Whitley </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Conspirators_(1944_film)" title="The Conspirators (1944 film)">The Conspirators</a> </td> <td>Irene Von Mohr </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Experiment_Perilous" title="Experiment Perilous">Experiment Perilous</a> </td> <td>Allida Bederaux </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Her_Highness_and_the_Bellboy" title="Her Highness and the Bellboy">Her Highness and the Bellboy</a> </td> <td>Princess Veronica </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Woman" title="The Strange Woman">The Strange Woman</a> </td> <td>Jenny Hager </td> <td>Also executive producer </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dishonored_Lady" title="Dishonored Lady">Dishonored Lady</a> </td> <td>Madeleine Damien </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Live_a_Little" title="Let's Live a Little">Let's Live a Little</a> </td> <td>Dr. J.O. Loring </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(1949_film)" title="Samson and Delilah (1949 film)">Samson and Delilah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delilah" title="Delilah">Delilah</a> </td> <td>Her first film in <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A_Lady_Without_Passport" title="A Lady Without Passport">A Lady Without Passport</a> </td> <td>Marianne Lorress </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper_Canyon_(film)" title="Copper Canyon (film)">Copper Canyon</a> </td> <td>Lisa Roselle </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/My_Favorite_Spy_(1951_film)" title="My Favorite Spy (1951 film)">My Favorite Spy</a> </td> <td>Lily Dalbray </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Loves_of_Three_Queens" title="Loves of Three Queens">Loves of Three Queens</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen of Troy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genevieve_of_Brabant" title="Genevieve of Brabant">Genevieve of Brabant</a> </td> <td>Original title: L'amante di Paride </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Mankind_(film)" title="The Story of Mankind (film)">The Story of Mankind</a> </td> <td>Joan of Arc </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Animal" title="The Female Animal">The Female Animal</a> </td> <td>Vanessa Windsor </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_appearances">Radio appearances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Radio appearances">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:100px;">Broadcast date </th> <th style="width:200px;">Series </th> <th style="width:250px;">Episode </th></tr> <tr> <td>July 7, 1941</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre" title="Lux Radio Theatre">Lux Radio Theatre</a></td> <td>Algiers<a href="#cite_note-Lux-100">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 29, 1941</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre" title="Lux Radio Theatre">Lux Radio Theatre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_Came_C.O.D." title="The Bride Came C.O.D.">The Bride Came C.O.D.</a><a href="#cite_note-Lux-100">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 14, 1942</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Command_Performance_(radio_series)" title="Command Performance (radio series)">Command Performance (radio series)</a></td> <td>Edward G Robinson Hedy Lamarr Glenn Miller<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 5, 1942</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre" title="Lux Radio Theatre">Lux Radio Theatre</a></td> <td>Love Crazy<a href="#cite_note-Lux-100">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 2, 1943</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Screen_Guild_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Screen Guild Theatre">The Screen Guild Theatre</a></td> <td>Come Live with Me<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 26, 1942</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Chase_and_Sanborn_Hour" title="The Chase and Sanborn Hour">The Chase and Sanborn Hour</a></td> <td>Hedy Lamarr<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 26, 1943</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burns_and_Allen" title="Burns and Allen">Burns and Allen</a></td> <td>Hedy Lamarr<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 24, 1944</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre" title="Lux Radio Theatre">Lux Radio Theatre</a></td> <td>Casablanca<a href="#cite_note-Lux-100">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 4, 1945</td> <td>The Radio Hall of Fame</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Experiment_Perilous" title="Experiment Perilous">Experiment Perilous</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 19, 1951</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre" title="Lux Radio Theatre">Lux Radio Theatre</a></td> <td>Samson and Delilah<a href="#cite_note-Lux-100">[98]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> In the 1952 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel <a href="/wiki/The_Caine_Mutiny" title="The Caine Mutiny">The Caine Mutiny</a> by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wouk" title="Herman Wouk">Herman Wouk</a>, Hedy Lamarr is mentioned by name in Chapter 37 when defense attorney Lieutenant Barney Greenwald confronts Lieutenant Tom Keefer at a party after Lieutenant Stephen Maryk's court-martial acquittal in the Caine mutiny.<a href="#cite_note-106">[c]</a> – <a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> 1974 western parody <a href="/wiki/Blazing_Saddles" title="Blazing Saddles">Blazing Saddles</a> features a villain, played by <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Korman" title="Harvey Korman">Harvey Korman</a>, named "Hedley Lamarr". As a running gag, various characters mistakenly refer to him as "Hedy Lamarr" prompting him to testily reply "That's Hedley." In the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">off-Broadway</a> musical <a href="/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_(musical)" title="Little Shop of Horrors (musical)">Little Shop of Horrors</a> and subsequent film adaptation (1986), Audrey II says to Seymour in the song "Feed Me", that he can get Seymour anything he wants including "A date with Hedy Lamarr."<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> In the 2004 video game <a href="/wiki/Half-Life_2" title="Half-Life 2">Half-Life 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Characters_of_Half-Life#Isaac_Kleiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Characters of Half-Life">Dr. Kleiner</a>'s pet <a href="/wiki/Headcrab" class="mw-redirect" title="Headcrab">headcrab</a>, Lamarr, is named after Hedy Lamarr.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Her son, Anthony Loder, was featured in the 2004 documentary film Calling Hedy Lamarr, in which he played excerpts from tapes of her many telephone calls. In 2008, an <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">off-Broadway</a> play, Frequency Hopping, features the lives of Lamarr and Antheil. The play was written and staged by Elyse Singer, and the script won a prize for best new play about science and technology from <a href="/wiki/Scientists,_Technologists_and_Artists_Generating_Exploration" title="Scientists, Technologists and Artists Generating Exploration">STAGE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shearer-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> In the 2009 mockumentary The Chronoscope,<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> written and directed by Andrew Legge, the fictional Irish scientist Charlotte Keppel is likely modeled after Hedy Lamarr. The film satirizes the extreme politics of the 1930s and tells the story of a fictionalized fascist group that steals a device invented by Keppel. This chronoscope can see the past and is used by the group to create propaganda films of their heroes from the past. In 2010, Lamarr was selected out of 150 IT people to be featured in a short film launched by the <a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a> on May 20.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Also during 2010, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a> exhibit Thirty Years of Photography at the New York Public Library included a photo of a topless Lamarr (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1930) by Austrian-born American photographer <a href="/wiki/Trude_Fleischmann" title="Trude Fleischmann">Trude Fleischmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> In 2011, the story of Lamarr's <a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">frequency-hopping spread spectrum</a> invention was explored in an episode of the <a href="/wiki/Science_Channel" title="Science Channel">Science Channel</a> show <a href="/wiki/Dark_Matters:_Twisted_But_True" title="Dark Matters: Twisted But True">Dark Matters: Twisted But True</a>, a series that explores the darker side of scientific discovery and experimentation, which premiered on September 7.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> Her work in improving wireless security was part of the premiere episode of the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> show How We Invented the World.