CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Raphael - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2ae45dc2-1771-48d4-9b44-33ca032e57b0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Raphael","wgTitle":"Raphael","wgCurRevisionId":1273939312,"wgRevisionId":1273939312,"wgArticleId":44525,"wgIsArticle":true, "wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Raphael","wgRelevantArticleId":44525,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym": "ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj", "autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig", "autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg", "autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang" :"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl", "km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast", "azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5597","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg/1200px-Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1636"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg/800px-Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1091"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg/640px-Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="873"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Raphael - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Raphael rootpage-Raphael stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Raphael" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Raphael" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Raphael</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Raphael" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Raphael" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Raphael" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Italian Renaissance painter and architect. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Raphael (disambiguation)">Raphael (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Italian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[raffaˈɛllo ˈsantsjo da urˈbiːno]</a>; March 28 or April 6, 1483 – April 6, 1520),<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> now generally known in English as Raphael (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈræfeɪ.əl/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">RAF-ay-əl</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈræfi.əl, ˈreɪfi-, ˌrɑːfaɪˈɛl/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">RAF-ee-əl, RAY-fee-, RAH-fy-EL</a>),<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> was an Italian painter and <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Raphael" class="mw-redirect" title="List of works by Raphael">His work</a> is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Neoplatonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> ideal of human grandeur.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> Together with <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Raphael</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg/220px-Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg/330px-Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg/440px-Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3898" data-file-height="5315"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Presumed self-portrait of Raphael<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Raffaello Santi (or Sanzio)</div> March 28 or April 6, 1483 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 6, 1520 (aged 37) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">The <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a> <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Madonna" title="Sistine Madonna">Sistine Madonna</a> <a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a> <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(Raphael)" title="Transfiguration (Raphael)">Transfiguration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Santi" title="Giovanni Santi">Giovanni Santi</a></li> <li>Màgia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_1483-1520_08_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_1483-1520_08_Signature.svg/150px-Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_1483-1520_08_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_1483-1520_08_Signature.svg/225px-Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_1483-1520_08_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_1483-1520_08_Signature.svg/300px-Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino_1483-1520_08_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="239"></a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> His father <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Santi" title="Giovanni Santi">Giovanni Santi</a> was <a href="/wiki/Court_painter" title="Court painter">court painter</a> to the ruler of the small but highly cultured city of <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a>. He died when Raphael was eleven, and Raphael seems to have played a role in managing the family workshop from this point. He probably trained in the workshop of <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>, and was described as a fully trained "master" by 1500. He worked in or for several cities in north Italy until in 1508 he moved to Rome at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>, to work on the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">the Vatican</a>. He was given a series of important commissions there and elsewhere in the city, and began to work as an architect. He was still at the height of his powers at his death in 1520. Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop and, despite his early death at 37, leaving a large body of work. His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles, first described by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>: his early years in <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, then a period of about four years (1504–1508) absorbing the artistic traditions of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, followed by his last hectic and triumphant twelve years in Rome, working for two popes and their close associates.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Many of his works are found in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Palace">Vatican Palace</a>, where the frescoed <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a> were the central, and the largest, work of his career. The best known work is <a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a> in the Vatican <a href="/wiki/Stanza_della_Segnatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanza della Segnatura">Stanza della Segnatura</a>. After his early years in Rome, much of his work was executed by his workshop from his drawings, with considerable loss of quality. He was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside Rome his work was mostly known from his collaborative <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg/300px-Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg/450px-Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg/600px-Escola_de_atenas_-_vaticano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="790"></a><figcaption>Raphael, <a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg/300px-Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg/450px-Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg/600px-Raphael_-_Cardinal_and_Theological_Virtues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3982" data-file-height="2984"></a><figcaption>Raphael, Cardinal and Theological Virtues, 1511</figcaption></figure> After his death, the influence of his great rival Michelangelo exceeded his until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Raphael's more serene and harmonious qualities were again regarded as the highest models. Thanks to the influence of art historian <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a>, his work became a formative influence on <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism#Painting_and_printmaking" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical painting</a>, but his techniques would later be explicitly and emphatically rejected by groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background">1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life_and_work">2 Early life and work</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Influence_of_Florence">3 Influence of Florence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Roman_period">4 Roman period</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Vatican_%22Stanze%22">4.1 Vatican "Stanze"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Architecture">4.2 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Antiquity">4.3 Antiquity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Other_painting_projects">4.4 Other painting projects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Painting_materials">5 Painting materials</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Workshop">6 Workshop</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Portraits">6.1 Portraits</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Drawings">7 Drawings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Printmaking">8 Printmaking</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Private_life_and_death">9 Private life and death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Critical_reception">10 Critical reception</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Santi_-_Christ_supported_by_two_angels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Giovanni_Santi_-_Christ_supported_by_two_angels.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Santi_-_Christ_supported_by_two_angels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="3576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 269px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Giovanni_Santi_-_Christ_supported_by_two_angels.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Santi_-_Christ_supported_by_two_angels.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="269" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Giovanni_Santi_-_Christ_supported_by_two_angels.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Santi_-_Christ_supported_by_two_angels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Giovanni_Santi_-_Christ_supported_by_two_angels.jpg/440px-Giovanni_Santi_-_Christ_supported_by_two_angels.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Santi" title="Giovanni Santi">Giovanni Santi</a>, Raphael's father; Christ supported by two angels, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1490</figcaption></figure> Raphael was born in the small but artistically significant central Italian city of <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Marches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Marches">the Marches</a> region,<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> where his father <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Santi" title="Giovanni Santi">Giovanni Santi</a> was court painter to the Duke. The reputation of the court had been established by <a href="/wiki/Federico_da_Montefeltro" title="Federico da Montefeltro">Federico da Montefeltro</a>, a highly successful <a href="/wiki/Condottiere" class="mw-redirect" title="Condottiere">condottiere</a> who had been created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Urbino" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Urbino">Duke of Urbino</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a> – Urbino formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> – and who died the year before Raphael was born. The emphasis of Federico's court was more literary than artistic, but Giovanni Santi was a poet of sorts as well as a painter, and had written a rhymed chronicle of the life of Federico, and both wrote the texts and produced the decor for <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a>-like court entertainments. His poem to Federico shows him as keen to demonstrate awareness of the most advanced North Italian painters, and <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish artists</a> as well. In the very small court of Urbino he was probably more integrated into the central circle of the ruling family than most court painters.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> Federico was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro" title="Guidobaldo da Montefeltro">Guidobaldo da Montefeltro</a>, who married <a href="/wiki/Elisabetta_Gonzaga" title="Elisabetta Gonzaga">Elisabetta Gonzaga</a>, daughter of the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>, the most brilliant of the smaller Italian courts for both music and the visual arts. Under them, the court continued as a centre for literary culture. Growing up in the circle of this small court gave Raphael the excellent manners and social skills stressed by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> Court life in Urbino at just after this period was to become set as the model of the virtues of the Italian humanist court through <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a>'s depiction of it in his classic work <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Courtier" title="The Book of the Courtier">The Book of the Courtier</a>, published in 1528. Castiglione moved to Urbino in 1504, when Raphael was no longer based there but frequently visited, and they became good friends. Raphael became close to other regular visitors to the court: <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Dovizi" title="Bernardo Dovizi">Pietro Bibbiena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a>, both later <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinals</a>, were already becoming well known as writers, and would later be in Rome during Raphael's period there. Raphael mixed easily in the highest circles throughout his life, one of the factors that tended to give a misleading impression of effortlessness to his career. He did not receive a full <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanistic education</a> however; it is unclear how easily he read Latin.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_work">Early life and work</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro_-_WGA18653.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro_-_WGA18653.jpg/220px-Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro_-_WGA18653.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4921" data-file-height="6939"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 310px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro_-_WGA18653.jpg/220px-Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro_-_WGA18653.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="310" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro_-_WGA18653.jpg/330px-Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro_-_WGA18653.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro_-_WGA18653.jpg/440px-Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro_-_WGA18653.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro" title="Guidobaldo da Montefeltro">Guidobaldo da Montefeltro</a>, Duke of Urbino from 1482 to 1508, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1507. (<a href="/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Uffizi Gallery">Uffizi Gallery</a>)</figcaption></figure> Raphael's mother Màgia died in 1491 when he was eight, followed on August 1, 1494, by his father, who had already remarried. Raphael was thus orphaned at eleven; his formal guardian became his only paternal uncle, Bartolomeo, a priest, who subsequently engaged in litigation with his stepmother. The boy probably continued to live with his stepmother when not staying as an apprentice with a master. He had already shown talent, according to Vasari, who says that Raphael had been "a great help to his father".<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Self-portrait" title="Self-portrait">self-portrait</a> drawing from his teenage years shows his precocity.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> His father's workshop continued and, probably together with his stepmother, Raphael evidently played a part in managing it from a very early age. In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a>, previously the court painter (d. 1475), and <a href="/wiki/Luca_Signorelli" title="Luca Signorelli">Luca Signorelli</a>, who until 1498 was based in nearby <a href="/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_di_Castello" title="Città di Castello">Città di Castello</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> According to Vasari, Raphael's father placed him in the workshop of the Umbrian master <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a> as an apprentice "despite the tears of his mother".<a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> The evidence of an apprenticeship comes only from Vasari and another source,<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> and has been disputed; eight was very early for an apprenticeship to begin. An alternative theory is that the boy received at least some training from <a href="/wiki/Timoteo_Viti" title="Timoteo Viti">Timoteo Viti</a>, who acted as court painter in Urbino from 1495.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> Most modern historians agree that Raphael at least worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500; the influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is very clear: "probably no other pupil of genius has ever absorbed so much of his master's teaching as Raphael did", according to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflin" title="Heinrich Wölfflin">Wölfflin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> Vasari wrote that it was impossible to distinguish between their hands at this period, but many modern <a href="/wiki/Art_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Art historian">art historians</a> claim to do better and detect his hand in specific areas of works by Perugino or his workshop. Apart from stylistic closeness, their techniques are very similar as well, for example having paint applied thickly, using an oil varnish medium, in shadows and darker garments, but very thinly on flesh areas. An excess of resin in the varnish often causes <a href="/wiki/Craquelure" title="Craquelure">cracking</a> of areas of paint in the works of both masters.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> The Perugino workshop was active in both <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, perhaps maintaining two permanent branches.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> Raphael is described as a "master", that is to say fully trained, in December 1500.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> His first documented work was the <a href="/wiki/Baronci_Altarpiece" title="Baronci Altarpiece">Baronci Altarpiece</a> for the church of Saint <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Tolentino" title="Nicholas of Tolentino">Nicholas of Tolentino</a> in Città di Castello, a town halfway between Perugia and Urbino.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelista_da_Pian_di_Meleto" title="Evangelista da Pian di Meleto">Evangelista da Pian di Meleto</a>, who had worked for his father, was also named in the commission. It was commissioned in 1500 and finished in 1501; now only some cut sections and a preparatory drawing remain.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> In the following years he painted works for other churches there, including the <a href="/wiki/Mond_Crucifixion" title="Mond Crucifixion">Mond Crucifixion</a> (about 1503) and the <a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Brera" title="Pinacoteca di Brera">Brera</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_the_Virgin_(Raphael)" title="The Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael)">Wedding of the Virgin</a> (1504), and for Perugia, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oddi_altar_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oddi altar (Raphael)">Oddi Altarpiece</a>. He very probably also visited Florence in this period.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> These are large works, some in <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, where Raphael confidently marshals his compositions in the somewhat static style of Perugino. He also painted many small and exquisite <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_painting" title="Cabinet painting">cabinet paintings</a> in these years, probably mostly for the connoisseurs in the Urbino court, like the <a href="/wiki/Three_Graces_(Raphael)" title="Three Graces (Raphael)">Three Graces</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Michael_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael (Raphael)">St. Michael</a>, and he began to paint <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonnas</a> and portraits.