CSRC Topics - cyber-physical systems

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</p> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <section id="itl-header" class="has-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-8"> <h2 class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129182440/https://www.nist.gov/itl" target="_blank" id="itl-header-link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </h2> <h1 class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <a href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/" id="csrc-header-link-lg">Computer Security Resource Center</a> </h1> <h1 class="hidden-xs text-center hidden-md hidden-lg" id="csrc-header-link-md">Computer Security Resource Center</h1> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4"> <a id="logo-csrc" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/" style="width: 100%; text-align: center; display: block; margin-top: 1rem;"><img id="img-logo-csrc" src="/web/20211129182440im_/https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/Media/images/CSRC-white-134-38.png" alt="CSRC Logo" class="csrc-header-logo"></a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="body-section" class="container"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <a href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/topics" class="breadcrumb-link">Topics</a> <a href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/topics/applications" class="breadcrumb-link">Applications</a> </ol> <div class="topics-content"> <h1 id="page-name">cyber-physical systems <small id="page-acronym">CPS</small> </h1> <div class="page-social-buttons" id=""page-social-buttons""> <a href="#" class="social-facebook"><i class="fa fa-facebook fa-fw" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="#" class="social-twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter fa-fw" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-12"> <div style="margin-bottom: 1.4rem;" id="page-description"><p>"Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are smart systems that include engineered interacting networks of physical and computational components. These highly interconnected and integrated systems provide new functionalities to improve quality of life and enable technological advances in critical areas, such as personalized health care, emergency response, traffic flow management, smart manufacturing, defense and homeland security, and energy supply and use. In addition to CPS, there are many words and phrases (Industrial Internet, Internet of Things (IoT), machine-to-machine (M2M), smart cities, and others) that describe similar or related systems and concepts.4 There is significant overlap between these concepts, in particular CPS and IoT, such that CPS and IoT are sometimes used interchangeably" (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129182440/https://s3.amazonaws.com/nist-sgcps/cpspwg/files/pwgglobal/CPS_PWG_Framework_for_Cyber_Physical_Systems_Release_1_0Final.pdf" name="Framework for Cyber-Physical Systems, Release 1.0"><em>Framework for Cyber-Physical Systems, Release 1.0</em></a>, May 2016).</p> </div> <div class="news-list" id="related-news-list"> <h3><i class="fa fa-newspaper-o"></i> Related News</h3> <div class="news-list-item" id="related-news-item-0"> <strong><a href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/News/2019/nist-publishes-sp-1800-7" id="related-news-link-0">NIST Publishes SP 1800-7</a></strong><br/> <small><strong id="related-news-date-0">August 7, 2019</strong></small><br/> <span id="related-news-desc-0">NIST has published Cybersecurity Practice Guide Special Publication (SP) 1800-7, "Situational...</span> </div> <div class="news-list-item" id="related-news-item-1"> <strong><a href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/News/2019/draft-nistir-8259-available-for-comment" id="related-news-link-1">Draft NISTIR 8259 Available for Comment</a></strong><br/> <small><strong id="related-news-date-1">July 31, 2019</strong></small><br/> <span id="related-news-desc-1">NIST has released Draft NISTIR 8259, "Core Cybersecurity Feature Baseline for Securable IoT Devices:...</span> </div> <div class="news-list-item" id="related-news-item-2"> <strong><a href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/News/2018/NIST-Releases-Special-Publication-1800-8" id="related-news-link-2">NIST Releases Special Publication 1800-8</a></strong><br/> <small><strong id="related-news-date-2">August 20, 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href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/search?sortBy-lg=relevance&viewMode-lg=brief&ipp-lg=25&status-lg=Draft%2CFinal&topics-lg=27457%7ccyber-physical+systems&topicsMatch-lg=ANY&controlsMatch-lg=ANY" id="related-pubs-all-link">View All Publications</a> </strong></p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-12"> <div class="bs-callout bs-callout-danger hidden-sm hidden-xs hidden-xxs" id="used-for-callout"> <h4>Used For</h4> <span id="used-for-content">CPS</span> </div> <div class="bs-callout bs-callout-warning topics-tree" id="topics-callout"> <h4>Topics</h4> <div class="category-topics-container" id="category-topics-container"><ul><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24663-24670"></i> <strong><a data-topic-id="24670" data-topic-text="Security and Privacy" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy">Security and Privacy</a></strong><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24670-27481"></i> <a data-topic-id="27481" data-topic-text="cryptography" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/cryptography">cryptography</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27647" data-topic-text="digital signatures" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/cryptography/digital-signatures">digital signatures</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27648" data-topic-text="encryption" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/cryptography/encryption">encryption</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27649" data-topic-text="key management" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/cryptography/key-management">key management</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27650" data-topic-text="message authentication" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/cryptography/message-authentication">message authentication</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27651" data-topic-text="post-quantum cryptography" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/cryptography/post-quantum-cryptography">post-quantum cryptography</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27652" data-topic-text="random number generation" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/cryptography/random-number-generation">random number generation</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27653" data-topic-text="secure hashing" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/cryptography/secure-hashing">secure hashing</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27482" data-topic-text="cybersecurity supply chain risk management" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/cyber-supply-chain-risk-management">cybersecurity supply chain risk