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> Also during 2011, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway" title="Anne Hathaway">Anne Hathaway</a> revealed that she had learned that the original Catwoman was based on Lamarr, so she studied all of Lamarr's films and incorporated some of her breathing techniques into her portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Catwoman" title="Catwoman">Catwoman</a> in the 2012 film <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> In 2015, on November 9, the 101st anniversary of Lamarr's birth, Google paid tribute to Hedy Lamarr's work in film and her contributions to scientific advancement with an animated <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> In 2016, Lamarr was depicted in an off-Broadway play, HEDY! The Life and Inventions of Hedy Lamarr, a one-woman show written and performed by Heather Massie.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Also in 2016, the off-Broadway, one-actor show Stand Still and Look Stupid: The Life Story of Hedy Lamarr, starring Emily Ebertz and written by Mike Broemmel, went into production.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Ark_Magazine_2018-121">[118]</a> Also during 2016, <a href="/wiki/Madame_Masque#Television" title="Madame Masque">Whitney Frost</a>, a character in the TV show <a href="/wiki/Agent_Carter_season_2" title="Agent Carter season 2">Agent Carter</a> was inspired by Hedy Lamarr and <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-slash-122">[119]</a> In 2017, actress Celia Massingham portrayed Lamarr on <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a> television series <a href="/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow" title="Legends of Tomorrow">Legends of Tomorrow</a> in the sixth episode of the third season, titled "Helen Hunt". The episode is set in 1937 Hollywoodland. The episode aired on November 14, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-123">[120]</a> Also during 2017, a documentary about Lamarr's career as an actress and later as an inventor, <a href="/wiki/Bombshell:_The_Hedy_Lamarr_Story" title="Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story">Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story</a>, premiered at the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribeca Film Festival">Tribeca Film Festival</a>. The documentary was written and directed by Alexandra Dean and produced by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a>;<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarandon-34">[32]</a> it was released in theaters on November 24, 2017, and aired on PBS <a href="/wiki/American_Masters" title="American Masters">American Masters</a> in May 2018. In 2018, actress <a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Sutherland" title="Alyssa Sutherland">Alyssa Sutherland</a> portrayed Lamarr on the NBC television series <a href="/wiki/Timeless_(TV_series)" title="Timeless (TV series)">Timeless</a> in the third episode of the second season, titled "Hollywoodland". The episode aired March 25, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Axel-125">[122]</a> In 2019, actor and musician <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a> composed a song called "<a href="/wiki/This_Is_a_Song_for_Miss_Hedy_Lamarr" title="This Is a Song for Miss Hedy Lamarr">This Is a Song for Miss Hedy Lamarr</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Henriksen" title="Tommy Henriksen">Tommy Henriksen</a>. It was included on Depp and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Beck" title="Jeff Beck">Jeff Beck</a>'s 2022 album <a href="/wiki/18_(Jeff_Beck_and_Johnny_Depp_album)" title="18 (Jeff Beck and Johnny Depp album)">18</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colothan_2022-126">[123]</a> Also in 2019, The Only Woman in the Room, a fictionalized biography of Hedy Lamarr by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Benedict">Marie Benedict</a>, was published by <a href="/wiki/Sourcebooks_Landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sourcebooks Landmark">Sourcebooks Landmark</a>. The book is a New York Times and USA Today bestseller and <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a> Book Club Pick.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> In 2019, it received a space in Library Reads's Hall of Fame.<a href="#cite_note-:3-128">[125]</a> In 2021, Lamarr was mentioned in the first episode of the Marvel's <a href="/wiki/What_If...%3F_(TV_series)" title="What If...? (TV series)">What If...?</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> The episode aired on August 11, 2021. In May 2023, a dance production called Hedy Lamarr: An American Muse was made in her honor by Linze Rickles McRae. She was accompanied by her daughter, Azalea McRae, with whom she performed it, alongside her students at her dancing school, Downtown Dance Conservatory in Gadsden, AL.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> In July 2024, the principal setting of the second season of the Netflix/Nickelodeon/Paramount television series Star Trek Prodigy is the science vessel USS Voyager, NCC-74656-A, a Starship of the Lamarr class, classified in honor of Lamarr's scientific contributions.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Austria portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/48px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/64px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/40px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inventors%27_Day" title="Inventors' Day">Inventors' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrians" title="List of Austrians">List of Austrians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> According to Lamarr biographer <a href="#Shearer">Stephen Michael Shearer</a> (pp. 8, 339), she was born in 1914, not 1913. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> When Lamarr applied for the role, she had little experience nor understood the planned filming. Anxious for the job, she signed the contract without reading it. When, during an outdoor scene, the director told her to disrobe, she protested and threatened to quit, but he said that if she refused, she would have to pay for the cost of all the scenes already filmed. To calm her, he said they were using "long shots" in any case, and no intimate details would be visible. At the preview in Prague, sitting next to the director, when she saw the numerous close-ups produced with telephoto lenses, she screamed at him for tricking her. She left the theater in tears, worried about her parents' reaction and that it might have ruined her budding career. However, the cinematographer of the film claimed that she was aware during filming that there would be nude scenes and did not raise concerns during filming.<a href="#cite_note-Liberty-17">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> "You’ll retire old and full of fat fitness reports. You’ll publish your novel proving that the Navy stinks, and you’ll make a million dollars and marry Hedy Lamarr. No letter of reprimand for you, just royalties on your novel." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2021" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence, Snezana (April 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ima.org.uk/16506/historical-notes-the-fantastic-lives-of-hedy-lamarr/">"Historical Notes: The Fantastic Lives of Hedy Lamarr"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Notes%3A+The+Fantastic+Lives+of+Hedy+Lamarr&rft.date=2021-04-12&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Snezana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fima.org.uk%2F16506%2Fhistorical-notes-the-fantastic-lives-of-hedy-lamarr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times_obituary-3"><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_obituary_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSevero2000" class="citation news cs1">Severo, Richard (January 20, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/20/arts/hedy-lamarr-sultry-star-who-reigned-in-hollywood-of-30-s-and-40-s-dies-at-86.html">"Hedy Lamarr, Sultry Star Who Reigned in Hollywood of 30s and 40s, Dies at 86"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved December 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamarr%2C+Sultry+Star+Who+Reigned+in+Hollywood+of+30s+and+40s%2C+Dies+at+86&rft.date=2000-01-20&rft.aulast=Severo&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F01%2F20%2Farts%2Fhedy-lamarr-sultry-star-who-reigned-in-hollywood-of-30-s-and-40-s-dies-at-86.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-4"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaskell2010" class="citation news cs1">Haskell, Molly (December 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/books/review/Haskell-t.html">"European Exotic"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015828/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/books/review/Haskell-t.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=European+Exotic&rft.date=2010-12-10&rft.aulast=Haskell&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F12%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FHaskell-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Scientist-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scientist_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scientist_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothman,_Tony2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Rothman, Tony (January–February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/random-paths-to-frequency-hopping">"Random Paths to Frequency Hopping"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist">American Scientist</a>. Vol. 107, no. 1. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511%2F2019.107.1.46">10.1511/2019.107.1.46</a>. Retrieved March 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Random+Paths+to+Frequency+Hopping&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2019-01%2F2019-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1511%2F2019.107.1.46&rft.au=Rothman%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Frandom-paths-to-frequency-hopping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSterling2008" class="citation book cs1">Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBC2nY1rp5MC&dq=hedy+lamarr+widely+known&pg=PA267">Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851097326" title="Special:BookSources/9781851097326"><bdi>9781851097326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Communications%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781851097326&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Christopher+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBC2nY1rp5MC%26dq%3Dhedy%2Blamarr%2Bwidely%2Bknown%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuackenbushO'Brien1920" class="citation book cs1">Quackenbush, James L.; O'Brien, John P. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0VINytH1L4C&pg=RA6-PP31">"The City of New York against Bridge Operating Company"</a>. Supreme Court, Appellate Division- First Department. New York City: The Hecla Press. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+City+of+New+York+against+Bridge+Operating+Company&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court%2C+Appellate+Division-+First+Department&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=The+Hecla+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Quackenbush&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0VINytH1L4C%26pg%3DRA6-PP31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinklbauer2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Winklbauer, Andrea (September 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jmw.at/museumsblog/news_detail?j-cc-id=1610672643758">"Zinshaus, Villa und Palais – Eine Tour zu Hedy Lamarrs Wiener Lebensorten"</a>. Jüdisches Museum Wien (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J%C3%BCdisches+Museum+Wien&rft.atitle=Zinshaus%2C+Villa+und+Palais+%E2%80%93+Eine+Tour+zu+Hedy+Lamarrs+Wiener+Lebensorten&rft.date=2020-09-21&rft.aulast=Winklbauer&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmw.at%2Fmuseumsblog%2Fnews_detail%3Fj-cc-id%3D1610672643758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shearer-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shearer_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shearer_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shearer_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shearer_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shearer_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shearer_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shearer_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shearer_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shearer_9-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Shearer" class="citation book cs1">Shearer, Stephen Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/471817029">Beautiful: The Life of Hedy Lamarr</a>. Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-55098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-55098-1"><bdi>978-0-312-55098-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/471817029">471817029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beautiful%3A+The+Life+of+Hedy+Lamarr&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F471817029&rft.isbn=978-0-312-55098-1&rft.aulast=Shearer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F471817029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoacker2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Loacker, Armin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3-9kAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Der+Vater,+Emil+Kiesler,+geb%C3%BCrtig+in+Lemberg,+war+Direktor+des+Wiener+Bankvereins,+die+Mutter+Gertrud+Lichtwitz+stammte+aus+Budapest,%22">Ekstase</a> (in German). Filmarchiv Austria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-901932-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-901932-10-6"><bdi>978-3-901932-10-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ekstase&rft.pub=Filmarchiv+Austria&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-901932-10-6&rft.aulast=Loacker&rft.aufirst=Armin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3-9kAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Der%2BVater%2C%2BEmil%2BKiesler%2C%2Bgeb%25C3%25BCrtig%2Bin%2BLemberg%2C%2Bwar%2BDirektor%2Bdes%2BWiener%2BBankvereins%2C%2Bdie%2BMutter%2BGertrud%2BLichtwitz%2Bstammte%2Baus%2BBudapest%2C%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201012–13-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton201012–13_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2010">Barton 2010</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Alexandra Dean (film director), Hedy Lamarr, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Hom" title="Jennifer Hom">Jennifer Hom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> (November 24, 2017). <a href="/wiki/Bombshell:_The_Hedy_Lamarr_Story" title="Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story">Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a> <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a>). Zeitgeist Films; Kanopy. Event occurs between 07:05-08.00. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1101944158">1101944158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bombshell%3A+The+Hedy+Lamarr+Story&rft.pub=Zeitgeist+Films%3B+Kanopy&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1101944158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUSA_Science_&_Engineering_Festival2014" class="citation web cs1">USA Science & Engineering Festival (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170424/http://o.usasciencefestival.org/schoolprograms/role-models-in-science-engineering/item/2659-lamarr-hedy.html">"Role Model in Science & Engineering Achievement"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://o.usasciencefestival.org/schoolprograms/role-models-in-science-engineering/item/2659-lamarr-hedy.html">the original</a> on February 4, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Role+Model+in+Science+%26+Engineering+Achievement&rft.date=2014&rft.au=USA+Science+%26+Engineering+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fo.usasciencefestival.org%2Fschoolprograms%2Frole-models-in-science-engineering%2Fitem%2F2659-lamarr-hedy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201016–19-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton201016–19_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2010">Barton 2010</a>, pp. 16–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201021–22-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton201021–22_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2010">Barton 2010</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201025-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton201025_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2010">Barton 2010</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Liberty-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liberty_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liberty_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liberty_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liberty_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liberty_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liberty_17-5">f</a> "A Candid Portrait of Hedy Lamarr", Liberty magazine, December 1938, pp. 18–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090911064906/http://www.indiana.edu/~reeiweb/events/2009/Ecstasy_poster.pdf">"Czech Film Series 2009–2010 – Gustav Machatý:Ecstasy"</a> (PDF). Russian & East European Institute, Indiana University. September 2, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~reeiweb/events/2009/Ecstasy_poster.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 11, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Czech+Film+Series+2009%E2%80%932010+%E2%80%93+Gustav+Machat%C3%BD%3AEcstasy&rft.pub=Russian+%26+East+European+Institute%2C+Indiana+University&rft.date=2009-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~reeiweb%2Fevents%2F2009%2FEcstasy_poster.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morandini_Morandini_Morandini_2009_p._493-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Morandini_Morandini_Morandini_2009_p._493_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorandiniMorandiniMorandini2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Morandini, Laura; Morandini, Luisa; Morandini, Morando (2009). Il Morandini 2010: dizionario dei film [The Morandini 2010 Dictionary of Films] (in Italian). Bologna: Zanichelli. p. 493. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-08-20183-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-08-20183-6"><bdi>978-88-08-20183-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475597884">475597884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Morandini+2010%3A+dizionario+dei+film&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pages=493&rft.pub=Zanichelli&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475597884&rft.isbn=978-88-08-20183-6&rft.aulast=Morandini&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Morandini%2C+Luisa&rft.au=Morandini%2C+Morando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-doc-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doc_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doc_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doc_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doc_21-3">d</a> Extraordinary Women: Hedy Lamarr, documentary, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemelson-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Lemelson_22-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invention.si.edu/movie-star-some-player-pianos-and-torpedoes">"A Movie Star, Some Player Pianos, and Torpedoes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419103621/http://invention.si.edu/movie-star-some-player-pianos-and-torpedoes">Archived</a> April 19, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Lemelson Center, November 12, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-LaTimes-23"><a href="#cite_ref-LaTimes_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2011/11/hedy-lamarr-inventor-hedy-lamarr-sex-symbol.html">"Hedy Lamarr: Inventor of more than the 1st theatrical-film orgasm"</a>. Los Angeles Times. November 28, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117071932/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2011/11/hedy-lamarr-inventor-hedy-lamarr-sex-symbol.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamarr%3A+Inventor+of+more+than+the+1st+theatrical-film+orgasm&rft.date=2010-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fgossip%2F2011%2F11%2Fhedy-lamarr-inventor-hedy-lamarr-sex-symbol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/happy-100th-birthday-hedy-lamarr-movie-star-and-wi-fi-inventor">"Happy 100th birthday, Hedy Lamarr, movie star who paved way for Wi-Fi"</a>. CNET. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511072950/http://www.cnet.com/news/happy-100th-birthday-hedy-lamarr-movie-star-and-wi-fi-inventor/">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+100th+birthday%2C+Hedy+Lamarr%2C+movie+star+who+paved+way+for+Wi-Fi&rft.pub=CNET&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fhappy-100th-birthday-hedy-lamarr-movie-star-and-wi-fi-inventor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-friedrich1997-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-friedrich1997_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-friedrich1997_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich,_Otto1997" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich, Otto (1997). City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s (reprint ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20949-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20949-4"><bdi>0-520-20949-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Nets%3A+A+Portrait+of+Hollywood+in+the+1940s&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-520-20949-4&rft.au=Friedrich%2C+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes201228–29-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes201228–29_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes2012">Rhodes 2012</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-knowledgenuts_2015-09-07-27"><a href="#cite_ref-knowledgenuts_2015-09-07_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledgenuts.com/2015/09/07/hedy-lamarrs-great-escape/">"Hedy Lamarr's Great Escape"</a>. KnowledgeNuts. September 7, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404191848/http://knowledgenuts.com/2015/09/07/hedy-lamarrs-great-escape/">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KnowledgeNuts&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamarr%27s+Great+Escape&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledgenuts.com%2F2015%2F09%2F07%2Fhedy-lamarrs-great-escape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Donnelley, Paul. Fade to Black: 1500 Movie Obituaries, Omnibus Press (2010), p. 639. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Katz, Ephraim. The Film Encyclopedia, 3rd ed. HarperPerennial (1998), p. 780. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mannix-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mannix_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mannix_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eddie+Mannix+Ledger&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Margaret+Herrick+Library%2C+Center+for+Motion+Picture+Study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bigissue.com/culture/film/susan-sarandon-hedy-lamarr-strong-well-brilliant/">"Susan Sarandon: "Hedy Lamarr was so strong, as well as brilliant""</a>. March 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Susan+Sarandon%3A+%22Hedy+Lamarr+was+so+strong%2C+as+well+as+brilliant%22&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigissue.com%2Fculture%2Ffilm%2Fsusan-sarandon-hedy-lamarr-strong-well-brilliant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr.org-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/11/27/142664182/most-beautiful-woman-by-day-inventor-by-night">"'Most Beautiful Woman' By Day, Inventor By Night"</a>. NPR. November 22, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429211415/http://www.npr.org/2011/11/27/142664182/most-beautiful-woman-by-day-inventor-by-night">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Most+Beautiful+Woman%27+By+Day%2C+Inventor+By+Night&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2011-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F11%2F27%2F142664182%2Fmost-beautiful-woman-by-day-inventor-by-night&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/107525%7C68054/Hedy-Lamarr/filmography.html">Hedy Lamarr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704164508/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/107525%7C68054/Hedy-Lamarr/filmography.html">Archived</a> July 4, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, TCM Full Filmography </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarandon-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarandon_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarandon_34-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2889/bombshell-interview-with-richard-rhodes-on-hedy-lamarr">"Bombshell: Interview with Richard Rhodes on Hedy Lamarr"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419004007/http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2889/bombshell-interview-with-richard-rhodes-on-hedy-lamarr">Archived</a> April 19, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sloan Science and Film, April 18, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton201097-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton201097_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2010">Barton 2010</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScholtz1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Scholtz" title="Robert A. Scholtz">Scholtz, Robert A.</a> (May 1982). "The Origins of Spread-Spectrum Communications". IEEE Transactions on Communications. 30 (5): 822. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ITCom..30..822S">1982ITCom..30..822S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftcom.1982.1095547">10.1109/tcom.1982.1095547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Communications&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Spread-Spectrum+Communications&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=822&rft.date=1982-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ftcom.1982.1095547&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982ITCom..30..822S&rft.aulast=Scholtz&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrice1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Price_(engineer)" title="Robert Price (engineer)">Price, Robert</a> (January 1983). "Further Notes and Anecdotes on Spread-Spectrum Origins". IEEE Transactions on Communications. 31 (1): 85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftcom.1983.1095725">10.1109/tcom.1983.1095725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Communications&rft.atitle=Further+Notes+and+Anecdotes+on+Spread-Spectrum+Origins&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1983-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ftcom.1983.1095725&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Wayne, Robert L. "Moses" Speaks to His Grandchildren, Dog Ear Publishing (2014); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4575-3321-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4575-3321-1">978-1-4575-3321-1</a>, pg. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-tino-39"><a href="#cite_ref-tino_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalio2009" class="citation book cs1">Balio, Tino (2009). United Artists: The Company Built by the Stars. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-23004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-23004-3"><bdi>978-0-299-23004-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Artists%3A+The+Company+Built+by+the+Stars&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-299-23004-3&rft.aulast=Balio&rft.aufirst=Tino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> p203 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Duo Slated for 5 Pictures Martin, Betty. Los Angeles Times (1923–Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] Jan 21, 1966: c6. </li> <li id="cite_note-los-41"><a href="#cite_ref-los_41-0">^</a> Hedy Lamarr Fired From Comeback Film: HEDY LAMARR Berman, Art. Los Angeles Times (1923–Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] Feb 4, 1966: 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-segulamag-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-segulamag_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-segulamag_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://segulamag.com/en/articles/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94-%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%95/">"A Beautiful Mind"</a>. Segulamag.com. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Segulamag.com&rft.atitle=A+Beautiful+Mind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsegulamag.com%2Fen%2Farticles%2F%25D7%2594%25D7%259B%25D7%2595%25D7%259B%25D7%2591%25D7%25AA-%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%2594%25D7%2595%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2594-%25D7%25A9%25D7%2594%25D7%259E%25D7%25A6%25D7%2599%25D7%2590%25D7%2594-%25D7%2598%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NavalHistoricalSocietyOfAustralia-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NavalHistoricalSocietyOfAustralia_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NavalHistoricalSocietyOfAustralia_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Butler, Alun (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navyhistory.au/hedy-lamarr-movie-star-and-inventor-of-torpedo-control/">"Hedy Lamarr, Movie Star (and Inventor of torpedo-control"</a>. Naval Historical Review. June 1999. Retrieved December 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamarr%2C+Movie+Star+%28and+Inventor+of+torpedo-control&rft.volume=June+1999&rft.date=1999-06&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnavyhistory.au%2Fhedy-lamarr-movie-star-and-inventor-of-torpedo-control%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScienceShow-44"><a href="#cite_ref-ScienceShow_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/2014/07/ssw_20140705_1218.mp3#t=420">"Hedy Lamarr – actor, inventor, amateur engineer"</a> (MP3). <a href="/wiki/Radio_National#Science" title="Radio National">The Science Show</a>. July 5, 2014. 7 minutes in. Radio National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705081920/http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/2014/07/ssw_20140705_1218.mp3#t=420">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Science+Show&rft.date=2014-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpegmedia.abc.net.au%2Frn%2Fpodcast%2F2014%2F07%2Fssw_20140705_1218.mp3%23t%3D420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2012169-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes2012169_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes2012">Rhodes 2012</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhodes2-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes2_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFABC_news" class="citation audio-visual cs1">ABC news. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGakEbXxp4Y">Hedy Lamarr: Actress and inventor</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedy+Lamarr%3A+Actress+and+inventor&rft.au=ABC+news&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdGakEbXxp4Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> 4 minutes </li> <li id="cite_note-cnsNews-wifi-47"><a href="#cite_ref-cnsNews-wifi_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/hedy-lamarr-movie-star-inventor-of-wifi/">"Hedy Lamarr: Movie star, inventor of WiFi"</a>. CBS News. April 20, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409132313/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/hedy-lamarr-movie-star-inventor-of-wifi/">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedy+Lamarr%3A+Movie+star%2C+inventor+of+WiFi&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fhedy-lamarr-movie-star-inventor-of-wifi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUSPTO" class="citation web cs1">USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110223615/https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=02292387&IDKey=F01524164BEB&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fpatimg.htm">"Patent 2,292,387 Full Text"</a>. United States Patent and Trademark Office. USPTO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=02292387&IDKey=F01524164BEB&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fpatimg.htm">the original</a> on January 10, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft.atitle=Patent+2%2C292%2C387+Full+Text&rft.au=USPTO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfpiw.uspto.gov%2F.piw%3FPageNum%3D0%26docid%3D02292387%26IDKey%3DF01524164BEB%26HomeUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fpatft.uspto.gov%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fpatimg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Hans-Joachim Braun, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inventionandtech.com/content/hedy-lamarr-radio-controlled-torpedo">"Hedy Lamarr, Radio-Controlled Torpedo"</a>, Invention and Technology, Winter 2020, Volume 26, Issue 1. Retrieved 26 March 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn2017" class="citation journal cs1">Blackburn, Renée (December 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aar4304">"The secret life of Hedy Lamarr Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story Alexandra Dean, director Reframed Pictures, 2017"</a>. Science. 358 (6370): 1546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aar4304">10.1126/science.aar4304</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44138813">44138813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+secret+life+of+Hedy+Lamarr+Bombshell%3A+The+Hedy+Lamarr+Story+Alexandra+Dean%2C+director+Reframed+Pictures%2C+2017&rft.volume=358&rft.issue=6370&rft.pages=1546&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44138813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aar4304&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aar4304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003025034/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muYlAsUDibE">Hedy Lamarr, 1969 TV Interview</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muYlAsUDibE">the original</a> on October 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedy+Lamarr%2C+1969+TV+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmuYlAsUDibE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> on <a href="/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show" title="The Merv Griffin Show">The Merv Griffin Show</a> with <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a>, 1969 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19660927&id=73ohAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SooFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4084,4060061">"Hedy Lamarr Loses Fight to Stop Autobiography"</a>. The Tuscaloosa News. September 27, 1966. p. 12 – via Google Newspapers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tuscaloosa+News&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamarr+Loses+Fight+to+Stop+Autobiography&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1966-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1817%26dat%3D19660927%26id%3D73ohAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DSooFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4084%2C4060061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> "Hedy Lamarr Loses Suit to Halt Book", The New York Times, September 27, 1966, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "Lamarr Autobiography Prompts Plagiarism Suit", The New York Times, February 7, 1967, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/theaspentimes/docs/atw322/14">Hedy Lamarr in 1950s Aspen</a>, The Aspen Times Weekly (March 22, 2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ypCyObpZaGoC&dq=Villa+Lamarr+aspen&pg=PA194">Hedy Lamarr: The Most Beautiful Woman in Film</a> (2010), pg. 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/lifestyles/google-doodle-the-day-who-hedy-lamarr/zAmPTxcmrlWo2HwlR1iK5K/">"Google Doodle of the day: Who is Hedy Lamarr?