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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-表現" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#表現"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>表現</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-表現-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-吸积盘物理学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#吸积盘物理学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>吸积盘物理学</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-吸积盘物理学-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关吸积盘物理学子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-吸积盘物理学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-'"`UNIQ--postMath-00000006-QINU`"'-盘状模型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'"`UNIQ--postMath-00000006-QINU`"'-盘状模型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>'"`UNIQ--postMath-00000006-QINU`"'-盘状模型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'"`UNIQ--postMath-00000006-QINU`"'-盘状模型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-带磁性旋转的不稳定性（Magnetorotational_Instability）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#带磁性旋转的不稳定性（Magnetorotational_Instability）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>带磁性旋转的不稳定性（Magnetorotational Instability）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-带磁性旋转的不稳定性（Magnetorotational_Instability）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-次爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型_(薄盘，径移主导吸积流盘)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#次爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型_(薄盘，径移主导吸积流盘)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>次爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型 (薄盘，径移主导吸积流盘)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-次爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型_(薄盘，径移主导吸积流盘)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-超爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型_(细盘，波兰甜面圈)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#超爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型_(细盘，波兰甜面圈)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>超爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型 (细盘，波兰甜面圈)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-超爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型_(细盘，波兰甜面圈)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>特性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相关条目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相关条目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>相关条目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相关条目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">吸积盘</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。51种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkresieskyf" title="Akkresieskyf – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Akkresieskyf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AF" title="قرص مزود – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرص مزود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discu_d%27acrecimientu" title="Discu d'acrecimientu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Discu d'acrecimientu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Акрэцыйны дыск – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акрэцыйны дыск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Акреционен диск – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акреционен диск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="སྣོན་སྡེར། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྣོན་སྡེར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_uve%C4%87anja" title="Disk uvećanja – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Disk uvećanja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_d%27acreci%C3%B3" title="Disc d'acreció – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disc d'acreció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akre%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_disk" title="Akreční disk – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akreční disk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkretionsscheibe" title="Akkretionsscheibe – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Akkretionsscheibe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Δίσκος προσαύξησης – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίσκος προσαύξησης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Accretion disk" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkreska_disko" title="Alkreska disko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alkreska disko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_de_acrecimiento" title="Disco de acrecimiento – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disco de acrecimiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrezio-disko" title="Akrezio-disko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akrezio-disko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="قرص برافزایشی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرص برافزایشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertym%C3%A4kiekko" title="Kertymäkiekko – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kertymäkiekko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disque_d%27accr%C3%A9tion" title="Disque d'accrétion – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Disque d'accrétion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosca_fuillimh" title="Diosca fuillimh – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Diosca fuillimh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%97%D7%94" title="דיסקת ספיחה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיסקת ספיחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अभिवृद्धि चक्र – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अभिवृद्धि चक्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrecijski_disk" title="Akrecijski disk – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akrecijski disk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkr%C3%A9ci%C3%B3s_korong" title="Akkréciós korong – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Akkréciós korong" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piringan_akresi" title="Piringan akresi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Piringan akresi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_di_accrescimento" title="Disco di accrescimento – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disco di accrescimento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E7%9D%80%E5%86%86%E7%9B%A4" title="降着円盤 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="降着円盤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%B0%A9%EC%9B%90%EB%B0%98" title="강착원반 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강착원반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkretiounsscheif" title="Akkretiounsscheif – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Akkretiounsscheif" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrecinis_diskas" title="Akrecinis diskas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akrecinis diskas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akr%C4%93cijas_disks" title="Akrēcijas disks – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akrēcijas disks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Насобирачки диск – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Насобирачки диск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="അക്രേഷൻ ഡിസ്ക് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്രേഷൻ ഡിസ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakera_tokokan" title="Cakera tokokan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cakera tokokan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretieschijf" title="Accretieschijf – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Accretieschijf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkresjonsskive" title="Akkresjonsskive – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akkresjonsskive" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_d%27acrecion" title="Disc d'acrecion – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Disc d'acrecion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysk_akrecyjny" title="Dysk akrecyjny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dysk akrecyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_de_acre%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Disco de acreção – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Disco de acreção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_de_acre%C8%9Bie" title="Disc de acreție – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Disc de acreție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Аккреционный диск – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аккреционный диск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Accretion disk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akre%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_disk" title="Akrečný disk – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akrečný disk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrecijski_disk" title="Akrecijski disk – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Akrecijski disk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Акрециони диск – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Акрециони диск" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackretionsskiva" title="Ackretionsskiva – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ackretionsskiva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisahani_cha_uongezekaji" title="Kisahani cha uongezekaji – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisahani cha uongezekaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5" title="จานพอกพูนมวล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จานพอกพูนมวล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1lma_diski" title="Yığılma diski – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yığılma diski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Аккрецион диск – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аккрецион диск" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Акреційний диск – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акреційний диск" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C4%A9a_b%E1%BB%93i_t%E1%BB%A5" title="Đĩa bồi tụ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đĩa bồi tụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-c02120bf" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Astronomy"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/220px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/330px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/440px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>在<a href="/wiki/CD%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="CD星系">超巨大橢圓星系</a><a href="/wiki/M87" class="mw-redirect" title="M87">M87</a>中心<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>的圓盤形影像。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC_4261_Black_hole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NGC_4261_Black_hole.jpg/220px-NGC_4261_Black_hole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NGC_4261_Black_hole.jpg/330px-NGC_4261_Black_hole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/NGC_4261_Black_hole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption> NGC 4261黑洞</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accretion_Disk_Binary_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Accretion_Disk_Binary_System.jpg/240px-Accretion_Disk_Binary_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Accretion_Disk_Binary_System.jpg/360px-Accretion_Disk_Binary_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Accretion_Disk_Binary_System.jpg/480px-Accretion_Disk_Binary_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E5%8F%8C%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="X射线双星">X射线双星</a>系统中的巨星-吸积盘示意图</figcaption></figure> <p><b>吸積盤</b>（<b>accretion disk</b>）是由圍繞大質量<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%98%9F_(%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8)" title="主星 (天文學)">中心天體</a>進行<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93_(%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)" title="轨道 (力学)">軌道</a>運動的瀰散物質所形成的一種結構 (通常是一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%91%A8%E7%9B%A4" title="星周盤">星周盤</a>)；中心體通常是一顆<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a>。