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> In 1502 he went to <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> at the invitation of another pupil of <a href="/wiki/Perugino" class="mw-redirect" title="Perugino">Perugino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinturicchio" title="Pinturicchio">Pinturicchio</a>, "being a friend of Raphael and knowing him to be a draughtsman of the highest quality" to help with the <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a>, and very likely the designs, for a fresco series in the <a href="/wiki/Piccolomini_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Piccolomini Library">Piccolomini Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> He was evidently already much in demand even at this early stage in his career.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafael_-_ressureicaocristo01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Resurrection of Christ, 1499–1502 (São Paulo Museum of Art)"><noscript><img alt="The Resurrection of Christ, 1499–1502 (São Paulo Museum of Art)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rafael_-_ressureicaocristo01.jpg/164px-Rafael_-_ressureicaocristo01.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4086" data-file-height="4977"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 164px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rafael_-_ressureicaocristo01.jpg/164px-Rafael_-_ressureicaocristo01.jpg" data-alt="The Resurrection of Christ, 1499–1502 (São Paulo Museum of Art)" data-width="164" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rafael_-_ressureicaocristo01.jpg/246px-Rafael_-_ressureicaocristo01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rafael_-_ressureicaocristo01.jpg/328px-Rafael_-_ressureicaocristo01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ_(Raphael)" title="Resurrection of Christ (Raphael)">Resurrection of Christ</a>, 1499–1502 (<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Museum_of_Art" title="São Paulo Museum of Art">São Paulo Museum of Art</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mond Crucifixion, 1502–03, very much in the style of Perugino (National Gallery)"><noscript><img alt="The Mond Crucifixion, 1502–03, very much in the style of Perugino (National Gallery)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg/120px-CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="4190"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg/120px-CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg" data-alt="The Mond Crucifixion, 1502–03, very much in the style of Perugino (National Gallery)" data-width="120" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg/179px-CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg/239px-CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Mond_Crucifixion" title="Mond Crucifixion">Mond Crucifixion</a>, 1502–03, very much in the style of <a href="/wiki/Perugino" class="mw-redirect" title="Perugino">Perugino</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Coronation of the Virgin 1502–03 (Pinacoteca Vaticana)"><noscript><img alt="The Coronation of the Virgin 1502–03 (Pinacoteca Vaticana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg/122px-PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="1030"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 122px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg/122px-PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg" data-alt="The Coronation of the Virgin 1502–03 (Pinacoteca Vaticana)" data-width="122" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg/182px-PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg/243px-PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a> 1502–03 (<a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_Vaticana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinacoteca Vaticana">Pinacoteca Vaticana</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello_-_Spozalizio_-_Web_Gallery_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Wedding of the Virgin, Raphael's most sophisticated altarpiece of this period (Pinacoteca di Brera)"><noscript><img alt="The Wedding of the Virgin, Raphael's most sophisticated altarpiece of this period (Pinacoteca di Brera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Raffaello_-_Spozalizio_-_Web_Gallery_of_Art.jpg/139px-Raffaello_-_Spozalizio_-_Web_Gallery_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="2032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 139px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Raffaello_-_Spozalizio_-_Web_Gallery_of_Art.jpg/139px-Raffaello_-_Spozalizio_-_Web_Gallery_of_Art.jpg" data-alt="The Wedding of the Virgin, Raphael's most sophisticated altarpiece of this period (Pinacoteca di Brera)" data-width="139" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Raffaello_-_Spozalizio_-_Web_Gallery_of_Art.jpg/209px-Raffaello_-_Spozalizio_-_Web_Gallery_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Raffaello_-_Spozalizio_-_Web_Gallery_of_Art.jpg/279px-Raffaello_-_Spozalizio_-_Web_Gallery_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_the_Virgin_(Raphael)" title="The Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael)">Wedding of the Virgin</a>, Raphael's most sophisticated altarpiece of this period (<a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Brera" title="Pinacoteca di Brera">Pinacoteca di Brera</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lvr-george.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint George and the Dragon, a small work (29 x 21 cm) for the court of Urbino (Louvre)"><noscript><img alt="Saint George and the Dragon, a small work (29 x 21 cm) for the court of Urbino (Louvre)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lvr-george.jpg/175px-Lvr-george.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="972"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lvr-george.jpg/175px-Lvr-george.jpg" data-alt="Saint George and the Dragon, a small work (29 x 21 cm) for the court of Urbino (Louvre)" data-width="175" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lvr-george.jpg/263px-Lvr-george.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lvr-george.jpg/350px-Lvr-george.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint George and the Dragon, a small work (29 x 21 cm) for the court of Urbino (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>) </div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Influence_of_Florence">Influence of Florence</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_Madonna_of_the_Pinks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Raphael_Madonna_of_the_Pinks.jpg/220px-Raphael_Madonna_of_the_Pinks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 273px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Raphael_Madonna_of_the_Pinks.jpg/220px-Raphael_Madonna_of_the_Pinks.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Raphael_Madonna_of_the_Pinks.jpg/330px-Raphael_Madonna_of_the_Pinks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Raphael_Madonna_of_the_Pinks.jpg/440px-Raphael_Madonna_of_the_Pinks.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Pinks" title="Madonna of the Pinks">Madonna of the Pinks</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1506–07, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery, London</a></figcaption></figure> Raphael led a "nomadic" life, working in various centres in Northern Italy, but spent a good deal of time in Florence, perhaps from about 1504. Although there is traditional reference to a "Florentine period" of about 1504–1508, he was possibly never a continuous resident there.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> He may have needed to visit the city to secure materials in any case. There is a letter of recommendation of Raphael, dated October 1504, from the mother of the next Duke of Urbino to the <a href="/wiki/Gonfaloniere_of_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonfaloniere of Florence">Gonfaloniere of Florence</a>: "The bearer of this will be found to be Raphael, painter of Urbino, who, being greatly gifted in his profession has determined to spend some time in Florence to study. And because his father was most worthy and I was very attached to him, and the son is a sensible and well-mannered young man, on both accounts, I bear him great love..."<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> As earlier with Perugino and others, Raphael was able to assimilate the influence of Florentine art, whilst keeping his own developing style. Frescos in Perugia of about 1505 show a new monumental quality in the figures which may represent the influence of <a href="/wiki/Fra_Bartolomeo" title="Fra Bartolomeo">Fra Bartolomeo</a>, who Vasari says was a friend of Raphael. But the most striking influence in the work of these years is <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, who returned to the city from 1500 to 1506. Raphael's figures begin to take more dynamic and complex positions, and though as yet his painted subjects are still mostly tranquil, he made drawn studies of fighting nude men, one of the obsessions of the period in Florence. Another drawing is a portrait of a young woman that uses the three-quarter length pyramidal composition of the just-completed <a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a>, but still looks completely Raphaelesque. Another of Leonardo's compositional inventions, the pyramidal Holy Family, was repeated in a series of works that remain among his most famous easel paintings. There is a drawing by Raphael in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Leonardo)" title="Leda and the Swan (Leonardo)">Leonardo's lost Leda and the Swan</a>, from which he adapted the <a href="/wiki/Contrapposto" title="Contrapposto">contrapposto</a> pose of his own Saint Catherine of Alexandria.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> He also perfects his own version of Leonardo's <a href="/wiki/Sfumato" title="Sfumato">sfumato</a> modelling, to give subtlety to his painting of flesh, and develops the interplay of glances between his groups, which are much less enigmatic than those of Leonardo. But he keeps the soft clear light of Perugino in his paintings.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> Leonardo was more than thirty years older than Raphael, but Michelangelo, who was in Rome for this period, was just eight years his senior. Michelangelo already disliked Leonardo, and in Rome came to dislike Raphael even more, attributing conspiracies against him to the younger man.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> Raphael would have been aware of his works in Florence, but in his most original work of these years, he strikes out in a different direction. His <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (Raphael)">Deposition of Christ</a> draws on classical <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a> to spread the figures across the front of the picture space in a complex and not wholly successful arrangement. Wöllflin detects in the kneeling figure on the right the influence of the Madonna in Michelangelo's <a href="/wiki/Doni_Tondo" title="Doni Tondo">Doni Tondo</a>, but the rest of the composition is far removed from his style, or that of Leonardo. Though highly regarded at the time, and much later forcibly removed from Perugia by the <a href="/wiki/Borghese" class="mw-redirect" title="Borghese">Borghese</a>, it stands rather alone in Raphael's work. His classicism would later take a less literal direction.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PalaAnsidei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ansidei Madonna, c. 1505, beginning to move on from Perugino"><noscript><img alt="The Ansidei Madonna, c. 1505, beginning to move on from Perugino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PalaAnsidei.jpg/141px-PalaAnsidei.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 141px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PalaAnsidei.jpg/141px-PalaAnsidei.jpg" data-alt="The Ansidei Madonna, c. 1505, beginning to move on from Perugino" data-width="141" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PalaAnsidei.jpg/212px-PalaAnsidei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PalaAnsidei.jpg/283px-PalaAnsidei.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Ansidei_Madonna" title="Ansidei Madonna">Ansidei Madonna</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1505, beginning to move on from Perugino</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Madonna of the Meadow, c. 1506, using Leonardo's pyramidal composition for subjects of the Holy Family.[34]"><noscript><img alt="The Madonna of the Meadow, c. 1506, using Leonardo's pyramidal composition for subjects of the Holy Family.[34]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/156px-Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6116" data-file-height="7832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 156px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/156px-Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-alt="The Madonna of the Meadow, c. 1506, using Leonardo's pyramidal composition for subjects of the Holy Family.[34]" data-width="156" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/234px-Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/312px-Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_meadow_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna of the meadow (Raphael)">Madonna of the Meadow</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1506, using Leonardo's pyramidal composition for subjects of the Holy Family.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffael_020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Catherine of Alexandria, 1507, possibly echoes the pose of Leonardo's Leda"><noscript><img alt="Saint Catherine of Alexandria, 1507, possibly echoes the pose of Leonardo's Leda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Raffael_020.jpg/154px-Raffael_020.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3246" data-file-height="4226"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 154px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Raffael_020.jpg/154px-Raffael_020.jpg" data-alt="Saint Catherine of Alexandria, 1507, possibly echoes the pose of Leonardo's Leda" data-width="154" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Raffael_020.jpg/230px-Raffael_020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Raffael_020.jpg/307px-Raffael_020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine_of_Alexandria_(Raphael)" title="Saint Catherine of Alexandria (Raphael)">Saint Catherine of Alexandria</a>, 1507, possibly echoes the pose of <a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Leonardo)" title="Leda and the Swan (Leonardo)">Leonardo's Leda</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello,_pala_baglioni,_deposizione.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deposition of Christ, 1507, drawing from Roman sarcophagi"><noscript><img alt="Deposition of Christ, 1507, drawing from Roman sarcophagi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg/193px-Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2068"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 193px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg/193px-Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg" data-alt="Deposition of Christ, 1507, drawing from Roman sarcophagi" data-width="193" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg/290px-Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg/387px-Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Deposition_(Raphael)" title="The Deposition (Raphael)">Deposition of Christ</a>, 1507, drawing from Roman sarcophagi</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Vatican_"Stanze"'>Vatican "Stanze"</h3></div> In 1508, Raphael moved to Rome, where he resided for the rest of his life. He was invited by the new pope, <a href="/wiki/Julius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius II">Julius II</a>, perhaps at the suggestion of his architect <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a>, then engaged on <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, who came from just outside Urbino and was distantly related to Raphael.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Unlike Michelangelo, who had been kept lingering in Rome for several months after his first summons,<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Raphael was immediately commissioned by Julius to fresco what was intended to become the Pope's private library at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Palace">Vatican Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> This was a much larger and more important commission than any he had received before; he had only painted one altarpiece in Florence itself. Several other artists and their teams of assistants were already at work on different rooms, many painting over recently completed paintings commissioned by Julius's loathed predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a>, whose contributions, and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">arms</a>, Julius was determined to efface from the palace.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Michelangelo, meanwhile, had been commissioned to paint the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4_Estancia_del_Sello_(El_Parnaso).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/4_Estancia_del_Sello_%28El_Parnaso%29.jpg/220px-4_Estancia_del_Sello_%28El_Parnaso%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3912" data-file-height="2753"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/4_Estancia_del_Sello_%28El_Parnaso%29.jpg/220px-4_Estancia_del_Sello_%28El_Parnaso%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/4_Estancia_del_Sello_%28El_Parnaso%29.jpg/330px-4_Estancia_del_Sello_%28El_Parnaso%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/4_Estancia_del_Sello_%28El_Parnaso%29.jpg/440px-4_Estancia_del_Sello_%28El_Parnaso%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Parnassus" title="The Parnassus">The Parnassus</a>, 1511, <a href="/wiki/Stanza_della_Segnatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanza della Segnatura">Stanza della Segnatura</a></figcaption></figure> This first of the famous "Stanze" or "<a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a>" to be painted, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Stanza_della_Segnatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanza della Segnatura">Stanza della Segnatura</a> after its use in Vasari's time, was to make a stunning impact on Roman art, and remains generally regarded as his greatest masterpiece, containing <a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Parnassus" title="The Parnassus">The Parnassus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Disputation_of_the_Holy_Sacrament" title="Disputation of the Holy Sacrament">Disputa</a>. Raphael was then given further rooms to paint, displacing other artists including Perugino and Signorelli. He completed a sequence of three rooms, each with paintings on each wall and often the ceilings too, increasingly leaving the work of painting from his detailed drawings to the large and skilled workshop team he had acquired, who added a fourth room, probably only including some elements designed by Raphael, after his early death in 1520. The death of Julius in 1513 did not interrupt the work at all, as he was succeeded by Raphael's last pope, the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>, with whom Raphael formed an even closer relationship, and who continued to commission him.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Raphael's friend Cardinal Bibbiena was also one of Leo's old tutors, and a close friend and advisor. In the course of painting the room, Raphael was clearly influenced by Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling. Vasari said Bramante let him into the chapel secretly. Raphael completed the first section of his work in 1511 and the reaction of other artists to the daunting force of Michelangelo was the dominating question in Italian art for the following few decades. Raphael, who had already shown his gift for absorbing influences into his own personal style, rose to the challenge perhaps better than any other artist. One of the first and clearest instances was the portrait in The School of Athens of Michelangelo himself, as <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, which seems to draw clearly from the Sybils and ignudi of the Sistine ceiling. Other figures in that and later paintings in the room show the same influences, but as still cohesive with a development of Raphael's own style.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Michelangelo accused Raphael of plagiarism and years after Raphael's death, complained in a letter that "everything he knew about art he got from me", although other quotations show more generous reactions.