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419104505/http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/lifestyles/google-doodle-the-day-who-hedy-lamarr/zAmPTxcmrlWo2HwlR1iK5K/">Archived</a> April 19, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Palm Beach Post, November 9, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/08/02/Hedy-Lamarr-accused-of-shoplifting/7192681105600/">Hedy Lamarr accused of shoplifting from Orlando drugstore</a>, UPI, Aug. 2, 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalamone1991" class="citation web cs1">Salamone, Debbie (October 24, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1991/10/24/hedy-lamarr-wont-face-theft-charges-if-she-stays-in-line/">"Hedy Lamarr Won't Face Theft Charges If She Stays In Line"</a>. Orlando Sentinel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324100819/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-10-24/news/9110240390_1_hedy-lamarr-tabscott-stealing">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedy+Lamarr+Won%27t+Face+Theft+Charges+If+She+Stays+In+Line&rft.pub=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.date=1991-10-24&rft.aulast=Salamone&rft.aufirst=Debbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2F1991%2F10%2F24%2Fhedy-lamarr-wont-face-theft-charges-if-she-stays-in-line%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DVD-60"><a href="#cite_ref-DVD_60-0">^</a> Interview: Mel Brooks. Blazing Saddles (DVD). Burbank, California: Warner Brothers Pictures/Warner Home Video, 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7907-5735-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7907-5735-4">0-7907-5735-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton2010220-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton2010220_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarton2010">Barton 2010</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706092646/http://hedylamarr.at/news1e.html">"Hedy Lamarr Sues Corel"</a>. April 7, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hedylamarr.at/news1e.html">the original</a> on July 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamarr+Sues+Corel&rft.date=1998-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhedylamarr.at%2Fnews1e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSprenger1998" class="citation news cs1">Sprenger, Polly (November 30, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615055123/http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/1998/11/16544">"Corel Caves to Actress Hedy Lamarr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired News">Wired News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/1998/11/16544">the original</a> on June 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+News&rft.atitle=Corel+Caves+to+Actress+Hedy+Lamarr&rft.date=1998-11-30&rft.aulast=Sprenger&rft.aufirst=Polly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Ftechbiz%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2F1998%2F11%2F16544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walkoffame.com/hedy-lamarr">"Hedy Lamarr"</a>. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111142742/http://www.walkoffame.com/hedy-lamarr">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedy+Lamarr&rft.pub=Hollywood+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walkoffame.com%2Fhedy-lamarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/hedy-lamarr">"Hedy Lamarr"</a>. Los Angeles Times Hollywood Star Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115011241/http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/hedy-lamarr/">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedy+Lamarr&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+Times+Hollywood+Star+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.latimes.com%2Fhollywood%2Fstar-walk%2Fhedy-lamarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jloder-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jloder_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jloder_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2000/10/30/court-to-weigh-plea-of-lamarrs-estranged-son/">"Court To Weigh Plea of Lamarr's Estranged Son"</a>. Orlando Sentinel. October 30, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217211817/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2000-10-30/news/0010300415_1_lamarr-loder-hedy">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Court+To+Weigh+Plea+of+Lamarr%27s+Estranged+Son&rft.date=2000-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2F2000%2F10%2F30%2Fcourt-to-weigh-plea-of-lamarrs-estranged-son%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2001/01/26/hedy-lamarrs-adopted-son-trades-claim-to-estate-for-50000/">"Hedy Lamarr's Adopted Son Trades Claim To Estate For $50,000"</a>. January 26, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113043350/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-01-26/news/0101260305_1_loder-lamarr-hedy">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedy+Lamarr%27s+Adopted+Son+Trades+Claim+To+Estate+For+%2450%2C000&rft.date=2001-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2F2001%2F01%2F26%2Fhedy-lamarrs-adopted-son-trades-claim-to-estate-for-50000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.co.uk/article/the-life-of-hedy-lamarr-historys-forgotten-hollywood-genius#:~:text=Her%20remaining%20years%20were%20spent%20in%20seclusion,%20often%20only%20communicating%20with%20those%20on%20the%20outside,%20including%20her%20family%20and%20children,%20via%20the%20telephone">"Hedy Lamarr: The Hollywood starlet who helped invent WiFi"</a>. Sky HISTORY TV channel. Retrieved November 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+HISTORY+TV+channel&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamarr%3A+The+Hollywood+starlet+who+helped+invent+WiFi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-life-of-hedy-lamarr-historys-forgotten-hollywood-genius%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHer%2520remaining%2520years%2520were%2520spent%2520in%2520seclusion%2C%2520often%2520only%2520communicating%2520with%2520those%2520on%2520the%2520outside%2C%2520including%2520her%2520family%2520and%2520children%2C%2520via%2520the%2520telephone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore2000" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Roger (January 20, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2000/01/20/hedy-lamar-1913-2000/">"Hedy Lamar: 1913–2000"</a>. Orlando Sentinel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115015514/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2000-01-20/news/0001200121_1_hedy-lamarr-casselberry-white-cargo">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamar%3A+1913%E2%80%932000&rft.date=2000-01-20&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2F2000%2F01%2F20%2Fhedy-lamar-1913-2000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-calling-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calling_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-calling_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mischief-films.com/sub2.php?ID=1&S=E">"Calling Hedy Lamarr"</a>. Mischief Films. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205232850/http://www.mischief-films.com/sub2.php?ID=1&S=E">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2007. 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Retrieved May 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thelocal.at&rft.atitle=Memorial+to+Hollywood+pin-up&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.at%2F20141107%2Fhollywood-pinup-and-inventor-given-vienna-grave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrengrab-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrengrab_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrengrab_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPresse-Service2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Presse-Service (November 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wien.gv.at/presse/2014/11/07/hedy-lamarr-erhaelt-ehrengrab-der-stadt-wien">"Archivmeldung: Hedy Lamarr erhält Ehrengrab der Stadt Wien"</a>. Presseservice der Stadt Wien (in German). Retrieved November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presseservice+der+Stadt+Wien&rft.atitle=Archivmeldung%3A+Hedy+Lamarr+erh%C3%A4lt+Ehrengrab+der+Stadt+Wien&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.au=Presse-Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wien.gv.at%2Fpresse%2F2014%2F11%2F07%2Fhedy-lamarr-erhaelt-ehrengrab-der-stadt-wien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VDFW-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VDFW_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VDFW_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friedhoefewien.at/verstorbenensuche-detail?fname=Hedwig+Eva+Maria+Kiesler&id=0A3A7LC328&initialId=0A3A7LC328&fdate=2014-11-07&c=046&hist=false">"Verstorbenensuche Detail – Friedhöfe Wien – Friedhöfe Wien"</a>. friedhoefewien.at (in German). 