當盤面以螺旋形向內旋向中心天體時，引力和摩擦力壓縮並提高物體的溫度，導致<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="電磁輻射">電磁輻射</a>的發射；輻射的頻率範圍取決於中心天體的質量。年輕恆星和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="原恆星">原恆星</a>的吸積盤在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紅外線">紅外線</a>波段輻射；部分的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="中子星">中子星</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>周圍的輻射範圍落在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E9%A0%BB%E8%AD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁頻譜">電磁頻譜</a>的<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="X射線">X射線</a>。吸積盤振盪模式的研究被稱為<b>盤地震學</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="表現"><span id=".E8.A1.A8.E7.8F.BE"></span>表現</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：表現"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right" style="width: 250px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解決的物理學問題">未解決的物理學問題</a>：</b>吸積盤噴流：為什麼圍繞某些天體，比如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E8%BA%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="活躍星系核">活躍星系核</a>，的圓盤，會沿著它們的極軸發射<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA%E6%80%A7%E5%96%B7%E6%B5%81" title="相对论性喷流">噴流</a>？天文學家用噴流來做許多事情，從消除正在形成的恆星角動量，到重新電離宇宙(在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E8%BA%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="活躍星系核">活躍星系核</a>中)，但對它們的起源仍然沒有很好的理解。</div> <div class="side-box-imageright"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_mark2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Question_mark2.svg/40px-Question_mark2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Question_mark2.svg/60px-Question_mark2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Question_mark2.svg/80px-Question_mark2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="71" data-file-height="92" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <p>吸積盤是天體物理學中普遍存在的現象，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E8%BA%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="活躍星系核">活躍星系核</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%A4" title="原行星盤">原行星盤</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%91%AA%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E6%9A%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="伽瑪射線暴">伽瑪射線暴</a>都涉及吸積盤。這些盤面經常產生來自中心天體附近的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA%E6%80%A7%E5%96%B7%E6%B5%81" title="相对论性喷流">天體物理噴流</a>。噴流是星盤系統在不損失太多質量的情況下，釋放<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="角動量">角動量</a>的有效方法。 </p><p>自然界中發現的最壯觀的吸積盤是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E8%BA%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="活躍星系核">活躍星系核</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%98%9F%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="類星體">類星體</a>的吸積盤，它們被認為是星系中心的大質量黑洞。當物質進入吸積盤時，它沿著一條被稱為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="tendex線" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tendex line"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendex%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tendex線（页面不存在）">tendex線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendex_line" class="extiw" title="en:Tendex line"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tendex line</span></a></span>）</span></span>的軌跡運動，這條軌跡描述了一條向內的螺旋線。這是因為粒子在湍流中相互摩擦和反彈，造成摩擦加熱，從而將能量散發出去，減少了粒子的角動量，使粒子向內漂移，從而推動向內的螺旋。角動量的損失表現為速度的降低；在較慢的速度下，粒子必須採用較低的軌道。當粒子下降至這個較低的軌道上時，它的一部分引力位能被轉化為新增的速度，粒子又被加速。因此，即使它現在的速度比以前快，但因為它失去了角動量，它仍然失去了一些能量。當一顆粒子的軌道越來越接近中心，它的速度也隨之增加；隨著速度的增加，摩擦力也隨之增加，因為越來越多的粒子勢能(相對於黑洞)被輻射出去；黑洞的吸積盤非常熱，其溫度足以在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E8%A6%96%E7%95%8C" title="事件視界">事件視界</a>外發射<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="X射線">X射線</a>。類星體的高<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6" title="光度">光度</a>被認為是氣體被超大質量黑洞吸積的結果<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。恆星因潮汐碎裂造成的橢圓吸積盤，在星系核和類星體中是很典型的<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。吸積過程可以將物體質量的10%到40%轉化為能量，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" class="mw-redirect" title="核融合">核融合</a>過程只有0.7%<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在密接的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="聯星系統">聯星系統</a>中，質量較大的主星演化得較快，當質量較小的伴星到達巨星狀態並超過<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%8C%E7%93%A3" title="洛希瓣">洛希瓣</a>時，它已經演化成<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a>、中子星或黑洞。然後，氣流會從伴星發展到只主恆星。角動量守恆封鎖了從一顆恆星到另一顆恆星的直線流動，取而代之的就是形成吸積盤。 </p><p>圍繞著<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%89%9BT%E6%98%9F" title="金牛T星">金牛T星</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BCAe/Be%E6%98%9F" title="赫比格Ae/Be星">赫比格星</a>的吸積盤，因為被認為是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="行星系統">行星系統</a>的祖先，所以被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%A4" title="原行星盤">原行星盤</a>。在這種情況下，吸積氣體來自於形成恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%B2" title="分子雲">分子雲</a>，而不是伴星。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_with_accretion_disk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Star_with_accretion_disk.jpg/220px-Star_with_accretion_disk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Star_with_accretion_disk.jpg/330px-Star_with_accretion_disk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Star_with_accretion_disk.jpg/440px-Star_with_accretion_disk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>藝術家看法下帶有吸積盤的恆星。</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:left/right/center">黑洞吸積的動畫</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv/300px--NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="162" data-mwtitle="NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv/NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv/NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv/NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv/NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv/NASA-led_Study_Explains_How_Black_Holes_Shine_in_Hard_X-rays.