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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-简介" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#简介"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 简介 </div> </a> <ul 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</a> <ul id="toc-范围-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-显无神论和隐无神论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#显无神论和隐无神论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 显无神论和隐无神论 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-显无神论和隐无神论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-强无神论和弱无神论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#强无神论和弱无神论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 强无神论和弱无神论 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-强无神论和弱无神论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-“积极无神论”的其他诠释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#“积极无神论”的其他诠释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 “积极无神论”的其他诠释 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-“积极无神论”的其他诠释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基本理据" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本理据"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 基本理据 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-基本理据-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关基本理据子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-基本理据-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-实用主义无神论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#实用主义无神论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 实用主义无神论 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-实用主义无神论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-理论主义无神论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理论主义无神论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 理论主义无神论 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-理论主义无神论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-本体论与知识论的论据" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#本体论与知识论的论据"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 本体论与知识论的论据 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-本体论与知识论的论据-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形而上学的论据" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形而上学的论据"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 形而上学的论据 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形而上学的论据-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-心理、社会及经济学论据" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心理、社会及经济学论据"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 心理、社会及经济学论据 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-心理、社会及经济学论据-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-逻辑学的论据" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#逻辑学的论据"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 逻辑学的论据 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-逻辑学的论据-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人本主义的论据" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人本主义的论据"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 人本主义的论据 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人本主义的论据-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他论据" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他论据"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 其他论据 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他论据-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 历史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关历史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 中国 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-道家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#道家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 道家 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-道家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-南北朝时期神灭论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#南北朝时期神灭论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 南北朝时期神灭论 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-南北朝时期神灭论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-馬克思主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#馬克思主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 馬克思主義 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-馬克思主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-印度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#印度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 印度 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-印度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-早期印度宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期印度宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 早期印度宗教 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期印度宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-西方" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西方"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 西方 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西方-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古典时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古典时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 古典时期 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古典时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中世纪前期到文艺复兴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中世纪前期到文艺复兴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 中世纪前期到文艺复兴 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中世纪前期到文艺复兴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近代前期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代前期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 近代前期 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近代前期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近代末期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代末期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 近代末期 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近代末期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國家無神論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國家無神論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 國家無神論 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國家無神論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有關「無神論」之不同社會面向" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有關「無神論」之不同社會面向"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 有關「無神論」之不同社會面向 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-有關「無神論」之不同社會面向-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关有關「無神論」之不同社會面向子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-有關「無神論」之不同社會面向-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-人口分佈特徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人口分佈特徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 人口分佈特徵 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人口分佈特徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐美地區" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐美地區"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 歐美地區 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐美地區-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亞洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亞洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 亞洲 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亞洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教育程度與國家安定" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教育程度與國家安定"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 教育程度與國家安定 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教育程度與國家安定-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-无神论与宗教信仰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#无神论与宗教信仰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 无神论与宗教信仰 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-无神论与宗教信仰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-伦理道德" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伦理道德"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 伦理道德 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-伦理道德-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关伦理道德子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-伦理道德-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-信神和恐惧与伦理道德维持" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#信神和恐惧与伦理道德维持"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 信神和恐惧与伦理道德维持 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-信神和恐惧与伦理道德维持-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教经典批评" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教经典批评"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 宗教经典批评 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教经典批评-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生物學觀點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物學觀點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 生物學觀點 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物學觀點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美国联邦囚犯中无神论者的比例分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美国联邦囚犯中无神论者的比例分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 美国联邦囚犯中无神论者的比例分析 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美国联邦囚犯中无神论者的比例分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-暴力和与宗教的关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#暴力和与宗教的关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 暴力和与宗教的关系 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-暴力和与宗教的关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 参见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考书籍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考书籍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 参考书籍 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考书籍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 参考文献 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关参考文献子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 引用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 来源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 外部链接 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">无神论</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。171种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-171" aria-hidden="true" > 171种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%AFsme" title="Ateïsme – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ateïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ateísmo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%C4%93afl%C4%93asnes" title="Gelēaflēasnes – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gelēaflēasnes" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नास्तिकता – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नास्तिकता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="إلحاد – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلحاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="إلحاد – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إلحاد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="الحاد – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="নাস্তিকতা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাস্তিকতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmu" title="Ateísmu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ateísmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkiskeva" title="Alkiskeva – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Alkiskeva" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="آتئیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آتئیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C4%97zmos" title="Ateėzmos – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ateėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атэізм – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атэізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атэізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атэізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga%27_betuhan" title="Kaga' betuhan – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kaga' betuhan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Атеизъм – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атеизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisma" title="Ateisma – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ateisma" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="নাস্তিক্যবাদ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাস্তিক্যবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A8%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྷ་མེད་སྨྲ་བ་པོ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྷ་མེད་སྨྲ་བ་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizoueegezh" title="Dizoueegezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dizoueegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizam" title="Ateizam – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ateizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateyismo" title="Ateyismo – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ateyismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="بێخوایی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێخوایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisimu" title="Ateisimu – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ateisimu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismus" title="Ateismus – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ateismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anffyddiaeth" title="Anffyddiaeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anffyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αθεϊσμός – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αθεϊσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Atheism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ateísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ateism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خداناباوری – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خداناباوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismi" title="Ateismi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ateismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ateism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudloysi" title="Gudloysi – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gudloysi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ath%C3%A9isme" title="Athéisme – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Athéisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisim" title="Ateisim – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ateisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%AFsme" title="Ateïsme – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ateïsme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aindiachas" title="Aindiachas – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aindiachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A9yism" title="Atéyism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Atéyism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-dhiadhaireachd" title="Neo-dhiadhaireachd – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Neo-dhiadhaireachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ateísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%A3re_jerovia%27%E1%BB%B9" title="Tupãre jerovia'ỹ – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tupãre jerovia'ỹ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="નાસ્તિકવાદ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાસ્તિકવાદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjeeys" title="Anjeeys – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Anjeeys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhidanci" title="Mulhidanci – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mulhidanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BB-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%80n-lun" title="Vû-sṳ̀n-lun – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vû-sṳ̀n-lun" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8D%CA%BBole_Akua" title="Hōʻole Akua – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hōʻole Akua" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אתאיזם – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתאיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नास्तिकता – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नास्तिकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naastiktaa_(Atheism)" title="Naastiktaa (Atheism) – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Naastiktaa (Atheism)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizam" title="Ateizam – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ateizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateyis" title="Ateyis – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ateyis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizmus" title="Ateizmus – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ateizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Աթեիզմ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աթեիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismo" title="Atheismo – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Atheismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BAleysi" title="Trúleysi – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Trúleysi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="無神論 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無神論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ietiyizim" title="Ietiyizim – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ietiyizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/caurceisi%27o" title="caurceisi'o – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="caurceisi'o" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A9isme" title="Atéisme – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Atéisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ათეიზმი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ათეიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticcufert" title="Ticcufert – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ticcufert" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateyiizim" title="Ateyiizim – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ateyiizim" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci_A%CC%B1gwaza" title="Ci A̱gwaza – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ci A̱gwaza" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%8B%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="무신론 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무신론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%AEzm" title="Ateîzm – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ateîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athe%C3%AFsme" title="Atheïsme – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Atheïsme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismu" title="Ateismu – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ateismu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ອະເທວະນິຍົມ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອະເທວະນິຍົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizmas" title="Ateizmas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ateizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisms" title="Ateisms – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ateisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Атеизмась – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Атеизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisma" title="Ateisma – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ateisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атеизам – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атеизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="നിരീശ്വരവാദം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിരീശ്വരവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="အဒေဝဝါဒ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အဒေဝဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नास्तिकता – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नास्तिकता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atei%C5%BCmu" title="Ateiżmu – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ateiżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ateísmo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="အဒေဝဝါဒ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဒေဝဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="آتئیسم – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آتئیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahte%C5%8Dmatiliztli" title="Ahteōmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ahteōmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नास्तिकता – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नास्तिकता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="द्यःख्यालः – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="द्यःख्यालः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athe%C3%AFsme" title="Atheïsme – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atheïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%AFsme" title="Ateïsme – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ateïsme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ନାସ୍ତିକତା – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନାସ୍ତିକତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨਾਸਤਿਕਤਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਸਤਿਕਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ateísmo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A9ime" title="Atéime – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Atéime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ateism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ایتھیازم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایتھیازم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="اتيزم – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اتيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ateísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athismu" title="Athismu – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Athismu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ateism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеізм – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Атеізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismu" title="Ateismu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ateismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiismu" title="Atiismu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Atiismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Atheism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="لامذهبيت – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لامذهبيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizam" title="Ateizam – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ateizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="අදේවවාදය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අදේවවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atheism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizmus" title="Ateizmus – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ateizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizem" title="Ateizem – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ateizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizmi" title="Ateizmi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ateizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атеизам – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атеизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ateism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukanamungu" title="Ukanamungu – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukanamungu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atejizm" title="Atejizm – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Atejizm" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இறைமறுப்பு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறைமறுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="నాస్తికత్వం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నాస్తికత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="อเทวนิยม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อเทวนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="دىنسىزلىق – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دىنسىزلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеїзм – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атеїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="دہریت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دہریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_v%C3%B4_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Chủ nghĩa vô thần – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa vô thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateyisse" title="Ateyisse – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ateyisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="无神论 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无神论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ათეიზმი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ათეიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אטעיזם – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטעיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BB-s%C3%AEn-l%C5%ABn" title="Bû-sîn-lūn – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bû-sîn-lūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="無神論 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無神論" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7066#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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.sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-spacing:0px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">无神论</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Atom_of_Atheism-Zanaq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atom_of_Atheism-Zanaq.svg/175px-Atom_of_Atheism-Zanaq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atom_of_Atheism-Zanaq.svg/263px-Atom_of_Atheism-Zanaq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atom_of_Atheism-Zanaq.svg/350px-Atom_of_Atheism-Zanaq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="595" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000; color: #FFFFFF; padding:4px;"> 概念</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无神论与宗教（页面不存在）">无神论与宗教</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="非有神论">非有神论</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="反神论">反神论</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="形而上自然主義">形而上自然主义</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%B1%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="强无神论和弱无神论">强无神论和弱无神论</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%BE%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E5%92%8C%E9%9A%90%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="显无神论和隐无神论（页面不存在）">显无神论和隐无神论</a> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000; color: #FFFFFF; padding:4px;"> 历史</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="无神论的历史">无神论的历史</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="新無神論">新無神論</a> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000; color: #FFFFFF; padding:4px;"> 争论/论据</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E6%80%A7#神不存在的证明" title="神的存在性">神不存在的证明</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%8C%E6%B3%A8" title="无神论者的赌注">无神论者的赌注</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%AA%E7%A5%9E%E6%8C%91%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邪神挑战（页面不存在）">邪神挑战</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_God_Challenge" class="extiw" title="en:Evil God Challenge">Evil God Challenge</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%9F%A5%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E5%91%BD%E8%BF%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无知者的命运（页面不存在）">无知者的命运</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" class="extiw" title="en:Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%88%87%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自由意志與神學">自由意志悖論</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8E%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E9%B8%BF%E6%B2%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="与上帝之间的鸿沟（页面不存在）">与上帝之间的鸿沟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" class="extiw" title="en:God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%B9%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不相容论证（页面不存在）">不相容论证</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatible-properties_argument" class="extiw" title="en:Incompatible-properties argument">Incompatible-properties argument</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E9%92%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="希钦斯剃刀">希钦斯剃刀</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E5%95%9F%E7%A4%BA%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="不一致啟示論證">不一致啟示論證</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无信仰论证（页面不存在）">无信仰论证</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" class="extiw" title="en:Argument from nonbelief">Argument from nonbelief</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%83%BD%E6%82%96%E8%AB%96" title="全能悖論">全能悖論</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%8B%B1%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地狱问题（页面不存在）">地狱问题</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" class="extiw" title="en:Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E6%83%A1%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="罪惡問題">罪惡問題</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%8C%B6%E5%A3%BA" title="羅素的茶壺">羅素的茶壺</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%9D%9E%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神学語言非认知主义（页面不存在）">神学語言非认知主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" class="extiw" title="en:Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%88%E6%9E%81%E6%B3%A2%E9%9F%B3747%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5" title="终极波音747策略">终极波音747策略</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000; color: #FFFFFF; padding:4px;"> 其它</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="无神论人口">无神论人口</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="无神论者列表">著名的无神论者</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="国家无神论">国家无神论</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对无神论的批评（页面不存在）">对无神论的批评</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="對無神論者的歧視">歧视与迫害</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000; color: #FFFFFF; padding:4px;"> 相关概念</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFFFFF; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto; color: #000000;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="不可知論">不可知論</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知有神论">不可知有神論</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知无神论">不可知無神論</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A0%E8%A7%86%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="漠视主义">漠視主義</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元神論（页面不存在）">元神論</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="不可知论者">不可知論者</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFFFFF; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto; color: #000000;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="無宗教">無宗教</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" class="mw-redirect" title="对宗教的批评">對宗教的批評</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="自由思想">自由思想</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%95%99%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反教权主义">反教权主義</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="反宗教">反宗教</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%9E%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="虚构宗教">虛構宗教</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFFFFF; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto; color: #000000;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自然主義">自然主義</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人文自然主義（页面不存在）">人文自然主義</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="形而上自然主義">形而上自然主義</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教自然主義（页面不存在）">宗教自然主義</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFFFFF; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto; color: #000000;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="世俗主義">世俗主義</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97" title="世俗">世俗</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗人文主义">世俗人文主義</a></div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> 无神论（英語：atheism），在廣義上，是指一種不相信<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="神明">神</a>存在的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念">觀念</a><a href="#cite_note-SEP_Atheism-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxdicphil-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-religioustolerance-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>；在狹義上，無神論是指對相信任何神鬼存在的一種抵制<a href="#cite_note-eb2011-atheism-critique-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyc-philosophy-7">[7]</a>。無神論與通常至少相信一種神存在<a href="#cite_note-OED-theism-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="有神論">有神論</a>相对<a href="#cite_note-OED-theism-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-reldef-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>。 对于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E" title="神">神</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E9%AD%82" title="灵魂">灵魂</a>存在，有着各种各样截然不同的概念，导致了无神论的适用性的各种观点。但狹義的无神论否认的事物包括：从神的存在到任何<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="超自然">超自然</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="先验">先验</a>概念的存在，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>的观念。<a href="#cite_note-eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs-13">[13]</a>也因此部分學者主張，從哲學觀點來研究所謂堅持無神主義的人或是政治組織，本身亦是持一種如信仰一般的理念存在，並在實務上表現出了類似的行為模式。<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="简介">简介</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：简介">编辑</a>]</div> 支持無神論的論據包括各類從哲學到社會和歷史的方法。無神論者不相信神存在，因為其缺乏<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E6%80%A7" title="神的存在性">经验证据</a>的支持<a href="#cite_note-logical-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>、无法解释<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E6%83%A1%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="罪惡問題">罪惡問題</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E5%95%9F%E7%A4%BA%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="不一致啟示論證">各种神的啟示不一致</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7" title="可证伪性">不可证伪</a>、且没有考虑<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无信仰论证（页面不存在）">无信仰者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/argument_from_nonbelief" class="extiw" title="en:argument from nonbelief">argument from nonbelief</a>）<a href="#cite_note-logical-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drange-1996-17">[17]</a>。無神論者认为，无神论比有神论<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="奥卡姆剃刀">更簡約</a>，而且每个人生来就没有对神灵的信仰<a href="#cite_note-encyc-unbelief-def-issues-18">[18]</a>；因此，他们认为駁斥神灵存在的<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%89%E8%AD%89%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)" title="舉證責任 (哲學)">舉證責任</a>不在無神論者身上，而是應由有神論者證明有神論正確<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>。虽然一些无神论者采用了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗主义">世俗主义</a>哲学（例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗人文主义">世俗人文主义</a>）<a href="#cite_note-honderich-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>，无神论者之间并没有一个共同的思想体系<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>。 20世纪英国的著名哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a>用其<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%8C%B6%E5%A3%BA" title="羅素的茶壺">罗素的茶壶</a>的例子说明，任何人都没有反证断言的责任，论证有神論者这一立場的错误。道金斯进一步用<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E5%A4%A9%E9%9D%A2%E6%9D%A1%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="飞天面条神教">飞天面条神教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%8C%B6%E5%A3%BA" title="羅素的茶壺">罗素的茶壶</a>作为一个反证法的论述有神論者这一立場的错误，如果在无法由科学证明的情况要求相信和不相信一个超自然存在都得到同样的尊重和重视，那么它也必须给予相信罗素的茶壶存在同等的尊重，因为茶壶和超自然存在同样无法去由科学证明或否证<a href="#cite_note-TheGodDelusion-23">[23]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a>还在其《为什么我不是基督徒》一书中，以科学求证的态度否定超自然性和上帝<a href="#cite_note-为什么我不是基督徒-24">[24]</a>。在一篇成於1952年但從未發表的文章《神存在嗎？》裡，羅素寫到：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote">我應稱自己為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="不可知论者">不可知論者</a>；但在实际意义上，我是<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="無神論者">無神論者</a>。我不認為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="基督教中的神">基督教中的神</a>比<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E7%A5%9E" title="奧林匹斯十二主神">奧林匹斯十二主神</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="瓦爾哈拉">瓦爾哈拉</a>更可能存在。用另一個例證：沒有人可以證明，在地球和火星之間沒有一個以橢圓形軌道旋轉的瓷製茶壺，但沒人認為這充分可能在現實中存在。我覺得基督教的上帝一樣不可能。<a href="#cite_note-garvey-25">[25]</a> </blockquote> 有“现代物理学之父”之誉的<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="爱因斯坦">爱因斯坦</a>在其作品《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A7%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="我的世界观（页面不存在）">我的世界观</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_as_I_See_It_(book)" class="extiw" title="en:The World as I See It (book)">The World as I See It (book)</a>）》中是这样否定上帝： “我无法想象存在这样一个上帝，它会对自己的创造物加以赏罚……我不能也不愿去想象一个人在肉体死亡以后还会继续活着。”但事實上，愛因斯坦形容自己為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="不可知论者">不可知論者</a>，並不同意專業<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="無神論者">無神論者</a>般的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="十字軍">十字軍</a>精神；更仔細解釋，由於人類對於大自然與自己本身的了解可能有缺失，因此應該採取謹慎謙卑的態度。美國猶太領袖拉比<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫伯特·高德斯坦（页面不存在）">赫伯特·高德斯坦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_S._Goldstein" class="extiw" title="en:Herbert S. Goldstein">Herbert S. Goldstein</a>）曾經問他是否相信神？他回答說：“我相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%AD%AF%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%B3%93%E8%AB%BE%E6%B2%99" class="mw-redirect" title="巴魯赫·史賓諾沙">斯宾诺莎</a>的神，一个通过存在事物的和谐有序体现自己的神，而不是一个关心人类命运和行为的神。”換句話說，愛因斯坦認為，從宇宙世界的存在，可以感覺到神的偉大工作，但神並不會干預人們的日常生活，神是非人格化的神<a href="#cite_note-Isaacson-26">[26]</a>:389-390。<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="愛因斯坦">愛因斯坦</a>曾經在書信裏表示：「我不相信人格化的神，我從未否認這一點，而且表達得很清楚。如果在我的內心裏有什麼能被稱之為宗教，那就是，對於我們的科學所能夠揭示的世界結構，對於這世界結構的無垠的敬仰。」<a href="#cite_note-Einstein2013B-27">[27]</a>:43<a href="#cite_note-我的世界观-28">[28]</a> 物理學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="霍金">霍金</a>在其2010年《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="大设计">大设计</a>》一書中论证宇宙可依照科学原理而浑然天成，不须向上帝过问，甚至没有所谓造物主的位置<a href="#cite_note-大設計-29">[29]</a>。 21世纪初的一群无神论作家所提出<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="新無神論">新無神論</a>的思想。他们主张“对宗教在政府，教育和政治等任何施加不适当影响的任何地方，它不应该是简单地被容忍，而应该受反驳、批评，并暴露于理性的争论之下。”有媒體將<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9" title="丹尼爾·丹尼特">丹尼爾·丹尼特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·道金斯">理查德·道金斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="山姆·哈里斯">山姆·哈里斯</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%AC%BD%E6%96%AF" title="克里斯托弗·希欽斯">克里斯托弗·希欽斯</a>被稱为“新無神論的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="四騎士">四騎士</a>”<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>。以前的作家中的许多人认为科学不关心甚至无法处理“神”的概念，<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·道金斯">理查德·道金斯</a>则相反，声称“神假说”是有效的科学假说，对物理的宇宙有影响，像其他任何科学假设一样都可以得到检验和证伪。道金斯以其直言不諱的語氣和科學求證的態度挑戰「神創造世界」宗教概念而聞名<a href="#cite_note-TheGodDelusion-23">[23]</a>。他们在2004年至2007年间写下的一些<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%A2%E9%8A%B7%E6%9B%B8" title="暢銷書">畅销书</a>为新无神论的后续讨论奠定了理论基础。随着时代发展和科学进步的影响，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87" class="mw-redirect" title="教皇">教皇</a>现在希望大眾接受<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="进化论">进化论</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="大爆炸理论">大爆炸理论</a><a href="#cite_note-Pope-31">[31]</a>。 1979诺贝尔物理学奖获得者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="史蒂文·温伯格">史蒂文·温伯格</a>警示人们，世界需要从漫长的宗教信仰噩梦中醒来；对我们科学家来说，为削弱宗教信仰而可以做的任何事情都应该去做，实际上这可能是我们对文明的最大贡献。宗教是弊大于利的<a href="#cite_note-BeyondBelief-32">[32]</a>。他还认为：无论有没有宗教，好人都会做好事，坏人都会做恶事；但是，若你想要好人做恶事，就需要宗教了<a href="#cite_note-DesignerUniverse-33">[33]</a>。 由于对无神论的定义各不相同，因此很难准确估计目前<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="无神论人口">无神论者的人数</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin2007-34">[34]</a>。根据<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A9%E2%80%94%E7%9B%96%E6%B4%9B%E6%99%AE%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="温—盖洛普国际（页面不存在）">温—盖洛普国际</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIN/GIA" class="extiw" title="en:WIN/GIA">WIN/GIA</a>）在全球范围内的研究显示，2012年有13%的受访者是“坚定的无神论者”<a href="#cite_note-WIN/GIA-35">[35]</a>，2015年有11%是“坚定的无神论者”<a href="#cite_note-wingia2-36">[36]</a>，2017年有9%是“坚定的无神论者”<a href="#cite_note-WINGIA_2017-37">[37]</a>。其他研究人员建议谨慎对待温—盖洛普国际的统计数字，因为几十年来使用相同统计方法且样本量更大的其他调查得出的数字一直偏低<a href="#cite_note-Demographics_Oxford_Keysar-38">[38]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国广播公司">英国广播公司</a>2004年進行的一個調查顯示，無神論者为全世界人口的8％<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2004-demographics-39">[39]</a>。其他较早的估计表明，无神论者占世界人口的2%，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="无宗教">无宗教</a>者占12%<a href="#cite_note-eb2007-demographics-40">[40]</a>。這些民調顯示歐洲和東亞是無神論佔比最高的地區。2015年，中国有61%的人报告称他们<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国的无宗教（页面不存在）">是无神论者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Irreligion in China">Irreligion in China</a>）<a href="#cite_note-GallupInternational-41">[41]</a>。2010年<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%99%B4%E9%9B%A8%E8%A1%A8" title="歐洲晴雨表">歐洲晴雨表</a>调查数字显示，20%的欧盟人口声称不相信“任何种类的灵魂、神或生命力”的存在，其中法国（40%）和瑞典（34%）占比最高<a href="#cite_note-EU-42">[42]</a>。 跨国研究结果表明教育程度和不相信上帝有正相关性<a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>，事实上无神论在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="科学家">科学家</a>中所占地比例更高这一趋势在20世纪初就比较明显，而到20世纪末成为科学家中的多数。美国<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="心理学家">心理学家</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E6%9F%B3%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆士·柳巴（页面不存在）">詹姆士·柳巴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Leuba" class="extiw" title="en:James H. Leuba">James H. Leuba</a>）1914年随机调查1000位美国<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="自然科学家">自然科学家</a>，其中58％“不相信或怀疑神的存在”。同一调查在1996年重复了一次(《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6_(%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A)" title="自然 (期刊)">自然</a>》杂志1998年刊登的文章)<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>，得出60.7％的类似结果, 而且<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美国科学院">美国科学院</a>院士中这一比例高达93％。肯定回答不相信神的比例从52％升高至72％。调查显示<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="美国国家科学院">美国国家科学院</a>院士之中相信人格神或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%86%E4%B8%96" title="來世">来世</a>的人数处于历史低点，相信人格神的只占7%，远低于美国人口的85%比例。 對無神論的批評也不無存在。例如，批評者認為主張無神論者自身也無法確證神不存在，無神論相信神不存在本身就很接近一種宗教式的信條<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>。美國土耳其裔物理學家、懷疑論者坦納·埃迪斯就認為，沒有證據表明科學離不開無神論。他認為無神論大部分推論都是基於倫理學、或者哲學的推理<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>。啓蒙運動思想家、<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="唯物主義">唯物主義</a>哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97" title="德尼·狄德罗">德尼·狄德羅</a>也對無神論持批評態度。他不認為無神論比<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上學">形而上學</a>更科學<a href="#cite_note-atheism_science-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder_Atheism_and_Science-49">[49]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词源">词源</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：词源">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesians_2,12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg/220px-Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="135" /></a><figcaption>三世纪早期文稿<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%8D%89%E7%BA%B8" title="莎草纸">莎草纸</a>46上<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%BC%97%E6%89%80%E6%9B%B8" title="以弗所書">以弗所书</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians%202:12&version=cuv">2:12</a>)中出现的希腊语词汇{αθεοι（atheoi）。该词通常被翻译成“不信神（的人）”。<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></figcaption></figure> 在早期<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊语</a>中，形容词「atheos」（ἄθεος)，由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%A6%E5%AE%9A%E8%AF%8D%E7%BC%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="否定词缀（页面不存在）">否定词缀</a>ἀ- + θεός“神”构成）的意思是"不敬畏神的"或"邪恶的"。公元前五世纪以后该词的意思逐渐的演變成了“有意的无神”，成为“与神断绝关系”或“否认神的存在”而不再是早期的ἀσεβής（asebēs，不虔诚的）。古希腊文的现代翻译通常会将「atheos」译作“无神论的”，而ἀθεότης（atheotēs）则译作抽象名词“无神论”。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97" title="西塞罗">西塞罗</a>把atheos这个希腊语词汇转写成<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁">拉丁</a>形式atheos。在早期<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="古希腊宗教">古希腊宗教</a>的辩论中常常能看见这个词，双方都以此轻蔑对方<a href="#cite_note-drachmann-51">[51]</a>。 在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>中，无神论一词来自于1587年左右的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>词汇athéisme<a href="#cite_note-Golding-52">[52]</a>。而无神论者一词（来自法语「athée」，意为「否认或拒绝相信神的存在的人」）<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>在英语中出现的比无神论更早，大约在1571年<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>。无神论者最早在1577年开始被当作不信神者的标签<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>。相关的词语则在其后出现：自然神论者，1621年<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>，有神论者，1662年<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="有神论">有神论</a>，1678年<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a>，1682年<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>。1700年左右，在无神论一词的影响下，自然神论和有神论的词义发生了轻微的变化；自然神论的本义与有神论完全相同，但却有了独立于有神论的哲学意义<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%AF%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凯伦·阿姆斯特朗（页面不存在）">凯伦·阿姆斯特朗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" class="extiw" title="en:Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a>）曾记载：“在16到17世纪之间，无神论者一词仍然只能在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A9%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="辩论">辩论</a>中见到……被唤做无神论者是个巨大的侮辱。没有人愿意被称为无神论者。”<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>无神论在18世纪晚期的欧洲被首次用作自称，但当时该词的含义特指不信仰<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%E8%AF%B8%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="亚伯拉罕诸教">亚伯拉罕诸教</a><a href="#cite_note-adevism-62">[62]</a>。随着20世纪<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化">全球化</a>的趋势，无神论一词的意思被扩大到了“不信仰任何宗教”，然而在西方社会，该词还是主要用以描述“对上帝的不信仰”<a href="#cite_note-martin-63">[63]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="认识论基础">认识论基础</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：认识论基础">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6#认识论基础" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学 § 认识论基础</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教与科学">宗教与科学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="自然神学">自然神学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="基督徒自然神论">基督徒自然神论</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知论">不可知论</a></div> 无神论用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学</a><a href="#cite_note-metaphysics_Inwagen-64">[64]</a>的理性分析和科学检验的方法，不靠没有证据的信仰，旨在坚持与其他哲学（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知论">不可知论</a>）和科学事业相同的理性调查标准，并接受相同的评估和批评方法。