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> These very large and complex compositions have been regarded ever since as among the supreme works of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_manner" title="Grand manner">grand manner</a> of the High <a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and the "classic art" of the post-antique West. They give a highly <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealised</a> depiction of the forms represented, and the compositions, though very carefully conceived in <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawings</a>, achieve "sprezzatura", a term invented by his friend Castiglione, who defined it as "a certain nonchalance which conceals all artistry and makes whatever one says or does seem uncontrived and effortless ...".<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levey" title="Michael Levey">Michael Levey</a>, "Raphael gives his [figures] a superhuman clarity and grace in a universe of Euclidian certainties".<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> The painting is nearly all of the highest quality in the first two rooms, but the later compositions in the Stanze, especially those involving dramatic action, are not entirely as successful either in conception or their execution by the workshop.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stanza della Segnatura"><noscript><img alt="Stanza della Segnatura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg/200px-Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="959"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg/200px-Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg" data-alt="Stanza della Segnatura" data-width="200" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg/300px-Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg/400px-Raffael_Stanza_della_Segnatura.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stanza_della_Segnatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanza della Segnatura">Stanza della Segnatura</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mass at Bolsena, 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro"><noscript><img alt="The Mass at Bolsena, 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg/200px-Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg/200px-Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg" data-alt="The Mass at Bolsena, 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg/300px-Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg/400px-Raphael_-_The_Mass_at_Bolsena.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_at_Bolsena" title="The Mass at Bolsena">The Mass at Bolsena</a>, 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liberation of Saint Peter, 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro"><noscript><img alt="Liberation of Saint Peter, 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg/200px-Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3998" data-file-height="2997"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg/200px-Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg" data-alt="Liberation of Saint Peter, 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg/300px-Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg/400px-Raphael_-_Deliverance_of_Saint_Peter.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Saint_Peter_(Raphael)" title="Liberation of Saint Peter (Raphael)">Liberation of Saint Peter</a>, 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fire in the Borgo, 1514, Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo, painted by the workshop to Raphael's design"><noscript><img alt="The Fire in the Borgo, 1514, Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo, painted by the workshop to Raphael's design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg/200px-Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3995" data-file-height="3002"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg/200px-Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg" data-alt="The Fire in the Borgo, 1514, Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo, painted by the workshop to Raphael's design" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg/300px-Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg/400px-Raphael_-_Fire_in_the_Borgo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Fire_in_the_Borgo" title="The Fire in the Borgo">The Fire in the Borgo</a>, 1514, Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo, painted by the workshop to Raphael's design</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PalazzoBranconioDellAquila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PalazzoBranconioDellAquila.jpg/220px-PalazzoBranconioDellAquila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="232"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PalazzoBranconioDellAquila.jpg/220px-PalazzoBranconioDellAquila.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PalazzoBranconioDellAquila.jpg/330px-PalazzoBranconioDellAquila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/PalazzoBranconioDellAquila.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Branconio_dell%27Aquila" title="Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila">Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila</a>, now destroyed</figcaption></figure> After Bramante's death in 1514, Raphael was named architect of the new <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St Peter's</a>. Most of his work there was altered or demolished after his death and the acceptance of Michelangelo's design, but a few drawings have survived. It appears his designs would have made the church a good deal gloomier than the final design, with massive piers all the way down the nave, "like an alley" according to a critical posthumous analysis by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Sangallo_the_Younger" title="Antonio da Sangallo the Younger">Antonio da Sangallo the Younger</a>. It would perhaps have resembled the temple in the background of <a href="/wiki/The_Expulsion_of_Heliodorus_from_the_Temple" title="The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple">The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> He designed several other buildings, and for a short time was the most important architect in Rome, working for a small circle around the Papacy. Julius had made changes to the street plan of Rome, creating several new thoroughfares, and he wanted them filled with splendid palaces.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> An important building, the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Branconio_dell%27Aquila" title="Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila">Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila</a> for Leo's Papal <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">Chamberlain</a> <a href="/wiki/Giovanbattista_Branconio_dell%27Aquila" title="Giovanbattista Branconio dell'Aquila">Giovanni Battista Branconio</a>, was completely destroyed to make way for <a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a>'s piazza for St. Peter's, but drawings of the façade and courtyard remain. The façade was an unusually richly decorated one for the period, including both painted panels on the top story (of three), and much sculpture on the middle one.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> The main designs for the Villa Farnesina were not by Raphael, but he did design, and decorate with mosaics, the <a href="/wiki/Chigi_Chapel" title="Chigi Chapel">Chigi Chapel</a> for the same patron, <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Chigi" title="Agostino Chigi">Agostino Chigi</a>, the Papal Treasurer. Another building, for Pope Leo's doctor, the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Jacopo_da_Brescia" title="Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia">Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia</a>, was moved in the 1930s but survives; this was designed to complement a palace on the same street by Bramante, where Raphael himself lived for a time.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChigiLorenzetto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ChigiLorenzetto.jpg/220px-ChigiLorenzetto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1361"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ChigiLorenzetto.jpg/220px-ChigiLorenzetto.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ChigiLorenzetto.jpg/330px-ChigiLorenzetto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ChigiLorenzetto.jpg/440px-ChigiLorenzetto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Chigi_Chapel" title="Chigi Chapel">Chigi Chapel</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a>, a lavish hillside retreat for Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>, was never finished, and his full plans have to be reconstructed speculatively. He produced a design from which the final construction plans were completed by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Sangallo_the_Younger" title="Antonio da Sangallo the Younger">Antonio da Sangallo the Younger</a>. Even incomplete, it was the most sophisticated villa design yet seen in Italy, and greatly influenced the later development of the genre; it appears to be the only modern building in Rome of which <a href="/wiki/Palladio" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladio">Palladio</a> made a measured drawing.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Only some floor-plans remain for a large palace planned for himself on the new <a href="/wiki/Via_Giulia" title="Via Giulia">via Giulia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Regola_(rione_of_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regola (rione of Rome)">rione of Regola</a>, for which he was accumulating the land in his last years. It was on an irregular island block near the river Tiber. It seems all façades were to have a <a href="/wiki/Giant_order" title="Giant order">giant order</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a> rising at least two storeys to the full height of the <a href="/wiki/Piano_nobile" title="Piano nobile">piano nobile</a>, "a grandiloquent feature unprecedented in private palace design".<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Raphael asked <a href="/wiki/Marco_Fabio_Calvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Fabio Calvo">Marco Fabio Calvo</a> to translate <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/I_quattro_libri_dell%27architettura" title="I quattro libri dell'architettura">Four Books of Architecture</a> into Italian; this he received around the end of August 1514. It is preserved at the Library in Munich with handwritten margin notes by Raphael.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969572%E2%80%9373,_588-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> In about 1510, Raphael was asked by Bramante to judge contemporary copies of <a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969110-56">[53]</a> In 1515, he was given powers as Prefect over all antiquities unearthed within, or a mile outside the city.<a href="#cite_note-JonesPenny205-57">[54]</a> Anyone excavating antiquities was required to inform Raphael within three days, and stonemasons were not allowed to destroy inscriptions without permission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969582-58">[55]</a> Raphael wrote a letter to Pope Leo suggesting ways of halting the destruction of ancient monuments, and proposed a visual survey of the city to record all antiquities in an organised fashion. The pope intended to continue to re-use ancient masonry in the building of St Peter's, also wanting to ensure that all ancient inscriptions were recorded, and sculpture preserved, before allowing the stones to be reused.<a href="#cite_note-JonesPenny205-57">[54]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Marino_Sanuto_the_Younger" title="Marino Sanuto the Younger">Marino Sanuto the Younger</a>'s diary, in 1519 Raphael offered to transport an obelisk from the Mausoleum of August to St. Peter's Square for 90,000 ducats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969569,_582-59">[56]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Michiel" title="Marcantonio Michiel">Marcantonio Michiel</a>, Raphael's "youthful death saddened men of letters because he was not able to furnish the description and the painting of ancient Rome that he was making, which was very beautiful".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969570-60">[57]</a> Raphael intended to make an archaeological map of ancient Rome but this was never executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969574-61">[58]</a> Four archaeological drawings by the artist are preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969579-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_painting_projects">Other painting projects</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6688" data-file-height="5396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, 1515, one of the seven remaining <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Raphael Cartoons</a> for tapestries for the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> The Vatican projects took most of his time, although he painted several portraits, including those of his two main patrons, the popes <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Pope_Julius_II" title="Portrait of Pope Julius II">Julius II</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Leo_X_(Raphael)" title="Portrait of Leo X (Raphael)">Leo X</a>, the former considered one of his finest. Other portraits were of his own friends, like Castiglione, or the immediate Papal circle. Other rulers pressed for work, and King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> was sent two paintings as <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_gift" title="Diplomatic gift">diplomatic gifts</a> from the Pope.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> For Agostino Chigi, the hugely rich banker and papal treasurer, he painted the <a href="/wiki/Galatea_(Raphael)" title="Galatea (Raphael)">Triumph of Galatea</a> and designed further decorative frescoes for his <a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a>, a chapel in the church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Pace" title="Santa Maria della Pace">Santa Maria della Pace</a> and mosaics in the funerary chapel in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">Santa Maria del Popolo</a>. He also designed some of the decoration for the Villa Madama, the work in both villas being executed by his workshop. One of his most important papal commissions was the <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Raphael Cartoons</a> (now in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>), a series of 10 <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a>, of which seven survive, for tapestries with scenes of the lives of <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>. The cartoons were sent to <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> to be woven in the workshop of <a href="/wiki/Pier_van_Aelst" class="mw-redirect" title="Pier van Aelst">Pier van Aelst</a>. It is possible that Raphael saw the finished series before his death—they were probably completed in 1520.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> He also designed and painted the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_loggias" title="Vatican loggias">Loggie</a> at the Vatican, a long thin gallery then open to a courtyard on one side, decorated with Roman-style <a href="/wiki/Grottesche" class="mw-redirect" title="Grottesche">grottesche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> He produced a number of significant altarpieces, including <a href="/wiki/The_Ecstasy_of_St._Cecilia_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ecstasy of St. Cecilia (Raphael)">The Ecstasy of St. Cecilia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Madonna" title="Sistine Madonna">Sistine Madonna</a>. His last work, on which he was working up to his death, was a large <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(Raphael)" title="Transfiguration (Raphael)">Transfiguration</a>, which together with <a href="/wiki/Christ_Falling_on_the_Way_to_Calvary_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary (Raphael)">Il Spasimo</a> shows the direction his art was taking in his final years—more proto-<a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> than <a href="/wiki/Mannerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerist">Mannerist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael%27s_Triumph_of_Galatea_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triumph of Galatea, 1512, his only major classical mythological subject, for Chigi's villa (Villa Farnesina)"><noscript><img alt="Triumph of Galatea, 1512, his only major classical mythological subject, for Chigi's villa (Villa Farnesina)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Raphael%27s_Triumph_of_Galatea_01.jpg/164px-Raphael%27s_Triumph_of_Galatea_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1222"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 164px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Raphael%27s_Triumph_of_Galatea_01.jpg/164px-Raphael%27s_Triumph_of_Galatea_01.jpg" data-alt="Triumph of Galatea, 1512, his only major classical mythological subject, for Chigi's villa (Villa Farnesina)" data-width="164" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Raphael%27s_Triumph_of_Galatea_01.jpg/245px-Raphael%27s_Triumph_of_Galatea_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Raphael%27s_Triumph_of_Galatea_01.jpg/327px-Raphael%27s_Triumph_of_Galatea_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(Raphael)" title="Galatea (Raphael)">Triumph of Galatea</a>, 1512, his only major classical mythological subject, for Chigi's villa (<a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_Spasimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Il Spasimo, 1517, brings a new degree of expressiveness to his art (Museo del Prado)"><noscript><img alt="Il Spasimo, 1517, brings a new degree of expressiveness to his art (Museo del Prado)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Raphael_Spasimo.jpg/143px-Raphael_Spasimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="2952"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 143px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Raphael_Spasimo.jpg/143px-Raphael_Spasimo.jpg" data-alt="Il Spasimo, 1517, brings a new degree of expressiveness to his art (Museo del Prado)" data-width="143" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Raphael_Spasimo.jpg/214px-Raphael_Spasimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Raphael_Spasimo.jpg/286px-Raphael_Spasimo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Christ_Falling_on_the_Way_to_Calvary_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary (Raphael)">Il Spasimo</a>, 1517, brings a new degree of expressiveness to his art (<a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Holy_Family_-_Rafael.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Holy Family, 1518 (Louvre)"><noscript><img alt="The Holy Family, 1518 (Louvre)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Holy_Family_-_Rafael.jpg/138px-The_Holy_Family_-_Rafael.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2308"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 138px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Holy_Family_-_Rafael.jpg/138px-The_Holy_Family_-_Rafael.jpg" data-alt="The Holy Family, 1518 (Louvre)" data-width="138" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Holy_Family_-_Rafael.jpg/208px-The_Holy_Family_-_Rafael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Holy_Family_-_Rafael.jpg/277px-The_Holy_Family_-_Rafael.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Family_of_Francis_I_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holy Family of Francis I (Raphael)">The Holy Family</a>, 1518 (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Transfiguration_Raphael.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transfiguration, 1520, unfinished at his death (Pinacoteca Vaticana)"><noscript><img alt="Transfiguration, 1520, unfinished at his death (Pinacoteca Vaticana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Transfiguration_Raphael.jpg/133px-Transfiguration_Raphael.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1608"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 133px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Transfiguration_Raphael.jpg/133px-Transfiguration_Raphael.jpg" data-alt="Transfiguration, 1520, unfinished at his death (Pinacoteca Vaticana)" data-width="133" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Transfiguration_Raphael.jpg/199px-Transfiguration_Raphael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Transfiguration_Raphael.jpg/265px-Transfiguration_Raphael.