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">這個由超級電腦數據製作的動畫帶你到恆星質量黑洞吸積盤的內部區域。</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv/300px--Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_(artist’s_impression).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv/Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv/Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv/Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv/Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv/Outflow_from_active_galaxy_NGC_3783_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">這段影片展示了藝術家對星系<a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_3783&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 3783（页面不存在）">NGC 3783</a>中心黑洞散發出塵埃風的印象。</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="吸积盘物理学"><span id=".E5.90.B8.E7.A7.AF.E7.9B.98.E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.A6"></span>吸积盘物理学</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：吸积盘物理学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accretion_disk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Accretion_disk.jpg/250px-Accretion_disk.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Accretion_disk.jpg/375px-Accretion_disk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Accretion_disk.jpg/500px-Accretion_disk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>藝術家概念中，黑洞從附近的恆星中吸取物質，形成吸積盤。</figcaption></figure> <p>1968年Prendegast研究了双星系统中白矮星周围的吸积盘，随后莫斯科大学的沙库拉和苏尼亚耶夫建立了中子星和黑洞周围的吸积盘模型。吸积理论建立以来，主要有四种吸积盘模型被人们广泛研究。 </p><p>在1940年代，從基本物理原理推導出最早的模型<sup id="cite_ref-W1948_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W1948-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。為了與觀測結果一致，這些模型必須使用一種未知的角動量再分配機制。如果物質要向內掉落，它不僅要失去引力能量，還要失去角動量。由於吸積盤的總角動量守恆，落入中心的質量所損失的角動量必須由遠離中心的質量增加角動量來補償。換言之，角動量應該被"輸送"出去，物質才能吸積。根據<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瑞利穩定性判據" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Magnetorotational instability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A4%E6%93%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑞利穩定性判據（页面不存在）">瑞利穩定性判據</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorotational_instability" class="extiw" title="en:Magnetorotational instability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Magnetorotational instability</span></a></span>）</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial (R^{2}\Omega )}{\partial R}}>0,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>></mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial (R^{2}\Omega )}{\partial R}}>0,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9a9349cc06928b20ea45aa916bb369ffa4e913c5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:13.368ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial (R^{2}\Omega )}{\partial R}}>0,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>此處<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }"></span>表示流體的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="角速度">角速度</a>元素，和<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span>是它旋轉至中心的距離，吸積盤被認為是一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A4%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="層流">層流</a>。這就封鎖了角動量輸送的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="流體動力學">流體動力學</a>機制的存在。 </p><p>一方面，很明顯的黏性應力最終會導致向中心的物質被加熱，並輻射出部分的引力能。另一方面，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="粘度">粘度</a>本身不足以解釋角動量向圓盤外部的傳輸。儘管湍流本身的起源尚不清楚，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%8D%E6%B5%81" title="湍流">湍流</a>-粘性增强被認為是造成角動量再分配的機制。傳統的<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span>-模型(討論如下) 引入一個可調參數<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span>描述由於盤內湍流的<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="渦流" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A6%E6%B5%81" title="渦流">渦流</a></span></span>引起有效粘度的增加<sup id="cite_ref-SS1973_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS1973-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LBP1974_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBP1974-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在1991年，隨著<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="磁旋轉不穩定性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="magnetorotational instability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%89%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磁旋轉不穩定性（页面不存在）">磁旋轉不穩定性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/magnetorotational_instability" class="extiw" title="en:magnetorotational instability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">magnetorotational instability</span></a></span>）</span></span>（MRI）的重新發現，S. A. Balbus和J. F. Hawley建立了一個在重的、緊湊中心物體內，是高度不穩定的一個弱磁化圓盤，這為角動量再分配提供了一個直接的機制<sup id="cite_ref-BH1991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BH1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'"`UNIQ--postMath-00000006-QINU`"'-盘状模型"><span id=".7F.27.22.60UNIQ--postMath-00000006-QINU.60.22.27.7F-.E7.9B.98.E7.8A.B6.E6.A8.A1.E5.9E.8B"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span>-盘状模型</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：'"`UNIQ--postMath-00000006-QINU`"'-盘状模型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Shakura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Shakura（页面不存在）">Shakura</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Sunyaev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rashid Sunyaev（页面不存在）">Sunyaev</a>（1973）<sup id="cite_ref-SS1973_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS1973-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>提议气体中的湍流是源于增加的粘滞力引起的，并假设次音速的湍流、盘高与漩涡的尺寸之间存在一个上限，盘中的粘滞力被表述为：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu =\alpha c_{\rm {s}}H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>α</mi> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu =\alpha c_{\rm {s}}H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0762254e41697a1c8378e2929eb0820b6927855c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu =\alpha c_{\rm {s}}H}"></span>，这里<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{\rm {s}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{\rm {s}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bca00a113a6bba5601833233807e8a4bb3716fe5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.887ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{\rm {s}}}"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%80%9F" title="音速">音速</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}"></span>是盘高，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span>是一个介于零到一之间的自由因子。 </p><p>基于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E9%9D%99%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="流体静力学">流体静力学</a>平衡方程的引用，结合传统的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%8A%A8%E9%87%8F" title="角动量">角动量</a>理论并假设吸积盘是薄的，则盘的结构方程也许会倾向于<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span>参数的确定方法而得到解决。许多可观测到的现象并不十分取决于<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span>参数，因此即便它有一个自由参数这个理论仍然很有先见性。 </p><p>套用Kramers不透明度定律就能得到： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=1.7\times 10^{8}\alpha ^{-1/10}{\dot {M}}_{16}^{3/20}m_{1}^{-3/8}R_{10}^{9/8}f^{3/5}{\rm {cm}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.7</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>M</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>16</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>20</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>9</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=1.7\times 10^{8}\alpha ^{-1/10}{\dot {M}}_{16}^{3/20}m_{1}^{-3/8}R_{10}^{9/8}f^{3/5}{\rm {cm}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d207b6e206a5745504c54f9f69645e3c22c7e910" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:44.068ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=1.7\times 10^{8}\alpha ^{-1/10}{\dot {M}}_{16}^{3/20}m_{1}^{-3/8}R_{10}^{9/8}f^{3/5}{\rm {cm}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{c}=1.4\times 10^{4}\alpha ^{-1/5}{\dot {M}}_{16}^{3/10}m_{1}^{1/4}R_{10}^{-3/4}f^{6/5}{\rm {K}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.4</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>M</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>16</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{c}=1.4\times 10^{4}\alpha ^{-1/5}{\dot {M}}_{16}^{3/10}m_{1}^{1/4}R_{10}^{-3/4}f^{6/5}{\rm {K}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b09b55be7f3800077551ca3c2e52b1e0a9e349f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:42.324ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{c}=1.4\times 10^{4}\alpha ^{-1/5}{\dot {M}}_{16}^{3/10}m_{1}^{1/4}R_{10}^{-3/4}f^{6/5}{\rm {K}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho =3.1\times 10^{-8}\alpha ^{-7/10}{\dot {M}}_{16}^{11/20}m_{1}^{5/8}R_{10}^{-15/8}f^{11/5}{\rm {g\ cm}}^{-3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.1</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>M</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>16</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>11</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>20</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>15</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>11</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho =3.1\times 10^{-8}\alpha ^{-7/10}{\dot {M}}_{16}^{11/20}m_{1}^{5/8}R_{10}^{-15/8}f^{11/5}{\rm {g\ cm}}^{-3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4ded37104c154ddac40a2411259d4aac60996a0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:51.027ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho =3.1\times 10^{-8}\alpha ^{-7/10}{\dot {M}}_{16}^{11/20}m_{1}^{5/8}R_{10}^{-15/8}f^{11/5}{\rm {g\ cm}}^{-3}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>这里<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66261e3cbed8035b2bf7a9ccb878c786cf7556c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.302ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{c}}"></span>与<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"></span>分别是中部平面的温度与密度。 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {M}}_{16}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>M</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>16</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {M}}_{16}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d98351f3e5e89c28b407bd422ba4b3af91dd3c4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.318ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {M}}_{16}}"></span>是吸积速率，单位为<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{16}{\rm {g\ s}}^{-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>16</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{16}{\rm {g\ s}}^{-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c90c1a2bc662a4649019018f7fc94efd92cc13af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.193ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{16}{\rm {g\ s}}^{-1}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/31aafa60e48d39ccce922404c0b80340b2cc777a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}}"></span>是中心体质量（以太阳质量为参照<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\bigodot }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⨀</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\bigodot }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/55df80829724104210405d0e1fd84fec6a16ee6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:4.312ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\bigodot }}"></span>）, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{10}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{10}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a03f10b1add169f8166173b71d688edef7bce25a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.64ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{10}}"></span>是盘中某点的半径，单位为<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10}{\rm {cm}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10}{\rm {cm}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/232545458795f4e06af75488ca6137be226f34a4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.169ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10}{\rm {cm}}}"></span>,并且 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f=\left[1-\left({\frac {R_{\star }}{R}}\right)^{1/2}\right]^{1/4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋆</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mi>R</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f=\left[1-\left({\frac {R_{\star }}{R}}\right)^{1/2}\right]^{1/4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2e053781dbfdf610a0e7cfead8b17c202f83f0f6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:23.562ex; height:8.