这种认识论上的理性的分析方法，也被哲学家和神学家用来研究信仰的本身的合理性，将宗教经典的描述和历史，考古，和科学发现相比较。 无神论遵循的推理方法类似于<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a><a href="#cite_note-SEP_NaturalTheology-65">[65]</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知论">不可知论</a>，避免了吸引特殊的非自然才能（心灵感应，神秘经历）或超自然的信息来源（神圣的文本，神学的揭示，信条权威，直接的超自然交流）。这种避免非自然才能或超自然的信息来源的方法，与<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="神学">启示神学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="基督教神學">基督教神学</a>的方法有区别。 无神论的理性分析和科学检验的方法与靠信仰的方法相对立。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a>写道：基督徒认为自己的信仰行善，但其他信仰却有害，无论如何，他们对共产主义信仰也是持这种观点。我坚持的是，所有信仰都是有害的。我们可以将“信仰”定义为对没有证据的事物的坚定信念，在有证据的地方，没有人会说“信仰”。我们不说“2加2等于4”是信仰，也不说“地球是圆的”是信仰。我们只在希望用情感代替证据时才谈到信仰，用情感代替证据容易导致冲突，这是因为不同的群体用不同的情感来代替。基督徒对信仰耶稣复活，共产党人相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="劳动价值论">马克思的价值论</a>。其中任一种信仰都不能得理性的支撑，因此，每种信仰都只得通过宣传来维持，必要时还得通过战争<a href="#cite_note-auto-66">[66]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="进化生物学家">进化生物学家</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·道金斯">理查德·道金斯</a>在其著作《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E9%94%99%E8%A7%89" title="上帝错觉">上帝错觉</a>》中批判他所认为的与科学证据直接冲突的所有信仰<a href="#cite_note-GodDelusion-67">[67]</a>。他将信仰描述为没有证据的盲信，一个积极的不思考的过程。他指出，这种做法只会让任何人仅凭个人思想和可能扭曲的感知（不需要对自然进行检验）提出关于自然的断言（主张）; 这种做法，降低了我们对自然世界的理解，没有任何能力做出可靠且一致的预测，并且无需同行评议<a href="#cite_note-Is_Science_a_Religion?-68">[68]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定义与区分">定义与区分</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：定义与区分">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg/200px-AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg/300px-AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg/400px-AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>一幅指名了强/弱无神论与显/隐无神论间关系的图表。隐无神论者并不考虑信仰神的问题，当他们没有信仰时即被划分为隐无神论者。显无神论者则对信仰有清楚的界定。一个显无神论者可能选择回避信仰神（弱无神论），或直接否定神的存在（强无神论）。（图上各部分比例大小与实际人口数无关）</figcaption></figure> 不同的无神论者信仰不同的超自然实体，不同的无神论对信仰有着不同的界定，考虑到这些问题，人们很难直接的定义与区分无神论<a href="#cite_note-eb911-atheism-69">[69]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="范围">范围</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：范围">编辑</a>]</div> 定义区分无神论时有许多困难，主要因为对如神与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a>等基本概念的定义没有一致共识，对<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E" title="神">神</a>定义的多样性相应的导致了对无神论定义的不同。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马">古罗马</a>因为基督徒拒绝信奉<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古羅馬宗教">古羅馬宗教</a>而指责其为无神论者，而在20世纪，无神论一词则更多的被理解为不信仰任何宗教<a href="#cite_note-mmartin-70">[70]</a>。 无神论所否认的事物则更加复杂，无神论可以否认神性、神灵、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="超自然">超自然</a>或许多其他概念，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="超自然现象">超然存在</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica1992-71">[71]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="显无神论和隐无神论">显无神论和隐无神论</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：显无神论和隐无神论">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%BE%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E5%92%8C%E9%9A%90%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="显无神论和隐无神论（页面不存在）">显无神论和隐无神论</a></div> 对无神论的定义存有一个问题，那就是一个无神论者对神的“不信”需要到一个什么程度。无神论的定义有时包括了对有神信仰的简单缺失。这个宽泛的定义可以把连同新生儿在内的许多从未为接触过有神论概念的人涵盖进去。如1772年<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="霍尔巴赫">霍尔巴赫</a>所说：“儿童生来即是无神论者；他们对上帝（是什么）没有概念。”<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>同样地，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·H·史密斯（页面不存在）">乔治·H·史密斯</a>在1979年说道：“对有神概念不熟悉的人即为无神论者，因为他不信神。这个分类同样包含了那些已经有能力去把握，但实际上并没有清楚意识到神灵概念的儿童们。儿童们对神的不信仰使他们成为了无神论者。”<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>史密斯创造了隐无神论一词表示“缺乏信仰但并非有意抵制”，同时也创造了显无神论指代“对自己的不信仰有明确意识”。 在西方文化中，儿童生来即为无神论者的观点出现的相对较晚。在18世纪以前，西方对上帝存在的信仰是如此广泛，以至于是否存在真正的无神论者也值得怀疑。这被称为神学<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%B5%8B%E8%A7%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%AE%BA" title="天赋观念论">天赋论</a>——一种认为人生来就信仰上帝的观点；这种观点简单地否定了无神论者的存在<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>。还有一种观点认为无神论者在遇上危难時将很快地投身信仰，例如做出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B4%E7%BB%88%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="临终皈依（页面不存在）">临终皈依</a>，一句西方谚语“<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%85%B5%E5%9D%91%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85" title="散兵坑里没有无神论者">散兵坑里没有无神论者</a>”也闡述了這一觀點<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>。这一观点的部分支持者认为<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教人类学">宗教在人类学意义上的益处</a>是宗教信仰能让人更好的面对逆境（对比<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">卡尔·马克思</a>在《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔">黑格尔</a>法哲學批判綱要》中提出的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87" title="精神鸦片">精神鸦片</a>说）。一些无神论者则强调实际上有反例，确实存在着“散兵坑里的无神论者。”<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="强无神论和弱无神论">强无神论和弱无神论</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：强无神论和弱无神论">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%B1%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="强无神论和弱无神论">强无神论和弱无神论</a></div> 哲学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%B2%81" class="mw-redirect" title="安东尼·弗鲁">安东尼·弗鲁</a><a href="#cite_note-presumption-77">[77]</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈克尔·马丁 (哲学家)（页面不存在）">迈克尔·马丁</a>（Michael Martin）<a href="#cite_note-martin-63">[63]</a>，以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7L%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·L·罗伊（页面不存在）">威廉·L·罗伊</a>（William L. Rowe）<a href="#cite_note-RoweRoutledge-78">[78]</a>等人将无神论分为强（积极）与弱（消极）两类。强无神论清楚地宣稱神不存在，弱无神论则包含了所有形式的非有神论。根据此分类，所有的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="非有神论">非有神论者</a>都必然是强或弱无神论者<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>，而绝大多数<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知论">不可知论者</a>都是弱无神论者。与积极和消极相比，强和弱两词用以形容无神论则相对较晚，但至少在1813年<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>就已经出现在了各类（虽然用法略有不同）哲学著作<a href="#cite_note-presumption-77">[77]</a>与天主教的辯惑<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>之中。 当<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈克尔·马丁 (哲学家)（页面不存在）">马丁</a>等哲学家把<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知论">不可知论</a>归类为弱无神论的时候<a href="#cite_note-mmartin-70">[70]</a>，绝大多数的不可知论者并不认为自己是无神论者，在他们看来无神论并不比有神论更加合理<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>。支持或否定神存在的知识的不可获得性有时被看作无神论必须经历“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E9%A3%9E%E8%B7%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="信仰飞跃（页面不存在）">信仰飞跃</a>（Leap of Faith）”的标示<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>。一般无神论者对这一论证的反驳包括：未经证实的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>命题应和其他的未证实命题受到同样多的怀疑<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>，以及神存在与否的不可证明性并不代表两种可能的概率相等<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>。苏格兰哲学家<a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._C.%E6%96%AF%E9%A6%AC%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. J. C.斯馬特（页面不存在）">J. J. C.斯馬特</a>甚至说道：“因为一种过于笼统的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E8%AE%BA" title="哲学怀疑论">哲学怀疑论</a>，有时一个真正的无神论者可能会，甚至是强烈地，表达自己为一个不可知论者，这种过分的怀疑论将阻碍我们肯定自己对或许除数学或逻辑定理以外的任何知识的理解。”<a href="#cite_note-stanford-87">[87]</a>因此，一些知名的无神论作家如<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·道金斯">理查德·道金斯</a>更倾向于依据<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="上帝錯覺">“有多大程度相信神存在”的光譜</a>来区分有神论者，不可知论者与无神论者。<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="“积极无神论”的其他诠释">“积极无神论”的其他诠释</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：“积极无神论”的其他诠释">编辑</a>]</div> 如上文所述，积极和消极两词与强和弱两词在形容无神论时具有相同意义。但是印度哲学家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%A5_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉奥 (哲学家)（页面不存在）">拉奥 (哲学家)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goparaju_Ramachandra_Rao" class="extiw" title="en:Goparaju Ramachandra Rao">Goparaju Ramachandra Rao</a>）在其1972年出版的《积极无神论》一书中给出了此词语的另一种用法<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>。古拉本人在阶级划分明显与宗教文化底蕴深厚的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>长大，在他的努力下印度建立起了一个世俗政府，据此他提出了一些积极无神论哲学的指导方针<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>，积极无神论者应该具有这样一些品质：品行正直，对有神论者理解，不强求他人成为无神论者，以及对真理的追求，而不是满足在争辩中的胜利。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本理据">基本理据</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：基本理据">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Impiety,_Atheist_and_Charlatan_-_Picta_poesis,_by_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Aneau_(1552).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Supreme_Impiety%2C_Atheist_and_Charlatan_-_Picta_poesis%2C_by_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Aneau_%281552%29.jpg/250px-Supreme_Impiety%2C_Atheist_and_Charlatan_-_Picta_poesis%2C_by_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Aneau_%281552%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Supreme_Impiety%2C_Atheist_and_Charlatan_-_Picta_poesis%2C_by_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Aneau_%281552%29.jpg/375px-Supreme_Impiety%2C_Atheist_and_Charlatan_-_Picta_poesis%2C_by_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Aneau_%281552%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Supreme_Impiety%2C_Atheist_and_Charlatan_-_Picta_poesis%2C_by_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Aneau_%281552%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>“一个盗贼的儿子问一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E6%98%9F%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="占星学">占星学家</a>谁才是带他来到这世界的父亲。占星学家指了指天，又指了指坐在地上的老人，说道： ‘那是你身体的父亲，而那，是你灵魂的父亲。’ 男孩回答道： ‘在我之上的是什么与我无关，而我为我是这样一个老人的孩子而感到羞愧！’ ‘噢，这是何等不敬啊，不愿承认你的父亲，也不愿承认神才是你的创造者！’”<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> 此<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%93%E6%84%8F%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寓意画（页面不存在）">寓意画</a>阐明了实用无神论和其在历史上与不道德的关联，该寓言原标题为“极端的不敬：无神论和骗子”，取自1552年由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴泰勒米·阿诺（页面不存在）">巴泰勒米·阿诺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Aneau" class="extiw" title="en:Barthélemy Aneau">Barthélemy Aneau</a>）所作的《空想诗集》。</figcaption></figure> 信仰无神论的哲学理据在大体上可划分为实用主义和理论主义两类，而各种不同理论的无神论又分别来自独一的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%81%E5%AE%9E%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="证实理论（页面不存在）">论据</a>与哲学论证。与此相反，实用无神论不需要论证，因为其核心概念是对有神论概念的漠视和无知。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="实用主义无神论">实用主义无神论</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：实用主义无神论">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9C%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="远神论">远神论</a></div> 在实用，或称<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义">实用主义</a>无神论体系中（又称<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9C%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="远神论">远神论</a>），个人的生活不受神灵的影响，对日常现象的解释也不用借助神学。但神的存在并未遭到直接否认，而仅仅被认为无需考虑；在这种观点下，神既不为个人生活提供目标，也不影响个人的日常生活<a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka-p20-92">[92]</a>。对<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="科学界">科学界</a>造成影响的一种实用无神论叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E8%AE%BA%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方法论自然主义（页面不存在）">方法论自然主义</a>—即“无论是否全然接收与认可，对科学方法内的哲学自然主义的接纳和假设。”<a href="#cite_note-neps-93">[93]</a> 实用无神论有多种表现形式： <ul><li>缺乏宗教积极性—对神的信仰并未推动其道德行为，宗教行为及任何形式的行为；</li> <li>用思想和实际行动主动排斥与神与宗教有关的问题；</li> <li>冷漠—对有关神和宗教的议题缺乏关心；</li> <li>对神的概念不了解<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="理论主义无神论">理论主义无神论</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：理论主义无神论">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="神的存在證明">神的存在证明</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教的起源（页面不存在）">宗教的起源</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教进化心理学（页面不存在）">宗教进化心理学</a></div> 理论主义无神论要求清晰的提出神不存在的证明，以回应诸如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="目的論論證">目的论论证</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E7%9A%84%E8%B3%AD%E6%B3%A8" title="帕斯卡的賭注">帕斯卡的赌注</a>一类<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="神的存在">神存在的论证</a>。否认神存在的论据有很多种，通常是以本体论，认识论以及知识论的形式表现，但有时也会表现在心理学与社会学的形式上。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="本体论与知识论的论据">本体论与知识论的论据</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：本体论与知识论的论据">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知无神论">不可知无神论</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%9E%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神学非认知主义（页面不存在）">神学非认知主义</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="知识论">知识论</a>无神论认为人不可能感知到神祇或其存在，其理论基础为不同形式的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知论">不可知论</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A8" title="内在">内在理论</a>体系中，神与世界是紧密相连的，因此也存在于人的思想中，与此同时，每个人的<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86" title="意识">意识</a>又都必然是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="主觀">主观</a>的；根据这种不可知论，人类认知所存在的种种限制使得来自宗教信仰的任何客观推理都无法得出神存在的结论。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="康德">康德</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a>不可知论和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="启蒙时代">启蒙运动</a>只接受人类理性推导得出的知识；这一类无神论认为神不像原则问题般清晰可辨，因而不能确知其是否存在。基于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="休谟">休谟</a>理念的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="怀疑主义">怀疑主义</a>断言确知任何事物都是不可能的，因而人永远不能知道神是否存在。对无神论和不可知论的分类饱受争议；两者能被看成是不同且相对独立的世界观<a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka-p20-92">[92]</a>。 其他的能被分类成知识论或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="本体论">本体论</a>的？无神论论证，包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A0%E8%A7%86%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="漠视主义">漠视主义</a>，都论述了例如“神”和“神是全能的”一类概念和陈述的无意义性及不清晰性。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%9E%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神学非认知主义（页面不存在）">神学非认知主义</a>认为“神存在”这一类陈述并未表达任何主张，实际上是荒谬无意义的。神学非认知主义应该被分类为无神论还是不可知论一直存有争议。哲学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E8%80%B6%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="艾爾弗雷德·朱爾斯·艾耶爾">艾尔弗雷德·朱尔斯·艾耶尔</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西奥多·迈克尔·德兰格（页面不存在）">西奥多·迈克尔·德兰格</a>反对这两种分类，他们认为这两种理论都接受“神存在”是一种主张；因而坚持神学非认知主义的独立性<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="形而上学的论据">形而上学的论据</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：形而上学的论据">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA" title="一元论">一元论</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="物理主义">物理主义</a></div> 形而上学无神论是建立在形而上学<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA" title="一元论">一元论</a>——一种认为世界是同质且不可分的概念——的基础上的。绝对形而上学无神论者相信多种不同形式的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="物理主义">物理主义</a>，並據此否認非物理的存在。相对形而上学无神论者对神的概念则持有较为缓和的否定态度，这种否定态度来源于他们的哲学信仰與神的超然存在或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E7%A5%9E" title="人格神">人格</a>等属性之间的矛盾。相对形而上学无神论包括了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="泛神论">泛神论</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E6%B3%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超泛神论（页面不存在）">超泛神论</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epikouros_BM_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Epikouros_BM_1843.jpg/220px-Epikouros_BM_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Epikouros_BM_1843.jpg/330px-Epikouros_BM_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Epikouros_BM_1843.jpg/440px-Epikouros_BM_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2533" data-file-height="3800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%81%E9%B8%A0%E9%B2%81" title="伊壁鸠鲁">伊壁鸠鲁</a>是第一个提出<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E6%81%B6%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="罪恶问题">罪恶问题</a>的人。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">大卫·休谟</a>在他的著作《自然宗教对话录》<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>（1779）中把这一论证写成了几个问题的形式：“神是否想阻止‘恶’但阻止不了？如果是，那么神就是无能的；神是否能阻止‘恶’而不愿阻止？如果是，那么神就是坏的；如果神既想阻止又能阻止‘恶’，那‘恶’又是从哪来的呢？”</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="心理、社会及经济学论据">心理、社会及经济学论据</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：心理、社会及经济学论据">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">宗教心理学</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神经宗教学（页面不存在）">神经宗教学</a></div> 哲学家如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88" title="路德维希·费尔巴哈">路德维希·费尔巴哈</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德">西格蒙德·弗洛伊德</a>认为上帝和其他宗教信仰都是人类自身的创造，其目的是填补许多心理与情感上的需求。这也是许多<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教徒">佛教徒</a>的观点<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a>。受费尔巴哈的影响，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">卡尔·马克思</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="弗里德里希·恩格斯">弗里德里希·恩格斯</a>研究神与宗教的社会功能并作出结论，认为它们是统治阶级用来压迫劳动阶级的工具。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%AF%E5%AE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="米哈伊尔·巴枯宁">米哈伊尔·巴枯宁</a>则说：“神的概念暗指了人类理性和公义的缺失；它是对人类自由的极端否定，不论在理论上还是在实际中，它都必随着人类奴役的结束而消亡。”他将<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="伏尔泰">伏尔泰</a>的名言“如果上帝不存在，那就必须创造祂。”修改成“如果上帝存在，那就必须抛弃祂。”<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="逻辑学的论据">逻辑学的论据</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：逻辑学的论据">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="神的存在">神的存在</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E6%81%B6%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="罪恶问题">罪恶问题</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E9%9A%90%E8%97%8F%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神的隐藏性的论证（页面不存在）">神的隐藏性的论证</a></div> 基于逻辑学的无神论认为对<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="神的概念">神的概念</a>的各种不同定义——例如基督教的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E7%A5%9E" title="人格神">人格神</a>——都在逻辑上有自相矛盾的本质。这一类无神论者提出了各種<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8#演绎论证_(反对)" class="mw-redirect" title="神的存在">演绎论证</a>来否定神的存在，此類论证明确了神的几种属性，例如：完美、创造者地位、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%9C%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="不朽">不朽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%9F%A5" title="全知">全知</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%A8" title="全在">全在</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%83%BD" title="全能">全能</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%96%84_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" title="全善 (宗教)">全善</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E7%84%B6%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超然存在（页面不存在）">超然存在</a>、人之特质、非物质性、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="正义">正义</a>以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%81%E6%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="仁慈（页面不存在）">仁慈</a>等<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>，是无法和諧並存的。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%BA" title="神义论">神义论</a>无神论者认为神学家加给神的各种性质不能与现实的世界调和。他们认为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%9F%A5" title="全知">全知</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%83%BD" title="全能">全能</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%96%84_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" title="全善 (宗教)">全善</a>的神并不能解释一个存在着<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E6%81%B6%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="罪恶问题">罪恶</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%9B%E8%8B%A6" title="痛苦">痛苦</a>以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E6%80%A7%E9%9A%90%E9%80%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神性隐退（页面不存在）">神性隐退</a>的世界<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>。佛教的创始人<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">释迦牟尼</a>也曾提出过类似的论证<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="人本主义的论据">人本主义的论据</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：人本主义的论据">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學人類學">哲学人类学</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%81%E5%BA%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人文主义 (生活态度)（页面不存在）">人文主义 (生活态度)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%AB%96" title="價值論">价值论</a>无神论，或称建设性无神论，因为诸如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7" title="人性">人性</a>等“较高绝对”的存在而否定神。这种无神论论证认为人性才是道德观和价值观的绝对根源，人性也能让人无须求助于神即可解决伦理道德问题。马克思、弗洛伊德和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="萨特">萨特</a>都曾使用过这种论证去传达解放、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="超人说">超人说</a>以及无限制的幸福的要旨<a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka-p20-92">[92]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="布莱兹·帕斯卡">布莱兹·帕斯卡</a>在1669年相对于人本主义论据提出了一个至今仍然很常用的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对无神论的批评（页面不存在）">对无神论的批评</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>——那就是否认神的存在将会导致<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德相对主义">道德相对主义</a>，使人不再有道德的基础<a href="#cite_note-misconceptions-106">[106]</a>，也让生命变得痛苦和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9" title="生命的意義">无意义</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="其他论据">其他论据</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：其他论据">编辑</a>]</div> 信仰无神论的其他论据还包括： <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E8%AE%BA%E6%8D%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无信仰论据（页面不存在）">无信仰论据</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" class="extiw" title="en:Argument from nonbelief">Argument from nonbelief</a>）：如果全能的神希望自己被所有人相信和赞美，祂们可以证明自己的存在并使所有人都相信。由于有不相信神的人存在，因此或者神不存在，或者祂们对人类不产生影响。不论哪种情况，人们都不需要相信这样的神。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E4%B8%8D%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%B6%85%E8%B6%8A%E6%80%A7%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神不存在的超越性证明（页面不存在）">神不存在的超越性证明</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_non-existence_of_God" class="extiw" title="en:Transcendental argument for the non-existence of God">Transcendental argument for the non-existence of God</a>）：针对神存在的超越性证明，后者认为<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑</a>、科学和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="伦理">伦理</a>都只能在有神论<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A7%82" title="世界观">世界观</a>中才能被肯定，而前者则认为逻辑、科学和伦理都只能在无神论世界观中才能被肯定。</li></ul> <ul><li>任何<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>中都有自己的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="神话">神话</a>和神。声称某一文化中的神（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="耶和华">耶和华</a>）是特殊的并高于其他文化中的神（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%A8%B2" title="女娲">女娲</a>）是不合逻辑的。如果一个文化中的神被认为是神话，则所有文化中的神都应该被认为是神话。</li></ul> <ul><li>神的存在源自古人類對大自然愚昧及無知的想像，例如以鬼神之說解釋自然現像如<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%9D%95" class="mw-redirect" title="日蝕">日蝕</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%9A%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="風暴">風暴</a>，不足為信。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="霍金">霍金</a>在「論神是否存在」的課題例舉古<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="維京人">維京人</a>的各種原始信仰<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史">历史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：历史">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="无神论的历史">无神论的历史</a></div> 尽管无神论一词出现在16世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a><a href="#cite_note-Golding-52">[52]</a>，但早在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="吠陀文化">吠陀文化</a>时期和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="古典时期">古典时期</a>就已经有无神论概念的记载了。 无神论一词<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%BA%90%E5%AD%A6" title="语源学">源起于</a>公元前5世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊語</a>ἄθεος，最初指的是对较广为接受的神灵所持有的否定态度的人<a href="#cite_note-drachmann-51">[51]</a>，被神灵抛弃的人，或未承诺相信神灵的人<a href="#cite_note-Battling_Whitmarsh-109">[109]</a>。这个由正统宗教徒所创造的词实际指代了一类社会类别，那些与他们的宗教信仰不同的人都会被归入这个类别<a href="#cite_note-Battling_Whitmarsh-109">[109]</a>。今日语境下的无神论一词可追溯至16世纪<a href="#cite_note-Hunter_ch_1-110">[110]</a>。随着<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="自由思想">自由思想</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%87%B7%E7%96%91%E8%AB%96" title="科學懷疑論">科學懷疑論</a>的传播，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" class="mw-redirect" title="对宗教的批评">对宗教的批评</a>的增多，这一词语的对象范围也逐渐狭窄起来。第一个自称为“无神论者”的人出现在18世纪<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">啟蒙時代</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1999-111">[111]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a>是歷史上的第一次與无神论有關的大型<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="政治運動">政治運動</a>，其倡導人們<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%99%BA" title="理智">理性</a>至上<a href="#cite_note-HancockLambert-112">[112]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中国">中国</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：中国">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="道家">道家</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：道家">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E8%A1%A1" title="论衡">论衡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a>思想成形于<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6" title="先秦">先秦</a>时期，直到东汉末“黄老”一词才与<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%99" title="神仙">神仙</a>崇拜这样的概念结合起来。部分学者认为，就本身来说，这种神仙崇拜和道家思想少有相关联成份，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90" title="老子">老子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%84%E5%AD%90" title="庄子">庄子</a>都是以相当平静的心态来对待死亡的。道家思想是哲学学派，很大程度上是无神论的<a href="#cite_note-Lu2009-113">[113]</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>是有神论宗教信仰。引起两者相关联的原因可能是在道家的文字描述了对于领悟了“道”并体现“道”的人物意象，道教尊老子为祖師，又追求耳目不衰、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="长生不死">长生不死</a>，这和老子的哲学思想是有相悖之处的，将两者完全混为一谈是认识上的误区。 持道家思想的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>是中国东汉末年的思想家和文学家，他的作品《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E8%A1%A1" title="论衡">论衡</a>》在中国思想史上具有重要地位。王充的思想被認為是無神論的<a href="#cite_note-社会科学文献出版社_2013_p._126-114">[114]</a>。他批評汉末流行的神仙崇拜、批判當時流行的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="天人感应">天人感應</a>，<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-國立政治大學中國文學系_2008_p._295-116">[116]</a> ，认为元气是构成天地万物最原始的物质基础。他认为天并不具备情感和意义，它是一个没有主观意愿的自然实体。同時，他也认为自然现象不是上天的谴责、精神不能离开形体而独立存在<a href="#cite_note-Wan_juan_lou_tu_shu_gu_fen_you_xian_gong_si_2018_p._329-117">[117]</a>。哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AE%E5%8F%8B%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="馮友蘭">馮友蘭</a>認為，王充的观点在一定程度上否定了当时流行的神秘主义和迷信观念，强调了理性思维和对自然现象的客观认识 <a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="南北朝时期神灭论">南北朝时期神灭论</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：南北朝时期神灭论">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%81%AD%E8%AE%BA%E8%AE%BA%E6%88%98" title="神灭论论战">神灭论论战</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E7%BC%9C" title="范缜">范缜</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝时期</a>的思想家<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E7%BC%9C" title="范缜">范缜</a>对统治阶级迷信佛教、贻误国家的行为感到愤慨。他著作《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%BB%85%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="神滅論">神灭论</a>》，批判宗教迷信、宣传无神论的思想。范缜认为相信精神可以脱离形体而单独存在、除了人类的世界之外还有一个独立存在的所谓"神的世界"这种观点是一种迷信、是错误的。范缜认为精神只有依附于形体才能存在，没有形体就没有精神。他强调形体是精神的载体，精神只是形体的作用而已。因此，人死后就只剩下了尸体，精神不可能独立存在。范缜指出，除了物质世界的时空之外，根本不存在非物质的、超时空的所谓"神的世界"。范缜在《神灭论》中还分析了迷信的基本手段，指出迷信制造者利用人们对鬼神的信仰，误以为灵魂可以独立存在，然后通过虚幻迷信的神话来迷惑人、吓唬人、欺骗人和引诱人。范缜强调，迷信的流行会导致社会道德败坏，使人们追求私利而忽视亲情和帮助穷人的行为。他认为，施舍应该出于真正救助他人的善意，而不是为了立即得到好报<a href="#cite_note-雲龍出版社_1995_p._131-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Xianggang_cheng_shi_da_xue_chu_ban_she_2019_p._510-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-北京大学出版社_2003_p._304-121">[121]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="馬克思主義">馬克思主義</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：馬克思主義">编辑</a>]</div> 20世纪初俄國革命的確促發了之後的一連串革命潮，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國共產黨">中國共產黨</a>将堅持无神论的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克思主義">馬克思主義</a>作为中国革命的理論传入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國共產黨">中國共產黨</a>要求共产党员必须是彻底的无神论者，不仅要坚持马克思主义无神论，而且要积极宣传马克思主义无神论，普及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="辩证唯物主义">辩证唯物主义</a>的基本观点<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a>。无神论的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克思主義">馬克思主義</a>是当代<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國共產黨">中國共產黨</a>的指导思想。《中国纪检监察报》的文章介绍到，按<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國共產黨">中國共產黨</a>章程来说，每一个中国共产党员必须是无神论者；公民有信仰宗教的自由，但是共产党员不能信仰宗教，不能参加宗教活动。<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="印度">印度</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：印度">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="早期印度宗教">早期印度宗教</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：早期印度宗教">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教中的无神论（页面不存在）">印度教中的无神论</a></div> 尽管<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>是有神宗教，但它却包含<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教中的无神论（页面不存在）">无神论宗派</a>。出现在大约公元前6世纪，坚持唯物主义和反神哲学的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E4%B8%96%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="顺世派">顺世派</a>可能是印度哲学中最接近无神论的一派。这一哲学分支被定义成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="古印度六大哲學派別">非正统派</a>，被排除在古印度六大哲学派别之外，但因其是印度教中唯物主义运动的证据而值得注意<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a>。 其他含有无神论思想的印度哲学流派包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="数论派">数论派</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行业派（页面不存在）">行业派</a>。相信有神，但对有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC" title="人格">人格</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="造物主">造物主</a>概念有所排斥的，还有印度的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a><a href="#cite_note-Joshi-125">[125]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="西方">西方</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：西方">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="古典时期">古典时期</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：古典时期">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/220px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/330px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/440px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B3%E8%BE%A9" title="苏格拉底的申辩">苏格拉底的申辩</a>》中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="苏格拉底">苏格拉底</a>（图）是因为不信神而被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E9%9B%B7%E6%89%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈雷托（页面不存在）">迈雷托</a>控告的</figcaption></figure> 西方的无神论源于<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="前苏格拉底哲学">前苏格拉底</a>时期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">古希腊哲学</a>，但直到<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="启蒙时代">启蒙时代</a>后期才发展成明确的世界观<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a>。公元前五世纪的希腊哲学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%88%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="迪亚戈拉斯">迪亚戈拉斯</a>被称为“第一个无神论者”<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97" title="西塞罗">西塞罗</a>在他的著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%BA%E7%A5%9E%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="论神性（页面不存在）">论神性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum" class="extiw" title="en:De Natura Deorum">De Natura Deorum</a>）》中也提到过狄雅戈拉斯<a href="#cite_note-CIC-128">[128]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF" title="克里提亚斯">克里提亚斯</a>把宗教看成是人类的发明，其目的是恐吓其他人，好让他们接受道德规范<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子论</a>者如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%B0%9F%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="德谟克利特">德谟克利特</a>试图用纯粹的，不借助精神与神秘事物的<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="唯物主义">唯物主义</a>方式来解释世界。其他具有无神论思想的前苏格拉底时期哲学家还包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E7%8B%84%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="普罗狄克斯">普罗狄克斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%B3%B0%E6%88%88%E6%8B%89" title="普罗泰戈拉">普罗泰戈拉</a>。公元前三世纪的希腊哲学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="無神論者西奧多羅斯">西奧多羅斯</a><a href="#cite_note-CIC-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="斯特拉图">斯特拉图</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a>同样不相信神的存在。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="苏格拉底">苏格拉底</a>（约公元前471年–399年）曾因对<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="国教">国家神明</a>（参见<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect" title="尤西弗罗困境">尤西弗罗困境</a>）提出质疑而被指控为“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E6%95%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不敬（页面不存在）">不敬</a>”<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a>。尽管他以自己相信鬼神为由<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a>否认自己是一个“纯粹的无神论者”<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a>，他最终仍被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对苏格拉底的审判（页面不存在）">判处死刑</a>。苏格拉底在与柏拉图的对话录《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85" title="斐德羅">斐德罗</a>》中曾向多位不同的神祈祷<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>，还在《<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%9B%BD" title="理想国">理想国</a>》一书中说过“宙斯在上”<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%B8%8C%E8%BF%88%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="犹希迈罗斯">犹希迈罗斯</a>（约公元前330年–260年）认为神來源於受人崇拜的古代征服者，而他们的宗教信仰在本质上其实是对那些早已消失的王国与<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93" title="政体">政体</a>的延续<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a>。尽管他并不是一个严格意义上的无神论者，犹希迈罗斯仍被批评为“通过在衆人居住的土地上诋毁神祇以传播无神论”<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a>。 原子论唯物主义者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%81%E9%B8%A0%E9%B2%81" title="伊壁鸠鲁">伊壁鸠鲁</a>（约公元前341年–270年）反对许多的宗教概念，包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%86%E4%B8%96" title="來世">来世</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8D%E6%A0%BC%E7%A5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="位格神（页面不存在）">位格神</a>的存在；他认为<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E9%AD%82" title="灵魂">灵魂</a>是纯粹物质的与不朽的。虽然<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%81%E9%B8%A0%E9%B2%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="伊壁鸠鲁主义">伊壁鸠鲁主义</a>并没有明确否认神的存在，但伊壁鸠鲁认为，如果神确实存在的话，那祂们对人类是毫不关心的<a href="#cite_note-BBC-139">[139]</a>。 古罗马诗人<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E4%BF%AE" title="卢克莱修">卢克莱修</a>（约公元前99年–55年）持有与伊壁鸠鲁相近的观点，即若果神存在的话，祂们不会关心人类，也不会影响自然世界。基于这个理由，他认为人类不应惧怕超自然的事物。他在著作《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96" title="物性論">物性论</a>》中阐明了自己对宇宙，自然，灵魂，宗教，道德等等事物的伊壁鸠鲁式观点<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a>，这本书在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马">古罗马</a>起到了推行伊壁鸠鲁哲学的作用<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a>。 古罗马哲学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%8A%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%9F%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="塞克斯都·恩披里柯">塞克斯都·恩披里柯</a>提出了一种源于<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E6%B5%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="皮浪主义">皮浪主义</a>思想的怀疑观点，他认为人们不应该对任何一种信仰做出自己的判断，因为没有任何事物天性邪恶，而持有这种保留态度的人则能获得<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%BF%83%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%81%E9%9D%99" title="内心的宁静">内心的宁静</a>（Ataraxia）。他遗留的相对大量的著作对后世哲学家带来了持续的影响<a href="#cite_note-gordonstein-142">[142]</a>。 在古典时期，“无神论者”一词的意思逐渐的发生着改变，早期的基督徒因为拒绝信奉异教神而被打上无神论者的标签<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a>。到了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马帝国">罗马帝国</a>时期，大批基督徒因为抵制对罗马皇帝以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A5%9E%E7%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马神祇（页面不存在）">罗马神祇</a>的崇拜而被处死。而在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="狄奥多西一世">狄奥多西一世</a>于381年将基督教定为国教之后，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督教的异教（页面不存在）">基督教的异教</a>又成为了惩罚的对象<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中世纪前期到文艺复兴">中世纪前期到文艺复兴</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：中世纪前期到文艺复兴">编辑</a>]</div> 在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F" title="中世纪前期">中世纪前期</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>（参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪审判（页面不存在）">中世纪审判</a>）的欧洲，对无神论思想的拥护是非常少见的；形而上学，宗教和神学是当时的主流<a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka_2005_4-145">[145]</a>。但在当时仍然有一些运动在推行与基督教上帝不同的非正统观念，包括对自然的相异看法，超然存在和上帝的可知性等。一些个人和团体如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B8%E5%90%84%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E7%95%99%E6%A0%B9%E7%B4%8D" title="約翰內斯·司各特·愛留根納">约翰内斯·司各特·爱留根纳</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迪南的大卫（页面不存在）">迪南的大卫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_of_Dinant" class="extiw" title="en:David of Dinant">David of Dinant</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E7%BA%B3%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝纳的亚马里克（页面不存在）">贝纳的亚马里克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalric_of_Bena" class="extiw" title="en:Amalric of Bena">Amalric of Bena</a>）以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%81%B5%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由灵兄弟会（页面不存在）">自由灵兄弟会</a>（Brethren of the Free Spirit）都持有一种接近<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="泛神论">泛神论</a>的基督教思想。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E8%90%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="库萨的尼古拉">库萨的尼古拉</a>则持有一种他称之为“<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A0%E7%9F%A5" title="有知识的无知">有知识的无知</a>”的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="信仰主義">信仰主义</a>观点，认为上帝超出了人类的理解范畴，我们对上帝的认识都只能依靠推测。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E7%9A%84%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89" title="奥卡姆的威廉">奥卡姆的威廉</a>则产生了一种反形而上学的倾向，认为人类知识对抽象实体的认识有<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%90%8D%E8%AB%96" title="唯名論">唯名论的</a>限制，因此神的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8" title="本质">本质</a>无法被人类理智所直观和理性的领会。奥卡姆的追随者，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米尔库尔的约翰（页面不存在）">米尔库尔的约翰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Mirecourt" class="extiw" title="en:John of Mirecourt">John of Mirecourt</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥特库尔的尼古拉（页面不存在）">奥特库尔的尼古拉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" class="extiw" title="en:Nicholas of Autrecourt">Nicholas of Autrecourt</a>）继续扩展了这种观点。这些信仰与概念上的分歧影响了此后的一些神学家，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB" title="约翰·威克里夫">约翰·威克里夫</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF" title="扬·胡斯">扬·胡斯</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="马丁·路德">马丁·路德</a><a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka_2005_4-145">[145]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a>运动则扩大了自由思想以及怀疑质询的范畴。一些个人如<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E8%8A%AC%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="列奥纳多·达芬奇">列奥纳多·达芬奇</a>把实验看作解释事物的手段，反对<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%89%E8%AF%B8%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="诉诸权威">宗教权威的论据</a>。这一时期的其他宗教与教会批评家有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="尼可罗·马基亚维利">尼可罗·马基亚维利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%BA%B3%E6%97%BA%E8%92%82%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%83" class="mw-redirect" title="博纳旺蒂尔·德佩里埃">博纳旺蒂尔·德佩里埃</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E9%9B%B7" title="弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷">弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷</a><a href="#cite_note-gordonstein-142">[142]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="近代前期">近代前期</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：近代前期">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>时期见证了宗教狂热的再度兴起，例如新兴教团的扩增，大众对天主教的忠诚，还有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="加尔文宗">加尔文宗</a>等新教教派的出现。这一时期的宗教间冲突也扩展了当时神学与哲学的讨论范围，为其后出现的怀疑宗教的世界观奠定了基础。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" title="对基督教的批评">对基督教的批评</a>在17与18世纪变得更加频繁，特别是在英国与法国，根据当时的资料，两地出现了所谓的“难以名状的宗教问题”。一些新教思想家，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·霍布斯">托马斯·霍布斯</a>，支持唯物主义哲学，同时对超自然事物持怀疑态度。荷兰裔犹太哲学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%B2%81%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%BA%E8%8E%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎">巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎</a>反对<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%84%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摄理（页面不存在）">摄理</a>（Divine Providence）概念而支持泛神论自然主义。到了17世纪晚期，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a>更广为知识分子所接受，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7" title="约翰·托兰德">约翰·托兰德</a>。不过，虽然自然神论者嘲笑基督教，他们对无神论也持蔑视态度。已知的第一个抛开自然神论衣钵转而强硬否认神祇存在的无神论者是一位十八世纪早期法国神父<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%8F%B6" title="让·梅叶">让·梅叶</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a>。他的追随者包括其他更为公开的无神论思想家，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="霍尔巴赫">霍尔巴赫</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B-%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅克-安德烈·奈容（页面不存在）">雅克-安德烈·奈容</a>（Jacques-André Naigeon）<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a>。哲学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">大卫·休谟</a>基于经验主义开发了一套持怀疑态度的认识论，破坏了自然神论的形而上学基础。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feuerbach_Ludwig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Feuerbach_Ludwig.jpg/170px-Feuerbach_Ludwig.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Feuerbach_Ludwig.jpg/255px-Feuerbach_Ludwig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Feuerbach_Ludwig.jpg/340px-Feuerbach_Ludwig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88" class="mw-redirect" title="路德维希·安德列斯·费尔巴哈">费尔巴哈</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8" title="基督教的本质">基督教的本质</a>》（1841）极大的影响了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">马克思</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="恩格斯">恩格斯</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="大卫·斯特劳斯">大卫·斯特劳斯</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" class="mw-redirect" title="尼采">尼采</a>等哲学家。他认为神是人类的创造，而宗教活动则是对无法实现的愿望的满足。</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a>把无神论从沙龙中带到了公众面前。强制执行<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%98%E6%B0%91%E4%BA%8B%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="神职人员民事组织法案">神职人员民事组织法案</a>的尝试导致了对大量神职人员的驱逐和暴力压制。革命时期巴黎各种混乱的政治事件最终让极端的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%AE%BE%E6%B4%BE" title="雅各宾派">雅各宾派</a>在1793年获得权力，开始了<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-disambig" title="恐怖統治">恐怖统治</a>。在恐怖高潮，一些激进的无神论者试图用武力强制的将法国去基督教化，把宗教替换为<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="理性崇拜">理性崇拜</a>。这些迫害随着<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%9C%88%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="热月政变">热月政变</a>而结束，但这一时期的部分世俗化措施对法国政治造成了长久的影响。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭西第一帝國">拿破仑时期</a>将法国社会的世俗化活动制度化，同时将革命带到了意大利北部，试图籍此打造容易受摆布的共和国。19世纪，许多的无神论者和反宗教思想家都投身到政治与社会活动中，促成了<a href="/wiki/1848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1848年革命">1848年革命</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利统一">意大利统一</a>以及国际<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>活动的增长。 在19世纪的后半期，无神论在<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="自由思想">自由思想</a>哲学家的影响下变得日益彰显。这一时期的许多杰出哲学家都否认神的存在，对宗教持批评态度，他们之中有<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88" title="路德维希·费尔巴哈">路德维希·费尔巴哈</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%8F%94%E6%9C%AC%E5%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="亚瑟·叔本华">亚瑟·叔本华</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">卡尔·马克思</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">弗里德里希·尼采</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="近代末期">近代末期</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：近代末期">编辑</a>]</div> 20世纪的无神论，特别是实用主义无神论，出现在了许多的社会群体中。无神论思想也为更加广域的哲学派别所认可，它们包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="客觀主義">客观主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗人文主义">世俗人文主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="虚无主义">虚无主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="女权主义">女权主义</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a>以及普通科学和<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a>。 逻辑实证主义与<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a>为随后的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新实证主义（页面不存在）">新实证主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析哲学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="结构主义">结构主义</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自然主义">自然主义</a>铺平了道路。新实证主义和分析哲学抛弃了古典理性主义与形而上学，转向严格的经验主义与认识论的<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%90%8D%E8%AB%96" title="唯名論">唯名论</a>。支持者诸如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a>等断然地拒绝信仰神。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="路德维希·维特根斯坦">路德维希·维特根斯坦</a>在他的早期工作中曾试图将形而上学与超自然的语言从理性论述中分离开来。<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E8%80%B6%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="艾爾弗雷德·朱爾斯·艾耶爾">A.J.艾耶尔</a>断言宗教陈述具有不可证明性与无意义性，援引了自己对经验科学的坚定信仰。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%BB%B4-%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯">列维-斯特劳斯</a>的应用结构主义否定了宗教语言的玄奥意味，认为它们都源自于人类的潜意识。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%88%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E8%8A%AC%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·尼迈耶·芬德利（页面不存在）">J. N.芬德利</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B4%BE%E7%B1%B3%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%A9%AC%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·贾米森·卡斯韦尔·斯马特（页面不存在）">J. J. C.斯马特</a>论证称神的存在在逻辑上是非必然的。自然主义者与唯物主义一元论者如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81" title="约翰·杜威">约翰·杜威</a>认为自然世界是万物的基础，否认了神与不朽的存在<a href="#cite_note-stanford-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a>。 20世纪同时也见证了无神论在政治上的崛起，尤其是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">马克思</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="恩格斯">恩格斯</a>理论的推动下。在1917年俄国<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>之后，宗教自由的增加仅持续了数年，其后的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a>转而压制宗教。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>和其他<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="社会主义国家">社会主义国家</a>在推动<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="国家无神论">国家无神论</a>形成的同时使用暴力手段抵制宗教<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A2%99" class="mw-redirect" title="柏林墙">柏林墙</a>倒塌之后，反宗教政体的数目大为减少。2006年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="皮尤研究中心">皮尤研究中心</a>的蒂莫西·沙（Timothy Shah）博士指出“一股世界性的潮流已经覆盖各主要宗教团体，那就是相对于世俗运动与意识形态，基于神与信仰的运动的信心和影响力要更为明显地增长。”