management</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27483" data-topic-text="general security & privacy" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/general-security-and-privacy">general security & privacy</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24670-27484"></i> <a data-topic-id="27484" data-topic-text="identity & access management" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/identity-and-access-management">identity & access management</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27663" data-topic-text="access authorization" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/identity-and-access-management/access-authorization">access authorization</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27664" data-topic-text="access control" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/identity-and-access-management/access-control">access control</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27665" data-topic-text="authentication" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/identity-and-access-management/authentication">authentication</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27666" data-topic-text="Personal Identity Verification" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/identity-and-access-management/PIV">Personal Identity Verification</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27667" data-topic-text="public key infrastructure" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/identity-and-access-management/PKI">public key infrastructure</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24670-27485"></i> <a data-topic-id="27485" data-topic-text="privacy" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/privacy">privacy</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27680" data-topic-text="personally identifiable information" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/privacy/personally-identifiable-information">personally identifiable information</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27681" data-topic-text="privacy engineering" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/privacy/privacy-engineering">privacy engineering</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24670-27486"></i> <a data-topic-id="27486" data-topic-text="risk management" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management">risk management</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27682" data-topic-text="categorization" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/categorization">categorization</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27683" data-topic-text="continuous monitoring" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/continuous-monitoring">continuous monitoring</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-27486-27684"></i> <a data-topic-id="27684" data-topic-text="controls" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/controls">controls</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27767" data-topic-text="controls assessment" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/controls/controls-assessment">controls assessment</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27768" data-topic-text="privacy controls" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/controls/privacy-controls">privacy controls</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27769" data-topic-text="security controls" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/controls/security-controls">security controls</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27685" data-topic-text="risk assessment" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/risk-assessment">risk assessment</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27686" data-topic-text="roots of trust" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/roots-of-trust">roots of trust</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27687" data-topic-text="system authorization" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/system-authorization">system authorization</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-27486-27688"></i> <a data-topic-id="27688" data-topic-text="threats" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/threats">threats</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27770" data-topic-text="advanced persistent threats" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/threats/advanced-persistent-threats">advanced persistent threats</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27771" data-topic-text="botnets" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/threats/botnets">botnets</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27772" data-topic-text="information sharing" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/threats/information-sharing">information sharing</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27773" data-topic-text="intrusion detection & prevention" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/threats/intrusion-detection-and-prevention">intrusion detection & prevention</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27774" data-topic-text="malware" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/threats/malware">malware</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27689" data-topic-text="vulnerability management" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/risk-management/vulnerability-management">vulnerability management</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24670-27487"></i> <a data-topic-id="27487" data-topic-text="security & behavior" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-and-behavior">security & behavior</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27709" data-topic-text="accessibility" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-and-behavior/accessibility">accessibility</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27710" data-topic-text="behavior" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-and-behavior/behavior">behavior</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27711" data-topic-text="usability" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-and-behavior/usability">usability</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24670-27488"></i> <a data-topic-id="27488" data-topic-text="security measurement" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-measurement">security measurement</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27690" data-topic-text="analytics" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-measurement/analytics">analytics</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27691" data-topic-text="assurance" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-measurement/assurance">assurance</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27692" data-topic-text="modeling" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-measurement/modeling">modeling</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27693" data-topic-text="testing & validation" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-measurement/testing-and-validation">testing & validation</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24670-27489"></i> <a