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f=\left[1-\left({\frac {R_{\star }}{R}}\right)^{1/2}\right]^{1/4}}"></span>,这里<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\star }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋆</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\star }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2a1d718fc3d51242a4f2d163fc519eed6a8e5f66" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.324ex; margin-bottom: -0.348ex; width:2.818ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\star }}"></span>代表角动量停止向中心传送时的半径。 </p><p>这个理论打破了气压是无意义的说法。例如，如果吸积速率达到了<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E9%A1%BF%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6" title="爱丁顿光度">爱丁顿光度</a>，辐射压会变得重要同时吸积盘会“吹起”（puff up）成为一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E9%9D%A2" title="环面">环面</a>或者其他的类似径移主导吸积流盘（<a href="/w/index.php?title=ADAF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADAF（页面不存在）">ADAF</a>）的三维形状。另一个极端的例子是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F%E7%92%B0" title="土星環">土星環</a>，这种环中的气体極其稀薄，其角动量传递受控于固态形体碰撞与引力的相互作用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="带磁性旋转的不稳定性（Magnetorotational_Instability）"><span id=".E5.B8.A6.E7.A3.81.E6.80.A7.E6.97.8B.E8.BD.AC.E7.9A.84.E4.B8.8D.E7.A8.B3.E5.AE.9A.E6.80.A7.EF.BC.88Magnetorotational_Instability.EF.BC.89"></span>带磁性旋转的不稳定性（Magnetorotational Instability）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：带磁性旋转的不稳定性（Magnetorotational Instability）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balbus与Hawley（1991）提出一种囊括了磁力场的角动量传递模型。一个简单模型显示了这种动力学有一个存在着弱磁力轴的气体盘。两个相邻的辐射性的流动元素将表现为两个质点由一根无质量的弦相连，这根弦的张力表现为磁场的强度。在Keplerian盘中，内侧的流动物质转速将比外侧快得多，导致弦被拉长，而角动量的相对减小使得其环绕速度减慢。外部的流动物质则被加速，同时其角动量增加并使其环绕速度加快。弦的张力将减小，进而两处流动物质离得更远。<sup id="cite_ref-B2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>这种类似弦的张力可以描述出来，同时Rayleigh定则被更改为 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \Omega ^{2}}{\partial R}}>0.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>></mo> <mn>0.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \Omega ^{2}}{\partial R}}>0.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8049dd30b6503563a500262395c193f70d861ef7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.794ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \Omega ^{2}}{\partial R}}>0.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>许多天体物理学中的盘状物并不遵循这一定则，并表现出这种磁力旋转的不稳定性。表现在天体物理学中的（要求存在不稳定性的）磁场被认为是通过一种类似<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E6%9C%BA%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="发电机原理">地磁发电机</a>的原理展现出来。<sup id="cite_ref-RH2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RH2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="次爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型_(薄盘，径移主导吸积流盘)"><span id=".E6.AC.A1.E7.88.B1.E4.B8.81.E9.A1.BF.E5.85.89.E5.BA.A6.E5.90.B8.E7.A7.AF.E7.9B.98.E7.9A.84.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90.E6.A8.A1.E5.9E.8B_.28.E8.96.84.E7.9B.98.EF.BC.8C.E5.BE.84.E7.A7.BB.E4.B8.BB.E5.AF.BC.E5.90.B8.E7.A7.AF.E6.B5.81.E7.9B.98.29"></span>次爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型 (薄盘，径移主导吸积流盘)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：次爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型 (薄盘，径移主导吸积流盘)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>当吸积率低于<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E9%A1%BF%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6" title="爱丁顿光度">爱丁顿光度</a>并且盘是高度不透明的，那么一个典型的薄吸积盘就出现了。就垂直方向来看，盘在几何学上是很薄的（拥有一个碟状的结构），它由冷气体组成，其辐射量可忽略不计。气体沿紧密的螺线陷落，类似一个圆，并做近似自由的公转运动。薄吸积盘一般都很亮并伴有光谱中的热电磁辐射，除此此外，它们和黑体之间没有太明显的区别。辐射冷却在薄吸积盘中是十分有效的。1974年的Shakura和Sunyaev的对吸积盘的经典研究成果是现代天体物理经常引用的。薄吸积盘已经分别由Lynden-Bell, Pringle与Rees分别研究，其中Pringle在过去30年中贡献了许多吸积盘理论中关键的结果并于1981年写下了经典的评论。这评论多年来一直是吸积盘的主要信息来源，时至今日仍然十分有用。 </p><p>当吸积率低于爱丁顿极限同时透明度比较高，那么一个ADAF吸积盘就形成了。这种吸积盘於1977年由Ichimaru在一篇论文中预言但被遗忘了近20年。（然而一些关于ADAF模型的雏形却在1982年的由Rees, Phinney, Begelman与Blandford撰写的有关离子旋转的论文中出现过） </p><p>自1990被Narayan以及Yi，同时独立地由Abramowicz, Chen, Kato, Lasota（首先提出ADAF这一名称的学者），Regev,分别重新研究之后，ADAF开始重新被大量学者加以详细研究、了解。天体物理学中关于ADAF的许多最为重要的贡献来自于Narayan以及他的同僚。ADAF被对流（由物质捕获的热）所冷却的效应大于辐射热所产生的效应。它们的辐射不那么明显，在几何学上，它们更像球型（或者“冕状”）而不是碟状，并且非常热（接近<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="位力定理">位力</a>温度）。由于低辐射量，ADAF比碟状吸积盘要暗得多。ADAF会喷射出低能的，低热的射线，并通常伴随着强烈的康普顿组成。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="超爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型_(细盘，波兰甜面圈)"><span id=".E8.B6.85.E7.88.B1.E4.B8.81.E9.A1.BF.E5.85.89.E5.BA.A6.E5.90.B8.E7.A7.AF.E7.9B.98.E7.9A.84.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90.E6.A8.A1.E5.9E.8B_.28.E7.BB.86.E7.9B.98.EF.BC.8C.E6.B3.A2.E5.85.B0.E7.94.9C.E9.9D.A2.E5.9C.88.29"></span>超爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型 (细盘，波兰甜面圈)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：超爱丁顿光度吸积盘的分析模型 (细盘，波兰甜面圈)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>这类吸积率远高于爱丁顿光度的黑洞吸积盘理论由Abramowicz, Jaroszynski, Paczynski, Sikora以及其他“波兰甜面圈”（Polish doughnuts,该名称由Rees提出）的小组所发展。波兰甜面圈的粘度很低，不透明，辐射压力支撑着吸积盘，由对流而冷却。它们的辐射效率是很低的。波兰甜面圈的形状像一个硕大的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E9%9D%A2" title="环面">环面</a>，在转轴方向有着两条狭窄的漏斗状喷流，漏斗中有着平行的高能高爱丁顿光度辐射流。 </p><p>细吸积盘（由Kolakowska命名）的吸积率仅稍高于爱丁顿光度，其速率大于或等于爱丁顿光度，有着碟状的形状及几乎全部的热光谱。它们被对流效应所冷却，其辐射不是很明显。它们由Abramowicz, Lasota, Czerny及Szuszkiewicz于1988年所引入。