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(Raphael)" title="Transfiguration (Raphael)">Transfiguration</a>, 1520, unfinished at his death (<a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_Vaticana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinacoteca Vaticana">Pinacoteca Vaticana</a>)</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Painting_materials">Painting materials</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Raphael painted several of his works on wood support (<a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Pinks" title="Madonna of the Pinks">Madonna of the Pinks</a>) but he also used canvas (<a href="/wiki/Sistine_Madonna" title="Sistine Madonna">Sistine Madonna</a>) and he was known to employ drying oils such as <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">walnut oils</a>. His palette was rich and he used almost all of the then available pigments such as <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead-tin-yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-tin-yellow">lead-tin-yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">carmine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madder_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Madder lake">madder lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdigris" title="Verdigris">verdigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ochres" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochres">ochres</a>. In several of his paintings (<a href="/wiki/Ansidei_Madonna" title="Ansidei Madonna">Ansidei Madonna</a>) he even employed the rare <a href="/wiki/Brazilwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilwood">brazilwood</a> lake, metallic powdered <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and even less known metallic powdered <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Workshop">Workshop</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Vasari says that Raphael eventually had a workshop of fifty pupils and assistants, many of whom later became significant artists in their own right. This was arguably the largest workshop team assembled under any single <a href="/wiki/Old_master" class="mw-redirect" title="Old master">old master</a> painter, and much higher than the norm. They included established masters from other parts of Italy, probably working with their own teams as sub-contractors, as well as pupils and journeymen. We have very little evidence of the internal working arrangements of the workshop, apart from the works of art themselves, which are often very difficult to assign to a particular hand.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> The most important figures were <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a>, a young pupil from Rome (only about twenty-one at Raphael's death), and <a href="/wiki/Gianfrancesco_Penni" title="Gianfrancesco Penni">Gianfrancesco Penni</a>, already a Florentine master. They were left many of Raphael's drawings and other possessions, and to some extent continued the workshop after Raphael's death. Penni did not achieve a personal reputation equal to Giulio's, as after Raphael's death he became Giulio's less-than-equal collaborator in turn for much of his subsequent career. <a href="/wiki/Perino_del_Vaga" title="Perino del Vaga">Perino del Vaga</a>, already a master, and <a href="/wiki/Polidoro_da_Caravaggio" title="Polidoro da Caravaggio">Polidoro da Caravaggio</a>, who was supposedly promoted from a labourer carrying building materials on the site, also became notable painters in their own right. Polidoro's partner, <a href="/wiki/Maturino_da_Firenze" title="Maturino da Firenze">Maturino da Firenze</a>, has, like Penni, been overshadowed in subsequent reputation by his partner. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Udine" title="Giovanni da Udine">Giovanni da Udine</a> had a more independent status, and was responsible for the decorative <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> work and grotesques surrounding the main frescoes.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Most of the artists were later scattered, and some killed, by the violent <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Sack of Rome in 1527</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> This did however contribute to the diffusion of versions of Raphael's style around Italy and beyond. Vasari emphasises that Raphael ran a very harmonious and efficient workshop, and had extraordinary skill in smoothing over troubles and arguments with both patrons and his assistants—a contrast with the stormy pattern of Michelangelo's relationships with both.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> However though both Penni and Giulio were sufficiently skilled that distinguishing between their hands and that of Raphael himself is still sometimes difficult,<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> there is no doubt that many of Raphael's later wall-paintings, and probably some of his easel paintings, are more notable for their design than their execution. Many of his portraits, if in good condition, show his brilliance in the detailed handling of paint right up to the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> Other pupils or assistants include <a href="/wiki/Raffaellino_del_Colle" title="Raffaellino del Colle">Raffaellino del Colle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Sabbatini" title="Andrea Sabbatini">Andrea Sabbatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolommeo_Ramenghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolommeo Ramenghi">Bartolommeo Ramenghi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pellegrino_Aretusi" title="Pellegrino Aretusi">Pellegrino Aretusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Tamagni" title="Vincenzo Tamagni">Vincenzo Tamagni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battista_Dossi" title="Battista Dossi">Battista Dossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Vincidor" title="Tommaso Vincidor">Tommaso Vincidor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timoteo_Viti" title="Timoteo Viti">Timoteo Viti</a> (the Urbino painter), and the sculptor and architect <a href="/wiki/Lorenzetto" title="Lorenzetto">Lorenzetto</a> (Giulio's brother-in-law).<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> The printmakers and architects in Raphael's circle are discussed below. It has been claimed the Flemish <a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Orley" title="Bernard van Orley">Bernard van Orley</a> worked for Raphael for a time, and <a href="/wiki/Luca_Penni" title="Luca Penni">Luca Penni</a>, brother of Gianfrancesco and later a member of the <a href="/wiki/First_School_of_Fontainebleau" class="mw-redirect" title="First School of Fontainebleau">First School of Fontainebleau</a>, may have been a member of the team.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portraits">Portraits</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello_-_ElisabettaGonzaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga, c. 1504"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga, c. 1504" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raffaello_-_ElisabettaGonzaga.jpg/138px-Raffaello_-_ElisabettaGonzaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="1245"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 138px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raffaello_-_ElisabettaGonzaga.jpg/138px-Raffaello_-_ElisabettaGonzaga.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga, c. 1504" data-width="138" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raffaello_-_ElisabettaGonzaga.jpg/207px-Raffaello_-_ElisabettaGonzaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raffaello_-_ElisabettaGonzaga.jpg/276px-Raffaello_-_ElisabettaGonzaga.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Elisabetta_Gonzaga" title="Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga">Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga</a>, c. 1504</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafael_-_Alessandro_Farnese.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, c. 1509-1511"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, c. 1509-1511" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rafael_-_Alessandro_Farnese.jpg/127px-Rafael_-_Alessandro_Farnese.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2673" data-file-height="4200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 127px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rafael_-_Alessandro_Farnese.jpg/127px-Rafael_-_Alessandro_Farnese.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, c. 1509-1511" data-width="127" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rafael_-_Alessandro_Farnese.jpg/191px-Rafael_-_Alessandro_Farnese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rafael_-_Alessandro_Farnese.jpg/254px-Rafael_-_Alessandro_Farnese.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Cardinal_Alessandro_Farnese" title="Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese">Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1509-1511</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Julius_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Pope Julius II, c. 1512"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of Pope Julius II, c. 1512" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pope_Julius_II.jpg/147px-Pope_Julius_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3111" data-file-height="4227"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 147px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pope_Julius_II.jpg/147px-Pope_Julius_II.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of Pope Julius II, c. 1512" data-width="147" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pope_Julius_II.jpg/221px-Pope_Julius_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pope_Julius_II.jpg/294px-Pope_Julius_II.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Pope_Julius_II" title="Portrait of Pope Julius II">Portrait of Pope Julius II</a>, c. 1512</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Bindo_Altoviti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Bindo Altoviti, c. 1514"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of Bindo Altoviti, c. 1514" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Bindo_Altoviti.jpg/145px-Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Bindo_Altoviti.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10504" data-file-height="14434"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 145px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Bindo_Altoviti.jpg/145px-Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Bindo_Altoviti.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of Bindo Altoviti, c. 1514" data-width="145" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Bindo_Altoviti.jpg/218px-Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Bindo_Altoviti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Bindo_Altoviti.jpg/291px-Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Bindo_Altoviti.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Bindo_Altoviti" title="Portrait of Bindo Altoviti">Portrait of Bindo Altoviti</a>, c. 1514</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldassare_Castiglione,_by_Raffaello_Sanzio,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione, c. 1515"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione, c. 1515" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/161px-Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15566" data-file-height="19363"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 161px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/161px-Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione, c. 1515" data-width="161" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/241px-Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/321px-Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione">Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione</a>, c. 1515</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Drawings">Drawings</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raimondi_Lucretia%27s_suicide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Raimondi_Lucretia%27s_suicide.jpg/220px-Raimondi_Lucretia%27s_suicide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 350px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Raimondi_Lucretia%27s_suicide.jpg/220px-Raimondi_Lucretia%27s_suicide.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="350" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Raimondi_Lucretia%27s_suicide.jpg/330px-Raimondi_Lucretia%27s_suicide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Raimondi_Lucretia%27s_suicide.jpg/440px-Raimondi_Lucretia%27s_suicide.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lucretia, engraved by Raimondi after a drawing by Raphael<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a></figcaption></figure> Raphael was one of the finest draftsmen in the history of Western art, and used drawings extensively to plan his compositions. According to a near-contemporary, when beginning to plan a composition, he would lay out a large number of stock drawings of his on the floor, and begin to draw "rapidly", borrowing figures from here and there.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> Over forty sketches survive for the Disputa in the Stanze, and there may well have been many more originally; over four hundred sheets survive altogether.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> He used different drawings to refine his poses and compositions, apparently to a greater extent than most other painters, to judge by the number of variants that survive: "... This is how Raphael himself, who was so rich in inventiveness, used to work, always coming up with four or six ways to show a narrative, each one different from the rest, and all of them full of grace and well done." wrote another writer after his death.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> For <a href="/wiki/John_Shearman" title="John Shearman">John Shearman</a>, Raphael's art marks "a shift of resources away from production to research and development".<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> When a final composition was achieved, scaled-up full-size cartoons were often made, which were then pricked with a pin and "pounced" with a bag of soot to leave dotted lines on the surface as a guide. He also made unusually extensive use, on both paper and plaster, of a "blind stylus", scratching lines which leave only an indentation, but no mark. These can be seen on the wall in The School of Athens, and in the originals of many drawings.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The "Raphael Cartoons", as tapestry designs, were fully coloured in a glue <a href="/wiki/Distemper_(paint)" title="Distemper (paint)">distemper</a> medium, as they were sent to Brussels to be followed by the weavers. In later works painted by the workshop, the drawings are often painfully more attractive than the paintings.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> Most Raphael drawings are rather precise—even initial sketches with naked outline figures are carefully drawn, and later working drawings often have a high degree of finish, with shading and sometimes highlights in white. They lack the freedom and energy of some of Leonardo's and Michelangelo's sketches, but are nearly always aesthetically very satisfying. He was one of the last artists to use <a href="/wiki/Metalpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalpoint">metalpoint</a> (literally a sharp pointed piece of silver or another metal) extensively, although he also made superb use of the freer medium of red or black chalk.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> In his final years he was one of the first artists to use female models for preparatory drawings—male pupils ("garzoni") were normally used for studies of both sexes.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Young_Man_Carrying_an_Old_Man_on_His_Back,_c._1514_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young Man Carrying an Old Man on His Back, c. 1514"><noscript><img alt="Young Man Carrying an Old Man on His Back, c. 1514" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Raphael_-_Young_Man_Carrying_an_Old_Man_on_His_Back%2C_c._1514_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/113px-Raphael_-_Young_Man_Carrying_an_Old_Man_on_His_Back%2C_c._1514_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="2243"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 113px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Raphael_-_Young_Man_Carrying_an_Old_Man_on_His_Back%2C_c._1514_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/113px-Raphael_-_Young_Man_Carrying_an_Old_Man_on_His_Back%2C_c._1514_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-alt="Young Man Carrying an Old Man on His Back, c. 1514" data-width="113" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Raphael_-_Young_Man_Carrying_an_Old_Man_on_His_Back%2C_c._1514_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Raphael_-_Young_Man_Carrying_an_Old_Man_on_His_Back%2C_c._1514_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Raphael_-_Young_Man_Carrying_an_Old_Man_on_His_Back%2C_c._1514_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/227px-Raphael_-_Young_Man_Carrying_an_Old_Man_on_His_Back%2C_c._1514_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young Man Carrying an Old Man on His Back, c. 1514 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Study_for_La_Belle_Jardini%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Study for La Belle Jardinière"><noscript><img alt="Study for La Belle Jardinière" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Raphael_-_Study_for_La_Belle_Jardini%C3%A8re.jpg/139px-Raphael_-_Study_for_La_Belle_Jardini%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="2432"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 139px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Raphael_-_Study_for_La_Belle_Jardini%C3%A8re.jpg/139px-Raphael_-_Study_for_La_Belle_Jardini%C3%A8re.jpg" data-alt="Study for La Belle Jardinière" data-width="139" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Raphael_-_Study_for_La_Belle_Jardini%C3%A8re.jpg/209px-Raphael_-_Study_for_La_Belle_Jardini%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Raphael_-_Study_for_La_Belle_Jardini%C3%A8re.jpg/279px-Raphael_-_Study_for_La_Belle_Jardini%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Study for La Belle Jardinière</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Nude_Studies,_1515_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nude Studies, 1515"><noscript><img alt="Nude Studies, 1515" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Raphael_-_Nude_Studies%2C_1515_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/142px-Raphael_-_Nude_Studies%2C_1515_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2803" data-file-height="3937"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Raphael_-_Nude_Studies%2C_1515_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/142px-Raphael_-_Nude_Studies%2C_1515_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-alt="Nude Studies, 1515" data-width="142" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Raphael_-_Nude_Studies%2C_1515_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/213px-Raphael_-_Nude_Studies%2C_1515_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Raphael_-_Nude_Studies%2C_1515_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/285px-Raphael_-_Nude_Studies%2C_1515_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nude Studies, 1515</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael._Marriage_of_Alexander_and_Roxana._Study_for_Villa_Farnesina._1510s._Albertina,_Vienna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marriage of Alexander and Roxana. Study for Villa Farnesina"><noscript><img alt="Marriage of Alexander and Roxana. Study for Villa Farnesina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Raphael._Marriage_of_Alexander_and_Roxana._Study_for_Villa_Farnesina._1510s._Albertina%2C_Vienna.jpg/200px-Raphael._Marriage_of_Alexander_and_Roxana._Study_for_Villa_Farnesina._1510s._Albertina%2C_Vienna.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="804"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Raphael._Marriage_of_Alexander_and_Roxana._Study_for_Villa_Farnesina._1510s._Albertina%2C_Vienna.jpg/200px-Raphael._Marriage_of_Alexander_and_Roxana._Study_for_Villa_Farnesina._1510s._Albertina%2C_Vienna.jpg" data-alt="Marriage of Alexander and Roxana. Study for Villa Farnesina" data-width="200" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Raphael._Marriage_of_Alexander_and_Roxana._Study_for_Villa_Farnesina._1510s._Albertina%2C_Vienna.jpg/300px-Raphael._Marriage_of_Alexander_and_Roxana._Study_for_Villa_Farnesina._1510s._Albertina%2C_Vienna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Raphael._Marriage_of_Alexander_and_Roxana._Study_for_Villa_Farnesina._1510s._Albertina%2C_Vienna.jpg/400px-Raphael._Marriage_of_Alexander_and_Roxana._Study_for_Villa_Farnesina._1510s._Albertina%2C_Vienna.