<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E6%B2%BF%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前沿基金会（页面不存在）">前沿基金会</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E9%AB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格利高里·斯科特·保罗（页面不存在）">格利高里·斯科特·保罗</a>和菲尔·查克曼（Phil Zuckerman）认为这不尽真实，实际情况较此要复杂与微妙的多<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a>。近年來（2000年後）於英美等地興起，攻擊宗教信仰的無神論運動（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="新無神論">新無神論</a>）說明了這點，有媒體將<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9" title="丹尼爾·丹尼特">丹尼爾·丹尼特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·道金斯">理查德·道金斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="山姆·哈里斯">山姆·哈里斯</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%AC%BD%E6%96%AF" title="克里斯托弗·希欽斯">克里斯托弗·希欽斯</a>稱作新無神論的四騎士。<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="國家無神論">國家無神論</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：國家無神論">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="国家无神论">國家無神論</a></div> 国家无神论（英語：State atheism）是一个相对于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="国家宗教">国家宗教</a>的概念，即由政府所推行的无神论，通常会伴随着对<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="宗教自由">宗教自由</a>的壓制出现<a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski1980-155">[155]</a>。大部分<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="社会主义国家">社会主义国家</a>都有过这样的政策。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="有關「無神論」之不同社會面向">有關「無神論」之不同社會面向</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：有關「無神論」之不同社會面向">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人口分佈特徵">人口分佈特徵</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：人口分佈特徵">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="无神论人口">无神论人口</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png/220px-Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png/330px-Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png/440px-Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>欧洲国家人口中回答“不相信神祇”的人口比例（2010年）<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></figcaption></figure> 统计无神论者人口很困难，其结果也不準确。原因主要有两个：第一，世界上一些政府推广无神论，而另一些政府压制无神论，因此对于无神论者人口的统计可能过高或过低；其次，由于无神论的定义不确定，许多统计的标准并不统一，其中一些可能仅仅统计强无神论者人口，而另一些则统计无宗教信仰的人口<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教和无神论（页面不存在）">信仰印度教的无神论者</a>会回答自己是印度教徒，但同时他也是无神论者<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a>。無神論概念出自一神信仰的西方，該概念套用到傳統東方文化上可能出現矛盾，如中國人和日本人等東方民族可能介於有神論和無神論間，與西方嚴格區別兩個概念的思維不同。因此統計該地各國無神論者的比例，可能會出現10－90％的極大落差。特别是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>，大多数人都同时拥有多个宗教信仰（参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="日本宗教">日本宗教</a>）。而無宗教信仰者並不同于无神论者，可能近似于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="不可知論">不可知論</a>者。 尽管无神论者在大部分国家佔少数，但可以确定的是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="共产主义国家">共产主义国家</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a>等）和前共产主义国家（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a>等），无神论者人数较多，这是由于共产主义国家曾经强制推行无神论。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7" title="西欧">西欧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0" title="新西兰">新西兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>等地区无神论者也较多，之后是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>，世界其他国家地区无神论者较少。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>根据1995年的调查，无宗教信仰的人口占世界总人口的14.7％，而无神论者占3.8％<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a>。与此相近的，在2002年由Adherents.com网站进行的调查表明“世俗的、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="无宗教">无宗教</a>的、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知论">不可知论</a>的、以及无神论的人口”比例是14％<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a>。美国<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%83%85%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中情局">中情局</a>2004年的调查表明12.5％的人没有宗教信仰，其中2.4％是无神论者<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a>。根据《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书">大英百科全书</a>》2005年出版的调查结果，无宗教人口占世界总人口的11.9%，无神论者则占2.3%，这个统计并未包括那些信仰无神论宗教的人，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教徒">佛教徒</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_demographics-162">[162]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歐美地區">歐美地區</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：歐美地區">编辑</a>]</div> 2006年11至12月有调查考察美国和5个欧洲国家的无神论人口，在《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="金融时报 (英国)">金融时报</a>》发布的调查结果显示，美国的无神论人口比例最低，只有4%；而欧洲国家的比例则较高（意大利：7%，西班牙：11%，英国：17%，德国：20%，法国：32%）<a href="#cite_note-Harris-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-abs-164">[164]</a>。对于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>无宗教信仰人口（包括無神論、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知论">不可知论</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a>等）的调查结果从0.4%到15％相差较大，大约16.2％的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="加拿大人">加拿大人</a>无宗教信仰（包括無神論者），而绝大多数<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E4%BA%BA" title="墨西哥人">墨西哥人</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教徒">天主教徒</a>（89％）。其中关于欧洲国家的数字与2005年<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="欧盟">欧盟</a>官方调查的结果相近，根据2005年欧洲统计办公室<a href="/wiki/Eurostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>的统计，18%的欧盟人口不相信有神存在<a href="#cite_note-EU-42">[42]</a>。对于无神论者、不可知论者和其他不相信人格神的人口比例，2007年的调查显示<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马尼亚">罗马尼亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="塞浦路斯">塞浦路斯</a>和其他一些欧洲国家无神论者所占总人口比例的数字为个位数，而在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>的比例更高一些，分别为40％，33％和32％<a href="#cite_note-Martin2007b-165">[165]</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="北欧">北欧</a>地区的<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>（85%）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a>（80%）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>（72%）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰">芬兰</a>（60%）的比例更高。 在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">美洲</a>之外，根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="澳大利亚统计局">澳大利亚统计局</a>的数据显示19%的澳大利亚人“无宗教信仰”（包括无神论者）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亞洲">亞洲</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：亞洲">编辑</a>]</div> 由于在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>大多数人都同时拥有多个宗教信仰，所以很难统计无神论者的人数，但有数据称大约65%的日本人是无神论者、不可知论者或不相信神的存在<a href="#cite_note-Martin2007-34">[34]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="执政党">执政党</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a>的党员原则上必须是无神论者，据估计目前中國大陸有59％的人口无宗教信仰<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>則有14%的人有宗教信仰<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a>有约20％<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人">犹太人</a>认为自己是“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97" title="世俗">世俗</a>的”，但其中多数人由于家庭或国家的原因仍参加<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C" title="礼拜">礼拜</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a>。据2003年国际<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="宗教自由">宗教自由</a>报告所述，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾">台湾</a>人民大多数有宗教信仰，目前有近14％的人口不信仰任何宗教<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="教育程度與國家安定">教育程度與國家安定</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：教育程度與國家安定">编辑</a>]</div> 跨国研究结果表明教育程度和不相信上帝有正相关性<a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman-43">[43]</a>，欧盟的调查显示辍学和相信上帝有正相关性<a href="#cite_note-EU-42">[42]</a>。无神论在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="科学家">科学家</a>中所占比例更高这一趋势在20世纪初比较明显，到20世纪末成为科学家中的多数。美国<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="心理学家">心理学家</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E6%9F%B3%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆士·柳巴（页面不存在）">詹姆士·柳巴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Leuba" class="extiw" title="en:James H. Leuba">James H. Leuba</a>）1914年随机调查1000位美国<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="自然科学家">自然科学家</a>，其中58％“不相信或怀疑神的存在”。同一调查在1996年重复了一次，得出60.7％的类似结果。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美国科学院">美国科学院</a>院士中这一比例高达93％。肯定回答不相信神的比例从52％升高至72％<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a>。《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6_(%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A)" title="自然 (期刊)">自然</a>》杂志1998年刊登的文章指出，调查显示<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="美国国家科学院">美国国家科学院</a>院士之中相信人格神或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%86%E4%B8%96" title="來世">来世</a>的人数处于历史低点，相信人格神的只占7%，远低于美国人口的85%比例<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a>。《芝加哥大学纪事报》的文章则指出，76%的医生相信上帝，比例高于科学家的7%，但仍比一般人口的85%为低<a href="#cite_note-Physicians-172">[172]</a>。同年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="麻省理工学院">麻省理工学院</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%B4%9B%E9%9F%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗兰克·萨洛韦（页面不存在）">弗兰克·萨洛韦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="加利福尼亚大学">加利福尼亚大学</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E9%BB%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈克尔·舍默（页面不存在）">迈克尔·舍默</a>进行研究显示，高学历的美国成年人（调查样本中12%持有博士学位，62%是大学毕业生）之中有64%相信上帝，而宗教信念与教育水平有负相关性<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E8%90%A8%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" title="门萨国际">门萨国际</a>出版的杂志的文章指出，1927年至2002年之间进行的39个研究显示，对宗教的虔诚和智力有负相关性<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a>。这些研究结果与<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="牛津大学">牛津大学</a>教授<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈克尔·阿盖尔 (心理学家)（页面不存在）">迈克尔·阿盖尔</a>进行的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元分析">元分析</a>结果近似，他分析了7个研究美国学生对宗教的态度和<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B%E5%95%86%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="智力商數">智力商数</a>的关系。虽然发现负相关性，该分析没有提出两者之间存在因果关系，并指出家庭环境、社会阶级等因素的影响<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a>。 無神論在社會較安定的國家較為盛行，根據心理學家 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigel_Barber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigel Barber（页面不存在）">Nigel Barber</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Barber" class="extiw" title="en:Nigel Barber">Nigel Barber</a>），由於當地醫療資源較完善，社會安全網完整，因此未來不確定性較低，無神論者較多。而在較落後的國家中，則鮮少有無神論者。<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="无神论与宗教信仰">无神论与宗教信仰</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：无神论与宗教信仰">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教与科学">宗教与科学</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无神论与宗教（页面不存在）">无神论与宗教</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世俗伦理（页面不存在）">世俗伦理</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_(Dhammajak_Mutra).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/220px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/330px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/440px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption>佛教的佛與天啓宗教的造物主有很大區別</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>有多种定义<a href="#cite_note-religion-177">[177]</a>： <ol><li>坚定地相信超自然性和上帝存在以及有关原则和理论体系</li> <li>以热情和坚定地信念而坚持信仰的原则和理论体系</li></ol> 《斯坦福哲学百科全书》<a href="#cite_note-AtheismAgnosticism-178">[178]</a>中无神论条目中定义一章认为，有神论最好被理解为一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%A2%98" title="命题">命题</a>（或主张），其答案可能是“正确”或“错误”。无神论者不相信上帝不是基于信仰，而是因为他们没有看到足够的证据来支持上帝的存在，是基于理性和证据。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="山姆·哈里斯">山姆·哈里斯</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="无神论者">无神论者</a>认为西方宗教对神性权威的依靠使其联系上了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义">威权主义</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="教条">教条</a>主义<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a>。而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%95%99%E6%97%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="原教旨主義">原教旨主义</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">外诱性信仰</a>（即为获得利益而信仰宗教<a href="#cite_note-Moreira-almeida2006-180">[180]</a>）则与威权主义、教条主义以及偏见有很深的联系<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a>。 英国哲学家和逻辑学家诺贝尔文学奖获得者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a>反对信仰<a href="#cite_note-auto-66">[66]</a>，他认为：「基督徒认为自己的信仰行善，但其他信仰却有害。无论如何，他们对共产主义信仰也是持这种观点。我坚持的是，所有信仰都是有害的。我们可以将‘信仰’定义为对没有证据的事物的坚定信念。在有证据的地方，没有人会说‘信仰’。我们不说‘2加2等于4’是信仰，也不说‘地球是圆的’是信仰。我们只在希望用情感代替证据时才谈到信仰。用情感代替证据容易导致冲突，这是因为不同的群体用不同的情感来代替。基督徒信仰耶稣复活，共产党人相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="劳动价值论">马克思的价值论</a>。其中任一种信仰都不能得理性的支撑，因此，每种信仰都只得通过宣传来维持，必要时还得通过战争。」 关于無神論是否也是基于信仰，宗教和無神論双方意见不同： <ul><li>一些批評無神論者認為無神論本身也是基於自身的信念而認為神不存在、各宗教的觀點都是錯的，這本身也是一種信仰<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a>，和各個宗教的信條沒有什麼區別<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a>。例如《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C" title="時代雜誌">時代雜誌</a>》的專欄作家伊恩·琼斯就認為，如果站在一個世俗的角度，那麼無神論者強烈否認神存在的信條似乎和基督新教相信聖經絕對無誤的那些人沒什麼區別<a href="#cite_note-Johns-184">[184]</a>。</li> <li>無神論认为他们不是靠信仰，而是没有看到足够的证据来支持上帝的存在。無神論一方如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a>曾用<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%8C%B6%E5%A3%BA" title="羅素的茶壺">罗素的茶壶</a>認為舉證神存在的責任應在有神論者身上。現代無神論者们进一步用<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%8C%B6%E5%A3%BA" title="羅素的茶壺">罗素的茶壶</a>和現代反諷性質的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E5%A4%A9%E9%9D%A2%E6%9D%A1%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="飞天面条神教">飞天面条神教</a>作为一个反证法的论述，说明如果在无法由科学证明的情况要求相信和不相信一个超自然存在都得到同样的尊重和重视，那么它也必须给予相信<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%8C%B6%E5%A3%BA" title="羅素的茶壺">罗素的茶壶</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E5%A4%A9%E9%9D%A2%E6%9D%A1%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="飞天面条神教">飞天面条神</a>的存在同等的尊重，因为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%8C%B6%E5%A3%BA" title="羅素的茶壺">茶壶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E5%A4%A9%E9%9D%A2%E6%9D%A1%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="飞天面条神教">面条神</a>和超自然存在同样无法去由科学证明或否证<a href="#cite_note-TheGodDelusion-23">[23]</a>,認為舉證神存在的責任應在有神論者身上。</li></ul> 不過，也有一些無神論者出於傳統文化等因素，依然有一些精神信仰。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗人文主义">世俗人文主義</a>下就有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太无神论（页面不存在）">犹太无神论</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人文犹太教（页面不存在）">人文犹太教</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="基督教无神论">基督教无神论</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="基督徒自然神论">基督徒自然神论</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>是否屬於無神論有一定爭論<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a>，甚至許多佛教人士自認為佛教是無神的<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a>。這是因為佛教的佛與天啓宗教的神有很大區別，可認為是得道的賢人。另一方面，佛教一向是承认鬼神存在的。在《华严经》、《地藏经》，乃至于《阿含经》等，都有鬼神记载。佛教认为有天神（天人）、有天帝，而这些神与一般人皆为六道众生。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="伦理道德">伦理道德</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：伦理道德">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德科学（页面不存在）">道德科学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_morality" class="extiw" title="en:Science of morality">Science of morality</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世俗道德（页面不存在）">世俗道德</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_morality" class="extiw" title="en:Secular morality">Secular_morality</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对无神论批判（页面不存在）">对无神论批判#道德</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism#Morality" class="extiw" title="en:Criticism of atheism">Criticism_of_atheism#Morality</a>）</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="信神和恐惧与伦理道德维持">信神和恐惧与伦理道德维持</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：信神和恐惧与伦理道德维持">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Secular_morality#"Morality_does_not_rely_on_religion"" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Secular_morality#"Morality_does_not_rely_on_religion""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_morality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secular morality（页面不存在）">Secular_morality#"Morality_does_not_rely_on_religion"</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_morality#"Morality_does_not_rely_on_religion"" class="extiw" title="en:Secular morality">Secular_morality#"Morality_does_not_rely_on_religion"</a>）</div> 关于是否需要靠信神和恐惧以及崇拜上帝才能维持那些与现代社会相容的伦理道德理念. 认为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%91%BD%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神命论（页面不存在）">道德必然来自神</a>及不能脱离一个明察善断的创造主的观点尽管在哲学上是一个老生常谈的论题，但是<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="爱因斯坦">爱因斯坦</a>认为： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote">“一个人的道德行为应该有效地建立在同情心、教育、社会联系和需求的基础上；不需要宗教基础。如果一个人不得不因害怕惩罚和希望死后得到回报而受到限制，那么他确实是一个可怜的人”<div class="templatequotecite"><cite>——<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="爱因斯坦">爱因斯坦</a>, "Religion and Science," New York Times Magazine, 1930</cite></div></blockquote> 而柏拉图也用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect" title="尤西弗罗困境">尤西弗羅困境</a>中论证过神在决定事物的正确与否时所扮演的角色不是非必要的就是武断的，通常被认为是对道德需要宗教这一观点的最早反驳之一<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kant_CPR_A811-196">[196]</a>。 道德戒律如“杀人有罪”一直被看作<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="神圣法">神圣法</a>，需要一个拥有神性的立法者和法官才能成立。尽管如此，许多无神论者认为像对待法律一样对待道德本身就包含了一个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%B1%BB%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="错误类比（页面不存在）">错误类比</a>，道德并不像法律那样随着制定者变化<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a>。 哲学家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E7%8F%8A%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏珊·尼曼（页面不存在）">苏珊·尼曼</a>（Susan Neiman）<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC" title="朱立安·巴吉尼">朱立安·巴吉尼</a>等人<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a>认为根据神的要求而表现出道德并不是真正的道德行为，而仅仅是盲目服从。巴吉尼相信无神论是道德的优越基础，存在一个外在于宗教权威的道德基础对于评价权威本身的道德很有必要——例如一个没有宗教信仰的人也能判断出偷窃是不道德的——因而无神论者在做出这样的评价时更为有利<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教经典批评">宗教经典批评</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：宗教经典批评">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84#伦理学批评" class="mw-disambig" title="圣经批评">圣经批评 § 伦理学批评</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" title="对耶稣的批评">对耶稣的批评</a></div> 同时期的英国政治哲学家马丁·科恩（Martin Cohen）给出了许多圣经中的支持酷刑和奴隶的训谕的例子，作为宗教训谕是随着政治和社会发展而不是相反情况的佐证，同时指出了这一趋势对看似冷静客观的哲学发展也是适用的<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a>。科恩在其著作《政治哲学：从柏拉图到毛泽东》（Political Philosophy from Plato to Mao）以《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F" title="古兰经">古兰经</a>》为例详述了这一观点，他认为《古兰经》在历史上起了一个保护中世纪的社会准则不受时代变化影响的不良作用<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a>。 无神论者也可以拥有从认为人类应该一致遵守同一道德准则的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="人文主义">人文主义</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德普遍主义">道德普遍主义</a>到认为道德无意义的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="道德虛無主義">道德虚无主义</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a>之间任何不同的道德信仰。这一观点，连同宗教在历史上造成的破坏，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="十字军东征">十字军东征</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E7%AB%AF%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="异端审判">異端裁判所</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E5%B7%AB" title="獵巫">猎巫</a>與宗教戰爭运动等等，常被<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="反宗教">反宗教</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="无神论者">无神论者</a>用以维系自己的观点<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a>。(参见： <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84#伦理学批评" class="mw-disambig" title="圣经批评">圣经批评#伦理学批评</a>， <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84#伦理" title="对基督教的批评">对基督教的批评#伦理</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生物學觀點">生物學觀點</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：生物學觀點">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7#生物學觀點" title="道德">道德 § 生物學觀點</a></div> 一些生物学和心理学的研究认为，道德伦理是由人类的心理生物学基础而决定的，而并非是有宗教信仰的人才能具有完整的道德伦理。有人类学的研究认为，道德源于进化，源于人类本身的生物学特性。人类是社会动物，一定程度的克己利人是人类延续的必要条件<a href="#cite_note-EthicsWithoutGods-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-今日简史-206">[206]</a>。 英国演化生物学家<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="道金斯">道金斯</a>认为, 我们不需要宗教就能行善。我们的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a>有达尔文式的解释：通过进化过程选择的利他<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>赋予人们天然的同理心。他问道：“如果你知道上帝不存在，你会杀人、强奸或抢劫吗？” 他认为很少有人会回答“是”，这削弱了宗教在道德行为方面的必要性。为了支持这一观点，他回顾了道德的历史，认为存在一种道德时代精神，它在社会中不断演变，总体上向自由主义发展。随着它的进展，这种道德共识会影响宗教领袖如何解释他们的神圣著作。因此，<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="道金斯">道金斯</a>指出，道德并非源于圣经，而是我们的道德进步决定了基督徒接受和否定圣经的哪些部分。<a href="#cite_note-TheGodDelusion-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美国联邦囚犯中无神论者的比例分析">美国联邦囚犯中无神论者的比例分析</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=41" title="编辑章节：美国联邦囚犯中无神论者的比例分析">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/FiveThirtyEight" title="FiveThirtyEight">FiveThirtyEight</a>数据记者和作家<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mona_Chalabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mona Chalabi（页面不存在）">Mona Chalabi</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Chalabi" class="extiw" title="en:Mona Chalabi">Mona Chalabi</a>） 通过分析<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8" title="美国司法部">美国司法部</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80" title="美国司法统计局">美国司法统计局</a>2013年的报告<a href="#cite_note-Prisoners_in_2013-207">[207]</a>，调查美国联邦囚犯中有宗教信仰的比例，发现监狱囚犯自称为无神论者的比例为0.1%。她同时又找出2008年美国的人口普查数据，根据2008年人口普查中有1%的无神论者，得出监狱中自认为无神论者的比例相对较低的结论。但是，她自己也在文中指出，囚犯信仰的数据中含有一个“其他”的分类，而她在比较中直接去掉了这一分类。另外，她也指出，监狱中囚犯各信仰比例与总人口中各信仰比例的不同也可能是由族裔、政经地位等因素造成，很难简单一概而论<a href="#cite_note-MonaChalabi-208">[208]</a>。对文章探讨的问题 “监狱中无神论者犯人的比例是低于人口中无神论者的比例吗？” <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mona_Chalabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mona Chalabi（页面不存在）">Mona Chalabi</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Chalabi" class="extiw" title="en:Mona Chalabi">Mona Chalabi</a>）综合其它问题讨论的最后回答是: 无论如何，关于监狱里的宗教信仰，你是对的：监狱中无神论者犯人的比例是低于人口中无神论者的比例。 美国作家和无神论活动家<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemant_Mehta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemant Mehta（页面不存在）">Hemant Mehta</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemant_Mehta" class="extiw" title="en:Hemant Mehta">Hemant Mehta</a>） 根据2021年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%9B%A3%E7%8D%84%E5%B1%80" title="美國聯邦監獄局">美国联邦监狱局</a> 提供的数据<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a>指出，2021年无神论者仅占联邦监狱人口的 0.1%，又指出根据2021年<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="皮尤研究中心">皮尤研究中心</a>的数据<a href="#cite_note-PEW_RESEARCH-210">[210]</a>，自我认定的无神论者占人口的4%。这可以得到，狱中无神论者犯人的比例是于人口中无神论者的比例40分之一。另一方面，他指出，这一数字不能说明无神论者比有宗教信仰者更加道德，因为无神论者因为在监狱中可能处于相对的弱势地位而选择伪报自己的信仰状况，也可能是一部分并不相信有神的囚犯并不知道到底什么才是无神论。此外，这些数据也只覆盖了联邦监狱系统的囚犯，而各州监狱（美国）囚犯的数量比联邦监狱多得多。但他认为这一数字至少表明假定无神论者都不道德这个观点站不住脚。文章中指出： <ul><li>“人们认为，如果你有宗教信仰，你永远不会做出让自己入狱的可怕事情。他们认为，做这种事的人不是真正的基督徒。但是，当新教徒约占联邦监狱人口的 23%、天主教徒占 17%、穆斯林占 8.1%（我们现在知道他们确实如此）时，就很难说所有这些人都夸大了他们的信仰。”</li> <li>特别强调 "当在监狱里找到一名公开不信教的囚犯就像大海捞针（finding a needle in a haystack）一样时，基督教护教者和牧师就更难辩称信仰对于让人们走在正义的道路上是必要的"<a href="#cite_note-atheistsPrisoners_2021-211">[211]</a>。</li> <li>最后的结论是，“救赎之路并不经过神。”</li></ul> 关于同样的数据，另外有一种解读是，因为监狱囚犯生活相对苦闷，所以也许监狱的囚犯更容易从无神论转换为信仰宗教者<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="暴力和与宗教的关系">暴力和与宗教的关系</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=42" title="编辑章节：暴力和与宗教的关系">编辑</a>]</div> 基督教神學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9" title="大衛·本特利·哈特">大衛·本特利·哈特</a>教授认为基督教與各種宗教及無神論者相同，都有暴力歷史。但如果以20世纪为例，無神論者殺戮記錄更多（该书第12页）<a href="#cite_note-David_Bentley_Hart-213">[213]</a>。对其著作<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atheist_Delusions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atheist Delusions（页面不存在）">Atheist Delusions</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist_Delusions" class="extiw" title="en:Atheist Delusions">Atheist Delusions</a>）的评论可见于：<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> 与<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9" title="大衛·本特利·哈特">大衛·本特利·哈特</a>相反的观点如下： <ul><li>20世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·希特勒">希特勒</a>对600万<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人">犹太人</a>被种族灭绝的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="纳粹大屠杀">纳粹大屠杀</a>和斯大林清洗和屠杀等是分别以<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="纳粹主义">纳粹</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>的信仰为名义，不是以信无神论和不信上帝为名义；历史上没有以信无神论名义和不信上帝而发起的战争<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a>。许多宗教战争的原因也可能还包括国家和民族的利益，但却是以宗教名义和信仰上帝而发起的，如延续近200年几十万十字军死亡的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="十字軍">十字軍</a>东征、包括平民有约800万人死亡的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="三十年战争">三十年战争</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-216">[216]</a>、三百万民众死于战乱及引发的饥荒和瘟疫的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="法国宗教战争">法国宗教战争</a>。20世纪战争中的士兵中既有有神论者和也有无神论者，希特勒士兵中有神论者远多于无神论者，把有神论者和无神论者士兵杀戮都归于无神论者，来断言“无神论者杀戮记录更多”观点也是错误的。<a href="#cite_note-PaulDoerksen-217">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·道金斯">理查德·道金斯</a>指出，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="斯大林">斯大林</a>的暴行并非受到无神论的影响，而是受到教条<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a>的影响<a href="#cite_note-GodDelusion-67">[67]</a>。并得出结论，虽然斯大林和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛</a>碰巧是无神论者，但他们并没有“以无神论的名义”行事<a href="#cite_note-bbc-218">[218]</a>。道金斯称：“重要的不是希特勒和斯大林是否是无神论者，而是无神论是否有系统地影响人们做坏事。没有甚至最小的证据表明它确实如此”。<a href="#cite_note-GodDelusion-67">[67]</a>:309-309</li></ul> 1979年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="史蒂文·温伯格">史蒂文·温伯格</a>警示人们，无论有没有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>，好人都会做好事，坏人都会做恶事。但是，若你想要好人做恶事，就需要宗教了<a href="#cite_note-DesignerUniverse-33">[33]</a>。比如，施行恐怖行动的宗教信徒人可能是不偷不抢的好人，但他们坚信<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%80%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="九一一袭击事件">九一一袭击事件</a>、炸地铁等恐怖行动等按其宗教和上帝旨意是正确行动可以上天堂，所以犯下残忍的暴力恐怖罪行。但没有任何人能理性地以信无神论和不信上帝的名义，而施行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%80%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="九一一袭击事件">911</a>及炸地铁等恐怖行动。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=43" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:4; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="无神论的历史">无神论的历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="對無神論者的歧視">对无神论者的歧视</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="新無神論">新无神论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世俗道德（页面不存在）">世俗道德</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_morality" class="extiw" title="en:Secular morality">Secular morality</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德科学（页面不存在）">道德科学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_morality" class="extiw" title="en:Science of morality">Science of morality</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德与宗教（页面不存在）">道德与宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality_and_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Morality and religion">Morality and religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教与科学">宗教与科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E9%80%A0%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="创造论与科学">创造论与科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="演化論">演化論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" title="天主教與演化論">天主教與演化論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="理性主義">理性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" class="mw-disambig" title="圣经批评">圣经批评</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教社会学">宗教社會學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="不可知論">不可知論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="无宗教">无宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="基督徒自然神论">基督徒自然神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="基督教神學">基督教神学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知无神论">不可知無神論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E6%80%A7" title="神的存在性">神的存在性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E8%8C%B2%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%A8%B4%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%80%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="奇茲米勒訴多佛學區案">奇茲米勒訴多佛學區案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%8C%B6%E5%A3%BA" title="羅素的茶壺">羅素的茶壺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E5%A4%A9%E9%9D%A2%E6%9D%A1%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="飞天面条神教">飞天面条神教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%98%8E%E7%B2%89%E7%B4%85%E7%8D%A8%E8%A7%92%E7%8D%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="透明粉紅獨角獸">透明粉紅獨角獸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B4%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%A9%E5%88%A4" title="猴子審判">猴子审判</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E8%AC%AC%E6%B3%95" title="歸謬法">歸謬法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%AE%A3%E9%81%93%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="拷貝宣道教會">拷貝宣道教會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="信仰">信仰</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考书籍">参考书籍</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=44" title="编辑章节：参考书籍">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E9%94%99%E8%A7%89" title="上帝错觉">上帝错觉</a>》<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="新無神論">新无神论</a>代表作之一。作者<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·道金斯">理查德·道金斯</a>是当代最著名的无神论者之一，<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="牛津大学">牛津大学</a>大众科学教育讲座教授, 英国皇家学会会员。他崇尚<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a>与理智并批评世界上所有的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>都是人类制造的骗局。他在书中指出<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="旧约">旧约</a>》中的上帝是一个妒嫉心强、非正义、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%81%8B%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="同性恋恐惧症">歧视同性恋</a>、喜好杀人等等使人憎恨的恶霸。道金斯在书中批驳<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="有神论">有神论</a>者的各种观点，并解释<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%BC%80%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%83%E5%8B%8B" title="美国开国元勋">开国元勋们</a>其实十分厌恶<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>。<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E4%B8%8D%E4%BC%9F%E5%A4%A7" title="上帝不伟大">上帝不伟大：宗教是如何毒害一切的</a>》是一本2007年出版的批判宗教的非虚构类书籍，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="新無神論">新无神论</a>代表作之一。作者是由作家兼记者<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%AC%BD%E6%96%AF" title="克里斯托弗·希欽斯">克里斯托弗·希钦斯</a>。</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_God_Argument:_The_Case_against_Religion_and_for_Humanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The God Argument: The Case against Religion and for Humanism（页面不存在）">The God Argument: The Case against Religion and for Humanism</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_God_Argument" class="extiw" title="en:The God Argument">The God Argument</a>）》。</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E9%94%99%E8%A7%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无神论错觉（页面不存在）">无神论错觉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist_Delusions" class="extiw" title="en:Atheist Delusions">Atheist Delusions</a>）》基督教神學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9" title="大衛·本特利·哈特">大衛·本特利·哈特</a>教授的著作，试图反驳<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="新無神論">新无神论</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=45" title="编辑章节：参考文献">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks infobox" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">關於无神论 的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LIBRARY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LIBRARY">圖書館資源</a> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA">您的圖書館的資源</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&library=0CHOOSE0">其他圖書館的資源</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用">引用</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=46" title="编辑章节：引用">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SEP_Atheism-1"><a href="#cite_ref-SEP_Atheism_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/atheism-agnosticism">Draper, Paul, "Atheism and Agnosticism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</a>. [2021-03-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312023927/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/atheism-agnosticism/">存档</a>于2021-03-12）. <q>The “a-” in “atheism” must be understood as negation instead of absence, as “not” instead of “without”. Therefore, in philosophy at least, atheism should be construed as the proposition that God does not exist (or, more broadly, the proposition that there are no gods).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Draper%2C+Paul%2C+%22Atheism+and+Agnosticism%22%2C+The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Fall+2017+Edition%29%2C+Edward+N.+Zalta+%28ed.%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2017%2Fentries%2Fatheism-agnosticism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> 威廉·L·羅（William L. Rowe），“无神论”（Atheism），《Routledge哲学百科全书》（Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy），1998年：“无神论的立场是认为神不存在，即明确的不相信，而不是信仰缺失。”注：缺失在汉语中含义是：缺陷;缺点和失误, 有贬低无神论的含义. </li> <li id="cite_note-oxdicphil-3"><a href="#cite_ref-oxdicphil_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Simon Blackburn (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541430.001.0001/acref-9780199541430-e-278?rskey=GC0Coc&result=279">atheism</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 2008. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008 [2013-11-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312023802/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541430.001.0001/acref-9780199541430-e-278?rskey=GC0Coc&result=279">存档</a>于2021-03-12）. <q>Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=atheism&rft.au=Simon+Blackburn&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199541430.001.0001%2Facref-9780199541430-e-278%3Frskey%3DGC0Coc%26result%3D279&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-religioustolerance-4"><a href="#cite_ref-religioustolerance_4-0">^</a> Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onelook.com/?w=atheism&ls=a">"atheism"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070930023613/http://www.onelook.com/?w=atheism&ls=a">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）) first list one of the more narrow definitions. <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagobert_D._Runes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagobert D. Runes（页面不存在）">Runes, Dagobert D.(editor)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234916/http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html">Dictionary of Philosophy</a>. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. 1942 [2011-04-09]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-06-463461-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-06-463461-2">ISBN 0-06-463461-2</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-13）. <q>(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Dagobert+D.%28editor%29&rft.aulast=Runes&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Philosophy&rft.date=1942&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-463461-2&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Littlefield%2C+Adams+%26+Co.+Philosophical+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Frunes%2Fa.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  – entry by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergilius_Ferm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vergilius Ferm（页面不存在）">Vergilius Ferm</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/atheism">Atheism</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. [2013-11-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911080901/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/atheism">存档</a>于2016-09-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fatheism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-eb2011-atheism-critique-6"><a href="#cite_ref-eb2011-atheism-critique_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNielsen2013">Nielsen 2013</a>: "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable." </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-philosophy-7"><a href="#cite_ref-encyc-philosophy_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2005">Edwards 2005</a>: "On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion." </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-theism-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED-theism_8-0">8.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED-theism_8-1">8.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Oxford English Dictionary 2nd. 1989. <q>Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=1989&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism">Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</a>. [2011-04-09]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514194441/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism">存档</a>于2011-05-14）. <q>...belief in the existence of a god or gods...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftheism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Smart, J. J. C. Zalta, Edward N. , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/atheism-agnosticism/">Atheism and Agnosticism</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition). [2016-05-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202055749/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/atheism-agnosticism/">存档</a>于2013-12-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=J.+J.+C.&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Agnosticism&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Spring+2013+Edition%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2013%2Fentries%2Fatheism-agnosticism%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-reldef-11"><a href="#cite_ref-reldef_11-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607093325/http://www.as.ua.edu/rel/aboutreldefinitions.html">Definitions: Atheism</a>. Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. [2012-12-01]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.as.ua.edu/rel/aboutreldefinitions.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Definitions%3A+Atheism&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Department+of+Religious+Studies%2C+University+of+Alabama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.as.ua.edu%2Frel%2Faboutreldefinitions.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism">Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</a>. [2011-04-09]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514194441/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism">存档</a>于2011-05-14）. <q>...belief in the existence of a god or gods...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftheism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs-13"><a href="#cite_ref-eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs_13-0">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism">Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> 1 15th: 666. 2011 [April 9, 2011]. 0852294735. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512015453/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism">存档</a>于May 12, 2011）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheism+as+rejection+of+religious+beliefs&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=15th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=666&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F40634%2Fatheism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hk01.com/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8/575052/%E6%B2%92%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99-%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%97%8E-%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E8%AA%AA%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%97%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E7%9A%84">「沒有神的宗教」可能嗎？為何說神論者與無神論者的體驗是一致的</a>. 香港01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E6%B2%92%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E3%80%8D%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%97%8E%EF%BC%9F%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E8%AA%AA%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%97%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E7%9A%84&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hk01.com%2F%25E5%2593%25B2%25E5%25AD%25B8%2F575052%2F%25E6%25B2%2592%25E6%259C%2589%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599-%25E5%258F%25AF%25E8%2583%25BD%25E5%2597%258E-%25E7%2582%25BA%25E4%25BD%2595%25E8%25AA%25AA%25E7%25A5%259E%25E8%25AB%2596%25E8%2580%2585%25E8%2588%2587%25E7%2584%25A1%25E7%25A5%259E%25E8%25AB%2596%25E8%2580%2585%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25AB%2594%25E9%25A9%2597%25E6%2598%25AF%25E4%25B8%2580%25E8%2587%25B4%25E7%259A%2584&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-logical-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-logical_15-0">15.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-logical_15-1">15.1</a> <cite class="citation web">Various authors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/modern/nontheism/atheism/logical.html">Logical Arguments for Atheism</a>. The Secular Web Library. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Infidels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Infidels（页面不存在）">Internet Infidels</a>. [October 2, 2012]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117012714/http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/nontheism/atheism/logical.html">存档</a>于November 17, 2012）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Logical+Arguments+for+Atheism&rft.au=Various+authors&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Secular+Web+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Fnontheism%2Fatheism%2Flogical.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Shook, John R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shook.pragmatism.org/skepticismaboutthesupernatural.pdf">Skepticism about the Supernatural</a> (PDF). [October 2, 2012]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018210402/http://shook.pragmatism.org/skepticismaboutthesupernatural.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于October 18, 2012）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.aulast=Shook&rft.btitle=Skepticism+about+the+Supernatural&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshook.pragmatism.org%2Fskepticismaboutthesupernatural.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Drange-1996-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Drange-1996_17-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Drange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Drange（页面不存在）">Drange, Theodore M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/aeanb.html">The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief</a>. Secular Web Library. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Infidels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Infidels（页面不存在）">Internet Infidels</a>. 1996 [October 2, 2012]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070110135633/http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/aeanb.html">存档</a>于January 10, 2007）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=The+Arguments+From+Evil+and+Nonbelief&rft.aufirst=Theodore+M.&rft.aulast=Drange&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secular+Web+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Ftheodore_drange%2Faeanb.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-unbelief-def-issues-18"><a href="#cite_ref-encyc-unbelief-def-issues_18-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Harvey, Van A. Agnosticism and Atheism,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Van+A.&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.btitle=Agnosticism+and+Atheism&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  in <a href="#CITEREFFlynn2007">Flynn 2007</a>，第35頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFFlynn2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>): "The terms ATHEISM and AGNOSTICISM lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative a both before the Greek theos (divinity) and gnosis (to know) to mean that atheism is simply the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is simply lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them ... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since the absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it." </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStenger2007">Stenger 2007</a>，第17–18頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFStenger2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>), citing <cite class="citation book">Parsons, Keith M. God and the Burden of Proof: Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytical Defense of Theism. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. 1989. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-87975-551-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-87975-551-5">ISBN 978-0-87975-551-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Keith+M.&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.btitle=God+and+the+Burden+of+Proof%3A+Plantinga%2C+Swinburne%2C+and+the+Analytical+Defense+of+Theism&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-551-5&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-honderich-20"><a href="#cite_ref-honderich_20-0">^</a> Honderich, Ted (Ed.) (1995). "Humanism". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. p. 376. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-866132-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-866132-0">0-19-866132-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Fales, Evan. Naturalism and Physicalism,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft.aulast=Fales&rft.btitle=Naturalism+and+Physicalism&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  in <a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>，第122–131頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMartin2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>，第3–4頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-TheGodDelusion-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheGodDelusion_23-0">23.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheGodDelusion_23-1">23.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheGodDelusion_23-2">23.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheGodDelusion_23-3">23.3</a> <cite class="citation book">Dawkins, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goddelusion0000dawk_b2x1">The God Delusion</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoddelusion0000dawk_b2x1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-为什么我不是基督徒-24"><a href="#cite_ref-为什么我不是基督徒_24-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccl.pku.edu.cn/doubtfire/Science_Human/t11.htm">伯特兰·罗素, 为什么我不是基督徒</a>. [2021-03-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090714154210/http://ccl.pku.edu.cn/doubtfire/Science_Human/t11.htm">存档</a>于2009-07-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0%2C+%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%88%91%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccl.pku.edu.cn%2Fdoubtfire%2FScience_Human%2Ft11.