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January 7, 1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boxoffice&rft.atitle=Philly%27s+Best&rft.pages=30-C&rft.date=1939-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fboxofficejanmar134unse%23page%2Fn33%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fhedy%2Blamarr%2Bmost%2Bpromising%2Bnew%2Bactress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kE0bAAAAIBAJ&dq=hedy+lamarr+poll&pg=PA33&article_id=4465,7535143">"Hedy Lamarr Chosen"</a>. The Pittsburgh Press. January 26, 1939. p. 15. Retrieved February 1, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamarr+Chosen&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1939-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkE0bAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dhedy%2Blamarr%2Bpoll%26pg%3DPA33%26article_id%3D4465%2C7535143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iiQfAAAAIBAJ&dq=hedy+lamarr+voted&pg=PA25&article_id=5291,4950744">"BETTE DAVIS AND CLARK GABLE BEST LIKED BY WRITERS"</a>. Victoria Daily Advocate. May 9, 1939. p. 3. Retrieved February 1, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victoria+Daily+Advocate&rft.atitle=BETTE+DAVIS+AND+CLARK+GABLE+BEST+LIKED+BY+WRITERS&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1939-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiiQfAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dhedy%2Blamarr%2Bvoted%26pg%3DPA25%26article_id%3D5291%2C4950744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WeJXAAAAIBAJ&dq=hedy+lamarr+honors&pg=PA38&article_id=5251,6757312">"Models Find Lack of Perfect Girls"</a>. Spokane Daily Chronicle. August 30, 1940. p. 12. Retrieved February 1, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokane+Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Models+Find+Lack+of+Perfect+Girls&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1940-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWeJXAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dhedy%2Blamarr%2Bhonors%26pg%3DPA38%26article_id%3D5251%2C6757312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1943" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Erskine (December 26, 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilcbAAAAIBAJ&dq=hedy+lamarr+award&pg=PA28&article_id=4236,4717646">"Who'll Win Oscars This Year? All Hollywood Is Speculating!"</a>. The Pittsburgh Press. p. 28. Retrieved February 1, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.atitle=Who%27ll+Win+Oscars+This+Year%3F+All+Hollywood+Is+Speculating%21&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1943-12-26&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Erskine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DilcbAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dhedy%2Blamarr%2Baward%26pg%3DPA28%26article_id%3D4236%2C4717646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anna_Neagle's_Film_Award-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Anna_Neagle's_Film_Award_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27035762?searchTerm=Hedy%20Lamarr%20award&searchLimits=">"Anna Neagle's Film Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_(Hobart)" title="The Mercury (Hobart)">The Mercury</a>. No. May 10, 1951. Retrieved February 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury&rft.atitle=Anna+Neagle%27s+Film+Award&rft.issue=May+10%2C+1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F27035762%3FsearchTerm%3DHedy%2520Lamarr%2520award%26searchLimits%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walkoffame.com/hedy-lamarr/">"Hedy Lamarr"</a>. Hollywood Walk of Fame. October 25, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hollywood+Walk+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamarr&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwalkoffame.com%2Fhedy-lamarr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFF1997-81"><a href="#cite_ref-EFF1997_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016063043/http://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1997.php">"Movie Legend Hedy Lamarr to be Given Special Award at EFF's Sixth Annual Pioneer Awards"</a> (Press release). Electronic Frontier Foundation. March 11, 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1997.php">the original</a> on October 16, 2007. 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Retrieved May 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INVENTION+CONVENTION+%C2%AE+%E2%80%93+Gateway+to+the+World+of+Inventing&rft.atitle=1940%27s+Film+Goddess+Hedy+Lamarr+Responsible+For+Pioneering+Spread+Spectrum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventionconvention.com%2Famericasinventor%2Fdec97issue%2Fsection2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.women-inventors.com/Hedy-Lammar.asp">"Hedy Lamarr: Invention of Spread Spectrum Technology"</a>. women-inventors.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151112075258/http://www.women-inventors.com/Hedy-Lammar.asp">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=women-inventors.com&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamarr%3A+Invention+of+Spread+Spectrum+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.women-inventors.com%2FHedy-Lammar.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDolor" class="citation web cs1">Dolor, Danny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/03/11/1795482/other-side-hedy-lamarr">"The other side of Hedy Lamarr"</a>. Philstar.com. Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philstar.com&rft.atitle=The+other+side+of+Hedy+Lamarr&rft.aulast=Dolor&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fentertainment%2F2018%2F03%2F11%2F1795482%2Fother-side-hedy-lamarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.at/20141107/hollywood-pinup-and-inventor-given-vienna-grave">"Honorary grave for Hollywood pin-up"</a>. November 7, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110175931/http://www.thelocal.at/20141107/hollywood-pinup-and-inventor-given-vienna-grave">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2014. 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Retrieved May 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Inductee+Detail+%7C+National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2Fhonor%2Finductees%2Finductee-detail%2F%3FIID%3D501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giga.de/webapps/google-suche/news/hedy-lamarr-die-schoenste-frau-der-welt-hat-geburtstag/">"Hedy Lamarr: Ein Kino-Orgasmus, eine bahnbrechende Erfindung, 101. Geburtstag"</a>. GIGA (in German). November 9, 2015. 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Retrieved November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Small-Body+Database+Lookup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Ftools%2Fsbdb_lookup.html%23%2F%3Fsstr%3D32730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startrek.com/videos/star-trek-prodigy-season-2-first-look">"First Look Star Trek: Prodigy - Season 2, Episode 1"</a>. startrek.com. Retrieved April 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=startrek.com&rft.atitle=First+Look+Star+Trek%3A+Prodigy+-+Season+2%2C+Episode+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startrek.com%2Fvideos%2Fstar-trek-prodigy-season-2-first-look&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boeing-93"><a href="#cite_ref-boeing_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIvanis" class="citation web cs1">Ivanis, Daniel J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2003/november/i_nan.html">"The stars come out: Recruiting ad featuring Hedy Lamarr creates 'buzz't"</a>. Boeing Frontiers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029193937/http://www.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2003/november/i_nan.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boeing+Frontiers&rft.atitle=The+stars+come+out%3A+Recruiting+ad+featuring+Hedy+Lamarr+creates+%27buzz%27t&rft.aulast=Ivanis&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boeing.com%2Fnews%2Ffrontiers%2Farchive%2F2003%2Fnovember%2Fi_nan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> 1940 US Census via Ancestry.com </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKsAnJOGgCo">To Tell The Truth – Hedy Lamarr + Anthony Loder + Denise Loder Deluca</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606014726/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKsAnJOGgCo">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Tell+The+Truth+%E2%80%93+Hedy+Lamarr+%2B+Anthony+Loder+%2B+Denise+Loder+Deluca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdKsAnJOGgCo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/11/05/99258931.pdf">"Hedy Lamarr Adopts Baby Boy"</a>, nytimes.com; accessed June 3, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230105123/http://www.biography.com/people/hedy-lamarr-9542252">"Hedy Lamarr Biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/hedy-lamarr-9542252#secret-communications-system">the original</a> on December 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedy+Lamarr+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fhedy-lamarr-9542252%23secret-communications-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2001/02/05/hedy-news-lamarrs-son-not-adopted/">"HEDY NEWS: LAMARR'S SON NOT ADOPTED"</a>. New York Post. February 5, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140042/https://nypost.com/2001/02/05/hedy-news-lamarrs-son-not-adopted/">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=HEDY+NEWS%3A+LAMARR%27S+SON+NOT+ADOPTED&rft.date=2001-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2001%2F02%2F05%2Fhedy-news-lamarrs-son-not-adopted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenixmag.co.uk/article/bombshell-the-hedy-lamarr-story-unveils-a-scientific-innovator-and-feminist-ahead-of-her-time/">"Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story Unveils a Scientific Innovator and Feminist Ahead of Her Time"</a>. Phoenix Magazine. March 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Magazine&rft.atitle=Bombshell%3A+The+Hedy+Lamarr+Story+Unveils+a+Scientific+Innovator+and+Feminist+Ahead+of+Her+Time&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixmag.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fbombshell-the-hedy-lamarr-story-unveils-a-scientific-innovator-and-feminist-ahead-of-her-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lux-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lux_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lux_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lux_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lux_100-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lux_100-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lux_Radio_Theatre_episodes" title="List of Lux Radio Theatre episodes">List of Lux Radio Theatre episodes</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111014904/http://www.vintageradioshows.com/display_shows.php?sid=53">"Vintage Radio Shows"</a>. Vintageradioshows.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintageradioshows.com/display_shows.php?sid=53">the original</a> on November 11, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintageradioshows.com&rft.atitle=Vintage+Radio+Shows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintageradioshows.com%2Fdisplay_shows.php%3Fsid%3D53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/AU3U86Yt598">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110191940/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AU3U86Yt598&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AU3U86Yt598">"Hedy Lamarr 'Come Live with Me" Live Radio Performance"</a>. June 9, 2009 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedy+Lamarr+%27Come+Live+with+Me%22+Live+Radio+Performance&rft.date=2009-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAU3U86Yt598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgar-bergen-1937-12-12-32-guest-mae-west/Edgar+Bergen+1943-09-26+(295)+Guest+-+Hedy+Lamarr.mp3">"The Internet Archive"</a>. 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Retrieved July 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Timeless%22+Hollywoodland+%28TV+Episode+2018%29+%E2%80%93+IMDb&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=2018-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt6885524%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colothan_2022-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Colothan_2022_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColothan2022" class="citation web cs1">Colothan, Scott (May 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetradio.co.uk/planet-rock/news/rock-news/johnny-depp-jeff-beck-sheffield/">"Johnny Depp performs four songs with Jeff Beck at Sheffield concert – watch"</a>. Planet Rock. Retrieved June 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planet+Rock&rft.atitle=Johnny+Depp+performs+four+songs+with+Jeff+Beck+at+Sheffield+concert+%E2%80%93+watch&rft.date=2022-05-30&rft.aulast=Colothan&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetradio.co.uk%2Fplanet-rock%2Fnews%2Frock-news%2Fjohnny-depp-jeff-beck-sheffield%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-only-woman-in-the-room-marie-benedict/1128189920?ean=9781492666899">"The Only Woman in the Room|Paperback"</a>. Barnes & Noble. Retrieved May 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.atitle=The+Only+Woman+in+the+Room%7CPaperback&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnesandnoble.com%2Fw%2Fthe-only-woman-in-the-room-marie-benedict%2F1128189920%3Fean%3D9781492666899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-128"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019163933/https://libraryreads.org/hof/marie-benedict">"Marie Benedict"</a>. LibraryReads. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraryreads.org/hof/marie-benedict">the original</a> on October 19, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LibraryReads&rft.atitle=Marie+Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibraryreads.org%2Fhof%2Fmarie-benedict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10670784/trivia">"What If...?" What If... Captain Carter Were the First Avenger? (TV Episode 2021) – IMDb</a>, retrieved November 21, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22What+If...%3F%22+What+If...+Captain+Carter+Were+the+First+Avenger%3F+%28TV+Episode+2021%29+%E2%80%93+IMDb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt10670784%2Ftrivia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gadsdentimes.com/story/news/2023/05/10/downtown-dance-conservatory-pays-tribute-to-hedy-lamarr/70198825007/">"Downtown Dance Pays Tribute to Hedy Lamarr"</a>. May 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Downtown+Dance+Pays+Tribute+to+Hedy+Lamarr&rft.date=2023-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gadsdentimes.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2023%2F05%2F10%2Fdowntown-dance-conservatory-pays-tribute-to-hedy-lamarr%2F70198825007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/voyager-a-star-trek-prodigy-changes/">"Voyager-A: Every Change Confirmed To Star Trek's Original"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Screen_Rant" title="Screen Rant">Screen Rant</a>. August 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screen+Rant&rft.atitle=Voyager-A%3A+Every+Change+Confirmed+To+Star+Trek%27s+Original&rft.date=2023-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Fvoyager-a-star-trek-prodigy-changes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarton2010" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Ruth (2010). Hedy Lamarr: The Most Beautiful Woman in Film. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3654-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3654-7"><bdi>978-0-8131-3654-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hedy+Lamarr%3A+The+Most+Beautiful+Woman+in+Film&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-3654-7&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenedict2019" class="citation book cs1">Benedict, Marie (2019). The Only Woman in the Room. Source Books Landmark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1492666899" title="Special:BookSources/978-1492666899"><bdi>978-1492666899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Only+Woman+in+the+Room&rft.pub=Source+Books+Landmark&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1492666899&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamarr1966" class="citation book cs1">Lamarr, Hedy (1966). Ecstasy and Me: My Life as a Woman. New York: Bartholomew House. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007DMMN8">B0007DMMN8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecstasy+and+Me%3A+My+Life+as+a+Woman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bartholomew+House&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007DMMN8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Lamarr&rft.aufirst=Hedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8o0NnwEACAAJ">Hedy's Folly: The Life and Breakthrough Inventions of Hedy Lamarr</a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-74295-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-74295-7"><bdi>978-0-307-74295-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hedy%27s+Folly%3A+The+Life+and+Breakthrough+Inventions+of+Hedy+Lamarr&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-74295-7&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8o0NnwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShearer2010" class="citation book cs1">Shearer, Stephen Michael (2010). Beautiful: The Life of Hedy Lamarr. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-55098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-55098-1"><bdi>978-0-312-55098-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beautiful%3A+The+Life+of+Hedy+Lamarr&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-312-55098-1&rft.aulast=Shearer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1979" class="citation book cs1">Young, Christopher (1979). The Films of Hedy Lamarr. New York: Citadel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-0579-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-0579-4"><bdi>978-0-8065-0579-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Films+of+Hedy+Lamarr&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-0579-4&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHedy+Lamarr" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedy_Lamarr&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Hedy Lamarr at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" class="extiw" title="c:Hedy Lamarr">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" class="extiw" title="q:Hedy Lamarr">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49034" class="extiw" title="d:Q49034">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hedylamarr.com">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/Hedy+Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001443/">Hedy Lamarr</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49034#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/107525%7C68054/wp">Hedy Lamarr</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49034#P3056" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reelclassics.com/Actresses/Lamarr/lamarr.htm">Hedy Lamarr at Reel Classics</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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