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marriage of Alexander and Roxana. Study for Villa Farnesina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello,_studio_per_le_tre_grazie_della_farnesina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red chalk study for the Villa Farnesina Three Graces"><noscript><img alt="Red chalk study for the Villa Farnesina Three Graces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Raffaello%2C_studio_per_le_tre_grazie_della_farnesina.jpg/200px-Raffaello%2C_studio_per_le_tre_grazie_della_farnesina.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 156px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Raffaello%2C_studio_per_le_tre_grazie_della_farnesina.jpg/200px-Raffaello%2C_studio_per_le_tre_grazie_della_farnesina.jpg" data-alt="Red chalk study for the Villa Farnesina Three Graces" data-width="200" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Raffaello%2C_studio_per_le_tre_grazie_della_farnesina.jpg/300px-Raffaello%2C_studio_per_le_tre_grazie_della_farnesina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Raffaello%2C_studio_per_le_tre_grazie_della_farnesina.jpg/400px-Raffaello%2C_studio_per_le_tre_grazie_della_farnesina.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sanguine" title="Sanguine">Red chalk</a> study for the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a> Three Graces</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheet with study for the Alba Madonna and other sketches"><noscript><img alt="Sheet with study for the Alba Madonna and other sketches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg/128px-Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="2733"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 128px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg/128px-Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg" data-alt="Sheet with study for the Alba Madonna and other sketches" data-width="128" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg/192px-Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg/256px-Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sheet with study for the <a href="/wiki/Alba_Madonna" title="Alba Madonna">Alba Madonna</a> and other sketches</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello,_studi_per_madonne_col_bambino.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Developing the composition for a Madonna and Child"><noscript><img alt="Developing the composition for a Madonna and Child" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Raffaello%2C_studi_per_madonne_col_bambino.jpg/147px-Raffaello%2C_studi_per_madonne_col_bambino.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1089"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 147px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Raffaello%2C_studi_per_madonne_col_bambino.jpg/147px-Raffaello%2C_studi_per_madonne_col_bambino.jpg" data-alt="Developing the composition for a Madonna and Child" data-width="147" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Raffaello%2C_studi_per_madonne_col_bambino.jpg/220px-Raffaello%2C_studi_per_madonne_col_bambino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Raffaello%2C_studi_per_madonne_col_bambino.jpg/294px-Raffaello%2C_studi_per_madonne_col_bambino.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Developing the composition for a Madonna and Child</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Estudosguardasressurreicao-rafael-ashmuseum1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Study for soldiers in this Resurrection of Christ, c. 1500"><noscript><img alt="Study for soldiers in this Resurrection of Christ, c. 1500" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Estudosguardasressurreicao-rafael-ashmuseum1.jpg/135px-Estudosguardasressurreicao-rafael-ashmuseum1.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Estudosguardasressurreicao-rafael-ashmuseum1.jpg/135px-Estudosguardasressurreicao-rafael-ashmuseum1.jpg" data-alt="Study for soldiers in this Resurrection of Christ, c. 1500" data-width="135" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Estudosguardasressurreicao-rafael-ashmuseum1.jpg/202px-Estudosguardasressurreicao-rafael-ashmuseum1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Estudosguardasressurreicao-rafael-ashmuseum1.jpg/270px-Estudosguardasressurreicao-rafael-ashmuseum1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Study for soldiers in <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rafael_-_ressureicaocristo01.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Rafael - ressureicaocristo01.jpg">this Resurrection of Christ</a>, c. 1500</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Printmaking">Printmaking</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Raphael made no <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">prints</a> himself, but entered into a collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Raimondi" title="Marcantonio Raimondi">Marcantonio Raimondi</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a> to Raphael's designs, which created many of the most famous Italian prints of the century, and was important in the <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print#The_rise_of_the_reproductive_print" title="Old master print">rise of the reproductive print</a>. His interest was unusual in such a major artist; from his contemporaries it was only shared by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, who had worked much less successfully with Raimondi.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> A total of about fifty prints were made; some were copies of Raphael's paintings, but other designs were apparently created by Raphael purely to be turned into prints. Raphael made preparatory drawings, many of which survive, for Raimondi to translate into engraving.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> The most famous original prints to result from the collaboration were Lucretia, the Judgement of Paris and The Massacre of the Innocents (of which two virtually identical versions were engraved). Among prints of the paintings <a href="/wiki/The_Parnassus" title="The Parnassus">The Parnassus</a> (with considerable differences)<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> and Galatea were also especially well known. Outside Italy, reproductive prints by Raimondi and others were the main way that Raphael's art was experienced until the twentieth century. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baviero_Carocci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baviero Carocci (page does not exist)">Baviero Carocci</a>, called "Il Baviera" by Vasari, an assistant who Raphael evidently trusted with his money,<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> ended up in control of most of the copper plates after Raphael's death, and had a successful career in the new occupation of a publisher of prints.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_MET_DP839588.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='The Massacre of the Innocents, engraving by Marcantonio Raimondi from a design by Raphael.[d] First state, "without fir tree"'><noscript><img alt='The Massacre of the Innocents, engraving by Marcantonio Raimondi from a design by Raphael.[d] First state, "without fir tree"' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_MET_DP839588.jpg/200px-The_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_MET_DP839588.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3692" data-file-height="2435"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 132px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_MET_DP839588.jpg/200px-The_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_MET_DP839588.jpg" data-alt='The Massacre of the Innocents, engraving by Marcantonio Raimondi from a design by Raphael.[d] First state, "without fir tree"' data-width="200" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_MET_DP839588.jpg/300px-The_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_MET_DP839588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_MET_DP839588.jpg/400px-The_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_MET_DP839588.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Massacre of the Innocents, engraving by <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Raimondi" title="Marcantonio Raimondi">Marcantonio Raimondi</a> from a design by Raphael.<a href="#cite_note-91">[d]</a> First state, "without fir tree"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Urteil_des_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Judgement of Paris, still influencing Manet, who used the seated group in his most famous work."><noscript><img alt="Judgement of Paris, still influencing Manet, who used the seated group in his most famous work." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Urteil_des_Paris.jpg/200px-Urteil_des_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 134px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Urteil_des_Paris.jpg/200px-Urteil_des_Paris.jpg" data-alt="Judgement of Paris, still influencing Manet, who used the seated group in his most famous work." data-width="200" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Urteil_des_Paris.jpg/300px-Urteil_des_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Urteil_des_Paris.jpg/400px-Urteil_des_Paris.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Judgement of Paris, still influencing <a href="/wiki/Manet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manet">Manet</a>, who used the seated group in his <a href="/wiki/The_Luncheon_on_the_Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="The Luncheon on the Grass">most famous work</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Galatea_(engraving).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galatea, engraving after the fresco in the Villa Farnesina"><noscript><img alt="Galatea, engraving after the fresco in the Villa Farnesina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Galatea_%28engraving%29.jpg/150px-Galatea_%28engraving%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1417"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Galatea_%28engraving%29.jpg/150px-Galatea_%28engraving%29.jpg" data-alt="Galatea, engraving after the fresco in the Villa Farnesina" data-width="150" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Galatea_%28engraving%29.jpg/225px-Galatea_%28engraving%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Galatea_%28engraving%29.jpg/299px-Galatea_%28engraving%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Galatea, engraving after the fresco in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Private_life_and_death">Private life and death</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Fornarina_by_Raffaello.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/La_Fornarina_by_Raffaello.jpg/220px-La_Fornarina_by_Raffaello.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3447" data-file-height="4417"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 282px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/La_Fornarina_by_Raffaello.jpg/220px-La_Fornarina_by_Raffaello.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/La_Fornarina_by_Raffaello.jpg/330px-La_Fornarina_by_Raffaello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/La_Fornarina_by_Raffaello.jpg/440px-La_Fornarina_by_Raffaello.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Fornarina" title="La Fornarina">La Fornarina</a>, Raphael's mistress</figcaption></figure> From 1517 until his death, Raphael lived in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Caprini" title="Palazzo Caprini">Palazzo Caprini</a>, lying at the corner between <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Scossacavalli" title="Piazza Scossacavalli">piazza Scossacavalli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borgo_Nuovo_(Rome)" title="Borgo Nuovo (Rome)">via Alessandrina</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Borgo_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Borgo (rione of Rome)">Borgo</a>, in rather grand style in a palace designed by Bramante.<a href="#cite_note-gi9246-92">[88]</a> He never married, but in 1514 became engaged to Maria Bibbiena, Cardinal Bibbiena's niece; he seems to have been talked into this by his friend the cardinal, and his lack of enthusiasm seems to be shown by the marriage not having taken place before she died in 1520.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-93">[89]</a> He is said to have had many affairs, but a permanent fixture in his life in Rome was "La Fornarina", <a href="/wiki/Margherita_Luti" class="mw-redirect" title="Margherita Luti">Margherita Luti</a>, the daughter of a baker (fornaro) named Francesco Luti from Siena who lived at Via del Governo Vecchio.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> He was made a "<a href="/wiki/Valet_de_chambre" title="Valet de chambre">Groom of the Chamber</a>" of the Pope, which gave him status at court and an additional income, and also a knight of the Papal <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Spur" title="Order of the Golden Spur">Order of the Golden Spur</a>. Vasari claims that he had toyed with the ambition of becoming a cardinal, perhaps after some encouragement from Leo, which also may account for his delaying his marriage.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-93">[89]</a> Raphael died on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, April 6, 1520, which was possibly his 37th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-96">[e]</a> Vasari says that Raphael had also been born on a Good Friday, which in 1483 fell on March 28,<a href="#cite_note-97">[f]</a> and that the artist died from exhaustion brought on by unceasing romantic interests while he was working on the Loggia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969598-98">[92]</a> Several other possibilities for his death have been raised by later historians and scientists,<a href="#cite_note-99">[g]</a> such as a combination of an infectious disease and <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> In his acute illness, which lasted fifteen days, Raphael was composed enough to confess his sins, receive the <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a>, and put his affairs in order. He dictated his will, in which he left sufficient funds for his mistress's care, entrusted to his loyal servant Baviera, and left most of his studio contents to Giulio Romano and Penni. At his request, Raphael was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> Raphael's funeral was extremely grand, attended by large crowds. According to a journal by <a href="/wiki/Paris_de_Grassis" title="Paris de Grassis">Paris de Grassis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[h]</a> four cardinals dressed in purple carried his body, the hand of which was kissed by the Pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969598%E2%80%9399-102">[95]</a> The inscription on Raphael's marble sarcophagus, an <a href="/wiki/Elegiac_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Elegiac poetry">elegiac</a> <a href="/wiki/Distich" class="mw-redirect" title="Distich">distich</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a>, reads: "Here lies that famous Raphael by whom Nature feared to be conquered while he lived, and when he was dying, feared herself to die."<a href="#cite_note-104">[i]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Self-portraits</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_colonna_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Probable self-portrait drawing by Raphael in his teens"><noscript><img alt="Probable self-portrait drawing by Raphael in his teens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Raphael_colonna_01.jpg/137px-Raphael_colonna_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4281" data-file-height="6249"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 137px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Raphael_colonna_01.jpg/137px-Raphael_colonna_01.jpg" data-alt="Probable self-portrait drawing by Raphael in his teens" data-width="137" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Raphael_colonna_01.jpg/205px-Raphael_colonna_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Raphael_colonna_01.jpg/274px-Raphael_colonna_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Probable self-portrait drawing by Raphael in his teens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Raphael.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait, Raphael in the background, from The School of Athens"><noscript><img alt="Self-portrait, Raphael in the background, from The School of Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sanzio_01_Raphael.jpg/157px-Sanzio_01_Raphael.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 157px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sanzio_01_Raphael.jpg/157px-Sanzio_01_Raphael.jpg" data-alt="Self-portrait, Raphael in the background, from The School of Athens" data-width="157" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sanzio_01_Raphael.jpg/235px-Sanzio_01_Raphael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sanzio_01_Raphael.jpg/313px-Sanzio_01_Raphael.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Self-portrait, Raphael in the background, from <a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_missing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of a Young Man, 1514, lost during the Second World War. Possible self-portrait by Raphael."><noscript><img alt="Portrait of a Young Man, 1514, lost during the Second World War. Possible self-portrait by Raphael." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Raphael_missing.jpg/161px-Raphael_missing.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1119"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 161px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Raphael_missing.jpg/161px-Raphael_missing.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of a Young Man, 1514, lost during the Second World War. Possible self-portrait by Raphael." data-width="161" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Raphael_missing.jpg/241px-Raphael_missing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Raphael_missing.jpg/322px-Raphael_missing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_(Raphael)" title="Portrait of a Young Man (Raphael)">Portrait of a Young Man</a>, 1514, lost during the Second World War. Possible self-portrait by Raphael.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_de_l%27artiste_avec_un_ami,_by_Raffaello_Sanzio,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Possible Self-portrait with a friend, c. 1518"><noscript><img alt="Possible Self-portrait with a friend, c. 1518" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Portrait_de_l%27artiste_avec_un_ami%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/167px-Portrait_de_l%27artiste_avec_un_ami%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15729" data-file-height="18781"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 167px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Portrait_de_l%27artiste_avec_un_ami%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/167px-Portrait_de_l%27artiste_avec_un_ami%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" data-alt="Possible Self-portrait with a friend, c. 1518" data-width="167" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Portrait_de_l%27artiste_avec_un_ami%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/251px-Portrait_de_l%27artiste_avec_un_ami%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Portrait_de_l%27artiste_avec_un_ami%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/335px-Portrait_de_l%27artiste_avec_un_ami%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Possible <a href="/wiki/Self-portrait_with_a_friend" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-portrait with a friend">Self-portrait with a friend</a>, c. 1518</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_(Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister,_Dresden,_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo,_265_x_196_cm).