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-garvey-25"><a href="#cite_ref-garvey_25-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Garvey, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124021207/http://www.arsdisputandi.org/publish/articles/000339/article.pdf">Absence of evidence, evidence of absence, and the atheist’s teapot</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars_Disputandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ars Disputandi（页面不存在）">Ars Disputandi</a>. 2010, 10: 9–22. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arsdisputandi.org/publish/articles/000339/article.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2013-01-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Absence+of+evidence%2C+evidence+of+absence%2C+and+the+atheist%E2%80%99s+teapot&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.aulast=Garvey&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Disputandi&rft.pages=9-22&rft.volume=10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arsdisputandi.org%2Fpublish%2Farticles%2F000339%2Farticle.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaacson-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Isaacson_26-0">^</a> 引用错误：没有为名为<code>Isaacson</code>的参考文献提供内容</li> <li id="cite_note-Einstein2013B-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Einstein2013B_27-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Albert Einstein. Albert Einstein, The Human Side: Glimpses from His Archives. Princeton University Press. 2013-10-27. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4008-4812-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4008-4812-6">ISBN 978-1-4008-4812-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.au=Albert+Einstein&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%2C+The+Human+Side%3A+Glimpses+from+His+Archives&rft.date=2013-10-27&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4812-6&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-我的世界观-28"><a href="#cite_ref-我的世界观_28-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/philosophy/Einstein.txt">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦，我的世界观（The World as I See It (book)）</a>. [2021-03-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815141909/http://xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/philosophy/Einstein.txt">存档</a>于2020-08-15）. <q>我无法想象存在这样一个上帝，它会对自己的创造物加以赏罚，会具有我们在自己身上所体验到的那种意志。我不能也不愿去想象一个人在肉体死亡以后还会继续活着；让那些脆弱的灵魂，由于恐惧或者由于可笑的唯我论，去拿这种思想当宝贝吧！</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A7%82%EF%BC%88The+World+as+I+See+It+%28book%29%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xys.org%2Fxys%2Febooks%2Fothers%2Fphilosophy%2FEinstein.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-大設計-29"><a href="#cite_ref-大設計_29-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" title="史蒂芬·霍金">史蒂芬·霍金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%83%E8%BF%AA%E7%91%99" title="倫納德·姆沃迪瑙">雷納·曼羅迪諾</a>。《大設計》。<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%85%86%E6%9E%97" title="郭兆林">郭兆林</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%A8%E5%BF%B5%E7%B8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="周念縈（页面不存在）">周念縈</a>譯。<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82" title="臺北市">台北</a>：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%A1%8A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大塊文化（页面不存在）">大塊文化</a>，2011。<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789862132432" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9789862132432</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Alice Gribbin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/12/richard-dawkins-issue-hitchens">Preview: The Four Horsemen of New Atheism reunited</a>. New Statesman. [2012-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410071709/http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/12/richard-dawkins-issue-hitchens">存档</a>于2014-04-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.au=Alice+Gribbin&rft.btitle=Preview%3A+The+Four+Horsemen+of+New+Atheism+reunited&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=New+Statesman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-staggers%2F2011%2F12%2Frichard-dawkins-issue-hitchens&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Pope-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Pope_31-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/pope-would-you-accept-evolution-and-big-bang-180953166">The Pope Would Like You to Accept Evolution and the Big Bang</a>. [2021-03-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116063302/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/pope-would-you-accept-evolution-and-big-bang-180953166/">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=The+Pope+Would+Like+You+to+Accept+Evolution+and+the+Big+Bang&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fpope-would-you-accept-evolution-and-big-bang-180953166&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-BeyondBelief-32"><a href="#cite_ref-BeyondBelief_32-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Nave-html/Faithpathh/weinberg.html">Steven Weinberg, Closing statements of presentation at Beyond Belief : Science, Religion, Reason and Survival, 5 November 2006</a>. [2021-05-29]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215141628/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Nave-html/Faithpathh/weinberg.html">存档</a>于2018-02-15）. <q>I think the world needs to wake up from its long nightmare of religious belief; and anything that we scientists can do to weaken the hold of religion should be done, and may in fact be our greatest contribution to civilization</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Steven+Weinberg%2C+Closing+statements+of+presentation+at+Beyond+Belief+%3A+Science%2C+Religion%2C+Reason+and+Survival%2C+5+November+2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2FNave-html%2FFaithpathh%2Fweinberg.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-DesignerUniverse-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DesignerUniverse_33-0">33.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DesignerUniverse_33-1">33.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.physlink.com/Education/essay_weinberg.cfm">Steven Weinberg, A Designer Universe?, PhysLink.com</a>. [2021-03-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414105944/https://www.physlink.com/Education/essay_weinberg.cfm">存档</a>于2019-04-14）. <q>With or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil—that takes religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Steven+Weinberg%2C+A+Designer+Universe%3F%2C+PhysLink.com&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.physlink.com%2FEducation%2Fessay_weinberg.cfm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin2007-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2007_34-0">34.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2007_34-1">34.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Zuckerman, Phil. Martin, Michael T , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA56">The Cambridge Companion to Atheism</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2007: 56 [2011-04-09]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-60367-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-60367-6">ISBN 978-0-521-60367-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL22379448M">OL 22379448M</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031223718/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA56">存档</a>于2015-10-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60367-6&rft.pages=56&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAeFipOVx4MC%26pg%3DPA56&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WIN/GIA-35"><a href="#cite_ref-WIN/GIA_35-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021065544/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf">Religiosity and Atheism Index</a> (PDF). Zurich: <a href="/w/index.php?title=WIN/GIA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WIN/GIA（页面不存在）">WIN/GIA</a>. July 27, 2012 [October 1, 2013]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于October 21, 2013）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Religiosity+and+Atheism+Index&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=Zurich&rft.pub=WIN%2FGIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wingia.com%2Fweb%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2F14%2Ffile%2F14.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-wingia2-36"><a href="#cite_ref-wingia2_36-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/04/13/399338834/new-survey-shows-the-worlds-most-and-least-religious-places">New Survey Shows the World's Most and Least Religious Places</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="全国公共广播电台">NPR</a>. April 13, 2015 [April 29, 2015]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506110630/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/04/13/399338834/new-survey-shows-the-worlds-most-and-least-religious-places">存档</a>于May 6, 2015）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=New+Survey+Shows+the+World%27s+Most+and+Least+Religious+Places&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NPR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fthetwo-way%2F2015%2F04%2F13%2F399338834%2Fnew-survey-shows-the-worlds-most-and-least-religious-places&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WINGIA_2017-37"><a href="#cite_ref-WINGIA_2017_37-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114113506/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/370/file/370.pdf">Religion prevails in the world</a> (PDF). 2017-11-14 [2018-02-27]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/370/file/370.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于November 14, 2017）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Religion+prevails+in+the+world&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wingia.com%2Fweb%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2F370%2Ffile%2F370.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Demographics_Oxford_Keysar-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Demographics_Oxford_Keysar_38-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Keysar, Ariela; Navarro-Rivera, Juhem. 36. A World of Atheism: Global Demographics. Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (编). The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. Oxford University Press. 2017. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-964465-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-964465-0">ISBN 978-0-19-964465-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=36.+A+World+of+Atheism%3A+Global+Demographics&rft.au=Navarro-Rivera%2C+Juhem&rft.aufirst=Ariela&rft.aulast=Keysar&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Atheism&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964465-0&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-2004-demographics-39"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-2004-demographics_39-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/wtwtgod/3518375.stm">UK among most secular nations</a>. BBC News. 2004-02-26 [2015-01-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902202852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/wtwtgod/3518375.stm">存档</a>于2017-09-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=UK+among+most+secular+nations&rft.date=2004-02-26&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fwtwtgod%2F3518375.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-eb2007-demographics-40"><a href="#cite_ref-eb2007-demographics_40-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1360391/Religion-Year-In-Review-2007">Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2007</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 [November 21, 2013]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212154920/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1360391/Religion-Year-In-Review-2007">存档</a>于December 12, 2013）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Adherents+of+All+Religions+by+Six+Continental+Areas%2C+Mid-2007&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1360391%2FReligion-Year-In-Review-2007&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <ul><li>2.3% Atheists: Persons professing atheism, skepticism, disbelief, or irreligion, including the militantly antireligious (opposed to all religion).</li> <li>11.9% Nonreligious: Persons professing no religion, nonbelievers, agnostics, freethinkers, uninterested, or dereligionized secularists indifferent to all religion but not militantly so.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-GallupInternational-41"><a href="#cite_ref-GallupInternational_41-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/files/2015/04/WIN.GALLUP-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUSITY-INDEX.pdf">Gallup International Religiosity Index</a> (PDF). Washington Post. WIN-Gallup International. April 2015 [January 9, 2016]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201065414/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/files/2015/04/WIN.GALLUP-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUSITY-INDEX.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于February 1, 2016）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Gallup+International+Religiosity+Index&rft.date=2015-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fworldviews%2Ffiles%2F2015%2F04%2FWIN.GALLUP-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUSITY-INDEX.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-EU-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU_42-0">42.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU_42-1">42.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU_42-2">42.2</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430163128/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">Social values, Science and Technology</a> (PDF). Directorate General Research, European Union. 2010: 207 [April 9, 2011]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于April 30, 2011）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Social+values%2C+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Directorate+General+Research%2C+European+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_341_en.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuckerman-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman_43-0">43.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman_43-1">43.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Zuckerman, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228104545/http://www.pitzer.edu/academics/faculty/zuckerman/Zuckerman_on_Atheism.pdf">Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions</a> (PDF). Sociology Compass. 2009, 3 (6): 949–971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1751-9020">ISSN 1751-9020</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1751-9020.2009.00247.x">doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitzer.edu/academics/faculty/zuckerman/Zuckerman_on_Atheism.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2014-12-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheism%2C+Secularity%2C+and+Well-Being%3A+How+the+Findings+of+Social+Science+Counter+Negative+Stereotypes+and+Assumptions&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1751-9020&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Sociology+Compass&rft.pages=949-971&rft.volume=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pitzer.edu%2Facademics%2Ffaculty%2Fzuckerman%2FZuckerman_on_Atheism.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1751-9020.2009.00247.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00567-y">ÇAĞLAR, M.E. Why does intellectuality weaken faith and sometimes foster it?. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 7, 88 (2020).</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=%C3%87A%C4%9ELAR%2C+M.E.+Why+does+intellectuality+weaken+faith+and+sometimes+foster+it%3F.+Humanit+Soc+Sci+Commun+7%2C+88+%282020%29.&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-020-00567-y&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLarson1998" class="citation journal">Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham. Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God. Nature. 1998, 394 (6691): 313–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9690462">PMID 9690462</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F28478">doi:10.1038/28478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Correspondence%3A+Leading+scientists+still+reject+God&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6691&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=313-4&rft.volume=394&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F28478&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9690462&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/news/file002.html">StephenJayGould.org</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301051125/http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/news/file002.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2014-03-01., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Retrieved on 2006-12-17 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> David Limbaugh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://townhall.com/columnists/DavidLimbaugh/2004/04/20/does_atheism_require_more_faith">"Does atheism require more faith?,"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170118224216/http://townhall.com/columnists/DavidLimbaugh/2004/04/20/does_atheism_require_more_faith">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Townhall.com, April 20, 2004 <ul><li>Stanley Fish, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fish.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/06/17/atheism-and-evidence/">"Atheism and Evidence,"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090925074924/http://fish.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/06/17/atheism-and-evidence/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Think Again, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, June 17, 2007</li> <li>DHRUV K. SINGHAL, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=525958">"The Church of Atheism,"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090207075724/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=525958">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Harvard_Crimson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Harvard Crimson（页面不存在）">The Harvard Crimson</a>, December 14, 2008</li> <li>Norman L. Geisler and Frank Turek, I Don't Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist," Crossway Books, March 01, 2004, 447 Pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-58134-561-5" title="Special:网络书源/1-58134-561-5">1-58134-561-5</a></li> <li>John F. Haught, God and the New Atheism: A Critical Response to Dawkins, Harris, and Hitchens, Westminster John Knox Press, December 31, 2007, 156 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-664-23304-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-664-23304-4">978-0-664-23304-4</a>, page 45</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Edis, Taner. Atheism and the Rise of Science. Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (编). The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. Oxford University Press. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0198745075" title="Special:网络书源/978-0198745075">ISBN 978-0198745075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheism+and+the+Rise+of+Science&rft.aufirst=Taner&rft.aulast=Edis&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Atheism&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0198745075&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-atheism_science-48"><a href="#cite_ref-atheism_science_48-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030014323/http://www.investigatingatheism.info/science.html">Atheism and Science</a>. Investigating Atheism project - Cambridge and Oxford. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investigatingatheism.info/science.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-10-30）. <q>Atheists have appealed to science in defence of their atheism since the first avowedly atheistic manuscripts of the mid seventeenth century. However, as the German expert on atheism Winfried Schroeder has shown, the relationship between early modern atheism and science tended to embarrass rather than strengthen the fledgling atheism's case.[1]"; "The renowned Denis Diderot, atheist and deist in turns, could still say in 1746 that science posed a greater threat to atheism than metaphysics.[3] Well into the eighteenth century it could be argued that it was atheism and not theism which required a sacrifice of the intellect. As Schroeder has pointed out, atheists were scientifically retrograde until at least the mid eighteenth century, and suffered from their reputation as scientifically unserious.[4]"; "As John Hedley Brooke has pointed out, for every nineteenth century person considering these issues who followed figures such as Thomas Henry Huxley or Francis Galton in regarding evolution as devastating for religious belief, there were others, such as the Oxford theologian Aubrey Moore, who regarded Darwin's evolutionary theory as an opportunity for religion.[7]At the beginning of the twenty first century the situation remains very similar:..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Science&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Investigating+Atheism+project+-+Cambridge+and+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investigatingatheism.info%2Fscience.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Schroeder_Atheism_and_Science-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Schroeder_Atheism_and_Science_49-0">^</a> Schroeder, Winfried. Ursprunge des Atheismus: Untersuchungen zur Metaphysik- und Religionskritik des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts. Tubingen: Frommann- Holzboog, 1998. Pg 79-80, 291, 297-302 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> The word αθεοι—in any of its forms—appears nowhere else in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Septuagint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septuagint（页面不存在）">Septuagint</a> or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Testament（页面不存在）">New Testament</a>. <cite class="citation book">Robertson, A.T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/r/robertson_at/wordpictures/htm/EPH2.RWP.html">Ephesians: Chapter 2</a>. Word Pictures in the New Testament. Broadman Press. 1960 [1932] [2007-04-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312025550/https://www.ccel.org/r/robertson_at/wordpictures/htm/EPH2.RWP.html">存档</a>于2021-03-12）. <q>Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. See Paul's words in Ro 1:18–32.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Ephesians%3A+Chapter+2&rft.aufirst=A.T.&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.btitle=Word+Pictures+in+the+New+Testament&rft.date=1960&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Broadman+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fr%2Frobertson_at%2Fwordpictures%2Fhtm%2FEPH2.RWP.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-drachmann-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drachmann_51-0">51.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-drachmann_51-1">51.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Drachmann, A. B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=cguq-yNii_QC&dq=Atheism+in+Pagan+Antiquity&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=-W-j5EXqRg&sig=C5tsxMSlg6uiteabxdMo17SaF6c&hl=en&ei=-ggCS4OxE4nctgPS1em7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Atheism in Pagan Antiquity</a>. Chicago: Ares Publishers. 1977（"an unchanged reprint of the 1922 edition"）. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-89005-201-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-89005-201-8">ISBN 0-89005-201-8</a>. <q>Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they said atheos and atheotēs; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly, atheos was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rft.aulast=Drachmann&rft.btitle=Atheism+in+Pagan+Antiquity&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-89005-201-8&rft.pub=Chicago%3A+Ares+Publishers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcguq-yNii_QC%26dq%3DAtheism%2Bin%2BPagan%2BAntiquity%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D-W-j5EXqRg%26sig%3DC5tsxMSlg6uiteabxdMo17SaF6c%26hl%3Den%26ei%3D-ggCS4OxE4nctgPS1em7Dg%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D1%26ved%3D0CAgQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Golding-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golding_52-0">52.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golding_52-1">52.1</a> Rendered as Athisme: <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Golding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Golding（页面不存在）">Golding, Arthur</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Sidney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Sidney（页面不存在）">Philip Sidney</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_de_Mornay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe de Mornay（页面不存在）">Mornay's</a> Woorke concerning the Trewnesse of the Christian Religion, written in French; Against Atheists, Epicures, Paynims, Iewes, Mahumetists, and other infidels. London. 1587: xx. 310. <q>Athisme, that is to say, vtter godlesnes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.aulast=Golding&rft.btitle=Mornay%27s+Woorke+concerning+the+Trewnesse+of+the+Christian+Religion%2C+written+in+French%3B+Against+Atheists%2C+Epicures%2C+Paynims%2C+Iewes%2C+Mahumetists%2C+and+other+infidels&rft.date=1587&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=xx.+310&rft.pub=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) Translation of De la verite de la religion chrestienne（1581）。 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F50014052+atheist">http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50014052 atheist</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" title="牛津英語詞典">牛津英語詞典</a> (第三版). <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="牛津大學出版社">牛津大學出版社</a>. 2005-09 （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F50014052+atheist&rft.date=2005-09&rft.edition=%28%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%89%88%29&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.series=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fsearch%3FsearchType%3Ddictionary%26q%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdictionary.oed.com%252Fcgi%252Fentry%252F50014052%2Batheist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  外部链接存在于<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Rendered as Atheistes: <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Golding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Golding（页面不存在）">Golding, Arthur</a>. The Psalmes of David and others, with <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Calvin">J. Calvin</a>'s commentaries. 1571: Ep. Ded. 3. <q>The Atheistes which say..there is no God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.aulast=Golding&rft.btitle=The+Psalmes+of+David+and+others%2C+with+J.+Calvin%27s+commentaries&rft.date=1571&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=Ep.+Ded.+3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Translated from French. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meredith_Hanmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meredith Hanmer（页面不存在）">Hanmer, Meredith</a>. The auncient ecclesiasticall histories of the first six hundred years after Christ, written by Eusebius, Socrates, and Evagrius. London. 1577: 63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/55193813">OCLC 55193813</a>. <q>The opinion which they conceaue of you, to be Atheists, or godlesse men.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft.aulast=Hanmer&rft.btitle=The+auncient+ecclesiasticall+histories+of+the+first+six+hundred+years+after+Christ%2C+written+by+Eusebius%2C+Socrates%2C+and+Evagrius&rft.date=1577&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=London&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55193813&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Burton_(scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Burton (scholar)（页面不存在）">Burton, Robert</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Anatomy_of_Melancholy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Anatomy of Melancholy（页面不存在）">The Anatomy of Melancholy</a>. 1621: III. iv. II. i. <q>Cosen-germans to these men are many of our great Philosophers and Deists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Melancholy&rft.date=1621&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=III.+iv.+II.+i&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Martin, Edward. Five Letters. His opinion concerning the difference between the Church of England and Geneva [etc.]. London. 1662: 45. <q>To have said my office..twice a day..among Rebels, Theists, Atheists, Philologers, Wits, Masters of Reason, Puritanes [etc.].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Five+Letters&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.btitle=His+opinion+concerning+the+difference+between+the+Church+of+England+and+Geneva+%5Betc.%5D&rft.date=1662&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> "Secondly, that nothing out of nothing, in the sense of the atheistic objectors, viz. that nothing, which once was not, could by any power whatsoever be brought into being, is absolutely false; and that, if it were true, it would make no more against theism than it does against atheism.." Cudworth, Ralph. The true intellectual system of the universe. 1678. Chapter V Section II p.73 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dryden">Dryden, John</a>. Religio laici, or A laymans faith, a poem. London. 1682: Preface. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11081103">OCLC 11081103</a>. <q>…namely, that Deism, or the principles of natural worship, are only the faint remnants or dying flames of revealed religion in the posterity of Noah…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Dryden&rft.btitle=Religio+laici%2C+or+A+laymans+faith%2C+a+poem&rft.date=1682&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=Preface&rft.pub=London&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11081103&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" title="牛津英語詞典">Oxford English Dictionary</a> also records an earlier, irregular formation, atheonism, dated from about 1534. The later and now obsolete words athean and atheal are dated to 1611 and 1612 respectively. <cite class="citation book">prep. by J. A. Simpson ... <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" title="牛津英語詞典">The Oxford English Dictionary</a> Second Edition. Oxford University Press, USA. 1989. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-861186-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-861186-2">ISBN 0-19-861186-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.au=prep.+by+J.+A.+Simpson+...&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=1989&rft.edition=Second+Edition&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-861186-2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Armstrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Armstrong（页面不存在）">Armstrong, Karen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgod00unse">A History of God</a>. London: Vintage. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-09-927367-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-09-927367-5">ISBN 0-09-927367-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.btitle=A+History+of+God&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-09-927367-5&rft.pub=London%3A+Vintage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgod00unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-adevism-62"><a href="#cite_ref-adevism_62-0">^</a> In part because of its wide use in monotheistic Western society, atheism is usually described as "disbelief in God", rather than more generally as "disbelief in deities". A clear distinction is rarely drawn in modern writings between these two definitions, but some archaic uses of atheism encompassed only disbelief in the singular God, not in <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> deities. It is on this basis that the obsolete term <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adevism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adevism（页面不存在）">adevism</a> was coined in the late 19th century to describe an absence of belief in plural deities. <cite class="citation journal">Britannica. Atheonism. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> 11th Edition. 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheonism&rft.au=Britannica&rft.date=1911&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-martin-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin_63-0">63.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin_63-1">63.1</a> Martin, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521842700">The Cambridge Companion to Atheism</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210322133257/http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521842700">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Cambridge University Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521842709" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-84270-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-metaphysics_Inwagen-64"><a href="#cite_ref-metaphysics_Inwagen_64-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Peter van Inwagen. metaphysics (4th ed.) Publisher: Taylor and Francis; <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780429963575" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780429963575</a>. May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.au=Peter+van+Inwagen&rft.btitle=metaphysics+%284th+ed.%29+Publisher%3A+Taylor+and+Francis%3B+ISBN+9780429963575&rft.date=2018-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  缺少或<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code>为空 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#cite_web_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP_NaturalTheology-65"><a href="#cite_ref-SEP_NaturalTheology_65-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Chignell, Andrew; Derk Pereboom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natural-theology/">Natural Theology and Natural Religion（Fall 2020 Edition）, < Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy></a>. 2020 [2021-03-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723110536/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natural-theology/">存档</a>于2020-07-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.au=Chignell%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Derk+Pereboom&rft.btitle=Natural+Theology+and+Natural+Religion%EF%BC%88Fall+2020+Edition%EF%BC%89%2C+%3C+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%3E&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fnatural-theology%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_66-0">66.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_66-1">66.1</a> Russell, Bertrand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skeptic.ca/Russell_Religious_Faith.htm">"Will Religious Faith Cure Our Troubles?"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201112211755/http://www.skeptic.ca/Russell_Religious_Faith.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Human Society in Ethics and Politics. Ch 7. Pt 2. Retrieved 16 August 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-GodDelusion-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GodDelusion_67-0">67.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GodDelusion_67-1">67.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GodDelusion_67-2">67.2</a> <cite class="citation book">Dawkins, Richard. The God Delusion. Bantam Books. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Is_Science_a_Religion?-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Is_Science_a_Religion?_68-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Dawkins, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030144700/http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html">Is Science a Religion?</a>. American Humanist Association. January–February 1997 [15 March 2008]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html">原始内容</a>存档于30 October 2012）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.au=Dawkins%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=Is+Science+a+Religion%3F&rft.date=1997-01%2F1997-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Humanist+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehumanist.org%2Fhumanist%2Farticles%2Fdawkins.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-eb911-atheism-69"><a href="#cite_ref-eb911-atheism_69-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/654hWu2Bd?url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Atheism">"Atheism"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911 [2007-06-07]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Atheism">原始内容</a>存档于2012-01-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=%22Atheism%22&rft.date=1911&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1911encyclopedia.org%2FAtheism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mmartin-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmartin_70-0">70.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmartin_70-1">70.1</a> Martin, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521842700">The Cambridge Companion to Atheism</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210322133257/http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521842700">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Cambridge University Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521842709" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-84270-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica1992-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1992_71-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38265/atheism">Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> 15th Edition. 1992, 1: 666 [2006-10-27]. 0852294735. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214010627/https://www.britannica.com/topic/atheism">存档</a>于2021-02-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheism+as+rejection+of+religious+beliefs&rft.au=Britannica&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=666&rft.volume=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-38265%2Fatheism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="霍尔巴赫">d'Holbach, P. H. T.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7319">Good Sense</a>. 1772 [2006-10-27]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924230542/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7319">存档</a>于2009-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=P.+H.+T.&rft.aulast=d%27Holbach&rft.btitle=Good+Sense&rft.date=1772&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fetext%2F7319&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>，第14頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Cudworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Cudworth（页面不存在）">Cudworth, Ralph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HKbl4NOjBr8C">The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the first part, wherein all the reason and philosophy of atheism is confuted and its impossibility demonstrated</a>. 1678.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.aulast=Cudworth&rft.btitle=The+True+Intellectual+System+of+the+Universe%3A+the+first+part%2C+wherein+all+the+reason+and+philosophy+of+atheism+is+confuted+and+its+impossibility+demonstrated&rft.date=1678&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_HKbl4NOjBr8C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> See, for instance, <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515175331/http://www.lds-mormon.com/atheist.shtml">Atheists call for church head to retract slur</a>. 1996-09-03 [2008-07-02]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lds-mormon.com/atheist.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Atheists+call+for+church+head+to+retract+slur&rft.date=1996-09-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lds-mormon.com%2Fatheist.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Lowder, Jeffery Jay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522025011/http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/jeff_lowder/society.html">Atheism and Society</a>. 1997 [2007-01-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/modern/jeff_lowder/society.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+Jay&rft.aulast=Lowder&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Fjeff_lowder%2Fsociety.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-presumption-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-presumption_77-0">77.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-presumption_77-1">77.1</a> Flew, Antony. "The Presumption of Atheism". The Presumption of Atheism and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976. pp 14ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-RoweRoutledge-78"><a href="#cite_ref-RoweRoutledge_78-0">^</a> Rowe, William L. "Atheism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward Craig (editor). Routledge: June 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780415187060" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-18706-0</a>. 530-534. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Cline, Austin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atheism.about.com/od/atheismquestions/a/strong_weak.htm">Strong Atheism vs. Weak Atheism: What's the Difference?</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">about.com</a>. 2006 [2006-10-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/654hXvzWN?url=http://atheism.about.com/od/atheismquestions/a/strong_weak.htm">存档</a>于2012-01-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.btitle=Strong+Atheism+vs.+Weak+Atheism%3A+What%27s+the+Difference%3F&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatheism.about.com%2Fod%2Fatheismquestions%2Fa%2Fstrong_weak.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Stevens, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8kIHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA10">Sermons on our duty towards God, our neighbour, and ourselves</a> 4th Ed. London: Self published. 1813: 10–11 [2009-09-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26059549">OCLC 26059549</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322022646/http://books.google.com/books?id=8kIHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA10">存档</a>于2015-03-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.btitle=Sermons+on+our+duty+towards+God%2C+our+neighbour%2C+and+ourselves&rft.date=1813&rft.edition=4th+Ed.&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=10-11&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Self+published&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kIHAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26059549&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bishop Burnet. Discourse of the Pastoral Care. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hCAVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA166">The young minister's companion: or, A collection of valuable and scarce treatises on the pastoral office...</a>. Boston: Samuel T. 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The Review of Politics. July 1949, 11 (3): 267–280. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/jm3303.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2005-11-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=On+the+Meaning+of+Contemporary+Atheism&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.aulast=Maritain&rft.date=1949-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.pages=267-280&rft.volume=11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nd.edu%2FDepartments%2FMaritain%2Fjm3303.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Kenny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Kenny（页面不存在）">Kenny, Anthony</a>. Why I Am Not an Atheist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatibelieve0000kenn">What I believe</a>. Continuum. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8264-8971-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-8264-8971-0">ISBN 0-8264-8971-0</a>. <q>The true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism…a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Why+I+Am+Not+an+Atheist&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.btitle=What+I+believe&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-8264-8971-0&rft.pub=Continuum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatibelieve0000kenn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0725/1224251303564.html">Many atheists I know would be certain of a high place in heaven</a>. Irish Times. [2009-08-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520132651/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0725/1224251303564.html">存档</a>于2011-05-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Many+atheists+I+know+would+be+certain+of+a+high+place+in+heaven&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fopinion%2F2009%2F0725%2F1224251303564.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>，第30–34頁. "Who seriously claims we should say 'I neither believe nor disbelieve that the Pope is a robot', or 'As to whether or not eating this piece of chocolate will turn me into an elephant I am completely agnostic'. In the absence of any good reasons to believe these outlandish claims, we rightly disbelieve them, we don't just suspend judgement." </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>，第22頁. "A lack of proof is no grounds for the suspension of belief. This is because when we have a lack of absolute proof we can still have overwhelming evidence or one explanation which is far superior to the alternatives." </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stanford_87-0">87.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanford_87-1">87.1</a> <cite class="citation web">Smart, J.C.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/">Atheism and Agnosticism</a>. 