data-topic-id="27489" data-topic-text="security programs & operations" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations">security programs & operations</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27694" data-topic-text="acquisition" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/acquisition">acquisition</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27695" data-topic-text="asset management" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/asset-management">asset management</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27696" data-topic-text="audit & accountability" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/audit-and-accountability">audit & accountability</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27697" data-topic-text="awareness training & education" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/awareness-training-education">awareness training & education</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27698" data-topic-text="configuration management" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/configuration-management">configuration management</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27699" data-topic-text="contingency planning" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/contingency-planning">contingency planning</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27700" data-topic-text="incident response" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/incident-response">incident response</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27701" data-topic-text="maintenance" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/maintenance">maintenance</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27702" data-topic-text="media protection" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/media-protection">media protection</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27703" data-topic-text="patch management" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/patch-management">patch management</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27704" data-topic-text="personnel security" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/personnel-security">personnel security</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27705" data-topic-text="physical & environmental protection" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/physical-and-environmental-protection">physical & environmental protection</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27706" data-topic-text="planning" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/planning">planning</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27707" data-topic-text="program management" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/program-management">program management</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27708" data-topic-text="security automation" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/security-programs-and-operations/security-automation">security automation</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24670-27490"></i> <a data-topic-id="27490" data-topic-text="systems security engineering" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/systems-security-engineering">systems security engineering</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-27490-27713"></i> <a data-topic-id="27713" data-topic-text="trustworthiness" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/systems-security-engineering/trustworthiness">trustworthiness</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27775" data-topic-text="reliability" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/systems-security-engineering/trustworthiness/reliability">reliability</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27776" data-topic-text="resilience" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/systems-security-engineering/trustworthiness/resilience">resilience</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27777" data-topic-text="safety" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/systems-security-engineering/trustworthiness/safety">safety</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="33442" data-topic-text="zero trust" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Security-and-Privacy/zero-trust">zero trust</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24663-24671"></i> <strong><a data-topic-id="24671" data-topic-text="Technologies" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies">Technologies</a></strong><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27491" data-topic-text="artificial intelligence" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/artificial-intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27492" data-topic-text="big data" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/big-data">big data</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27493" data-topic-text="biometrics" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/biometrics">biometrics</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27494" data-topic-text="blockchain" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/blockchain">blockchain</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27495" data-topic-text="cloud & virtualization" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/cloud-computing-and-virtualization">cloud & virtualization</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27496" data-topic-text="combinatorial testing" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/combinatorial-testing">combinatorial testing</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27497" data-topic-text="complexity" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/complexity">complexity</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24671-27499"></i> <a data-topic-id="27499" data-topic-text="hardware" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/hardware">hardware</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27714" data-topic-text="circuits" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/hardware/circuits">circuits</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27715" data-topic-text="personal computers" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/hardware/personal-computers">personal computers</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27716" data-topic-text="sensors" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/hardware/sensors">sensors</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27498" data-topic-text="mobile" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/mobile">mobile</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24671-27500"></i> <a data-topic-id="27500" data-topic-text="networks" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/networks">networks</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27717" data-topic-text="email" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/networks/email">email</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27718" data-topic-text="firewalls" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/networks/firewalls">firewalls</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27719" data-topic-text="internet" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/networks/internet">internet</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27501" data-topic-text="quantum