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特性"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7"></span>特性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：特性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>吸积盘理论被广泛用于<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="恒星">恒星</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>形成、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E5%AF%86%E6%98%9F" title="致密星">致密星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E6%A0%B8" title="活动星系核">活动星系核</a>、<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E5%8F%8C%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="X射线双星">X射线双星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%9A%B4" title="伽玛射线暴">伽玛射线暴</a>等天体物理过程的研究。这些盘状物经常于临近中心体的地方产生喷流。这些喷流是一种有效的损失角动量的方式，同时不会使得星盘的质量损失太多。 </p><p>自然界中最为壮观的吸积盘发现于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E6%A0%B8" title="活动星系核">活动星系核</a>（AGN）以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E6%98%9F%E4%BD%93" title="类星体">类星体</a>（quasars）。这两类星体的中心被认为是超大质量的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>。当物质沿螺线落向<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>时，强大的引力场使得物质摩擦并被加热。<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>的吸积盘足够热得辐射出X射线，不过注意是在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E8%A7%86%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="事件视界">事件视界</a>之外。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E6%98%9F%E4%BD%93" title="类星体">类星体</a>强大的光辐射被确信为是超大质量黑洞吸积气体的结果。这一过程能够将物质质量以10%～40%的比率转为能量，相较之下，恆星体的热<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="核聚变">核聚变</a>过程只不过能够转换物质0.7%的质量<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在紧密的双星系统中，越大质量的星体会越快地演化为<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="中子星">中子星</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>，此时较松散的伴星演化为巨星，其气体充满它的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%8C%E7%93%A3" title="洛希瓣">洛希瓣</a>，气体将沿着伴星流向主星。角动量直接地由一颗星移至另一颗星同时由吸积盘表现出来。 </p><p>环绕于<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%89%9BT%E6%98%9F" title="金牛T星">金牛T星</a>（T Tauri stars）或<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BCAe/Be%E6%98%9F" title="赫比格Ae/Be星">赫比格Ae/Be星</a>（Herbig Ae/Be stars）的吸积盘被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%A4" title="原行星盤">原行星盤</a>（protoplanetary discs），因为它们被认为是形成行星系统的鼻祖。这种情况下，被吸积的气体来自于恒星形成时的分子云而非伴星。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相关条目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E6.9D.A1.E7.9B.AE"></span>相关条目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：相关条目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF" title="吸积">吸积</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83"></span>参考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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Nature. 1979, <b>280</b> (5719): 214–215. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Natur.280..214G"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1979Natur.280..214G</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4306883"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 4306883</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F280214a0"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/280214a0</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Accretion+on+massive+black+holes+in+galactic+nuclei&rft.au=Ozernoy%2C+L.+M.&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rft.aulast=Gurzadyan&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5719&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=214-215&rft.volume=280&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4306883&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Natur.280..214G&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F280214a0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Massi, Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/staff/mmassi/lezione2WEdd.pdf">Accretion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-07-22</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202075250/http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/staff/mmassi/lezione2WEdd.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-12-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.aulast=Massi&rft.btitle=Accretion&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de%2Fstaff%2Fmmassi%2Flezione2WEdd.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W1948-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W1948_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Weizsäcker, C. 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Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A. 1948, <b>3</b> (8–11): 524–539. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948ZNatA...3..524W"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1948ZNatA...3..524W</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzna-1948-8-1118"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1515/zna-1948-8-1118</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Die+Rotation+Kosmischer+Gasmassen&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rft.aulast=Weizs%C3%A4cker&rft.date=1948&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8%E2%80%9311&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Naturforschung+A&rft.pages=524-539&rft.volume=3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948ZNatA...3..524W&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzna-1948-8-1118&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SS1973-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SS1973_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS1973_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Shakura, N. I.; Sunyaev, R. A. Black Holes in Binary Systems. Observational Appearance. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1973, <b>24</b>: 337–355. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973A&A....24..337S"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1973A&A....24..337S</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Black+Holes+in+Binary+Systems.+Observational+Appearance&rft.au=Sunyaev%2C+R.+A.&rft.aufirst=N.+I.&rft.aulast=Shakura&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.pages=337-355&rft.volume=24&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973A%26A....24..337S&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LBP1974-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LBP1974_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Lynden-Bell, D.; Pringle, J. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-notices-of-the-royal-astronomical-society_1974-09_168_3/page/603">The evolution of viscous discs and the origin of the nebular variables</a>. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1974, <b>168</b> (3): 603–637. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974MNRAS.168..603L"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1974MNRAS.168..603L</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F168.3.603"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/mnras/168.3.603</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+viscous+discs+and+the+origin+of+the+nebular+variables&rft.au=Pringle%2C+J.+E.&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.aulast=Lynden-Bell&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.pages=603-637&rft.volume=168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_monthly-notices-of-the-royal-astronomical-society_1974-09_168_3%2Fpage%2F603&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974MNRAS.168..603L&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F168.3.603&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BH1991-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BH1991_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Balbus, Steven A.; Hawley, John F. A powerful local shear instability in weakly magnetized disks. I – Linear analysis. Astrophysical Journal. 1991, <b>376</b>: 214–233. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...376..214B"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1991ApJ...376..214B</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F170270"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/170270</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=A+powerful+local+shear+instability+in+weakly+magnetized+disks.+I+%E2%80%93+Linear+analysis&rft.au=Hawley%2C+John+F.&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rft.aulast=Balbus&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.pages=214-233&rft.volume=376&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991ApJ...376..214B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F170270&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B2003_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBalbus2003" class="citation">Balbus, Steven A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0306208">Enhanced Angular Momentum Transport in Accretion Disks</a>, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 2003, <b>41</b>: 555–597 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-06-08</span>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.41.081401.155207"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.081401.155207</span></a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724234729/https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0306208">存档</a>于2020-07-24）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Enhanced+Angular+Momentum+Transport+in+Accretion+Disks&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rft.aulast=Balbus&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu.+Rev.+Astron.+Astrophys.&rft.pages=555-597&rft.volume=41&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2Fastro-ph%2F0306208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.41.081401.155207&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RH2004-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RH2004_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREFRüdigerHollerbach2004" class="citation">Rüdiger, Günther; Hollerbach, Rainer, The Magnetic Universe: Geophysical and Astrophysical Dynamo Theory, Wiley-VCH, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-527-40409-0" title="Special:网络书源/3-527-40409-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-527-40409-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&rft.au=Hollerbach%2C+Rainer&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCdiger&rft.btitle=The+Magnetic+Universe%3A+Geophysical+and+Astrophysical+Dynamo+Theory&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-527-40409-0&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/staff/mmassi/lezione2WEdd.pdf">存档副本</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202075250/http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/staff/mmassi/lezione2WEdd.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-12-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de%2Fstaff%2Fmmassi%2Flezione2WEdd.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Frank, Juhan; Andrew King; Derek Raine. Accretion power in astrophysics Third. Cambridge University Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-62957-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-62957-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-62957-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=Juhan&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.btitle=Accretion+power+in+astrophysics&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=Third&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-62957-8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Krolik, Julian H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/activegalacticnu0000krol">Active Galactic Nuclei</a>. Princeton University Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-691-01151-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-691-01151-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-691-01151-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=Julian+H.&rft.aulast=Krolik&rft.btitle=Active+Galactic+Nuclei&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-01151-6&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factivegalacticnu0000krol&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Accretion_disks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Accretion disks"><span style="font-weight:bold;">吸积盘</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.virginia.edu/~jh8h/">Professor John F. 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