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[2008-11-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/faq/faq1111.htm#WHATISPOSATH">原始内容</a>存档于2009-01-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Positive+Atheism&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positiveatheism.org%2Ffaq%2Ffaq1111.htm%23WHATISPOSATH&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Translation of Latin text from "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/emblem.php?id=FANa100">Summa impietas</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210305074432/http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/emblem.php?id=FANa100">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）"（1552）, Picta poesis, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barth%C3%A9lemy_Aneau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barthélemy Aneau（页面不存在）">Barthélemy Aneau</a>. Glasgow University Emblem Website. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zdybicka-p20-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka-p20_92-0">92.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka-p20_92-1">92.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka-p20_92-2">92.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFZdybicka2005">Zdybicka 2005</a>，第20頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-neps-93"><a href="#cite_ref-neps_93-0">^</a> Schafersman, Steven D. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeinquiry.com/naturalism.html">Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210125032848/http://www.freeinquiry.com/naturalism.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas. February 1997. Revised May 2007. Retrieved on 2007-APR-09. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZdybicka2005">Zdybicka 2005</a>，第21頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Drange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Drange（页面不存在）">Drange, Theodore M.</a>（1998）. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/definition.html">Atheism, Agnosticism, Noncognitivism</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130723234754/http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/definition.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Infidels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Infidels（页面不存在）">Internet Infidels</a>, Secular Web Library. 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Gunasekara, <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102053643/http://www.buddhistinformation.com/buddhist_attitude_to_god.htm">The Buddhist Attitude to God.</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhistinformation.com/buddhist_attitude_to_god.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008-01-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Attitude+to+God.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistinformation.com%2Fbuddhist_attitude_to_god.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha." </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="布莱兹·帕斯卡">Pascal, Blaise</a>（1669）. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pens%C3%A9es&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pensées（页面不存在）">Pensées</a>, II: "The Misery of Man Without God". </li> <li id="cite_note-misconceptions-106"><a href="#cite_ref-misconceptions_106-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Gleeson, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121204192151/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/12346">Common Misconceptions About Atheists and Atheism</a>. American Chronicle. 2006 [2006-10-21]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=12346">原始内容</a>存档于2012-12-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Gleeson&rft.btitle=Common+Misconceptions+About+Atheists+and+Atheism&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27American+Chronicle%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanchronicle.com%2Farticles%2FviewArticle.asp%3FarticleID%3D12346&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>，第275頁. "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to moral bankruptcy." </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F05sQvBLWPI&feature=relmfu">存档副本</a>. [2012-11-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312024529/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F05sQvBLWPI&feature=relmfu">存档</a>于2021-03-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DF05sQvBLWPI%26feature%3Drelmfu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Battling_Whitmarsh-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Battling_Whitmarsh_109-0">109.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battling_Whitmarsh_109-1">109.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Whitmarsh, Tim. 8. Atheism on Trial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlinggodsathe0000timw">Battling the Gods: Atheism in the Ancient World</a>. Knopf Doubleday. 2016. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-307-94877-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-307-94877-9">ISBN 978-0-307-94877-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=8.+Atheism+on+Trial&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.aulast=Whitmarsh&rft.btitle=Battling+the+Gods%3A+Atheism+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-307-94877-9&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlinggodsathe0000timw&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter_ch_1-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_ch_1_110-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Wootton, David. 1. New Histories of Atheism. Hunter, Michael; Wootton, David (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atheismfromrefor0000unse">Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-822736-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-822736-6">ISBN 978-0-19-822736-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=1.+New+Histories+of+Atheism&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Wootton&rft.btitle=Atheism+from+the+Reformation+to+the+Enlightenment&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822736-6&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatheismfromrefor0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1999-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1999_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1999">Armstrong 1999</a>. sfn模板錯誤: 多個指向目標 (2個): CITEREFArmstrong1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-HancockLambert-112"><a href="#cite_ref-HancockLambert_112-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hancock, Ralph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPgQy3VJ3iIC">The Legacy of the French Revolution</a>. Lanham, United States: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 1996: 22 [2015-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8476-7842-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8476-7842-6">ISBN 978-0-8476-7842-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930072801/https://books.google.com/books?id=uPgQy3VJ3iIC">存档</a>于2015-09-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-7842-6&rft.pages=22&rft.place=Lanham%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPgQy3VJ3iIC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPgQy3VJ3iIC&pg=PA22">Extract of page 22</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150929042900/https://books.google.com/books?id=uPgQy3VJ3iIC&pg=PA22">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-Lu2009-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Lu2009_113-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">盧瑞鐘. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webpageprod-ws.ntu.edu.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMTAzMi9ja2ZpbGUvYzUwZTY5ZjgtNTg5Yi00YmZhLTk0ZTQtOTdkMDc0Y2ZhMzJiLnBkZg%3D%3D&n=Mi40X%2Bebp%2BeRnumNvi5wZGY%3D">孔子的天道論與人性論新探── 一個社會生物學的考察</a>. 國家發展研究. 2009, (8): 115–141 [2023-06-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618150453/https://webpageprod-ws.ntu.edu.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMTAzMi9ja2ZpbGUvYzUwZTY5ZjgtNTg5Yi00YmZhLTk0ZTQtOTdkMDc0Y2ZhMzJiLnBkZg%3D%3D&n=Mi40X%2Bebp%2BeRnumNvi5wZGY%3D">存档</a>于2023-06-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A9%E9%81%93%E8%AB%96%E8%88%87%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96%E6%96%B0%E6%8E%A2%E2%94%80%E2%94%80+%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F&rft.au=%E7%9B%A7%E7%91%9E%E9%90%98&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=115-141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebpageprod-ws.ntu.edu.tw%2FDownload.ashx%3Fu%3DLzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMTAzMi9ja2ZpbGUvYzUwZTY5ZjgtNTg5Yi00YmZhLTk0ZTQtOTdkMDc0Y2ZhMzJiLnBkZg%253D%253D%26n%3DMi40X%252Bebp%252BeRnumNvi5wZGY%253D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-社会科学文献出版社_2013_p._126-114"><a href="#cite_ref-社会科学文献出版社_2013_p._126_114-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RAB6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126">中国伦理思想简史</a>. 社会科学文献出版社. 2013: 126 [2023-06-25]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5097-4495-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5097-4495-6">ISBN 978-7-5097-4495-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625122116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RAB6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126">存档</a>于2023-06-25） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-5097-4495-6&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRAB6EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-10/15/c_128318697.htm">王充的生态伦理思想（一）</a>. [2021-03-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305074619/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-10/15/c_128318697.htm">存档</a>于2021-03-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015-10%2F15%2Fc_128318697.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-國立政治大學中國文學系_2008_p._295-116"><a href="#cite_ref-國立政治大學中國文學系_2008_p._295_116-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mmbw8-8pVQkC&pg=PA295">第六屆漢代文學與思想學術研討會論文集</a>. 無. 國立政治大學中國文學系. 2008: 295 [2023-06-25]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-01-3416-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-01-3416-2">ISBN 978-986-01-3416-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625122117/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mmbw8-8pVQkC&pg=PA295">存档</a>于2023-06-25） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%86%E6%BC%A2%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E8%A8%8E%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-986-01-3416-2&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%B3%BB&rft.series=%E7%84%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMmbw8-8pVQkC%26pg%3DPA295&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Wan_juan_lou_tu_shu_gu_fen_you_xian_gong_si_2018_p._329-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Wan_juan_lou_tu_shu_gu_fen_you_xian_gong_si_2018_p._329_117-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=alSNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA329">觀瀾索源:先秦兩漢思想史新探</a>. Taiwan Resource Center for Chinese Studies at UW-EAL. Wan juan lou tu shu gu fen you xian gong si. 2018: 329-331 [2023-06-25]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-478-209-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-478-209-3">ISBN 978-986-478-209-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625131810/https://books.google.com/books?id=alSNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA329">存档</a>于2023-06-25） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E8%A7%80%E7%80%BE%E7%B4%A2%E6%BA%90%3A%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E5%85%A9%E6%BC%A2%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%B0%E6%8E%A2&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-986-478-209-3&rft.pages=329-331&rft.pub=Wan+juan+lou+tu+shu+gu+fen+you+xian+gong+si&rft.series=Taiwan+Resource+Center+for+Chinese+Studies+at+UW-EAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DalSNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA329&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> 冯友兰,《中国哲学史新编》, 人民出版社 </li> <li id="cite_note-雲龍出版社_1995_p._131-119"><a href="#cite_ref-雲龍出版社_1995_p._131_119-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=obN0O8EmefoC&pg=PA131">歷史的迷惘: 尋覓治世之門</a>. 文史廣角書系. 雲龍出版社. 1995: 131 [2023-06-25]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-9663-90-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-9663-90-8">ISBN 978-957-9663-90-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625122555/https://books.google.com/books?id=obN0O8EmefoC&pg=PA131">存档</a>于2023-06-25） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%B7%E6%83%98%3A+%E5%B0%8B%E8%A6%93%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%8B%E9%96%80&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-9663-90-8&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=%E9%9B%B2%E9%BE%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.series=%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B2%E5%BB%A3%E8%A7%92%E6%9B%B8%E7%B3%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DobN0O8EmefoC%26pg%3DPA131&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Xianggang_cheng_shi_da_xue_chu_ban_she_2019_p._510-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Xianggang_cheng_shi_da_xue_chu_ban_she_2019_p._510_120-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxylDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA510">五四思想論戰</a>. 五四運動百周年回顧. Xianggang cheng shi da xue chu ban she. 2019: 510 [2023-06-25]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-962-937-427-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-962-937-427-3">ISBN 978-962-937-427-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625122545/https://books.google.com/books?id=YxylDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA510">存档</a>于2023-06-25） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%94%E5%9B%9B%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E8%AB%96%E6%88%B0&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-962-937-427-3&rft.pages=510&rft.pub=Xianggang+cheng+shi+da+xue+chu+ban+she&rft.series=%E4%BA%94%E5%9B%9B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%99%BE%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxylDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA510&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-北京大学出版社_2003_p._304-121"><a href="#cite_ref-北京大学出版社_2003_p._304_121-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GClXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT304">中国哲学史</a>. 北京大学哲学教材系列. 北京大学出版社. 2003: 304 [2023-06-25]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-301-04930-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-301-04930-3">ISBN 978-7-301-04930-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625123629/https://books.google.com/books?id=GClXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT304">存档</a>于2023-06-25） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-301-04930-3&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.series=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGClXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT304&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0122/c40531-30584715.html">为什么共产党员必须是彻底的无神论者，宁夏党校、行政学院民族宗教理论与政策研究中心，<宁夏日报> 2019年01月22日, 人民網</a>. [2021年12月21日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221225329/http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0122/c40531-30584715.html">存档</a>于2021年12月21日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%91%98%E5%BF%85%E9%A1%BB%E6%98%AF%E5%BD%BB%E5%BA%95%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85%EF%BC%8C%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F%E5%85%9A%E6%A0%A1%E3%80%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%EF%BC%8C%3C%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5%3E+2019%E5%B9%B401%E6%9C%8822%E6%97%A5%2C+%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%B6%B2&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheory.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2019%2F0122%2Fc40531-30584715.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2016-04/30/c_128946981.htm">共产党员绝不能信仰宗教, <中国纪检监察报> 2016年04月30日, 新華網</a>. [2021年12月21日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221224757/http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2016-04/30/c_128946981.htm">存档</a>于2021年12月21日）. <q>公民有信仰宗教的自由，但是共产党员不能信仰宗教，不能参加宗教活动，这是由党的性质和共产党人的世界观决定的</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%91%98%E7%BB%9D%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%2C+%3C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BA%AA%E6%A3%80%E7%9B%91%E5%AF%9F%E6%8A%A5%3E+2016%E5%B9%B404%E6%9C%8830%E6%97%A5%2C+%E6%96%B0%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%B2&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2F%2Fpolitics%2F2016-04%2F30%2Fc_128946981.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore. A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy.（Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989）pp. 227–249. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780691019581" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-691-01958-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Joshi-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Joshi_125-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Joshi, L.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-8221（196607%2F10）16%3A3%2F4%3C189%3AANIOIA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S">A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism</a>. Philosophy East and West. 1966, 16 (3/4): 189–206. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1397540">doi:10.2307/1397540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=A+New+Interpretation+of+Indian+Atheism&rft.aufirst=L.R.&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.date=1966&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.pages=189-206&rft.volume=16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0031-8221%EF%BC%88196607%252F10%EF%BC%8916%253A3%252F4%253C189%253AANIOIA%253E2.0.CO%253B2-S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397540&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>，第73–74頁. "Atheism had its origins in Ancient Greece but did not emerge as an overt and avowed belief system until late in the Enlightenment." </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Solmsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Solmsen（页面不存在）">Solmsen, Friedrich</a>（1942）. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=0blEqYn0npw5h4r_qPHc_fk&id=rLASAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1">Plato's Theology</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210125181529/http://books.google.com/books?vid=0blEqYn0npw5h4r_qPHc_fk&id=rLASAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Cornell University Press. p 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIC-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIC_128-0">128.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIC_128-1">128.1</a> ...nullos esse omnino Diagoras et Theodorus Cirenaicus... Cicero, Marcus Tullius: De natura deorum. Comments and English text by Richard D. McKirahan. Thomas Library, Bryn Mawr College, 1997, page 3. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780929524894" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-929524-89-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-38045">religion, study of</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210213023001/http://search.eb.com/eb/article-38045">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）".（2007）. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on April 2, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Diogenes Laërtius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, ii </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Cicero, Lucullus, 121. in Reale, G., A History of Ancient Philosophy. SUNY Press.（1985）。 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061104032305/http://www.bartleby.com/65/at/atheism.html">Atheism</a>. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. 2005 [2007-04-12]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/at/atheism.html">原始内容</a>存档于2006-11-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia%2C+Sixth+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fat%2Fatheism.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.html">Apology</a>. [2010-02-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518024638/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.html">存档</a>于2012-05-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Apology&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FPlato%2Fapology.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Brickhouse, Thomas C.; Nicholas D. Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/routledgephiloso00bric">Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Trial of Socrates</a>. Routledge. 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/routledgephiloso00bric/page/n122">112</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0415156815" title="Special:网络书源/0415156815">ISBN 0415156815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft.aulast=Brickhouse&rft.btitle=Routledge+Philosophy+Guidebook+to+Plato+and+the+Trial+of+Socrates&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0415156815&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froutledgephiloso00bric&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) In particular, he argues that the claim he is a complete atheist contradicts the other part of the indictment, that he introduced "new divinities". </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php&title=111">The Dialogues of Plato, vol. 1</a>. [2010-02-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312024520/https://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php&title=111">存档</a>于2021-03-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=The+Dialogues+of+Plato%2C+vol.+1&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_staticxt%26staticfile%3Dshow.php%26title%3D111&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.html">The Republic</a>. [2010-02-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110411054817/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.html">存档</a>于2011-04-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=The+Republic&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FPlato%2Frepublic.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Fragments of Euhemerus' work in Ennius' Latin translation have been preserved in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_Fathers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church Fathers（页面不存在）">Patristic</a> writings（e.g. by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactantius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactantius（页面不存在）">Lactantius</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius_of_Caesarea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eusebius of Caesarea（页面不存在）">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>）, which all rely on earlier fragments in <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a> 5,41–46 & 6.1. Testimonies, especially in the context of polemical criticism, are found e.g. in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callimachus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Callimachus（页面不存在）">Callimachus</a>, Hymn to Zeus 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Moralia—Isis and Osiris <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/B.html#23">23</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200527134638/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/B.html#23">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-139"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_139-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/">Ethics and Religion—Atheism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bbc.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbc.co.uk">bbc.co.uk</a>. [2007-04-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/654haIUj1?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/">存档</a>于2012-01-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.au=BBC&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+Religion%E2%80%94Atheism&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=bbc.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fatheism%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <ul><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/785">On the Nature of Things by Lucretius</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="古腾堡计划">古腾堡计划</a> Book I, "Substance is Eternal". Translated by W.E. Leonard. 1997. Retrieved on 2007-APR-12.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%81%BA%E6%92%92" class="mw-redirect" title="恺撒">恺撒</a>（100–44 BCE）, who leaned considerably toward Epicureanism, also rejected the idea of an afterlife, which e.g. lead to his plea against the death sentence during the trial against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catiline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catiline（页面不存在）">Catiline</a>, where he spoke out against the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoicism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoicism（页面不存在）">Stoicist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cato_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cato the Younger（页面不存在）">Cato</a>（cf. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sallust（页面不存在）">Sallust</a>, The War With Catiline, Caesar's speech: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Sallust/Bellum_Catilinae*.html#51.20">51.29</a> & Cato's reply: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Sallust/Bellum_Catilinae*.html#52.13">52.13</a>）。 </li> <li id="cite_note-gordonstein-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gordonstein_142-0">142.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordonstein_142-1">142.1</a> Stein, Gordon（Ed.，1980）. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990c25.htm">The History of Freethought and Atheism</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024429/http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990c25.htm">存檔</a>，存档日期2007-09-30.". An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism. New York: Prometheus. Retrieved on 2007-APR-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Atheism" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Atheism">Atheism</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="天主教百科全書">天主教百科全书</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.btitle=-%7Bzh-hans%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%3Bzh-hant%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%3B%7D-&rft.date=1913&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Maycock, A. L. and Ronald Knox (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=DmL8CljbqDwC">Inquisition from Its Establishment to the Great Schism: An Introductory Study</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160426200732/http://books.google.com/books?id=DmL8CljbqDwC">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780766172906" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7661-7290-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zdybicka_2005_4-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka_2005_4_145-0">145.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka_2005_4_145-1">145.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFZdybicka2005">Zdybicka 2005</a>，第4頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue40/Onfray40.htm">Michel Onfray on Jean Meslier</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908093940/http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue40/Onfray40.htm">存檔</a>，存档日期2006-09-08. on William Paterson University accessed at January 19, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="霍尔巴赫">d'Holbach, P. H. T.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fulltextarchive.com/pages/The-System-of-Nature-Vol-21.php">The system of nature</a>. 1770 [2007-10-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003035706/http://www.fulltextarchive.com/pages/The-System-of-Nature-Vol-21.php">存档</a>于2018-10-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=P.+H.+T.&rft.aulast=d%27Holbach&rft.btitle=The+system+of+nature&rft.date=1770&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffulltextarchive.com%2Fpages%2FThe-System-of-Nature-Vol-21.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ray, Matthew Alun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BKz2FcDrFy0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=nietzsche+schopenhauer+marx+feuerbach&ots=Uj5_B0kDbS&sig=1lXbokGVRbwxqAIbmcOwL033N88">Subjectivity and Irreligion: Atheism and Agnosticism in Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2003 [2007-04-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721215008/http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BKz2FcDrFy0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=nietzsche+schopenhauer+marx+feuerbach&ots=Uj5_B0kDbS&sig=1lXbokGVRbwxqAIbmcOwL033N88">存档</a>于2011-07-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Alun&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.btitle=Subjectivity+and+Irreligion%3A+Atheism+and+Agnosticism+in+Kant%2C+Schopenhauer%2C+and+Nietzsche&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3DBKz2FcDrFy0C%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPA1%26dq%3Dnietzsche%2Bschopenhauer%2Bmarx%2Bfeuerbach%26ots%3DUj5_B0kDbS%26sig%3D1lXbokGVRbwxqAIbmcOwL033N88&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Overall, Christine. "Feminism and Atheism", in <a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>，第233–246頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMartin2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZdybicka2005">Zdybicka 2005</a>，第16頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gulagarchipelago00solz_1">The Gulag Archipelago</a>. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-06-000776-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-06-000776-1">ISBN 0-06-000776-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+I.&rft.aulast=Solzhenitsyn&rft.btitle=The+Gulag+Archipelago&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-000776-1&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial+Modern+Classics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgulagarchipelago00solz_1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/events/?EventID=119">Timothy Samuel Shah Explains 'Why God is Winning'</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100212140243/http://pewforum.org/events/?EventID=119">存檔</a>，存档日期2010-02-12.." 2006-07-18. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Retrieved 2007-04-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_S._Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory S. Paul（页面不存在）">Paul, Gregory</a>; Phil Zuckerman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/documents/archive/edge209.html#gp">Why the Gods Are Not Winning</a>. Edge. 2007, 209 [2007-05-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513205846/http://edge.org/documents/archive/edge209.html#gp">存档</a>于2007-05-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Why+the+Gods+Are+Not+Winning&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edge&rft.volume=209&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edge.org%2Fdocuments%2Farchive%2Fedge209.html%23gp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Alice Gribbin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/12/richard-dawkins-issue-hitchens">Preview: The Four Horsemen of New Atheism reunited</a>. New Statesman. [2012-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410071709/http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/12/richard-dawkins-issue-hitchens">存档</a>于2014-04-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.au=Alice+Gribbin&rft.btitle=Preview%3A+The+Four+Horsemen+of+New+Atheism+reunited&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=New+Statesman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-staggers%2F2011%2F12%2Frichard-dawkins-issue-hitchens&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kowalewski1980-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski1980_155-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/128810">Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150716032347/http://www.jstor.org/stable/128810">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, David Kowalewski, Russian Review, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 426-441, Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF</a> (PDF). [2011-02-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/616ESNz5H?url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2011-08-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_225_report_en.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110422093857/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Nonreligious">Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents, Section on accuracy of non-Religious Demographic Data</a>. [2008-03-28]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Nonreligious">原始内容</a>存档于2011-04-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Major+Religions+of+the+World+Ranked+by+Number+of+Adherents%2C+Section+on+accuracy+of+non-Religious+Demographic+Data&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2FReligions_By_Adherents.html%23Nonreligious&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Huxley, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=YsUMTA4MebwC">Religion, law and tradition: comparative studies in religious law</a>. Routledge. 2002: 120. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7007-1689-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7007-1689-0">ISBN 978-0-7007-1689-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+law+and+tradition%3A+comparative+studies+in+religious+law&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1689-0&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DYsUMTA4MebwC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zpub.com/un/pope/relig.html">1995年世界六大洲信仰人口统计</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171112114718/http://www.zpub.com/un/pope/relig.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zpub.com">zpub网</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210125211559/http://www.zpub.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（英文）； </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html">世界主要宗教信徒数量排名</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100811013003/http://adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）”，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adherents.com">Adherents.com</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110212133542/http://adherents.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），2006年3月5日版本（英文）； </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/xx.html#People">美国中情局世界情况手册</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061227194222/https://www.cia.gov/cia//publications/factbook/geos/xx.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2006-12-27.，2006年3月5日版本（英文）； </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_demographics-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_demographics_162-0">^</a> 引用错误：没有为名为<code>Britannica demographics</code>的参考文献提供内容</li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_163-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723125147/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/allnewsbydate.asp?NewsID=1131">Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country, According to the Latest Financial Times/Harris Poll</a>. Financial Times/Harris Interactive. 2006-12-20 [2007-01-17]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/allnewsbydate.asp?NewsID=1131">原始内容</a>存档于2013-07-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Religious+Views+and+Beliefs+Vary+Greatly+by+Country%2C+According+to+the+Latest+Financial+Times%2FHarris+Poll&rft.date=2006-12-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Financial+Times%2FHarris+Interactive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrisinteractive.com%2Fnews%2Fallnewsbydate.asp%3FNewsID%3D1131&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-abs-164"><a href="#cite_ref-abs_164-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/1301.0Feature+Article7012009%E2%80%9310">Characteristics of the Population</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2006 [2011-01-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205083424/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/Lookup/1301.0Feature+Article7012009%E2%80%9310">存档</a>于2019-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Characteristics+of+the+Population&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2F1301.0Feature%2BArticle7012009%25E2%2580%259310&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin2007b-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Martin2007b_165-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Zuckerman, Phil. Martin, Michael T , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA51">The Cambridge companion to atheism</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2007: 51 [2011-03-12]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-84270-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-84270-0">ISBN 0-521-84270-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322021932/http://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA51">存档</a>于2015-03-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+atheism&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-84270-0&rft.pages=51&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAeFipOVx4MC%26pg%3DPA51&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/CN/people.html">“中国人口”</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120217163259/http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/CN/people.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），世界参考（英語：World Desk Reference），2007年1月10日版本（英文）； </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gospelherald.com.hk/news/soc-487/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%EF%BC%9A%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E6%88%90%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E4%B9%8B%E3%80%8C%E6%9C%80%E3%80%8D">國際調查：香港無神論者比例成全球之「最」</a>. [2012-04-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305074858/http://www.gospelherald.com.hk/news/soc-487/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%EF%BC%9A%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E6%88%90%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E4%B9%8B%E3%80%8C%E6%9C%80%E3%80%8D">存档</a>于2021-03-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%EF%BC%9A%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E6%88%90%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E4%B9%8B%E3%80%8C%E6%9C%80%E3%80%8D&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gospelherald.com.hk%2Fnews%2Fsoc-487%2F%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%259A%259B%25E8%25AA%25BF%25E6%259F%25A5%25EF%25BC%259A%25E9%25A6%2599%25E6%25B8%25AF%25E7%2584%25A1%25E7%25A5%259E%25E8%25AB%2596%25E8%2580%2585%25E6%25AF%2594%25E4%25BE%258B%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%2585%25A8%25E7%2590%2583%25E4%25B9%258B%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%259C%2580%25E3%2580%258D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> 丹尼尔·埃拉扎尔，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/relinisr-consensus.htm">以色列宗教：犹太传统调查</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110806091726/http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/relinisr-consensus.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），2007年1月1日版本（英文） </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/2003%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86#.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3.E6.A6.82.E6.B3.81">2003年國際宗教自由報告台灣部分</a>. [2014-11-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312032653/https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/2003%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86#.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3.E6.A6.82.E6.B3.81">存档</a>于2021-03-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=2003%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F2003%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%259A%259B%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%2594%25B1%25E5%25A0%25B1%25E5%2591%258A%25E5%258F%25B0%25E6%25B9%25BE%25E9%2583%25A8%25E5%2588%2586%23.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3.E6.A6.82.E6.B3.81&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> 爱德华·拉尔森，拉里·维特汉姆，“顶尖科学家仍然拒绝神”，《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a>》，394卷，6691页，1998年（英文）； </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLarson1998" class="citation journal">Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham. Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God. Nature. 1998, 394 (6691): 313–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9690462">PMID 9690462</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F28478">doi:10.1038/28478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Correspondence%3A+Leading+scientists+still+reject+God&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6691&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=313-4&rft.volume=394&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F28478&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9690462&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/news/file002.html">StephenJayGould.org</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301051125/http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/news/file002.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2014-03-01., Stephen Jay Gould archive. Retrieved on 2006-12-17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Physicians-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Physicians_172-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/050714/doctorsfaith.shtml">Survey on physicians’ religious beliefs shows majority faithful</a>. The University of Chicago. [2007-10-18]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426233057/http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/050714/doctorsfaith.shtml">存档</a>于2011-04-26）. <q>The first study of physician religious beliefs has found that 76 percent of doctors believe in God and 59 percent believe in some sort of afterlife. The survey, performed by researchers at the University and published in the July issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine, found that 90 percent of doctors in the United States attend religious services at least occasionally compared to 81 percent of all adults.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Survey+on+physicians%E2%80%99+religious+beliefs+shows+majority+faithful&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.uchicago.edu%2F050714%2Fdoctorsfaith.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Shermer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Shermer（页面不存在）">Shermer, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwebelievesear00sher">How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God</a>. New York: William H Freeman. 1999: pp76–79. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7167-3561-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-7167-3561-X">ISBN 0-7167-3561-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.btitle=How+We+Believe%3A+Science%2C+Skepticism%2C+and+the+Search+for+God&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7167-3561-X&rft.pages=pp76-79&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+H+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwebelievesear00sher&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Dawkins (2006), p. 103. Dawkins cites Bell, Paul. "Would you believe it?" Mensa Magazine, UK Edition, Feb. 2002, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Argyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Argyle（页面不存在）">Argyle, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociologyreligio00argy">Religious Behaviour</a>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1958: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociologyreligio00argy/page/n106">93</a>–96. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-415-17589-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-415-17589-5">ISBN 0-415-17589-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Argyle&rft.btitle=Religious+Behaviour&rft.date=1958&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-17589-5&rft.pages=93-96&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+and+Kegan+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsociologyreligio00argy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Nigel Barber (May 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-human-beast/201005/why-atheism-will-replace-religion">Why Atheism Will Replace Religion</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240611023828/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-human-beast/201005/why-atheism-will-replace-religion">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychology_Today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychology Today（页面不存在）">Psychology Today</a>. Retrieved March 17, 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-religion-177"><a href="#cite_ref-religion_177-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/religion">religion, merriam-webster dictionary</a>. [2021-03-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312024948/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/religion">存档</a>于2021-03-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=religion%2C+merriam-webster+dictionary&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Freligion&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AtheismAgnosticism-178"><a href="#cite_ref-AtheismAgnosticism_178-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/atheism-agnosticism">Draper, Paul, "Atheism and Agnosticism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),</a>. [2021-03-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312023927/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/atheism-agnosticism/">存档</a>于2021-03-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Draper%2C+Paul%2C+%22Atheism+and+Agnosticism%22%2C+The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Fall+2017+Edition%29%2C+Edward+N.+Zalta+%28ed.%29%2C&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2017%2Fentries%2Fatheism-agnosticism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="山姆·哈里斯">Harris, Sam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=sharris_26_3">The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Inquiry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Inquiry（页面不存在）">Free Inquiry</a>. 