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg/220px-RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3028" data-file-height="4151"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 302px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg/220px-RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="302" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg/330px-RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg/440px-RAFAEL_-_Madonna_Sixtina_%28Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister%2C_Dresden%2C_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_265_x_196_cm%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Madonna" title="Sistine Madonna">Sistine Madonna</a> (1512)</figcaption></figure> Raphael was highly admired by his contemporaries, although his influence on artistic style in his own century was less than that of Michelangelo. <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>, beginning at the time of his death, and later the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, took art "in a direction totally opposed" to Raphael's qualities;<a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> "with Raphael's death, classic art—the High Renaissance—subsided", as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Walter Friedländer">Walter Friedländer</a> put it.<a href="#cite_note-106">[97]</a> He was soon seen as the ideal model by those disliking the excesses of Mannerism:<blockquote>the opinion ...was generally held in the middle of the sixteenth century that Raphael was the ideal balanced painter, universal in his talent, satisfying all the absolute standards, and obeying all the rules which were supposed to govern the arts, whereas Michelangelo was the eccentric genius, more brilliant than any other artists in his particular field, the drawing of the male nude, but unbalanced and lacking in certain qualities, such as grace and restraint, essential to the great artist. Those, like <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Dolce" title="Lodovico Dolce">Dolce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Aretino" title="Pietro Aretino">Aretino</a>, who held this view were usually the survivors of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a>, unable to follow Michelangelo as he moved on into Mannerism.<a href="#cite_note-107">[98]</a></blockquote> Vasari himself, despite his hero remaining Michelangelo, came to see his influence as harmful in some ways, and added passages to the second edition of the <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">Lives</a> expressing similar views.<a href="#cite_note-108">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantheon-raphaels-tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pantheon-raphaels-tomb.jpg/260px-Pantheon-raphaels-tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="376" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 376px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pantheon-raphaels-tomb.jpg/260px-Pantheon-raphaels-tomb.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="376" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pantheon-raphaels-tomb.jpg/390px-Pantheon-raphaels-tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Pantheon-raphaels-tomb.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Raphael and Maria Bibbiena's tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>. The Madonna is by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzetto" title="Lorenzetto">Lorenzetto</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael%27s_grave,_Pantheon_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Raphael%27s_grave%2C_Pantheon_2010.jpg/260px-Raphael%27s_grave%2C_Pantheon_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 173px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Raphael%27s_grave%2C_Pantheon_2010.jpg/260px-Raphael%27s_grave%2C_Pantheon_2010.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Raphael%27s_grave%2C_Pantheon_2010.jpg/390px-Raphael%27s_grave%2C_Pantheon_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Raphael%27s_grave%2C_Pantheon_2010.jpg/520px-Raphael%27s_grave%2C_Pantheon_2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Raphael's sarcophagus</figcaption></figure> Raphael's compositions were always admired and studied, and became the cornerstone of the <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">training of the Academies of art</a>. His period of greatest influence was from the late 17th to late 19th centuries, when his perfect decorum and balance were greatly admired. He was seen as the best model for the <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history painting</a>, regarded as the highest in the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">hierarchy of genres</a>. Sir <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a> in his Discourses praised his "simple, grave, and majestic dignity" and said he "stands in general foremost of the first [i.e., best] painters", especially for his frescoes (in which he included the "Raphael Cartoons"), whereas "Michael Angelo claims the next attention. He did not possess so many excellences as Raffaelle, but those he had were of the highest kind..." Echoing the sixteenth-century views above, Reynolds goes on to say of Raphael: <blockquote>The excellency of this extraordinary man lay in the propriety, beauty, and majesty of his characters, his judicious contrivance of his composition, correctness of drawing, purity of taste, and the skilful accommodation of other men's conceptions to his own purpose. Nobody excelled him in that judgment, with which he united to his own observations on nature the energy of Michael Angelo, and the beauty and simplicity of the antique. To the question, therefore, which ought to hold the first rank, Raffaelle or Michael Angelo, it must be answered, that if it is to be given to him who possessed a greater combination of the higher qualities of the art than any other man, there is no doubt but Raffaelle is the first. But if, according to <a href="/wiki/Longinus_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longinus (literature)">Longinus</a>, the sublime, being the highest excellence that human composition can attain to, abundantly compensates the absence of every other beauty, and atones for all other deficiencies, then Michael Angelo demands the preference.<a href="#cite_note-109">[100]</a></blockquote> Reynolds was less enthusiastic about Raphael's panel paintings, but the slight sentimentality of these made them enormously popular in the 19th century: "We have been familiar with them from childhood onwards, through a far greater mass of reproductions than any other artist in the world has ever had..." wrote <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflin" title="Heinrich Wölfflin">Wölfflin</a>, who was born in 1862, of Raphael's Madonnas.<a href="#cite_note-110">[101]</a> In Germany, Raphael had an immense influence on religious art of the <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school of painting</a> in the 19th century. In contrast, in England the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a> explicitly reacted against his influence (and that of his admirers such as <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a>), seeking to return to styles that pre-dated what they saw as his baneful influence. According to a critic whose ideas greatly influenced them, <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>: <blockquote>The doom of the arts of Europe went forth from that chamber [the Stanza della Segnatura], and it was brought about in great part by the very excellencies of the man who had thus marked the commencement of decline. The perfection of execution and the beauty of feature which were attained in his works, and in those of his great contemporaries, rendered finish of execution and beauty of form the chief objects of all artists; and thenceforward execution was looked for rather than thought, and beauty rather than veracity. And as I told you, these are the two secondary causes of the decline of art; the first being the loss of moral purpose. Pray note them clearly. In mediæval art, thought is the first thing, execution the second; in modern art execution is the first thing, and thought the second. And again, in mediæval art, truth is first, beauty second; in modern art, beauty is first, truth second. The mediæval principles led up to Raphael, and the modern principles lead down from him.<a href="#cite_note-111">[102]</a></blockquote> By 1900, Raphael's popularity was surpassed by Michelangelo and Leonardo, perhaps as a reaction against the etiolated Raphaelism of 19th-century academic artists such as <a href="/wiki/Bouguereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouguereau">Bouguereau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ettlinger_&_Ettlinger:11-112">[103]</a> Although art historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Berenson" title="Bernard Berenson">Bernard Berenson</a> in 1952 termed Raphael the "most famous and most loved" master of the High Renaissance,<a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a> art historians Leopold and Helen Ettlinger say that Raphael's lesser popularity in the 20th century is made obvious by "the contents of art library shelves ... In contrast to volume upon volume that reproduce yet again detailed photographs of the Sistine Ceiling or Leonardo's drawings, the literature on Raphael, particularly in English, is limited to only a few books".<a href="#cite_note-Ettlinger_&_Ettlinger:11-112">[103]</a> They conclude, nonetheless, that "of all the great Renaissance masters, Raphael's influence is the most continuous."<a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Raphael" title="List of paintings by Raphael">List of paintings by Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Alfani" title="Domenico Alfani">Domenico Alfani</a>, a close friend of Raphael whose paintings have often been mistaken for those of the better-known artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Urbino" title="Renaissance in Urbino">Renaissance in Urbino</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> Footnotes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Other variants include Raffaello Santi, Raffaello da Urbino, Rafael Sanzio da Urbino, or Raphael Sanzio. The surname Sanzio derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latinization_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization (literature)">latinization</a> of the Italian Santi into Santius. He normally signed documents as Raphael Urbinas – a latinized form. Gould:207 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> He is said to have been born on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> (March 28, 1483), but the inscription on his tomb states that he was born on the same date as his death (he died three hours after the Ave Maria of Good Friday). It is not possible for both these birth dates to be true.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969585,_597-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> After a visit to <a href="/wiki/Verrocchio" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrocchio">Verrocchio</a>'s workshop, Santi recorded that both Perugino and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> were present, and seems to have viewed them as being at an equivalent level in artistic skill. After Leonardo left for Milan, Santi chose Perugino from one of two available artists to teach his son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.196911%E2%80%9312-17">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> The bridge in the background is the <a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969579-62">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Raphael's age at death is debated by some, with Michiel asserting that Raphael died at 34, while Pandolfo Pico and Girolamo Lippomano argue that he died at 33.<a href="#cite_note-Sherman573-95">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Whereas Michiel said he died on his birthday. Art historian John Shearman addressed this apparent discrepancy: "The time of death can be calculated from the convention of counting from sundown, which Michaelis puts at 6.36 on Friday 6 April, plus half-an-hour to Ave Maria, plus three hours, that is, soon after 10.00 pm. The coincidence noted between the birth-date and death-date is usually thought in this case (since it refers to the Friday and Saturday in Holy Week, the movable feast rather than the day of the month) to fortify the argument that Raphael was also born on Good Friday, i.e., 28 March 1483. But there is a notable ambiguity in Michiel's note, not often noticed: Morse ... Venerdi Santo venendo il Sabato, giorno della sua Nativita, may also be taken to mean that his birthday was on Saturday, and in that case the awareness could as well be the date, thus producing a birth-date of 7 April 1483."<a href="#cite_note-Sherman573-95">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Bufarale (1915) "diagnosed pneumonia or a military fever" while Portigliotti suggested pulmonary disease. Joannides stated that "Raphael died of over-work."<a href="#cite_note-Sherman573-95">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Cited by <a href="/wiki/Jean-M.-Vincent_Audin" title="Jean-M.-Vincent Audin">Jean-M.-Vincent Audin</a>, although there is some uncertainty as to the journal's existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969598%E2%80%9399-102">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> The original (in Latin): "Ille hic est Raffael, timuit quo sospite vinci, rerum magna parens et moriente mori". </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Jones and Penny, p. 171. The portrait of Raphael is probably "a later adaptation of the one likeness which all agree on": that in <a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a>, vouched for by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Jones and Penny, p. 1 and 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969585,_597-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969585,_597_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969">Salmi et al. 1969</a>, pp. 585, 597. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> From the Latin and ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">biblical Hebrew</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Raphael">"Raphael"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raphael&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FRaphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> On Neoplatonism, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SC7Id_HAa7IC&pg=PA104">Chapter 4, "The Real and the Imaginary"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074305/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC7Id_HAa7IC&pg=PA104">Archived</a> December 16, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Kleinbub, Christian K., Vision and the Visionary in Raphael, 2011, Penn State Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271037042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0271037042">978-0271037042</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonourFleming1982" class="citation book cs1">Honour, Hugh; Fleming, John (1982). A World History of Art. London: Macmillan Reference Books. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333235836" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333235836"><bdi>978-0333235836</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8828368">8828368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+Books&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8828368&rft.isbn=978-0333235836&rft.aulast=Honour&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Fleming%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance/The-High-Renaissance">"</a> Britannica online, "High Renaissance": "High Renaissance art, which flourished for about 35 years, from the early 1490s to 1527, when Rome was sacked by imperial troops, revolved around three towering figures: Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Michelangelo (1475–1564), and Raphael (1483–1520)." </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Vasari, pp. 208, 230 and passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, June. Urbino: The Story of a Renaissance City. p. 39 on the population, as a "few thousand" at most; even today it is only 15,000 without the students of the University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urbino%3A+The+Story+of+a+Renaissance+City&rft.pages=39+on+the+population%2C+as+a+%22few+thousand%22+at+most%3B+even+today+it+is+only+15%2C000+without+the+students+of+the+University&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Jones and Penny, pp. 1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Vasari:207 & passim </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Jones & Penny:204 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Vasari, at the start of the Life. Jones & Penny:5 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202121830/http://z.about.com/d/arthistory/1/0/W/O/raphael_colonna_01.jpg">"Image"</a>. z.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://z.about.com/d/arthistory/1/0/W/O/raphael_colonna_01.jpg">the original</a> on December 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image&rft.pub=z.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fz.about.com%2Fd%2Farthistory%2F1%2F0%2FW%2FO%2Fraphael_colonna_01.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Jones and Penny: 4–5, 8 and 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.196911–12-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.196911%E2%80%9312_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969">Salmi et al. 1969</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Simone Fornari in 1549–50, see Gould:207 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Jones & Penny:8 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> contrasting him with Leonardo and Michelangelo in this respect. Wölfflin:73 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Jones and Penny:17 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Jones & Penny:2–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Ettlinger & Ettlinger:19 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Ettlinger & Ettlinger:20 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> It was later seriously damaged during an earthquake in 1789. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Ettlinger & Ettlinger:39, 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Jones and Penny:5–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> One surviving preparatory drawing appears to be mostly by Raphael; quotation from Vasari by – Jones and Penny:20 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Ettlinger & Ettlinger:25–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Gould:207–08 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Jones and Penny:5 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery, London</a> Jones & Penny:44 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Jones & Penny:21–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Vasari, Michelangelo:251 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Jones & Penny:44–47, and Wöllflin:79–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314135125/http://www.szepmuveszeti.hu/image/journal/article?img_id=SZEPMUVESZETI.EN.075.kep&version=1.0">"Image"</a>. szepmuveszeti.hu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.szepmuveszeti.hu/image/journal/article?img_id=SZEPMUVESZETI.EN.075.kep&version=1.0">the original</a> on March 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image&rft.pub=szepmuveszeti.hu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.szepmuveszeti.hu%2Fimage%2Fjournal%2Farticle%3Fimg_id%3DSZEPMUVESZETI.EN.075.kep%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Jones & Penny:49, differing somewhat from Gould:208 on the timing of his arrival </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Vasari:247 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Julius was no great reader—an inventory compiled after his death has a total of 220 books, large for the time, but hardly requiring such a receptacle. There was no room for bookcases on the walls, which were in cases in the middle of the floor, destroyed in the 1527 Sack of Rome. Jones & Penny:4952 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Jones & Penny:49 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Dixon2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Graham-Dixon" title="Andrew Graham-Dixon">Graham-Dixon, Andrew</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1Rh-q0jsN0C">Michelangelo and the Sistine Chapel</a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602393684" title="Special:BookSources/9781602393684"><bdi>9781602393684</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelangelo+and+the+Sistine+Chapel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781602393684&rft.aulast=Graham-Dixon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1Rh-q0jsN0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Jones & Penny:49–128 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Jones & Penny:101–05 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Blunt:76, Jones & Penny:103–05 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Book of the Courtier 1:26 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idehist.uu.se/distans/ilmh/Ren/sprezzatura-castiglione.htm">The whole passage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224192937/http://www.idehist.uu.se/distans/ilmh/Ren/sprezzatura-castiglione.htm">Archived</a> December 24, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levey" title="Michael Levey">Levey, Michael</a>; Early Renaissance, p. 197 ,1967, Penguin </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Ettlinger & Ettlinger: 177–180 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Jones & Penny:215–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Jones & Penny:210–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Jones & Penny:221–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Jones & Penny:219–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Jones and Penny:226–34; Raphael left a long letter describing his intentions to the Cardinal, reprinted in full on pp. 247–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Jones & Penny:224–26 (quotation) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969572–73,_588-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969572%E2%80%9373,_588_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969">Salmi et al. 1969</a>, pp. 572–73, 588. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969110-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969110_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969">Salmi et al. 1969</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesPenny205-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JonesPenny205_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesPenny205_57-1">b</a> Jones & Penny:205 The letter may date from 1519, or before his appointment </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969582-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969582_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969">Salmi et al. 1969</a>, p. 582. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969569,_582-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969569,_582_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969">Salmi et al. 1969</a>, pp. 569, 582. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969570-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969570_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969">Salmi et al. 1969</a>, p. 570. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969574-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969574_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969">Salmi et al. 1969</a>, p. 574. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969579-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969579_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969579_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969">Salmi et al. 1969</a>, p. 579. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> One, a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Aragon,_Queen_consort_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna of Aragon, Queen consort of Naples">Joanna of Aragon, Queen consort of Naples</a>, for which Raphael sent an assistant to Naples to make a drawing, and probably left most of the painting to the workshop. Jones & Penny:163 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Jones & Penny:133–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Jones & Penny:192–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Jones & Penny:235–46, though the relationship of Raphael to Mannerism, like the definition of Mannerism itself, is much debated. See Craig Hugh Smyth, Mannerism & Maniera, 1992, IRSA Vienna, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-900731-33-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-900731-33-0">3-900731-33-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Roy, A., Spring, M., Plazzotta, C. 'Raphael's Early Work in the National Gallery: Paintings before Rome'. National Gallery Technical Bulletin Vol. 25, pp. 4–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colourlex.com/paintings/paintings-painter/italian-painters/">Italian painters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315131925/http://colourlex.com/paintings/paintings-painter/italian-painters/">Archived</a> March 15, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at ColourLex </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Jones and Penny:146–47, 196–97; and Pon:82–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Jones and Penny:147, 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Vasari, Life of Polidoro <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vasari/vasari18.htm">online in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417025022/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vasari/vasari18.htm">Archived</a> April 17, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Maturino for one is never heard of again </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Vasari:207 & 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> See for example, the <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Raphael Cartoons</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Jones & Penny:163–67 and passim </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> The direct transmission of training can be traced to some surprising figures, including <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Phillips_(artist)" title="Tom Phillips (artist)">Tom Phillips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Auerbach" title="Frank Auerbach">Frank Auerbach</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Vasari (full text in Italian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblio.cribecu.sns.it/cgi-bin/vasari/Vasari-all?code_f=print_page&work=le_vite&volume_n=4&page_n=197">pp. 197–98 & passim</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224204356/http://biblio.cribecu.sns.it/cgi-bin/vasari/Vasari-all?code_f=print_page&work=le_vite&volume_n=4&page_n=197">Archived</a> December 24, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/ulan/">Getty Union Artist Name List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211001545/http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/ulan/">Archived</a> December 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> entries </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/Lucretia_Raphael_Raffaello_Sanzio/ViewObject.aspx?depNm=drawings_and_prints&pID=-1&kWd=Raphael&OID=90004100&vW=-1&Pg=1&St=0&StOd=1&vT=1">"Lucretia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429142305/http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/Lucretia_Raphael_Raffaello_Sanzio/ViewObject.aspx?depNm=drawings_and_prints&pID=-1&kWd=Raphael&OID=90004100&vW=-1&Pg=1&St=0&StOd=1&vT=1">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lucretia&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fworks_of_art%2Fcollection_database%2FLucretia_Raphael_Raffaello_Sanzio%2FViewObject.aspx%3FdepNm%3Ddrawings_and_prints%26pID%3D-1%26kWd%3DRaphael%26OID%3D90004100%26vW%3D-1%26Pg%3D1%26St%3D0%26StOd%3D1%26vT%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Armenini" title="Giovanni Battista Armenini">Giovanni Battista Armenini</a> (1533–1609) De vera precetti della pittura(1587), quoted Pon:115 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Jones & Penny:58 & ff; 400 from Pon:114 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Ludovico Dolce (1508–1568), from his L'Aretino of 1557, quoted Pon:114 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> quoted Pon:114, from lecture on The Organization of Raphael's Workshop, pub. Chicago, 1983 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Photographs do not show these well, if at all. Leonardo sometimes used a blind stylus to outline his final choice from a tangle of different outlines in the same drawing. Pon:106–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Lucy Whitaker, Martin Clayton, The Art of Italy in the Royal Collection; Renaissance and Baroque, p. 84, Royal Collection Publications, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902163-29-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902163-29-1">978-1-902163-29-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Pon:104 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgalleries.org/index.php/collection/online_az/4:322/results/0/14803/">National Galleries of Scotland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531104853/http://www.nationalgalleries.org/index.php/collection/online_az/4:322/results/0/14803/">Archived</a> May 31, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Pon:102. See also a lengthy analysis in: Landau:118 ff </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> The enigmatic relationship is discussed at length by both Landau and Pon in her Chapters 3 and 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Pon:86–87 lists them </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> "Il Baviera" may mean "the Bavarian"; if he was German, as many artists in Rome were, this would have been helpful during the 1527 Sack; Marcantonio had many printing-plates looted from him. Jones and Penny:82, see also Vasari </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Pon:95–136 & passim; Landau:118–60, and passim </li> <li id="cite_note-gi9246-92"><a href="#cite_ref-gi9246_92-0">^</a> Gigli (1992), p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_93-1">b</a> Vasari:230–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Art historians and doctors debate whether the right hand on the left breast in <a href="/wiki/La_Fornarina" title="La Fornarina">La Fornarina</a> reveal a cancerous breast tumour detailed and disguised in a classic pose of love. "The Portrait of Breast Cancer and Raphael's La Fornarina", <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>, December 21–28, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherman573-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman573_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman573_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman573_95-2">c</a> Shearman: 573. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969598-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969598_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969">Salmi et al. 1969</a>, p. 598. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivaPaladinoMottaBelingheri2021" class="citation journal cs1">Riva, Michele Augusto; Paladino, Maria Emilia; Motta, Marco; Belingheri, Michael (January 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-020-02435-8">"The death of Raphael: a reflection on bloodletting in the Renaissance"</a>. Internal and Emergency Medicine. 16 (1): 243–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11739-020-02435-8">10.1007/s11739-020-02435-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1970-9366">1970-9366</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32666175">32666175</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220528453">220528453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internal+and+Emergency+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+death+of+Raphael%3A+a+reflection+on+bloodletting+in+the+Renaissance&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.issn=1970-9366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220528453%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32666175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11739-020-02435-8&rft.aulast=Riva&rft.aufirst=Michele+Augusto&rft.au=Paladino%2C+Maria+Emilia&rft.au=Motta%2C+Marco&rft.au=Belingheri%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11739-020-02435-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Vasari:231 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969598–99-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969598%E2%80%9399_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmi_et_al.1969598%E2%80%9399_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969">Salmi et al. 1969</a>, pp. 598–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Chastel" title="André Chastel">Chastel André</a>, Italian Art, p. 230, 1963, Faber </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Walter Friedländer, Mannerism and Anti-Mannerism in Italian Painting, p. 42 (Schocken 1970 edn.), 1957, Columbia UP </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Blunt:76 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> See Jones & Penny:102–04 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> The 1772 Discourse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2176/2176-h/2176-h.htm">Online text of Reynold's Discourses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227211527/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2176/2176-h/2176-h.htm">Archived</a> 2007-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The whole passage is worth reading. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Wölfflin:82, </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> John Ruskin (1853), Pre-Raphaelitism, p. 127 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23593/23593-h/23593-h.htm#LECTURE_IV">online at Project Gutenburg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226105825/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23593/23593-h/23593-h.htm#LECTURE_IV">Archived</a> 2008-12-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ettlinger_&_Ettlinger:11-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ettlinger_&_Ettlinger:11_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ettlinger_&_Ettlinger:11_112-1">b</a> Ettlinger & Ettlinger:11 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Berenson" title="Bernard Berenson">Berenson, Bernard</a>, Italian Painters of the renaissance, Vol 2 Florentine and Central Italian Schools, Phaidon 1952 (refs to 1968 ed), p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Ettlinger & Ettlinger:230 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Blunt, Anthony</a>, Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1660, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), <a href="/wiki/OUP" class="mw-redirect" title="OUP">OUP</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-881050-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-881050-4">0-19-881050-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Gould" title="Cecil Gould">Gould, Cecil</a>, The Sixteenth Century Italian Schools, National Gallery Catalogues, London 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947645-22-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-947645-22-5">0-947645-22-5</a></li> <li>Ettlinger, Leopold D., and Helen S. Ettlinger, Raphael, Oxford: Phaidon, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714823031" title="Special:BookSources/0714823031">0714823031</a></li> <li>Roger Jones and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Penny" title="Nicholas Penny">Nicholas Penny</a>, Raphael, Yale, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03061-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03061-4">0-300-03061-4</a></li> <li>Landau, David in:David Landau & Peter Parshall, The Renaissance Print, Yale, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06883-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06883-2">0-300-06883-2</a></li> <li>Pon, Lisa, Raphael, Dürer, and Marcantonio Raimondi, Copying and the Italian Renaissance Print, 2004, Yale UP, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09680-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09680-4">978-0-300-09680-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Salmi" title="Mario Salmi">Salmi, Mario</a>; Becherucci, Luisa; Marabottini, Alessandro; Tempesti, Anna Forlani; Marchini, Giuseppe; <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Becatti" title="Giovanni Becatti">Becatti, Giovanni</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Castagnoli" title="Ferdinando Castagnoli">Castagnoli, Ferdinando</a>; Golzio, Vincenzo (1969). The Complete Work of Raphael. New York: Reynal and Co., <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow and Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Work+of+Raphael&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Reynal+and+Co.%2C+William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Salmi&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Becherucci%2C+Luisa&rft.au=Marabottini%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Tempesti%2C+Anna+Forlani&rft.au=Marchini%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Becatti%2C+Giovanni&rft.au=Castagnoli%2C+Ferdinando&rft.au=Golzio%2C+Vincenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shearman" title="John Shearman">Shearman, John</a>; Raphael in Early Modern Sources 1483–1602, 2003, Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09918-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09918-5">0-300-09918-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a>, Life of Raphael from the <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Artists">Lives of the Artists</a>, edition used: Artists of the Renaissance selected & ed Malcolm Bull, Penguin 1965 (page nos from BCA edn, 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflin" title="Heinrich Wölfflin">Wölfflin, Heinrich</a>; Classic Art; An Introduction to the Renaissance, 1952 in English (1968 edition), Phaidon, New York.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGigli,_Laura1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gigli, Laura (1992). Guide rionali di Roma (in Italian). Vol. Borgo (II). Roma: Fratelli Palombi Editori. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0393-2710">0393-2710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+rionali+di+Roma&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Fratelli+Palombi+Editori&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0393-2710&rft.au=Gigli%2C+Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li>The standard source of biographical information is now: V. Golzio, Raffaello nei documenti nelle testimonianze dei contemporanei e nella letturatura del suo secolo, Vatican City and Westmead, 1971</li> <li>The Cambridge Companion to Raphael, <a href="/wiki/Marcia_B._Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcia B. Hall">Marcia B. Hall</a>, Cambridge University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80809-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80809-X">0-521-80809-X</a>,</li> <li>New catalogue raisonné in several volumes, still being published, Jürg Meyer zur Capellen, Stefan B. Polter, Arcos, 2001–2008</li> <li>Raphael. James H. Beck, Harry N. Abrams, 1976. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/73012198">73-12198</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-0432-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-0432-2">0-8109-0432-2</a></li> <li>Raphael, Pier Luigi De Vecchi, Abbeville Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0789207702" title="Special:BookSources/0789207702">0789207702</a></li> <li>Raphael, Bette Talvacchia, Phaidon Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714847863" title="Special:BookSources/9780714847863">9780714847863</a></li> <li>Raphael, <a href="/wiki/John_Pope-Hennessy" title="John Pope-Hennessy">John Pope-Hennessy</a>, New York University Press, 1970, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-0476-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-0476-X">0-8147-0476-X</a></li> <li>Raphael: From Urbino to Rome; Hugo Chapman, Tom Henry, Carol Plazzotta, Arnold Nesselrath, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Penny" title="Nicholas Penny">Nicholas Penny</a>, National Gallery Publications Limited, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85709-999-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85709-999-0">1-85709-999-0</a> (exhibition catalogue)</li> <li>The Raphael Trail: The Secret History of One of the World's Most Precious Works of Art; Joanna Pitman, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0091901715" title="Special:BookSources/0091901715">0091901715</a></li> <li>Raphael: A Critical Catalogue of his Pictures, Wall-Paintings and Tapestries, catalogue raisonné by Luitpold Dussler published in the United States by Phaidon Publishers, Inc., 1971, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-1469-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-1469-5">0-7148-1469-5</a> (out of print, but an online version is here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://posl.eu/dussler">[1]</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101232">Raphael at the Metropolitan: The Colonna Altarpiece</a>, Wolk-Simon, Linda. (2006). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588391889" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588391889">978-1588391889</a>.