information science" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/quantum-information-science">quantum information science</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27502" data-topic-text="servers" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/servers">servers</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27503" data-topic-text="smart cards" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/smart-cards">smart cards</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24671-27504"></i> <a data-topic-id="27504" data-topic-text="software & firmware" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/software-firmware">software & firmware</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27720" data-topic-text="BIOS" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/software-firmware/bios">BIOS</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27721" data-topic-text="databases" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/software-firmware/databases">databases</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27722" data-topic-text="operating systems" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/software-firmware/operating-systems">operating systems</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27505" data-topic-text="storage" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/storage">storage</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-minus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24663-24672" data-expander-for="/Topics/Applications/cyber-physical-systems" data-expanded="true"></i> <strong><a data-topic-id="24672" data-topic-text="Applications" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications">Applications</a></strong><ul><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27456" data-topic-text="communications & wireless" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/communications-and-wireless">communications & wireless</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <span data-topic-id="27457" data-topic-text="cyber-physical systems">cyber-physical systems</span></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27458" data-topic-text="cybersecurity education" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/cybersecurity-education">cybersecurity education</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27459" data-topic-text="cybersecurity framework" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/cybersecurity-framework">cybersecurity framework</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27460" data-topic-text="cybersecurity workforce" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/cybersecurity-workforce">cybersecurity workforce</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27461" data-topic-text="enterprise" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/enterprise">enterprise</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27462" data-topic-text="forensics" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/forensics">forensics</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27463" data-topic-text="industrial control systems" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/industrial-control-systems">industrial control systems</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27464" data-topic-text="Internet of Things" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/Internet-of-Things">Internet of Things</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="28914" data-topic-text="positioning navigation & timing" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/positioning-navigation-timing">positioning navigation & timing</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27465" data-topic-text="small & medium business" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/small-and-medium-business">small & medium business</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27466" data-topic-text="telework" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/telework">telework</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27467" data-topic-text="voting" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/voting">voting</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24663-24673"></i> <strong><a data-topic-id="24673" data-topic-text="Laws and Regulations" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations">Laws and Regulations</a></strong><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24673-27468"></i> <a data-topic-id="27468" data-topic-text="executive documents" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents">executive documents</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27668" data-topic-text="Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/CNCI">Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27669" data-topic-text="Cybersecurity Strategy and Implementation Plan" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/CSIP">Cybersecurity Strategy and Implementation Plan</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27670" data-topic-text="Cyberspace Policy Review" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/Cyberspace-Policy-Review">Cyberspace Policy Review</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27671" data-topic-text="Executive Order 13636" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/EO-13636">Executive Order 13636</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27672" data-topic-text="Executive Order 13702" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/EO-13702">Executive Order 13702</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27673" data-topic-text="Executive Order 13718" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/EO-13718">Executive Order 13718</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27674" data-topic-text="Executive Order 13800" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/EO-13800">Executive Order 13800</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="28915" data-topic-text="Executive Order 13905" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/Executive-Order-13905">Executive Order 13905</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="33441" data-topic-text="Executive Order 14028" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/Executive-Order-14028">Executive Order 14028</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27675" data-topic-text="Federal Cybersecurity Research and Development Strategic Plan" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/Federal-Cybersecurity-Research-and-Development">Federal Cybersecurity Research and Development Strategic Plan</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27676" data-topic-text="Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/HSPD-7">Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27677" data-topic-text="Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/HSPD-12">Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27678" data-topic-text="OMB Circular A-11" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/OMB-A-11">OMB Circular