2006a [2006-10-29]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927095359/http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=sharris_26_3">存档</a>于2006-09-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Secular+Moral+Chaos&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Free+Inquiry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secularhumanism.org%2Findex.php%3Fsection%3Dlibrary%26page%3Dsharris_26_3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Moreira-almeida2006-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Moreira-almeida2006_180-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Moreira-almeida, A.; Lotufo Neto, F.; Koenig, H.G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516-44462006000300018&script=sci_arttext">Religiousness and mental health: a review</a>. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2006, 28 (3): 242–250 [2007-07-12]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924349">PMID 16924349</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312024942/http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516-44462006000300018&script=sci_arttext">存档</a>于2021-03-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Religiousness+and+mental+health%3A+a+review&rft.au=Moreira-almeida%2C+A.&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Psiquiatria&rft.pages=242-250&rft.volume=28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fscielo.php%3Fpid%3DS1516-44462006000300018%26script%3Dsci_arttext&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16924349&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> See for example: Kahoe, R.D.（June 1977）. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8294">(197706)16%3A2%3C179%3AIRAAAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship</a>". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 16 (2). pp. 179-182. Also see: Altemeyer, Bob and Bruce Hunsberger (1992). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5?journalCode=ijpr">Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice</a>". International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2（2）. pp. 113-133. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> David Limbaugh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://townhall.com/columnists/DavidLimbaugh/2004/04/20/does_atheism_require_more_faith">"Does atheism require more faith?,"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170118224216/http://townhall.com/columnists/DavidLimbaugh/2004/04/20/does_atheism_require_more_faith">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Townhall.com, April 20, 2004 <ul><li>Stanley Fish, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fish.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/06/17/atheism-and-evidence/">"Atheism and Evidence,"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090925074924/http://fish.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/06/17/atheism-and-evidence/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Think Again, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, June 17, 2007</li> <li>DHRUV K. SINGHAL, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=525958">"The Church of Atheism,"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090207075724/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=525958">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Harvard_Crimson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Harvard Crimson（页面不存在）">The Harvard Crimson</a>, December 14, 2008</li> <li>Norman L. Geisler and Frank Turek, I Don't Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist," Crossway Books, March 01, 2004, 447 Pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-58134-561-5" title="Special:网络书源/1-58134-561-5">1-58134-561-5</a></li> <li>John F. Haught, God and the New Atheism: A Critical Response to Dawkins, Harris, and Hitchens, Westminster John Knox Press, December 31, 2007, 156 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-664-23304-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-664-23304-4">978-0-664-23304-4</a>, page 45</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Murphy, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131128222109/http://www.deism.com/dogmaticatheism.htm">Dogmatic Atheism and Scientific Ignorance</a>. World Union of Deists. [2 October 2016]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deism.com/dogmaticatheism.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2013-11-28）. <q>The repeated arguments presented by atheists using science as evidence against the existence of God is erroneous -- and can be demonstrated such." and "This essay from this point will refer to active atheists as dogmatic atheists to better reflect their true mindset.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Dogmatic+Atheism+and+Scientific+Ignorance&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Union+of+Deists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deism.com%2Fdogmaticatheism.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Johns-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Johns_184-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Johns, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319051840/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article1089522.ece">Atheism gets a kick in the fundamentals</a>. The Times (London). 2006. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article1089522.ece">原始内容</a>存档于March 19, 2007）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheism+gets+a+kick+in+the+fundamentals&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Ffilm%2Farticle1089522.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <ul><li><cite class="citation news">Chater, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article755383.ece">Viewing guide: The Trouble with Atheism</a>. The Times (London). 2006 [2023-06-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517030324/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article755383.ece">存档</a>于2011-05-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Viewing+guide%3A+The+Trouble+with+Atheism&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Chater&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Ffilm%2Farticle755383.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation news">Sam, Wollaston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv_and_radio/story/0,,1975008,00.html">Last night's TV</a>. The Guardian (London). 2006-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Last+night%27s+TV&rft.aufirst=Wollaston&rft.aulast=Sam&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv_and_radio%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1975008%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/subdivisions/humanistic.shtml">Humanistic Judaism</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 2006-07-20 [2006-10-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110416143510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/subdivisions/humanistic.shtml">存档</a>于2011-04-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Humanistic+Judaism&rft.date=2006-07-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjudaism%2Fsubdivisions%2Fhumanistic.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Levin, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-humanist_1995-05_110_2/page/13">Jewish Atheism</a>. New Humanist. May 1995, 110 (2): 13–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Jewish+Atheism&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.date=1995-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=New+Humanist&rft.pages=13-15&rft.volume=110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_new-humanist_1995-05_110_2%2Fpage%2F13&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/christianatheism.shtml">Christian Atheism</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 2006-05-17 [2006-10-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302051910/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/christianatheism.shtml">存档</a>于2007-03-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Christian+Atheism&rft.date=2006-05-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fatheism%2Ftypes%2Fchristianatheism.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_J._J._Altizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas J. J. Altizer（页面不存在）">Altizer, Thomas J. J.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929171840/http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=523">The Gospel of Christian Atheism</a>. London: Collins. 1967: 102–103 [2006-10-27]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=523">原始内容</a>存档于2006-09-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.+J.&rft.aulast=Altizer&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Christian+Atheism&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=London%3A+Collins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Fshowbook.asp%3Ftitle%3D523&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lyas, Colin. On the Coherence of Christian Atheism. Philosophy: the Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy. January 1970, 45 (171): 1–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=On+the+Coherence+of+Christian+Atheism&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.aulast=Lyas&rft.date=1970-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=171&rft.jtitle=Philosophy%3A+the+Journal+of+the+Royal+Institute+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=1-19&rft.volume=45&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bschawaii.org/shindharmanet/atheism/">Buddhism and Atheism</a>. bschawaii.org. [2023-06-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621114903/https://bschawaii.org/shindharmanet/atheism/">存档</a>于2023-06-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Buddhism+and+Atheism&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bschawaii.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbschawaii.org%2Fshindharmanet%2Fatheism%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/buddhistatheism.shtml">Atheist Buddhism</a>. BBC. [2023-06-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531172659/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/buddhistatheism.shtml">存档</a>于2023-05-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheist+Buddhism&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fatheism%2Ftypes%2Fbuddhistatheism.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintyculture.com/42608228982203152594526159ldquo289613107035542rdquo6529228858203093699626377305262281031070203152160265311.html">既然佛教是“無神論”，為何還有眾多神佛呢？</a>. 聖地文化出版社. [2023-06-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621114901/http://www.saintyculture.com/42608228982203152594526159ldquo289613107035542rdquo6529228858203093699626377305262281031070203152160265311.html">存档</a>于2023-06-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A2%E7%84%B6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%98%AF%E2%80%9C%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E2%80%9D%EF%BC%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E9%82%84%E6%9C%89%E7%9C%BE%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E4%BD%9B%E5%91%A2%EF%BC%9F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saintyculture.com%2F42608228982203152594526159ldquo289613107035542rdquo6529228858203093699626377305262281031070203152160265311.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ddm.org.tw/xmnews/cont?xsmsid=0K297379120077217595&sid=0K332541570380530021#:~:text=%E7%AD%94%EF%BC%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%8C%E6%98%AF,%E5%90%A6%E5%AE%9A%E9%AC%BC%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B9%9F%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E3%80%82">學佛Q&A：佛教是無神論，為什麼還要禮拜佛菩薩?</a>. 法鼓山. [2023-06-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621114902/https://www.ddm.org.tw/xmnews/cont?xsmsid=0K297379120077217595&sid=0K332541570380530021#:~:text=%E7%AD%94%EF%BC%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%8C%E6%98%AF,%E5%90%A6%E5%AE%9A%E9%AC%BC%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B9%9F%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E3%80%82">存档</a>于2023-06-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=%E5%AD%B8%E4%BD%9BQ%26A%EF%BC%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%98%AF%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E9%82%84%E8%A6%81%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E4%BD%9B%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E9%BC%93%E5%B1%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddm.org.tw%2Fxmnews%2Fcont%3Fxsmsid%3D0K297379120077217595%26sid%3D0K332541570380530021%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25E7%25AD%2594%25EF%25BC%259A%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%2595%2599%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%2584%25A1%25E7%25A5%259E%25E8%25AB%2596%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2598%25AF%2C%25E5%2590%25A6%25E5%25AE%259A%25E9%25AC%25BC%25E7%25A5%259E%25E5%25AD%2598%25E5%259C%25A8%25E4%25B9%259F%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%2590%258C%25E3%2580%2582&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>，第275頁. "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread -or more disastrous in its effects -than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god." </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%99%80%E6%80%9D%E5%A6%A5%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基">Dostoevsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E9%A6%AC%E4%BD%90%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F" title="卡拉馬佐夫兄弟">The Brothers Karamazov</a>（Book Eleven: Brother Ivan Fyodorovich, Chapter 4）there is the famous argument that If there is no God, all things are permitted.: "'But what will become of men then?' I asked him, 'without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?'" </li> <li id="cite_note-Kant_CPR_A811-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Kant_CPR_A811_196-0">^</a> For <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="康德">Kant</a>, the presupposition of God, soul, and freedom was a practical concern, for "Morality, by itself, constitutes a system, but happiness does not, unless it is distributed in exact proportion to morality. This, however, is possible in an intelligible world only under a wise author and ruler. Reason compels us to admit such a ruler, together with life in such a world, which we must consider as future life, or else all moral laws are to be considered as idle dreams..."（Critique of Pure Reason, A811）。 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>，第38頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <cite class="citation AV media"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Neiman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Neiman（页面不存在）">Susan Neiman</a>. Beyond Belief Session 6 (Conference). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salk_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salk Institute（页面不存在）">Salk Institute</a>, La Jolla, CA: The Science Network. 2006-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Beyond+Belief+Session+6&rft.date=2006-11-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=Salk+Institute%2C+La+Jolla%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Science+Network&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>，第40頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>，第43頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> 101 Ethical Dilemmas, 2nd edition, by Cohen, M., Routledge 2007, pp184-5.（Cohen notes particularly that Plato and Aristotle produced arguments in favour of slavery.） </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Political Philosophy from Plato to Mao, by Cohen, M, Second edition 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>，第21–22頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="山姆·哈里斯">Harris, Sam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516191405/http://www.truthdig.com/dig/print/200512_an_atheist_manifesto">An Atheist Manifesto</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Truthdig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truthdig（页面不存在）">Truthdig</a>. 2005 [2006-10-29]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truthdig.com/dig/print/200512_an_atheist_manifesto">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-16）. <q>In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.btitle=An+Atheist+Manifesto&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Truthdig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthdig.com%2Fdig%2Fprint%2F200512_an_atheist_manifesto&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-EthicsWithoutGods-205"><a href="#cite_ref-EthicsWithoutGods_205-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atheists.org/activism/resources/ethics-without-gods">American Atheists, <Ethics Without Gods></a>. [2021-03-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124121244/https://www.atheists.org/activism/resources/ethics-without-gods/">存档</a>于2020-11-24）. <q>Ethical behavior – regardless of who the practitioner may be – results always from the same causes and is regulated by the same forces, and has nothing to do with the presence or absence of religious belief. The nature of these causes and forces is the subject of this essay.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=American+Atheists%2C+%3CEthics+Without+Gods%3E&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atheists.org%2Factivism%2Fresources%2Fethics-without-gods&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-今日简史-206"><a href="#cite_ref-今日简史_206-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">尤瓦尔·赫拉利，《今日简史：人类命运大议题》（英语：21 Lessons for the 21st Century，台译《21世纪的21堂课》)，于2018年出版.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%B0%A4%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%EF%BC%8C+%E3%80%8A%E4%BB%8A%E6%97%A5%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%91%BD%E8%BF%90%E5%A4%A7%E8%AE%AE%E9%A2%98%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%9A21+Lessons+for+the+21st+Century%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%B0%E8%AF%91%E3%80%8A21%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%8421%E5%A0%82%E8%AF%BE%E3%80%8B%29%EF%BC%8C+%E4%BA%8E2018%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Prisoners_in_2013-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Prisoners_in_2013_207-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/p13.pdf">E. Ann Carson, Ph.D., BJS Statistician, 《Prisoners in 2013》, Revised September 30, 2014, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics</a> (PDF). [2023-06-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529064858/https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/p13.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2023-05-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=E.+Ann+Carson%2C+Ph.D.%2C+BJS+Statistician%2C+%E3%80%8APrisoners+in+2013%E3%80%8B%2C+Revised+September+30%2C+2014%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Justice%2C+Office+of+Justice+Programs%2C+Bureau+of+Justice+Statistics&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbjs.ojp.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpub%2Fpdf%2Fp13.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-MonaChalabi-208"><a href="#cite_ref-MonaChalabi_208-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/are-prisoners-less-likely-to-be-atheists">Mona Chalabi， Are Prisoners Less Likely To Be Atheists?， MAR. 12, 2015</a>. [2021-03-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227173723/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/are-prisoners-less-likely-to-be-atheists/">存档</a>于2021-02-27）. <q>I recently read an article that said most of the prison population is religious while there are very few atheists in prison....Most importantly though, Caroline, you appear to be right about religiosity in prison. Overall, almost 1 in every 1,000 prisoners will identify as atheist compared to 1 in every 100 Americans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Mona+Chalabi%EF%BC%8C+Are+Prisoners+Less+Likely+To+Be+Atheists%3F%EF%BC%8C+MAR.+12%2C+2015&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fare-prisoners-less-likely-to-be-atheists&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/ouab04gqzwj08hq/2022FOIABureauofPrisonsMehta.pdf">美国联邦监狱局数据</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E5%B1%80%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dropbox.com%2Fs%2Fouab04gqzwj08hq%2F2022FOIABureauofPrisonsMehta.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PEW_RESEARCH-210"><a href="#cite_ref-PEW_RESEARCH_210-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/12/14/about-three-in-ten-u-s-adults-are-now-religiously-unaffiliated/">GREGORY A. SMITH， About Three-in-Ten U.S. Adults Are Now Religiously Unaffiliated， PEW RESEARCH CENTERDECEMBER 14, 2021</a>. [2023-06-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309060549/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/12/14/about-three-in-ten-u-s-adults-are-now-religiously-unaffiliated/">存档</a>于2023-03-09）. <q>In the 2021 NPORS, 4% of respondents describe themselves as atheists </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=GREGORY+A.+SMITH%EF%BC%8C+About+Three-in-Ten+U.S.+Adults+Are+Now+Religiously+Unaffiliated%EF%BC%8C+PEW+RESEARCH+CENTERDECEMBER+14%2C+2021&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2021%2F12%2F14%2Fabout-three-in-ten-u-s-adults-are-now-religiously-unaffiliated%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-atheistsPrisoners_2021-211"><a href="#cite_ref-atheistsPrisoners_2021_211-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlysky.media/hemant-mehta/in-2021-atheists-made-up-only-0-1-of-the-federal-prison-population/">In 2021, atheists made up only 0.1% of the federal prison population</a>. [2023-06-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622014751/https://onlysky.media/hemant-mehta/in-2021-atheists-made-up-only-0-1-of-the-federal-prison-population/">存档</a>于2023-06-22）. <q>When finding an openly nonreligious inmate in prison is like finding a needle in a haystack, it’s harder for Christian apologists and pastors to argue that faith is necessary to keep people on a righteous path.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=In+2021%2C+atheists+made+up+only+0.1%25+of+the+federal+prison+population&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlysky.media%2Fhemant-mehta%2Fin-2021-atheists-made-up-only-0-1-of-the-federal-prison-population%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <cite class="citation book">ADRIAN BARDON. The Truth About Denial Bias and Self- Deception in Science, Politics, and Religion. Oxford University Press. 2020: Section 4.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.au=ADRIAN+BARDON&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+Denial+Bias+and+Self-+Deception+in+Science%2C+Politics%2C+and+Religion&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=Section+4.1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Bentley_Hart-213"><a href="#cite_ref-David_Bentley_Hart_213-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9" title="大衛·本特利·哈特">大衛·本特利·哈特</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atheist_Delusions:_The_Christian_Revolution_and_its_Fashionable_Enemies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and its Fashionable Enemies（页面不存在）">Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and its Fashionable Enemies</a>. Yale University Press. 2009: 12–13. <q>“一些人因为他们的信仰命令他们去杀戮”，“另外一些人因为没有信仰而认为任何行为都是被允许的。多神论者、一神论者和无神论者均杀戮，如果以20世纪为例，最后一帮人杀得最多“</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.au=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9&rft.btitle=Atheist+Delusions%3A+The+Christian+Revolution+and+its+Fashionable+Enemies&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inebriateme/2014/07/review-david-bentley-hart-atheist-delusions">PASCAL-EMMANUEL GOBRY, Review: David Bentley Hart, “Atheist Delusions”, JULY 21, 2014</a>. [2021-03-09]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622003856/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/inebriateme/2014/07/review-david-bentley-hart-atheist-delusions/">存档</a>于2018-06-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=PASCAL-EMMANUEL+GOBRY%2C+Review%3A+David+Bentley+Hart%2C+%E2%80%9CAtheist+Delusions%E2%80%9D%2C+JULY+21%2C+2014&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Finebriateme%2F2014%2F07%2Freview-david-bentley-hart-atheist-delusions&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Dawkins, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goddelusion0000dawk_b2x1">The God Delusion</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoddelusion0000dawk_b2x1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_216-0">^</a> Wilson, Peter H. (2009). Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780713995923" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7139-9592-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-PaulDoerksen-217"><a href="#cite_ref-PaulDoerksen_217-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directionjournal.org/40/1/responding-but-not-replying-david.html">Paul Doerksen, Responding But Not Replying: David Bentley Hart and the ‘New Atheism’, Spring 2011 · Vol. 40 No. 1 · pp. 80–89</a>. [2021-03-09]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302193711/http://www.directionjournal.org/40/1/responding-but-not-replying-david.html">存档</a>于2019-03-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Paul+Doerksen%2C+Responding+But+Not+Replying%3A+David+Bentley+Hart+and+the+%E2%80%98New+Atheism%E2%80%99%2C+Spring+2011+%C2%B7+Vol.+40+No.+1+%C2%B7+pp.+80%E2%80%9389&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirectionjournal.org%2F40%2F1%2Fresponding-but-not-replying-david.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-218"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_218-0">^</a> Interview with Richard Dawkins conducted by Stephen Sackur for BBC News 24's HardTalk programme, July 24th 2007. <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229021803/http://richarddawkins.net/article%2C1454%2CRichard-Dawkins-on-Hardtalk%2CBBC-Richard-Dawkins">Archived copy</a>. [December 23, 2015]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richarddawkins.net/article,1454,Richard-Dawkins-on-Hardtalk,BBC-Richard-Dawkins">原始内容</a>存档于February 29, 2008）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricharddawkins.net%2Farticle%2C1454%2CRichard-Dawkins-on-Hardtalk%2CBBC-Richard-Dawkins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> （英文）<cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213011729/http://www.richarddawkins.com/">Richard Dawkins</a>. richarddawkins.com. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richarddawkins.com/">原始内容</a>存档于2008-02-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.btitle=Richard+Dawkins&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=richarddawkins.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richarddawkins.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源">来源</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=47" title="编辑章节：来源">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1999" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Armstrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Armstrong（页面不存在）">Armstrong, Karen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgod00unse">A History of God</a>. London: Vintage. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-09-927367-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-09-927367-5">ISBN 0-09-927367-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.btitle=A+History+of+God&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-09-927367-5&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgod00unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBaggini2003" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC" title="朱立安·巴吉尼">Baggini, Julian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atheismveryshort0000bagg">Atheism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-280424-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-280424-3">ISBN 0-19-280424-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.aulast=Baggini&rft.btitle=Atheism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-280424-3&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatheismveryshort0000bagg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmith1979" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_H._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George H. Smith（页面不存在）">Smith, George H.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atheismcaseagain0000smit_c3p0">Atheism: The Case Against God</a>. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1979. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-87975-124-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-87975-124-X">ISBN 0-87975-124-X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/79002726">LCCN 79002726</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL4401616M">OL 4401616M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.btitle=Atheism%3A+The+Case+Against+God&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-87975-124-X&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatheismcaseagain0000smit_c3p0&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79002726&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZdybicka2005" class="citation book">Zdybicka, Zofia J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ptta.pl/pef/haslaen/a/atheism.pdf">Atheism</a> (PDF). Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ptta.pl/pef">Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. 2005 [2011-04-09]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312032653/http://ptta.pl/pef/">存档</a>于2021-03-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.aufirst=Zofia+J.&rft.aulast=Zdybicka&rft.btitle=Universal+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Polish+Thomas+Aquinas+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fptta.pl%2Fpef%2Fhaslaen%2Fa%2Fatheism.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2005" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Edwards_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Edwards (philosopher)（页面不存在）">Edwards, Paul</a>. Atheism. Donald M. Borchert (编). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Philosophy（页面不存在）">The Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> Vol. 1 2nd. MacMillan Reference USA (Gale): 359. 2005 [1967]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-02-865780-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-02-865780-6">ISBN 978-0-02-865780-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865780-6&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+USA+%28Gale%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2013" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kai_Nielsen_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kai Nielsen (philosopher)（页面不存在）">Nielsen, Kai</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism">Atheism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2013 [2013-11-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512015453/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism">存档</a>于2011-05-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F40634%2Fatheism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接">外部链接</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&section=48" title="编辑章节：外部链接">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://无神论.about.com">无神论</a>在<a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>的條目 （英文）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="开放式目录">开放目录项目</a>中的“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Atheism/">无神论</a>”，一些组织和网站的链接。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061129151309/http://www.positiveatheism.org//tochist.htm">Positive atheism: Great Historical Writings</a>，以作者分类历史文献。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/">Religion & Ethics—Atheism</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120129174039/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），宗教和伦理：无神论，BBC网站。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/">Secular Web library</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120618212511/http://www.infidels.org/library/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），包含古代和现代文献，关于无神论的免费文献的线上资料库。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526145238/http://www.agreeley.com/articles/hardcore.html">The Demand for Religion</a>，对于无神论人口的研究。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicliterature.org/books/necessity_of_atheism/xaa.php">The Necessity of Atheism</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090926220135/http://publicliterature.org/books/necessity_of_atheism/xaa.php">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），D.M.布鲁克斯博士的作品。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/sam_harris/2007/10/the_problem_with_atheism.html">The Problem with Atheism</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090303110324/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/sam_harris/2007/10/the_problem_with_atheism.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），萨姆·哈里斯刊登于华盛顿邮报的关于信仰的文章。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWOZi_OUQL8&t=1492s&ab_channel=JamesV">We'd be better off without religion? Panellists: Christopher Hitchens, Nigel Spivey, Richard Dawkins, rabbi Juliet Neuberger, AC Grayling and Roger Scruton.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230326030850/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWOZi_OUQL8&t=1492s&ab_channel=JamesV">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF5bPI92-5o&t=172s&ab_channel=LarryAlexTaunton">The God Delusion Debate (Dawkins – Lennox)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230326025938/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF5bPI92-5o&t=172s&ab_channel=LarryAlexTaunton">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bow4nnh1Wv0&ab_channel=TheArchbishopofCanterbury">Dialogue with Professor Richard Dawkins, Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams and Professor Anthony Kenny</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230326030934/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bow4nnh1Wv0&ab_channel=TheArchbishopofCanterbury">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yW2pE2VvbE&t=12s&ab_channel=GlenBush">The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins Audiobook</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230228143702/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yW2pE2VvbE&t=12s&ab_channel=GlenBush">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_beauty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from beauty（页面不存在）">Beauty</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" class="extiw" title="en:Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christological_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christological argument（页面不存在）">Christological</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christological_argument" class="extiw" title="en:Christological argument">Christological argument</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis%27_trilemma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis' trilemma（页面不存在）">Trilemma</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%27_trilemma" class="extiw" title="en:Lewis' trilemma">Lewis' trilemma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurrection_of_Jesus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurrection of Jesus（页面不存在）">Resurrection</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" class="extiw" title="en:Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_consciousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from consciousness（页面不存在）">Consciousness</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" class="extiw" title="en:Argument from consciousness">Argument from consciousness</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmological_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmological argument（页面不存在）">Cosmological</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_argument" class="extiw" title="en:Cosmological argument">Cosmological argument</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalam_cosmological_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalam cosmological argument（页面不存在）">Kalam cosmological</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" class="extiw" title="en:Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam cosmological argument</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmological_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmological argument（页面不存在）">Contingency</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" class="extiw" title="en:Cosmological argument">Cosmological argument#Argument from contingency</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Cosmological argument#Metaphysical argument for the existence of God" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cosmological argument#Metaphysical argument for the existence of God"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmological_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmological argument（页面不存在）">Cosmological argument#Metaphysical argument for the existence of God</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Metaphysical_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" class="extiw" title="en:Cosmological argument">Cosmological argument#Metaphysical argument for the existence of God</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_degree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from degree（页面不存在）">Degree</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_degree" class="extiw" title="en:Argument from degree">Argument from degree</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligent_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligent design（页面不存在）">Intelligent Design</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design" class="extiw" title="en:Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontogenetic_depth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontogenetic depth（页面不存在）">Ontogenetic depth</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontogenetic_depth" class="extiw" title="en:Ontogenetic depth">Ontogenetic depth</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_desire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from desire（页面不存在）">Desire</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_desire" class="extiw" title="en:Argument from desire">Argument from desire</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_religious_experience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from religious experience（页面不存在）">Experience</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" class="extiw" title="en:Argument from religious experience">Argument from religious experience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leap_of_faith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leap of faith（页面不存在）">Existential choice</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_of_faith" class="extiw" title="en:Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-tuned_universe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fine-tuned universe（页面不存在）">Fine-tuned universe</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" class="extiw" title="en:Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuned universe</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Baruch Spinoza（页面不存在）">Knowledge</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_Baruch_Spinoza#Ontological_argument" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of Baruch Spinoza">Philosophy of Baruch Spinoza#Ontological argument</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="愛論證">愛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E8%B9%9F%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="奇蹟論證">奇蹟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_morality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from morality（页面不存在）">Morality</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_morality" class="extiw" title="en:Argument from morality">Argument from morality</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-law_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural-law argument（页面不存在）">Natural-law</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-law_argument" class="extiw" title="en:Natural-law argument">Natural-law argument</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proof_of_the_Truthful&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proof of the Truthful（页面不存在）">Necessary extent</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" class="extiw" title="en:Proof of the Truthful">Proof of the Truthful</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seddiqin_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seddiqin argument（页面不存在）">Seddiqin</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seddiqin_argument" class="extiw" title="en:Seddiqin argument">Seddiqin argument</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyayakusumanjali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyayakusumanjali（页面不存在）">Nyayakusumanjali</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" class="extiw" title="en:Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E" title="本体论证明">本體論</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proslogion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proslogion（页面不存在）">Anselm</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proslogion" class="extiw" title="en:Proslogion">Proslogion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6del%27s_ontological_proof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gödel's ontological proof（页面不存在）">Gödel</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_ontological_proof" class="extiw" title="en:Gödel's ontological proof">Gödel's ontological proof</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ontological argument#Modal versions of the ontological argument" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ontological argument#Modal versions of the ontological argument"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontological_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontological argument（页面不存在）">Modal</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument#Modal_versions_of_the_ontological_argument" class="extiw" title="en:Ontological argument">Ontological argument#Modal versions of the ontological argument</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendent_theosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendent theosophy（页面不存在）">Mulla Sudra</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Transcendent theosophy">Transcendent theosophy</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E7%9A%84%E8%B3%AD%E6%B3%A8" title="帕斯卡的賭注">帕斯卡的賭注</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_reason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument from reason（页面不存在）">Reason</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_reason" class="extiw" title="en:Argument from reason">Argument from reason</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_epistemology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reformed epistemology（页面不存在）">Reformed</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="目的論論證">目的論</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Junkyard_tornado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Junkyard tornado（页面不存在）">Junkyard</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkyard_tornado" class="extiw" title="en:Junkyard tornado">Junkyard tornado</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-law_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural-law argument（页面不存在）">Natural law</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-law_argument" class="extiw" title="en:Natural-law argument">Natural-law argument</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watchmaker_analogy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watchmaker analogy（页面不存在）">Watchmaker</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" class="extiw" title="en:Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God（页面不存在）">Transcendental</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" class="extiw" title="en:Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental argument for the existence of God</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81" title="商标论证">商标论证</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CEECEE;">反对</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%88%E6%9E%81%E6%B3%A2%E9%9F%B3747%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5" title="终极波音747策略">终极波音747策略</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%8C%E6%B3%A8" title="无神论者的赌注">无神论者的赌注</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E6%83%A1%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="罪惡問題">伊壁鳩魯悖論</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="自由意志論證">自由意志论证</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%8B%B1%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地狱问题（页面不存在）">地狱问题</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" class="extiw" title="en:Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E5%90%AF%E7%A4%BA%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="不一致启示论证">不一致启示论证</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无信仰论证（页面不存在）">无信仰论证</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" class="extiw" title="en:Argument from nonbelief">Argument from nonbelief</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%9E%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神学非认知主义（页面不存在）">神学非认知主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" class="extiw" title="en:Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="奥卡姆剃刀">奥卡姆剃刀</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%83%BD%E6%82%96%E8%AB%96" title="全能悖論">全能悖论</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9A%E8%84%90%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肚脐假设（页面不存在）">肚脐假设</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坏设计论证（页面不存在）">坏设计论证</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" class="extiw" title="en:Argument from poor design">Argument from poor design</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%8C%B6%E5%A3%BA" title="羅素的茶壺">罗素的茶壶</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E5%A4%A9%E9%9D%A2%E6%9D%A1%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="飞天面条神教">飞天面条神教</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%9F%A5%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E5%91%BD%E8%BF%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无知者的命运（页面不存在）">无知者的命运</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CEECEE;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="宗教證據">宗教證據</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="非宗教和非神思想" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F5DEB3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Template:无宗教"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Template