</li> <li>Raphael and the Antique, Claudia La Malfa, Reaktion Books, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789141504" title="Special:BookSources/9781789141504">9781789141504</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" class="extiw" title="commons:Raffaello Sanzio">Raffaello Sanzio</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Raphael" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Raphael">Raphael</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/actor:raphael-14831520">120 artworks by or after Raphael</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a> site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cima.ng-london.org.uk/documentation/">Raphael Research Resource</a> from the National Gallery, London</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612055706/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/paintings/features/raphael/index.html">V&A London online feature on the Raphael Cartoons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225002900/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/searchResults.asp?searchText=&title=&makerName=Raphael&category=&collector=&theme=&startYear=&endYear=&rccode=">Ten drawings and three paintings from the Royal Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/r/raphael/">Web Gallery of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artiststudiomuseum.org/studio-museums/casa-natale-di-raffaello/">Birthplace Museum of Raphael, Urbino, on the Artist's Studio Museum Network website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colourlex.com/project/raphael/">Raphael Santi</a> at ColourLex.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1818.html">Raphael at the National Gallery of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.SPURIOUSRAPH">Guide to the Raphael Spurious Letters undated</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="artist's palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/19px-600-artist-palette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/19px-600-artist-palette.svg.png" data-alt="artist's palette" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/29px-600-artist-palette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/38px-600-artist-palette.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Painting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/15px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/15px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="15" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/29px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphael&oldid=1273939312">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphael&oldid=1273939312</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 4 February 2025, at 17:44 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаэл Санти – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Рафаэл Санти" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffael" title="Raffael – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Raffael" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаэль Санти – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Рафаэль Санти" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8D%8B%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8E_%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9A%E1%8B%AE" title="ራፋኤሎ ሳንዚዮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ራፋኤሎ ሳንዚዮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="رفائيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رفائيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A7%D5%AC%D5%AC%D6%85_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%AB" title="Ռաֆայէլլօ Սանթի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռաֆայէլլօ Սանթի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C3%A8l_(pintro)" title="Rafaèl (pintro) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Rafaèl (pintro)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ৰাফায়েল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাফায়েল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Рафаэл – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Рафаэл" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Santi" title="Rafael Santi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rafael Santi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="رافائل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رافائل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="রাফায়েল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাফায়েল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаэль Санти – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рафаэль Санти" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96" title="Рафаэль Санці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рафаэль Санці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рафаэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рафаэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Рафаело Санцио – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рафаело Санцио" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ར་ཧྥ་ཨེལ་ལོ་སན་ཛིའོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ར་ཧྥ་ཨེལ་ལོ་སན་ཛིའོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi" title="Raffaello Santi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Raffaello Santi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаэль Санти – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Рафаэль Санти" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рафаэль – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рафаэль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffael_Santi" title="Raffael Santi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Raffael Santi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi" title="Raffaello Santi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Raffaello Santi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffael" title="Raffael – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raffael" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffael" title="Raffael – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raffael" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB" title="Ραφαήλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραφαήλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Sanzio" title="Rafael Sanzio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rafael Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaelo" title="Rafaelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rafaelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Sanzio" title="Rafael Sanzio – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Rafael Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="رافائل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رافائل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_(peintre)" title="Raphaël (peintre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raphaël (peintre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_(keunstner)" title="Rafael (keunstner) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rafael (keunstner)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2" title="રફાયેલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રફાયેલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BB_%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%89_%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍂𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌴𐌻 𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍄𐍃𐌹𐍉 𐌳𐌰 𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌹𐌽𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌴𐌻 𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍄𐍃𐌹𐍉 𐌳𐌰 𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌹𐌽𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello" title="Raffaello – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Raffaello" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%98%EB%A1%9C_%EC%82%B0%EC%B9%98%EC%98%A4" title="라파엘로 산치오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라파엘로 산치오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffael_Santi" title="Raffael Santi – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Raffael Santi" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB" title="Ռաֆայել Սանտի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռաֆայել Սանտի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="राफेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राफेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Sanzio" title="Rafael Sanzio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rafael Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="রাফায়েল – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="রাফায়েল" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C_(%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="רפאל (צייר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפאל (צייר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="რაფაელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რაფაელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаэль Санти – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рафаэль Санти" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Sanzio" title="Raphael Sanzio – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Raphael Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рафаэль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рафаэль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Sanctius_Urbinas" title="Raphaël Sanctius Urbinas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Raphaël Sanctius Urbinas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C4%93ls" title="Rafaēls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rafaēls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffael" title="Raffael – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Raffael" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaelis" title="Rafaelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rafaelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sansio" title="Raffaello Sansio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Raffaello Sansio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C3%ABl" title="Rafaël – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rafaël" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_(Mopakoli)" title="Raffaello (Mopakoli) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Raffaello (Mopakoli)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffael_Sanzi" title="Raffael Sanzi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Raffael Sanzi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаело Санти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рафаело Санти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD" title="റാഫേൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റാഫേൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello" title="Raffaello – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Raffaello" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="रफायेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रफायेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რაფაელ სანტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რაფაელ სანტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88" title="رافاييلو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رافاييلو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="رافائل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رافائل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello" title="Raffaello – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Raffaello" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаэль Санти – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рафаэль Санти" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ရာဖယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရာဖယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C3%ABl_(kunstenaar)" title="Rafaël (kunstenaar) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rafaël (kunstenaar)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2" title="राफाएल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राफाएल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="राफेल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="राफेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="ラファエロ・サンティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラファエロ・サンティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаэль Санти – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Рафаэль Санти" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffael" title="Raffael – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Raffael" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаэль Санти – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Рафаэль Санти" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Santi" title="Rafael Santi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rafael Santi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2" title="ਰਾਫੇਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਫੇਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84" title="رافیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رافیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello" title="Raffaello – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Raffaello" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffael" title="Raffael – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Raffael" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Santi" title="Rafael Santi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rafael Santi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Santi" title="Rafael Santi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Rafael Santi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Рафаел – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рафаел" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаэль Санти – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рафаэль Санти" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рафаэль – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рафаэль" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-bey-al_%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE" title="La-bey-al 拉斐爾 – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="La-bey-al 拉斐爾" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱭᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱭᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaelo_Santi" title="Raffaelo Santi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Raffaelo Santi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaelo" title="Rafaelo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rafaelo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaellu_Sanziu" title="Raffaellu Sanziu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Raffaellu Sanziu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffael" title="Raffael – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Raffael" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi" title="Raffaello Santi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Raffaello Santi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8E%D9%84" title="ڕافایێل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕافایێل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаело Санти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рафаело Санти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rafael" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_(konstn%C3%A4r)" title="Rafael (konstnär) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rafael (konstnär)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Sanzio" title="Rafael Sanzio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rafael Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B" title="ராபியேல் சான்சியோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராபியேல் சான்சியோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello" title="Raffaello – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Raffaello" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaelle_Sanzio" title="Raffaelle Sanzio – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Raffaelle Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Santi" title="Rafael Santi – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Rafael Santi" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="ราฟาเอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราฟาเอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаэль Санти – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Рафаэль Санти" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рафаэль Санти – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Рафаэль Санти" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96" title="Рафаель Санті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рафаель Санті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84" title="رافیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رافیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%27_Santi" title="Rafael' Santi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rafael' Santi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello" title="Raffaello – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Raffaello" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello" title="Raffaello – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Raffaello" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE" title="拉斐爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="拉斐爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C3%ABl" title="Rafaël – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Rafaël" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio" title="Raffaello Sanzio – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Raffaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E5%B0%94" title="拉斐尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉斐尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="ראפאעל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראפאעל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE" title="拉斐爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉斐爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaello_Sanzio" title="Rafaello Sanzio – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rafaello Sanzio" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapaelis" title="Rapaelis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rapaelis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E5%B0%94" title="拉斐尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉斐尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Raphael" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 February 2025, at 17:44 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphael&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-d6rvv","wgBackendResponseTime":243,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.168","walltime":"1.448","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15689,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":159085,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17078,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":201628,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1243.987 1 -total"," 17.45% 217.070 1 Template:Infobox_artist"," 14.62% 181.887 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.64% 132.358 1 Template:IPA"," 10.05% 124.963 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.86% 122.672 1 Template:Raphael"," 7.23% 89.880 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 6.36% 79.063 13 Template:Sfn"," 6.12% 76.168 1 Template:Cite_Dictionary.com"," 6.01% 74.819 1 Template:Cite_dictionary"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.634","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19786106,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFGigli,_Laura1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham-Dixon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonourFleming1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivaPaladinoMottaBelingheri2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmi_et_al.1969\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Art UK bio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control (arts)\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite Dictionary.com\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 9,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"High Renaissance\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 20,\n [\"Infobox artist\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"LCCN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lower\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"P.\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp.\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Raphael\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-j9nb4","timestamp":"20250214040621","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Raphael","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raphael","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5597","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5597","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-15T18:16:05Z","dateModified":"2025-02-04T17:44:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f6\/Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg","headline":"Italian painter and architect (1483\u20131520)"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>