A-11</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27679" data-topic-text="OMB Circular A-130" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/executive-documents/OMB-A-130">OMB Circular A-130</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24673-27469"></i> <a data-topic-id="27469" data-topic-text="laws" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/laws">laws</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27654" data-topic-text="Cyber Security R&D Act" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/laws/Cyber-Security-Research-and-Development-Act">Cyber Security R&D; Act</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27655" data-topic-text="Cybersecurity Enhancement Act" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/laws/Cybersecurity-Enhancement-Act">Cybersecurity Enhancement Act</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27656" data-topic-text="E-Government Act" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/laws/E-Gov-Act">E-Government Act</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27657" data-topic-text="Energy Independence and Security Act" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/laws/EISA">Energy Independence and Security Act</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27658" data-topic-text="Federal Information Security Modernization Act" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/laws/FISMA">Federal Information Security Modernization Act</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27659" data-topic-text="First Responder Network Authority" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/laws/FirstNet">First Responder Network Authority</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27660" data-topic-text="Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/laws/HIPAA">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27661" data-topic-text="Help America Vote Act" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/laws/HAVA">Help America Vote Act</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="33553" data-topic-text="Internet of Things Cybersecurity Improvement Act" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/laws/Internet-of-Things-Cybersecurity-Improvement-Act">Internet of Things Cybersecurity Improvement Act</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24673-27470"></i> <a data-topic-id="27470" data-topic-text="regulations" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/regulations">regulations</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27662" data-topic-text="Federal Acquisition Regulation" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Laws-and-Regulations/regulations/FAR">Federal Acquisition Regulation</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24663-24674"></i> <strong><a data-topic-id="24674" data-topic-text="Activities and Products" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Activities-and-Products">Activities and Products</a></strong><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27452" data-topic-text="annual reports" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Activities-and-Products/annual-reports">annual reports</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27453" data-topic-text="conferences & workshops" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Activities-and-Products/conferences-and-workshops">conferences & workshops</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27454" data-topic-text="reference materials" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Activities-and-Products/reference-materials">reference materials</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27455" data-topic-text="standards development" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Activities-and-Products/standards-development">standards development</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24663-24675"></i> <strong><a data-topic-id="24675" data-topic-text="Sectors" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors">Sectors</a></strong><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27471" data-topic-text="aerospace" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors/aerospace">aerospace</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-plus fa-fw fa-sm" id="topics-expander-24675-27472"></i> <a data-topic-id="27472" data-topic-text="energy" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors/energy">energy</a><ul style="display: none;"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27712" data-topic-text="smart grid" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors/energy/smart-grid">smart grid</a></li></ul> </li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27473" data-topic-text="financial services" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors/financial-services">financial services</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27474" data-topic-text="healthcare" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors/healthcare">healthcare</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27475" data-topic-text="hospitality" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors/hospitality">hospitality</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27476" data-topic-text="manufacturing" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors/manufacturing">manufacturing</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27477" data-topic-text="public safety" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors/public-safety">public safety</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27478" data-topic-text="retail" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors/retail">retail</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27479" data-topic-text="telecommunications" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors/telecommunications">telecommunications</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sm"></i> <a data-topic-id="27480" data-topic-text="transportation" href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors/transportation">transportation</a></li></ul> </li></ul></div> </div> <div class="bs-callout bs-callout-danger" id="categories-topics-callout"> <h4><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> Related Topics</h4> <p> <strong id="cat-0">Technologies:</strong> <a href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/technologies/hardware/sensors" id="topic-0-0">sensors</a> </p> <p> <strong id="cat-1">Applications:</strong> <a href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/industrial-control-systems" id="topic-1-0">industrial control systems</a>, <a href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Applications/Internet-of-Things" id="topic-1-1">Internet of Things</a> </p> <p> <strong id="cat-2">Sectors:</strong> <a href="/web/20211129182440/https://csrc.nist.gov/Topics/Sectors/energy/smart-grid" id="topic-2-0">smart grid</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 historical-data-area" id="historical-data-area"> <span>Created <span id="page-created-date">May 31, 2016</span>, Updated <span id="page-updated-date">June 22, 2020</span></span> </div> </div> <div id="footer-pusher"></div> </div> <footer id="footer"> <div 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