talk:无宗教"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:无宗教"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="非宗教和非神思想" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">非宗教和非神思想</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="无宗教">无宗教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="非有神论">非有神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="反宗教">反宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E9%9D%9E%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后非有神论（页面不存在）">后非有神论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-theism" class="extiw" title="en:Post-theism">Post-theism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%95%99%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反教权主义">反教权主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99#宗教的批判" title="宗教">宗教#宗教的批判</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%9E%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="虚构宗教">虚构宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗人文主义">世俗人文主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="自由思想">自由思想</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">无神论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="无神论者列表">无神论者列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="无神论人口">人口</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无神论与宗教（页面不存在）">宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism_and_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Atheism and religion">Atheism and religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="无神论的历史">历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%95%99%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反教权主义">反教权主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="国家无神论">国家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="新無神論">新式</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对无神论的批判（页面不存在）">批判</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" class="extiw" title="en:Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="對無神論者的歧視">歧视</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E6%80%A7%E5%92%8C%E6%98%BE%E6%80%A7%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隐性和显性无神论（页面不存在）">隐性与显性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" class="extiw" title="en:Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit atheism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%88%E6%9E%81%E5%92%8C%E7%A7%AF%E6%9E%81%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="消极和积极无神论（页面不存在）">消极和积极</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" class="extiw" title="en:Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive atheism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E6%80%A7" title="神的存在性">神的存在性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="反神论">反神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="基督教无神论">基督教无神论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教无神论（页面不存在）">印度教无神论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="extiw" title="en:Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism in Hinduism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太教无神论（页面不存在）">犹太教无神论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_atheism" class="extiw" title="en:Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知论">不可知论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不可知论者列表（页面不存在）">不可知论者列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agnostics" class="extiw" title="en:List of agnostics">List of agnostics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA#分類" title="不可知论">强性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA#分類" title="不可知论">弱性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知无神论">不可知无神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知有神论">不可知有神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9C%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="远神论">远神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A0%E8%A7%86%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="漠视主义">漠视主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="世俗佛教">世俗佛教</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="非有神论">非有神论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99#宗教的批判" title="宗教">宗教#宗教的批判</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗人文主义">世俗人文主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="自由思想">自由思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2%E6%9D%A1%E6%80%AA%E7%89%A9" title="飞行面条怪物">飞行面条怪物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E5%90%AF%E7%A4%BA%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="不一致启示论证">不一致启示论证</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E5%BD%A2%E7%B2%89%E7%B4%85%E7%8D%A8%E8%A7%92%E7%8D%B8" title="隱形粉紅獨角獸">隱形粉紅獨角獸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无神论宗教（页面不存在）">无神论宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontheistic_religions" class="extiw" title="en:Nontheistic religions">Nontheistic religions</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%9E%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="虚构宗教">虚构宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E9%9D%9E%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后非有神论（页面不存在）">后非有神论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-theism" class="extiw" title="en:Post-theism">Post-theism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%8C%B6%E5%A3%BA" title="羅素的茶壺">罗素的茶壶</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%9E%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神学非认知论（页面不存在）">神学非认知论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" class="extiw" title="en:Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超神论（页面不存在）">超神论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheism" class="extiw" title="en:Transtheism">Transtheism</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自然主义">自然主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人文自然主义（页面不存在）">人文</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="extiw" title="en:Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic naturalism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="形而上自然主義">形而上</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89#方法论的自然主义与形而上学的自然主义" title="自然主义">方法论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教自然主义（页面不存在）">宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_naturalism" class="extiw" title="en:Religious naturalism">Religious naturalism</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5DEB3;;width:1%">人群</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="无神论者列表">无神论者</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不可知论者列表（页面不存在）">不可知论者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agnostics" class="extiw" title="en:List of agnostics">List of agnostics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世俗人文主义者列表（页面不存在）">世俗人文主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_secular_humanists" class="extiw" title="en:List of secular humanists">List of secular humanists</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泛神论者列表（页面不存在）">泛神论者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pantheists" class="extiw" title="en:List of pantheists">List of pantheists</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然神论者列表（页面不存在）">自然神论者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deists" class="extiw" title="en:List of deists">List of deists</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5DEB3;;width:1%">书籍</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%B4%E9%99%A4%E9%AD%94%E5%92%92%EF%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E4%B8%BA%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="破除魔咒：成为自然现象的宗教（页面不存在）">破除魔咒：成为自然现象的宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="extiw" title="en:Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon</a>）》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E7%9A%84%E7%B5%82%E7%B5%90%EF%BC%9A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E3%80%81%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E5%8F%8A%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86" title="信仰的終結：宗教、恐怖行動及理性的未來">信仰的終結：宗教、恐怖行動及理性的未來</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E9%94%99%E8%A7%89" title="上帝错觉">上帝错觉</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E4%B8%8D%E4%BC%9F%E5%A4%A7" title="上帝不伟大">上帝不伟大</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="致基督教国家的信（页面不存在）">致基督教国家的信</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" class="extiw" title="en:Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a>）》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="自然系統">自然系统</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92" title="我为什么不是基督徒">我为什么不是基督徒</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="我为什么不是穆斯林">我为什么不是穆斯林</a>》</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世俗主义组织列表（页面不存在）">组织</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_secularist_organizations" class="extiw" title="en:List of secularist organizations">List of secularist organizations</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="美國無神論者協會">美国无神论者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="美国人文主义协会">美国人文主义协会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="國際無神論聯盟">國際無神論聯盟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英国人文主义协会（页面不存在）">英国人文主义协会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Humanist_Association" class="extiw" title="en:British Humanist Association">British Humanist Association</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教自由基金会（页面不存在）">宗教自由基金会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" class="extiw" title="en:Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际人道和伦理联合会（页面不存在）">国际人道和伦理联合会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union" class="extiw" title="en:International Humanist and Ethical Union">International Humanist and Ethical Union</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E9%9B%86%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理性集会（页面不存在）">理性集会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_Rally" class="extiw" title="en:Reason Rally">Reason Rally</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="从宗教中恢复（页面不存在）">从宗教中恢复</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovering_from_Religion" class="extiw" title="en:Recovering from Religion">Recovering from Religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%B3%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界泛神论运动（页面不存在）">世界泛神论运动</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Pantheist_Movement" class="extiw" title="en:World Pantheist Movement">World Pantheist Movement</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5DEB3;;width:1%">相关话题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反宗教国家（页面不存在）">反宗教国家</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Irreligion by country">Irreligion by country</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗主义">世俗主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="法國世俗主義">法國世俗主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="新兴宗教">新兴宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%9E%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="虚构宗教">虚构宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%AC%8A%E8%A8%80" title="高尚的謊言">高尚的謊言</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="宗教哲学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:宗教哲学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:宗教哲学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:宗教哲学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="宗教哲学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教哲学">宗教哲学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">宗教概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%86%E4%B8%96" title="來世">來世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E5%8F%99%E5%BC%97%E4%BC%A6%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83" title="游叙弗伦困境">尤西弗罗困境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="信仰">信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="智能设计">智能设计论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E8%B7%A1" title="奇跡">神迹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E6%83%A1%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="罪惡問題">罪恶问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E9%AD%82" title="灵魂">灵魂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E" title="精神">精神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%BA" title="神义论">神义论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8%E7%84%A1%E7%94%A8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神學無用論（页面不存在）">神學無用論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_veto" class="extiw" title="en:Theological veto">Theological veto</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="神的概念">神的概念</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚里士多德神学（页面不存在）">亚里士多德神学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelian_theology" class="extiw" title="en:Aristotelian theology">Aristotelian theology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5" title="梵">梵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E5%8C%A0%E9%80%A0%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB" title="巨匠造物主">巨匠造物主</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E8%87%B3%E7%AE%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神圣至简（页面不存在）">神圣至简</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_simplicity" class="extiw" title="en:Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="倫理利己主義">倫理利己主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%80" title="太一">太一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%9D%88" title="聖靈">聖靈</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%87%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="仇神論（页面不存在）">仇神論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misotheism" class="extiw" title="en:Misotheism">Misotheism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="泛自然神論">泛自然神論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E7%A5%9E" title="人格神">人格神</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%B2%E7%A8%8B%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="進程神學（页面不存在）">進程神學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_theology" class="extiw" title="en:Process theology">Process theology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E_(%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99)" title="神 (一神教)">至高存在</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="神就是宇宙">神就是宇宙</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%95%E7%9A%84%E5%8B%95%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不動的動者（页面不存在）">不動的動者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmoved_mover" class="extiw" title="en:Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">各信仰中的神</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E#儒教、道教、華人民間信仰" title="神">儒教、道教、華人民間信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚伯拉罕宗教中的神（页面不存在）">亚伯拉罕宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" class="extiw" title="en:God in Abrahamic religions">God in Abrahamic religions</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%88%9B%E4%B8%96%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教的创世者（页面不存在）">佛教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Creator in Buddhism">Creator in Buddhism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E" title="基督教的神">基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教的神（页面不存在）">印度教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" class="extiw" title="en:God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E" title="伊斯兰教的神">伊斯兰教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耆那教的神（页面不存在）">耆那教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太教的神（页面不存在）">犹太教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaism" class="extiw" title="en:God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%A9%E9%97%A8%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摩门教的神（页面不存在）">摩门教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" class="extiw" title="en:God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="锡克教的神（页面不存在）">锡克教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" class="extiw" title="en:God in Sikhism">God in Sikhism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E" title="巴哈伊信仰的神">巴哈伊信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%AB%E6%9C%AF%E5%AF%B9%E7%A5%9E%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E7%9C%8B%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巫术对神性的看法（页面不存在）">巫术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" class="extiw" title="en:Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan views of divinity</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E6%80%A7" title="神的存在性">神的存在性</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">支持</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美论证（页面不存在）">美论证</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督论证（页面不存在）">基督论证</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意识论证（页面不存在）">意识论证</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇宙学论证（页面不存在）">宇宙学论证</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="程度论证（页面不存在）">程度论证</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%B2%E6%9C%9B%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欲望论证（页面不存在）">欲望论证</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教经验论证（页面不存在）">宗教经验论证</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="愛論證">爱论证</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E8%B9%9F%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="奇蹟論證">奇迹论证</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%BE%B7%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美德论证（页面不存在）">美德论证</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E" title="本体论证明">本体论论证</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E7%9A%84%E8%B3%AD%E6%B3%A8" title="帕斯卡的賭注">帕斯卡的賭注</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="合理基础论证（页面不存在）">合理基础论证</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%99%BA%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理智论证（页面不存在）">理智论证</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="目的論論證">目的论论证</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超验主义关于神存在的论证（页面不存在）">超验主义关于神存在的论证</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%AE%E5%87%BB%E8%80%85%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="目击者论证（页面不存在）">目击者论证</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">反对</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%88%E6%9E%81%E6%B3%A2%E9%9F%B3747%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5" title="终极波音747策略">终极波音747策略</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%8C%E6%B3%A8" title="无神论者的赌注">无神论者的赌注</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E6%83%A1%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="罪惡問題">伊壁鳩魯悖論</a></li> 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style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="勒内·笛卡尔">笛卡儿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="布莱斯·帕斯卡">帕斯卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%AD%AF%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%93%E8%AB%BE%E8%8E%8E" title="巴魯赫·斯賓諾莎">斯宾诺莎</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·沃勒斯顿（页面不存在）">威廉·沃勒斯顿</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E4%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托马斯·乔伯（页面不存在）">托马斯·乔伯</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">大卫·休谟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="保爾·霍爾巴赫">霍尔巴赫</a></li> <li><a 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navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94" title="恩斯特·海克尔">海克尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·金頓·克利福德">克利福德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">尼采</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈格尔德·霍夫丁（页面不存在）">哈格尔德·霍夫丁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB" title="威廉·詹姆士">威廉·詹姆士</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%AB_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗拉基米尔·索罗沃夫 (哲学家)（页面不存在）">弗拉基米尔·索罗沃夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92%E7%88%BE%E5%A5%87" title="恩斯特·特勒爾奇">恩斯特·特勒爾奇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98" title="鲁道夫·奥托">鲁道夫·奥托</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB" title="列夫·舍斯托夫">列夫·舍斯托夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="谢尔盖·布尔加科夫">布尔加科夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德">弗洛伊德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94" title="恩斯特·卡西尔">卡西尔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%A1%94%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3" title="乔治·桑塔亚那">乔治·桑塔亚那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">罗素</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕弗罗·弗罗伦斯基（页面不存在）">帕弗罗·弗罗伦斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%AF" title="马丁·布伯">马丁·布伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E7%94%B0%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%8B" title="保羅·田立克">保羅·田立克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9" title="卡爾·巴特">卡爾·巴特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E5%85%A7%E7%88%BE" title="艾米爾·布魯內爾">布鲁内尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%8C%B5%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="雷茵霍尔德·尼布尔">雷茵霍尔德·尼布尔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">战后</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%81%B0%C2%B7%E4%BB%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米尔恰·以利亚德（页面不存在）">米尔恰·以利亚德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%9F%BA" title="约翰·莱斯利·麦基">约翰·莱斯利·麦基</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E7%A7%AF%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·积奇（页面不存在）">彼得·积奇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%B2%81" class="mw-redirect" title="安东尼·弗鲁">安东尼·弗鲁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·阿尔斯顿（页面不存在）">威廉·阿尔斯顿</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">1970</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7L%C2%B7%E7%BD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·L·罗（页面不存在）">威廉·L·罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="阿尔文·普兰丁格">阿尔文·普兰丁格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%BA%AB%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9" title="理察·斯溫伯恩">斯温伯恩</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%AE%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯特·摩尔日修·亚当斯（页面不存在）">羅伯特·摩尔日修·亚当斯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9" title="丹尼爾·丹尼特">丹尼爾·丹尼特</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E8%8E%B1%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·莱恩·柯莱格（页面不存在）">威廉·莱恩·柯莱格</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">相关条目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99#宗教的批判" title="宗教">宗教批判</a></li> <li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教哲学文章索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:哲学">主题门户</a>　 · 　<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:宗教哲學">分类目录</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="宗教" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Template:宗教"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Template talk:宗教"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:宗教"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="宗教" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="主要宗教及信仰" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="世界主要宗教">主要宗教及信仰</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%E8%AB%B8%E6%95%99" title="亞伯拉罕諸教">亞伯拉罕諸教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" title="犹太教">犹太教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%B4%BE" title="猶太教保守派">保守派</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%AF%BA%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海马诺特派（页面不存在）">海马诺特派</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymanot" class="extiw" title="en:Haymanot">Haymanot</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E6%B4%BE" title="犹太教卡拉派">卡拉派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%B4%BE" title="猶太教正統派">正统派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%B4%BE" title="猶太教改革派">改革派</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督宗教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="西方基督教">西方基督教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="天主教會">天主教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="舊天主教會">旧天主教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="独立天主教会（页面不存在）">独立天主教会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Catholic_churches" class="extiw" title="en:Independent Catholic churches">Independent Catholic churches</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="東方基督教">東方基督教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="東正教會">东正教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="東方正統教會">東方正統教會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%84%80%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="東儀天主教會">東儀天主教會</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94%E6%B4%BE" title="非三位一體派">非三位一體派</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%92%8C%E8%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E8%AD%89%E4%BA%BA" title="耶和華見證人">耶和華見證人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F%E8%81%96%E5%BE%92%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="後期聖徒運動">後期聖徒運動</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%E9%96%80%E6%95%99" title="摩爾門教">摩爾門教</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耶稣主义（页面不存在）">耶稣主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuism" class="extiw" title="en:Jesuism">Jesuism</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派">遜尼派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派">什叶派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%BE" title="伊巴德派">伊巴德派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="蘇非主義">苏菲派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E8%BF%88%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9A" title="阿赫迈底亚">阿赫迈底亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%8D%A8%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" title="唯獨古蘭經">唯獨古蘭經</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E6%95%99" title="巴比教">巴比教</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E6%89%8E%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾扎勒（页面不存在）">艾扎勒巴比教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azali" class="extiw" title="en:Azali">Azali</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="巴哈伊信仰">巴哈伊信仰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%E5%85%B9%E6%B4%BE" title="德鲁兹派">德鲁兹教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E9%81%94%E5%AE%89%E6%95%99" title="曼達安教">曼達安教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%E9%87%8C%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="拉斯塔法里运动">拉斯塔法里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%95%99" title="撒马利亚教">撒马利亚教</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">印欧宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度宗教信仰（页面不存在）">印度</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions" class="extiw" title="en:Indian religions">Indian religions</a>）-<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="伊朗宗教">伊朗</a>宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">密宗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="吠陀宗教">吠陀宗教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%B9%BF%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="毗湿奴派">毗湿奴派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%85%8B%E6%8F%90%E6%B4%BE" title="沙克提派">沙克達教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%A9%86%E6%95%99" title="濕婆教">湿婆派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%93%A6%E8%8A%9D" title="阿亞瓦芝">阿亞瓦芝</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%88%E6%91%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="师摩多派（页面不存在）">师摩多派</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartism" class="extiw" title="en:Smartism">Smartism</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%A1%A3%E6%B4%BE" title="天衣派">天衣派</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%A3%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="白衣派（页面不存在）">白衣派</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara" class="extiw" title="en:Śvētāmbara">Śvētāmbara</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99" title="锡克教">锡克教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B9%E8%BF%AA" title="雅兹迪">雅兹迪教</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A5%E4%BB%80%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="以什克派（页面不存在）">以什克派</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikism" class="extiw" title="en:Ishikism">Ishikism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E8%B5%9B%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="雅赛尼派">雅赛尼派</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%86%E6%95%99" title="祆教">祆教</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="歐洲民族">欧洲</a>宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚美尼亚新异教运动（页面不存在）">亚美尼亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Armenian neopaganism">Armenian neopaganism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波罗的海新异教运动（页面不存在）">波罗的海</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Baltic neopaganism">Baltic neopaganism</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%84%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E5%9B%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狄耶夫图里巴（页面不存在）">狄耶夫图里</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" class="extiw" title="en:Dievturība">Dievturība</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%E7%BB%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德鲁维（页面不存在）">德鲁维</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druwi" class="extiw" title="en:Druwi">Druwi</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%A7%86%E7%93%A6_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" title="洛姆瓦 (宗教)">洛姆瓦</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高加索新异教运动（页面不存在）">高加索</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian neopaganism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凯尔特新异教运动（页面不存在）">凯尔特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Celtic neopaganism">Celtic neopaganism</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%E4%BC%8A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="新德魯伊信仰">德鲁伊</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="日耳曼多神教運動">日耳曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99_(%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88)" title="希臘多神教 (復興)">希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9-%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利-罗马新异教运动（页面不存在）">意大利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Roman_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Italo-Roman neopaganism">Italo-Roman neopaganism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8E%E5%B0%94%E8%8E%AB%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="扎尔莫西安运动（页面不存在）">罗马尼亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmoxianism" class="extiw" title="en:Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E6%95%99" title="斯拉夫本土教">斯拉夫</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东亚宗教（页面不存在）">东亚宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_religions" class="extiw" title="en:East Asian religions">East Asian religions</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E6%95%99" title="儒教">儒教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%81%93" title="神道">神道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="中國秘密宗教">中國秘密宗教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%95%99" title="羅教">羅教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8B%E6%95%99" title="齋教">齋教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E9%81%93" title="先天道">先天道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%AB%E9%81%93" title="一貫道">一貫道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%95%99" title="理教">理教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真空教（页面不存在）">真空教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="中国民间信仰">中国民间信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="臺灣民間信仰">臺灣民間信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B3%9B%E9%9D%88%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="臺灣原住民族泛靈信仰">臺灣原住民信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E6%95%99" title="三一教">三一教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AB%E8%A6%A1%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="巫覡宗教">巫教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%B7%AB%E6%95%99" title="朝鮮巫教">巫堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="天道教">天道教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%87%BA%E6%95%99" title="高臺教">高臺教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%A5%BD%E6%95%99" title="和好教">和好教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E9%81%93" title="母道">母道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="本主教">本主教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E6%91%A9" title="毕摩">毕摩教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E6%95%99" title="苯教">苯教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E6%95%99" title="東巴教">東巴教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E8%92%99%E6%97%8F%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫蒙族宗教（页面不存在）">赫蒙族宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua_Dab" class="extiw" title="en:Ua Dab">Ua Dab</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">中亚与北亚宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E6%95%99_(%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="白教 (阿尔泰)（页面不存在）">白教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhanism" class="extiw" title="en:Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E6%8F%90%E6%A3%AE%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦提森雅利（页面不存在）">楚瓦什</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" class="extiw" title="en:Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%97%8F%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="满族萨满教">满族</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙古萨满教（页面不存在）">蒙古</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" class="extiw" title="en:Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian shamanism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西伯利亚萨满教（页面不存在）">西伯利亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" class="extiw" title="en:Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BE%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="腾格里信仰">腾格里信仰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">乌拉尔宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芬兰新异教运动（页面不存在）">芬兰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Finnish neopaganism">Finnish neopaganism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="匈牙利新异教运动（页面不存在）">匈牙利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Hungarian neopaganism">Hungarian neopaganism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌拉尔新异教运动（页面不存在）">乌拉尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" class="extiw" title="en:Uralic neopaganism">Uralic neopaganism</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">非洲宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="非洲傳統宗教">传统</a>宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%9D%8E%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿坎神话（页面不存在）">阿坎族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Akan mythology">Akan mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%B7%B4%E6%97%8F" title="坎巴族">坎巴族</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A2%E5%B7%B4%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卢巴神话（页面不存在）">卢巴族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Baluba mythology">Baluba mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%AD%E5%9B%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="班图神话（页面不存在）">班图族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Bantu mythology">Bantu mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%9F%8F%E5%B0%94%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏柏尔神话（页面不存在）">柏柏尔族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Berber mythology">Berber mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E5%B7%B4%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库巴神话（页面不存在）">库巴族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Bushongo mythology">Bushongo mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%BC_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦格 (宗教)（页面不存在）">库希特人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waaq" class="extiw" title="en:Waaq">Waaq</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%81%E5%8D%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丁卡神话（页面不存在）">丁卡族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinka_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Dinka mythology">Dinka mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E8%8F%B2%E5%85%8B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃菲克神话（页面不存在）">埃菲克族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Efik mythology">Efik mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E8%8D%B7%E7%BE%8E%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达荷美神话（页面不存在）">达荷美族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Dahomey mythology">Dahomey mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B3%E5%A5%91%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="关契人教会（页面不存在）">关契族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" class="extiw" title="en:Church of the Guanche People">Church of the Guanche People</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%AA%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥迪纳尼（页面不存在）">伊博族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odinani" class="extiw" title="en:Odinani">Odinani</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%9A%E6%97%8F" title="烏爾霍博族">伊索科族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%8A%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="科伊科伊人原始宗教">科伊科伊族</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E5%9B%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛图科神话（页面不存在）">洛图科族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Lotuko mythology">Lotuko mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E9%BD%90%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛齐神话（页面不存在）">洛齐族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozi_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Lozi mythology">Lozi mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A2%E6%A0%BC%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卢格巴拉神话（页面不存在）">卢格巴拉族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Lugbara mythology">Lugbara mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马赛神话（页面不存在）">马赛族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Maasai mythology">Maasai mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%86%E5%B8%83%E8%92%82%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="姆布蒂神话（页面不存在）">姆布蒂族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Mbuti mythology">Mbuti mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞雷尔宗教（页面不存在）">塞雷尔族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Serer religion">Serer religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BE%E5%A7%86%E5%B8%83%E5%8D%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="图姆布卡神话（页面不存在）">图姆布卡族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E9%B2%81%E5%B7%B4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约鲁巴宗教（页面不存在）">约鲁巴族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%96%E9%B2%81%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祖鲁神话（页面不存在）">祖鲁族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Zulu mythology">Zulu mythology</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非美宗教（页面不存在）">流散</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a>）宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%8E%E5%86%AC%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坎冬博宗教（页面不存在）">坎冬博</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="en:Candomblé">Candomblé</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E7%B1%B3%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库米纳（页面不存在）">库米纳</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumina" class="extiw" title="en:Kumina">Kumina</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥比亚（页面不存在）">奥比亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeah" class="extiw" title="en:Obeah">Obeah</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E6%96%91%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金斑达（页面不存在）">金斑达</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimbanda" class="extiw" title="en:Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E6%B4%9B_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕洛 (宗教)（页面不存在）">帕洛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_(religion)" class="extiw" title="en:Palo (religion)">Palo (religion)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%91%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桑特里亚教（页面不存在）">桑特里亚教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="en:Santería">Santería</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%A9%E6%96%91%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恩斑达（页面不存在）">恩斑达</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbanda" class="extiw" title="en:Umbanda">Umbanda</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%95%99" title="伏都教">伏都教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%B7%AB%E6%AF%92" title="海地巫毒">海地伏都教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E4%BC%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易斯安那伏都教（页面不存在）">路易斯安那伏都教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" class="extiw" title="en:Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%8F%90%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文提教（页面不存在）">文提教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winti" class="extiw" title="en:Winti">Winti</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴多信仰（页面不存在）">巴多信仰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathouism" class="extiw" title="en:Bathouism">Bathouism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙 (宗教)（页面不存在）">邦廷教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun_(religion)" class="extiw" title="en:Mun (religion)">Mun (religion)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%88%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日月教（页面不存在）">日月教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donyi-Polo" class="extiw" title="en:Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达罗毗荼民间宗教（页面不存在）">达罗毗荼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克拉底信仰（页面不存在）">克拉底</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirant_Mundhum" class="extiw" title="en:Kirant Mundhum">Kirant Mundhum</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E9%82%A3%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%8C%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨那马希信仰（页面不存在）">萨那马希</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanamahism" class="extiw" title="en:Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E5%A5%88%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨奈信仰（页面不存在）">萨奈信仰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnaism" class="extiw" title="en:Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="缅甸民间信仰（页面不存在）">缅甸</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Burmese folk religion">Burmese folk religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="台语民族民间信仰">老挝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%95%99" title="摩教">师公教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="马来西亚民间信仰">马来西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度尼西亚民间信仰（页面不存在）">印度尼西亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliran_kepercayaan" class="extiw" title="en:Aliran kepercayaan">Aliran kepercayaan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%BB%B7%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴廷信仰（页面不存在）">巴廷信仰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebatinan" class="extiw" title="en:Kebatinan">Kebatinan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澳大利亚原住民神话（页面不存在）">澳大利亚原住民</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="美洲原住民宗教">美洲原住民</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中部美洲宗教（页面不存在）">中部美洲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲律宾神话（页面不存在）">菲律宾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波利尼西亚神话（页面不存在）">波利尼西亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_narrative" class="extiw" title="en:Polynesian narrative">Polynesian narrative</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="貨物崇拜">貨物崇拜</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="新興宗教">新興宗教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="狄斯科蒂亚信仰">不和教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%9D%8E%E5%8D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃坎卡（页面不存在）">埃坎卡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckankar" class="extiw" title="en:Eckankar">Eckankar</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BA%AA%E5%85%83%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="新纪元运动">新纪元运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%BC%AA%E5%8A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="法輪功">法輪功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%97%A6%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="撒旦崇拜">撒旦崇拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E6%B5%AE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="幽浮宗教">幽浮宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E7%88%BE%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="雷爾運動">雷爾運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%BF%AE" title="奧修">羅傑尼希教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%94%E5%9F%BA" title="山達基">山達基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E7%91%AA" title="泰勒瑪">泰勒瑪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%95%91%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%8D%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" title="普救一位神教">一神普救派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%8D%A1%E6%95%99" title="威卡教">威卡教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE%E7%BD%95%E6%95%99" title="布爾罕教">布爾罕教</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="历史宗教" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" title="宗教史">历史宗教</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="史前宗教">史前宗教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旧石器时代宗教（页面不存在）">旧石器时代宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%9C%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古代近东宗教（页面不存在）">近东宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="extiw" title="en:Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古埃及宗教">古埃及宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古美索不达米亚宗教（页面不存在）">美索不达米亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E9%97%AA%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古闪米特宗教（页面不存在）">闪米特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Semitic religion">Ancient Semitic religion</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="原始印欧宗教">原始印欧宗教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">亚洲宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E4%BC%8A%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始印伊宗教（页面不存在）">原始印伊宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚美尼亚神话（页面不存在）">亚美尼亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Armenian mythology">Armenian mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%AF%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥塞梯神话（页面不存在）">奥塞梯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Ossetian mythology">Ossetian mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="吠陀宗教">吠陀宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%86%E6%95%99" title="祆教">琐罗亚斯德教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%95%99" title="密特拉教">密特拉教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%96%E6%A2%B5%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祖梵教（页面不存在）">祖梵教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanism" class="extiw" title="en:Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%95%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="諾斯底主義">諾斯底主義</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99" title="摩尼教">摩尼教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">欧洲宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凯尔特多神教（页面不存在）">凯尔特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="extiw" title="en:Celtic polytheism">Celtic polytheism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" title="日耳曼多神教">日耳曼</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盎格鲁-撒克逊异教（页面不存在）">盎格鲁-撒克逊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" class="extiw" title="en:Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大陆日耳曼神话（页面不存在）">大陆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" title="北欧多神教">诺斯</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古希臘宗教">古希臘宗教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%95%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="諾斯底主義">諾斯底主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新柏拉图主义">新柏拉图主义</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99" title="摩尼教">摩尼教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="史前巴尔干神话">巴尔干</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古羅馬宗教">古羅馬宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="斯拉夫神話">斯拉夫</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" title="斯拉夫多神教">東斯拉夫</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="主题" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">主题</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">方面</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%9B%E6%95%99" title="叛教">叛教</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="离教（页面不存在）">离教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" class="extiw" title="en:Religious disaffiliation">Religious disaffiliation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教行为（页面不存在）">行为</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_behaviour" class="extiw" title="en:Religious behaviour">Religious behaviour</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%81%8C%E8%80%85" title="圣职者">圣职者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%AE%97" title="改宗">转化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E" title="神">神灵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%B4%E5%B9%BB%E5%8A%91" title="宗教致幻劑">宗教致幻劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE" title="教派">教派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="信仰">信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%84%B0%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="火焰崇拜">火焰崇拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E_(%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99)" title="神 (一神教)">神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E6%83%B3" title="冥想">冥想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="修行制度">修行制度</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="出家人">修士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E5%A5%B3" title="修女">修女</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="神秘主義">神秘主義</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教与神话（页面不存在）">神话</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" class="extiw" title="en:Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="自然崇拜">自然崇拜</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E8%81%8C%E6%8E%88%E4%BB%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣职授任（页面不存在）">圣职授任</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination" class="extiw" title="en:Ordination">Ordination</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1_(%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0)" title="正統 (信仰)">正统</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E8%A1%8C_(%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正行 (信仰)（页面不存在）">正行</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopraxy" class="extiw" title="en:Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%B7%E5%91%8A" title="祷告">祷告</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97" title="宗教經驗">宗教体验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%AA%E5%BC%8F" title="仪式">仪式</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E6%8B%9C%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F" title="禮拜儀式">禮拜儀式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%BA%E7%89%B2" title="牺牲">牺牲</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%80%A7" title="靈性">靈性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="超自然现象">超自然</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教符号（页面不存在）">符号</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="extiw" title="en:Religious symbolism">Religious symbolism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教真理（页面不存在）">真理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" class="extiw" title="en:Religious views on truth">Religious views on truth</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水与宗教（页面不存在）">水</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_and_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Water and religion">Water and religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="崇拜">崇拜</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="有神论">有神论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E9%9D%88%E8%AB%96" title="泛靈論">泛靈論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="二元论">二元论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="主神论">主神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="一神論">一神論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="非有神论">非有神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%9C%A8%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="萬有在神論">万有在神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="泛神论">泛神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="多神论">多神论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E8%B6%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超越神论（页面不存在）">超越神论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheism" class="extiw" title="en:Transtheism">Transtheism</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">无神论</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗主义">世俗主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="反宗教">反宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BA" title="不可知论">不可知论</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">无神论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2%E6%9D%A1%E6%80%AA%E7%89%A9" title="飞行面条怪物">飞行面条怪物</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人文犹太教（页面不存在）">人文犹太教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" class="extiw" title="en:Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a>）</li> <li>无属</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="新無神論">新無神論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E4%B8%96%E8%AE%BA" title="顺世论">順世派</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E6%92%92%E6%97%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉维撒旦主义（页面不存在）">拉维撒旦主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" class="extiw" title="en:LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan Satanism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教与解构主义（页面不存在）">解构主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction_and_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Deconstruction and religion">Deconstruction and religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各国无宗教状况（页面不存在）">各国无宗教状况</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Irreligion by country">Irreligion by country</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="客觀主義">客觀主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗人文主义">世俗人文主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世俗神学（页面不存在）">世俗神学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_theology" class="extiw" title="en:Secular theology">Secular theology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E5%8C%96" title="世俗化">世俗化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB" title="政教分离">政教分离</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99#宗教的批判" title="宗教">批判</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%98%8E%E7%B2%89%E7%B4%85%E7%8D%A8%E8%A7%92%E7%8D%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="透明粉紅獨角獸">透明粉紅獨角獸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教学">宗教学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教人类学">宗教人类学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教认知科学（页面不存在）">认知科学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science of religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83" title="宗教比較">比较学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" title="宗教史">宗教史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="宗教的進化起源">宗教的進化起源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教演化心理學">宗教演化心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教神经学（页面不存在）">神经学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotheology" class="extiw" title="en:Neurotheology">Neurotheology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">宗教心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教社会学">宗教社会学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="神學">神學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教理论（页面不存在）">理论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Theories of religion">Theories of religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女性与宗教（页面不存在）">女性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_and_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Women and religion">Women and religion</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="Category:宗教與社會">宗教与社会</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教与农业（页面不存在）">农业</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" class="extiw" title="en:Religion and agriculture">Religion and agriculture</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教与经济（页面不存在）">经济</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_business" class="extiw" title="en:Religion and business">Religion and business</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%81%8C%E8%80%85" title="圣职者">圣职者</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93" class="mw-disambig" title="修道">修行制度</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E8%81%8C%E6%8E%88%E4%BB%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣职授任（页面不存在）">圣职授任</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination" class="extiw" title="en:Ordination">Ordination</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%AE%97" title="改宗">转化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3" title="傳福音">傳福音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB" title="传教士">传教士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%B8%E8%AA%98%E6%94%B9%E5%AE%97" title="勸誘改宗">勸誘改宗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教教育（页面不存在）">教育</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_education" class="extiw" title="en:Religious education">Religious education</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%8B%82%E7%83%AD" title="宗教狂热">狂热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="宗教自由">自由</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="宗教多元主义">多元主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E6%94%9D" title="綜攝">綜攝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BD%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="宽容">宽容</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="普世主义">普世主义</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%95%99%E6%97%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="原教旨主義">原教旨主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%80%E5%BF%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="发展最快的宗教">发展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="宗教与幸福">幸福</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="宗教與同性戀">同性恋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="少数群体宗教（页面不存在）">少数群体</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Minority religion">Minority religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="民族教會">民族教會</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各国宗教重要程度（页面不存在）">各国信仰程度</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Importance of religion by country">Importance of religion by country</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教政治科学（页面不存在）">政治科学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science_of_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Political science of religion">Political science of religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="宗教人口列表">人口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="教派分裂">教派分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教与科学">科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99" title="國教">国家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9D%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="神权政治">神权政治</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教与素食主义（页面不存在）">素食主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism and religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教中心主义（页面不存在）">宗教中心主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiocentrism" class="extiw" title="en:Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B" title="宗教暴力">暴力</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3" title="宗教迫害">迫害</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教恐怖主义（页面不存在）">恐怖主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_terrorism" class="extiw" title="en:Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="宗教战争">战争</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E8%B4%A2%E5%AF%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教与财富（页面不存在）">财富</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Wealth and religion">Wealth and religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C" title="多重宗教身份認同">多重宗教身份認同</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="世界基督教">世界基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="政治神学">政治神学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="公共神學">公共神學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%92" title="第二代信徒">第二代信徒</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">概观 及<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="Category:宗教相關列表">列表</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教相关条目索引（页面不存在）">索引</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of religion-related articles">Index of religion-related articles</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教概述（页面不存在）">概述</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of religion">Outline of religion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="宗教年表">年表</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%E8%AF%B8%E6%95%99%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚伯拉罕诸教先知列表（页面不存在）">亚伯拉罕诸教先知</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" class="extiw" title="en:Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E7%A5%9E%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="被神化的人列表">神化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神列表（页面不存在）">神</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deities" class="extiw" title="en:List of deities">List of deities</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%88%9B%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="主要宗教创始人列表">创始人</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E9%9B%86%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史上最大和平集会列表（页面不存在）">大型集会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings_in_history" class="extiw" title="en:List of largest peaceful gatherings in history">List of largest peaceful gatherings in history</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新兴宗教运动列表（页面不存在）">新兴宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" class="extiw" title="en:List of new religious movements">List of new religious movements</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教组织列表（页面不存在）">宗教组织</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" class="extiw" title="en:List of religious organizations">List of religious organizations</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%8F%8A%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教及传统（页面不存在）">宗教及传统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" class="extiw" title="en:List of religions and spiritual traditions">List of religions and spiritual traditions</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教学学者列表（页面不存在）">学者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religious_studies_scholars" class="extiw" title="en:List of religious studies scholars">List of religious studies scholars</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Category:宗教">类目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Portal:宗教">主题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="哲学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:哲学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:哲学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:哲学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="哲学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="分支（形而上学_·_认识论_·_逻辑学_·_伦理学_·_美学_·_價值論）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6#分支" title="哲学">分支</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形而上学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%AB%96" title="價值論">價值論</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;">哲学与……</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">艺术</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="设计哲学">设计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="音乐哲学">音乐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="电影哲学">电影</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="历史哲学">历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學人類學">人性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="语言哲学">语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学与文学">文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="文化哲學">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教育哲學">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="人生哲学">人生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教哲学">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙学">宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">存在</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="元哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">精神</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%97%9B%E8%8B%A6%EF%BC%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="痛苦（哲学）（页面不存在）">痛苦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Pain (philosophy)">Pain (philosophy)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E9%BB%98%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="幽默理論">幽默</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神经哲学（页面不存在）">神经哲学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophilosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Neurophilosophy">Neurophilosophy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行動理論">行动</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="数学哲学">数学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊哲學">信息</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="时空哲学">时空</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="物理哲学">物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="化学哲学">化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學哲學">生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="地理哲學">地理</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="環境哲學">环境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="技术哲学">技术</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工程学哲学（页面不存在）">工程</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of engineering">Philosophy of engineering</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="医学哲学（页面不存在）">医学哲学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="醫療衛生哲學">醫療衛生哲學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性哲学（页面不存在）">性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_sex" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of sex">Philosophy of sex</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会科学的哲学（页面不存在）">社会科学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学与经济学">经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9" title="正義">公正</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="法律哲学">法律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="社会哲学">社会</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="戰爭哲學">战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="哲学学派" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表（页面不存在）">哲学学派</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="哲學史">哲學史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世纪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="文艺复兴时期哲学">文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="巴洛克时期哲学">巴洛克时期</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">啟蒙時代</a> · <a href="/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="19世纪哲学">19世紀</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#当代哲学" title="西方哲学史">当代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="東方哲學">东方</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学">中国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6" title="名家">名家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E7%8E%84%E5%AD%B8" title="魏晉玄學">魏晉玄學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="杨朱学说">杨朱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97" title="禅宗">禅宗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">希腊-</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="希臘化哲學">希臘化哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="前苏格拉底哲学">前苏格拉底</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="毕达哥拉斯主义">毕达哥拉斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%BE%A9%E5%AE%B6" title="智辩家">诡辩学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="柏拉图主义">柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="亞里斯多德主義">亞里斯多德主義</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8D%E9%81%99%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="逍遙學派">逍遙學派</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="犬儒學派">犬儒學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%B3%A9%E9%AD%AF%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="伊比鳩魯學派">伊比鳩魯學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="斯多葛主義">斯多亞學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新柏拉图主义">新柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教哲学">佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E4%B8%96%E8%AE%BA" title="顺世论">顺世论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教哲学（页面不存在）">印度教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耆那教哲学（页面不存在）">耆那教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗哲学（页面不存在）">波斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B9%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B" title="玛兹达克">玛兹达克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%90%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="琐罗亚斯德教">祆教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9B" title="祖尔宛">楚尔凡教义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世紀</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">9 – 16 世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="基督教哲学">基督</a>欧洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="文藝復興人文主義">人文主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="托马斯主义">托马斯主义</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">阿奎那</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">东亚</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宋明理學">宋明理學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%B1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="程朱理学">程朱理学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%B8" title="心學">陆王心学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%98%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="永嘉学派">永嘉学派</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="韓國儒學">韓國儒學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="日本朱子学">日本朱子学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">印度</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)（页面不存在）">新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" class="extiw" title="en:Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%9E%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有保留的非二元论 (印度哲学)（页面不存在）">有保留的非二元论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" class="extiw" title="en:Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二元论 (印度哲学)（页面不存在）">二元论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita" class="extiw" title="en:Dvaita">Dvaita</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A8%81%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿威罗伊主义（页面不存在）">阿威罗伊主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism" class="extiw" title="en:Averroism">Averroism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3#哲学思想" title="伊本·西那">阿维森纳</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="照明主义哲学（页面不存在）">照明主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism" class="extiw" title="en:Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">伊斯兰教义学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏菲主义哲学（页面不存在）">苏菲主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="猶太教哲學">犹太教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA-%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太-伊斯兰哲学（页面不存在）">犹太-伊斯兰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" class="extiw" title="en:Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">17 – 19 世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新托马斯主义">新托马斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="笛卡尔主义">笛卡尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="康德主义">康德主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新康德主义">新康德主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔主义">黑格尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="马克思主义哲学">马克思主义哲学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">唯物-唯心</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="辩证唯物主义">辩证唯物主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">唯心主義</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绝对唯心论（页面不存在）">绝对唯心论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_idealism" class="extiw" title="en:Absolute idealism">Absolute idealism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義">效益主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义">实用主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古典自由主义">自由主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現代主義">現代主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學">現象學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超验主义">超验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="日本國學">日本國學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%82%E9%9D%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="寂靜主義">寂静主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%AE%97%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="改革宗知识论（页面不存在）">改革宗知识论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="西方哲学史">当代</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">20 – 21 世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分析女性主义（页面不存在）">分析女性主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_feminism" class="extiw" title="en:Analytical feminism">Analytical feminism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="分析马克思主义">分析马克思主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后分析哲学（页面不存在）">后分析哲学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="结果论">结果论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義">功利主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="义务伦理学">道义论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·罗尔斯">罗尔斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%A7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="德性倫理學">德性倫理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗哲學">實驗哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内在主义与外在主义（页面不存在）">内在主义与外在主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" class="extiw" title="en:Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7" title="可证伪性">证伪主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基础主义">基础主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B4%AF%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="真理融贯论">真理融贯论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="路德维希·维特根斯坦">维特根斯坦</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="维也纳学派">维也纳学派</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日常語言哲學">日常語言哲學</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然主义知识论（页面不存在）">蒯因的自然主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法律实证主义">法律实证主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">欧陆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新馬克思主義">新馬克思主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="西方马克思主义">西方马克思主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後馬克思主義">後馬克思主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔主义">黑格尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="批判理論">批判理論</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="法蘭克福學派">法蘭克福學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="結構主義">結構主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後結構主義">後結構主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="解構主義">解構主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學">現象學</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="符號學">符號學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="女性主義">女性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%A6" title="精神分析学">精神分析学</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%A1" title="雅各·拉岡">拉康主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后殖民主义">后殖民主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后现代主义哲学（页面不存在）">后现代主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Postmodern philosophy">Postmodern philosophy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会建构主义">社会建构主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">非西方</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="京都學派">京都學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="俄罗斯宇宙主义">俄国宇宙主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表（页面不存在）">更多</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="领域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">领域</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形上學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96" title="二元論">二元論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA" title="一元论">一元论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="形而上自然主義">自然主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">本体论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行動理論">行动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="事件 (哲学)">事件</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="过程哲学（页面不存在）">过程哲学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Process philosophy">Process philosophy</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6" title="現實">現實</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%9E%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反实在论（页面不存在）">反实在论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%AB%96" title="概念論">概念論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">唯心主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="唯物主义">唯物主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自然主义">自然主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%90%8D%E8%AB%96" title="唯名論">唯名論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="實在論">實在論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="唯心主義認識論">唯心主義認識論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建构主义知识论（页面不存在）">建构主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特殊主义知识论（页面不存在）">特殊主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" class="extiw" title="en:Epistemological particularism">Epistemological particularism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="怀疑主义哲学（页面不存在）">怀疑论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism#Epistemology_and_skepticism" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophical skepticism">Philosophical skepticism#Epistemology and skepticism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E6%88%91%E8%AB%96" title="唯我論">唯我論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="信仰主義">信仰主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">精神</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-disambig" title="行为主义">行为主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E6%B6%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="取消主义">取消主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="副现象主义">副现象主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89(%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机能主义(精神哲学)（页面不存在）">机能主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="extiw" title="en:Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism (philosophy of mind)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E6%80%A7" title="客觀性">客观主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="主觀主義">主觀主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="结果论">结果论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="义务伦理学">义务伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%A7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="德性倫理學">德性倫理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="自由意志">自由意志</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相容论">相容论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由意志主义 (形而上学)">自由意志主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德规范性（页面不存在）">规范性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Norm (philosophy)">Norm (philosophy)</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德绝对主义">绝对主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德特殊主义（页面不存在）">特殊主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_particularism" class="extiw" title="en:Moral particularism">Moral particularism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德相对主义">相对主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="道德虛無主義">虚无主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德怀疑主义">怀疑主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德普遍主义">普遍主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="形式主义">形式主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术制度论（页面不存在）">制度论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="extiw" title="en:Institutional theory of art">Institutional theory of art</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美学情感（页面不存在）">美学回应</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" class="extiw" title="en:Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic emotions</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="经典逻辑">经典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="非經典邏輯">非经典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="形式逻辑">形式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="非形式逻辑">非形式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA" title="悖论">悖论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4" title="謬誤">謬誤</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="各地区哲学哲学相关列表" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">各地区哲学</a></li><li>哲学相关列表</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">各地区哲学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="非洲哲学">非洲</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃塞俄比亚哲学（页面不存在）">埃塞俄比亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian philosophy</a>））</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿兹特克哲学（页面不存在）">阿兹特克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Aztec philosophy">Aztec philosophy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="東方哲學">东方</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学">中国</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日本哲學">日本</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%9D%E9%9F%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朝韩哲学（页面不存在）">朝韩</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Korean philosophy">Korean philosophy</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="香港哲學">香港</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="臺灣哲學">臺灣</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗哲学（页面不存在）">伊朗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度尼西亚哲学（页面不存在）">印尼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian philosophy</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴基斯坦哲学（页面不存在）">巴基斯坦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Pakistani philosophy">Pakistani philosophy</a>））</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="美國哲學">美国</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:American philosophy">American philosophy</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="英國哲學">英國</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦哲学（页面不存在）">丹麦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Danish philosophy">Danish philosophy</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国哲学（页面不存在）">法国</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:French philosophy">French philosophy</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="德國哲學">德国</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">希腊</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="意大利哲学">意大利</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰哲学（页面不存在）">波兰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Polish philosophy">Polish philosophy</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马尼亚哲学（页面不存在）">罗马尼亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Romanian philosophy">Romanian philosophy</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄国哲学（页面不存在）">俄国</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Russian philosophy">Russian philosophy</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛文尼亚哲学（页面不存在）">斯洛文尼亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Slovene philosophy">Slovene philosophy</a>））</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81" class="mw-redirect" title="哲学概要">概要</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解決的哲學問題">问题</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表（页面不存在）">学派</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学词汇表（页面不存在）">词汇表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="哲學概念列表">概念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="哲學家列表">哲学家</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学运动（页面不存在）">运动</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重要哲学出版物列表（页面不存在）">出版物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:哲学">主题</a></li> <li><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, 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.sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">无神论在维基百科的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="Wikipedia:维基媒体姊妹项目">姊妹项目</a>：</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/31px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" />维基词典上的<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/无神论">字词解释</a></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" />维基共享资源上的<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atheism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Atheism">多媒体资源</a></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" />维基新闻上的<a href="https://zh.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Atheism" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Atheism">新闻</a></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" />维基语录上的<a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/无神论">名言</a></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" />维基文库上的<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Atheism" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Atheism">原始文献</a></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />维基教科书上的<a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/无神论">教科书和手册</a></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" />维基学院上的<a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Beyond_Theism" class="extiw" title="v:Beyond Theism">学习资源</a></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" />维基数据上的<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7066" class="extiw" title="d:Q7066">数据项</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=无神论&oldid=84057076">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=无神论&oldid=84057076</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="Category:无神论">无神论</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:宗教哲學">宗教哲學</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:哲学">哲学</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:有参考文献错误的页面">有参考文献错误的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%BF%87%E6%97%B6%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有过时参数的引用的页面">含有过时参数的引用的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BFwayback%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:Webarchive模板wayback链接">Webarchive模板wayback链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="Category:引文格式1错误：日期">引文格式1错误：日期</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%EF%BC%9A%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:引文格式1错误：外部链接">引文格式1错误：外部链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">引文格式1维护：冗余文本</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E7%BC%BA%E5%B0%91%E7%BD%91%E5%9D%80%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有缺少网址的网站引用的页面">含有缺少网址的网站引用的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向多个目标错误的页面">含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向多个目标错误的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%8F%A4%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有古騰堡計劃連結的條目">含有古騰堡計劃連結的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%891913%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%88%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%94%E6%9C%89%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB%E5%8F%83%E7%85%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有1913年版天主教百科全書引用且有維基文庫參照的條目">含有1913年版天主教百科全書引用且有維基文庫參照的條目</a></li><li><a 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title="Category:有未列明来源语句的条目">有未列明来源语句的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNE%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Hume\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins,_Richard1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDrachmann1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrange1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDryden1682\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFales\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarvey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleeson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolding1571\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolding1587\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanmer1577\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2006a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuxley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohns2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshi1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeysarNavarro-Rivera2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLevin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowder1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyas1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaritain1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1662\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreira-almeida,_A.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_van_Inwagen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunes1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSam2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShook\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_Blackburn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolzhenitsyn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens1813\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarious_authors\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitmarsh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWootton1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZdybicka2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuckerman2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZuckerman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Holbach1770\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Holbach1772\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFprep._by_J._A._Simpson_...1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF大衛·本特利·哈特2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF盧瑞鐘2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"About.com\"] = 1,\n [\"Also\"] = 1,\n [\"Atheism\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse-nb\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 55,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 69,\n [\"Cite web/en\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dmoz\"] = 1,\n [\"En\"] = 7,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"God_Arguments\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 22,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Lang-en\"] = 3,\n [\"Le\"] = 9,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Link-en\"] = 21,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 4,\n [\"Tsl\"] = 1,\n [\"Wayback\"] = 35,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"单双书名号转换\"] = 1,\n [\"哲学\"] = 1,\n [\"宗教\"] = 1,\n [\"宗教哲学\"] = 1,\n [\"无宗教\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","28.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","260","14.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","7.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","5.6"],["recursiveClone 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