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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenical_councils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ecumenical councils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenical_councils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Chalcedon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Chalcedon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Council of Chalcedon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Chalcedon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Byzantine Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Muslim_invasion_of_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Muslim_invasion_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Arab Muslim invasion of Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Muslim_invasion_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Early Modern Period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copts_in_modern_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copts_in_modern_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Copts in modern Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copts_in_modern_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Sudan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Socioeconomics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Calendar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Calendar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coptic_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coptic_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Coptic year </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coptic_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_and_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_and_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Persecution and discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_and_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Church affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_Copts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Copts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Prominent Copts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Copts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Copts</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopte" title="Kopte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kopte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="أقباط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أقباط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibtil%C9%99r" title="Qibtilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qibtilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="قیبطی‌‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیبطی‌‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="কিবতীয় জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিবতীয় জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Копты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Копты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Копты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Копты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Копти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Копти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptes" title="Coptes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coptes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptov%C3%A9" title="Koptové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koptové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copt" title="Copt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Copt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopter" title="Kopter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kopter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopten" title="Kopten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kopten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopty" title="Kopty – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kopty" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptid" title="Koptid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koptid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Κόπτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόπτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copto" title="Copto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Copto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptoj" title="Koptoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koptoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopto" title="Kopto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kopto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="قبطی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قبطی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptes" title="Coptes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coptes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptaigh" title="Coptaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coptaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_copto" title="Pobo copto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo copto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A5%ED%8A%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="콥트인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콥트인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ղպտիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղպտիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptojo" title="Koptojo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Koptojo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopti" title="Kopti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kopti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptik" title="Koptik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koptik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copti" title="Copti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Copti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კოპტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოპტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Копттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Копттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakopti" title="Wakopti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wakopti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qipt%C3%AE" title="Qiptî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qiptî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copti" title="Copti – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Copti" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopti" title="Kopti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kopti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptai" title="Koptai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Koptai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptok" title="Koptok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koptok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Копти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Копти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4pta_(vahoaka)" title="Kôpta (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kôpta (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="კოპტეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოპტეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="اقباط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اقباط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopten" title="Kopten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kopten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%88" title="コプト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コプト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptere" title="Koptere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koptere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptarar" title="Koptarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koptarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2ptes" title="Còptes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Còptes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibtiylar" title="Qibtiylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qibtiylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਕੁਬਤੀ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਬਤੀ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="قبطی مسیحی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قبطی مسیحی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قبطيان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قبطيان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptowie" title="Koptowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koptowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptas" title="Coptas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coptas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C8%9Bi" title="Copți – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Copți" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Копты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Копты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptiket" title="Koptiket – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koptiket" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="කොප්ට්වරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොප්ට්වරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copt" title="Copt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopti" title="Kopti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kopti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopti" title="Kopti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kopti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="قیبتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قیبتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Копти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Копти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopti" title="Kopti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kopti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptit" title="Koptit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koptit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopter" title="Kopter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kopter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கோப்துக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோப்துக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igafsen" title="Igafsen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Igafsen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1pt%C3%AEler" title="Kıptîler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıptîler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Копти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Копти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="قبطی مسیحی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قبطی مسیحی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Copt" title="Người Copt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Copt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopto" title="Kopto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kopto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="科普特人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科普特人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1pti" title="Qıpti – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qıpti" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="科普特人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科普特人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Qibti" title="Jolma Qibti – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Qibti" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopton" title="Kopton – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kopton" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q146744#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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(March 2025) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnoreligious group in North Africa</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Copts</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="cop"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style>ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_diaspora_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coptic_diaspora_map.png/220px-Coptic_diaspora_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coptic_diaspora_map.png/330px-Coptic_diaspora_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coptic_diaspora_map.png/440px-Coptic_diaspora_map.png 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3403" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Coptic diaspora</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Egypt</th><td class="infobox-data">15 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Diaspora:</th><td class="infobox-data">1–2 million (estimates vary)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">500,000 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-Telushkin2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sudan</th><td class="infobox-data">400,000-500,000 (previously)<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="infobox-data">75,000 (2003)<a href="#cite_note-parliament.nsw.gov.au-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Libya</th><td class="infobox-data">60,000<a href="#cite_note-LookLex_Encyclopedia-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">50,000 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-KermalliRNS2017-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="infobox-data">45,000 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-la-croix.com-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<a href="#cite_note-CESNUR_–_Centro_studi_sulle_nuove_religioni_(Center_for_Studies_on_New_Religions)-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="infobox-data">25,000–30,000 (2006)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Arab Emirates</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> (liturgical and ancestral)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; 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font-size:200%; background:#870409; color:white;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: {{{cWidth}}}px; height: {{{cHeight}}}px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 175px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coptic_cross.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/250px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/330px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/500px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></div> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#870409; color:white;"> Culture</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_architecture" title="Coptic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptology" title="Coptology">Coptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_cross" title="Coptic cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_identity" title="Coptic identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic placenames">Toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Language</a></li> <li>Literature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_literature" title="Coptic literature">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copto-Arabic_literature" title="Copto-Arabic literature">Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_philosophy" title="Coptic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Writing system</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#870409; color:white;"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt" title="Copts in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Sudan" title="Copts in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Libya" title="Copts in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in the United States">churches</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Canadians" title="Coptic Canadians">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Canada" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Canada">churches</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Australians" title="Coptic Australians">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Australia" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia">churches</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Africa" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Asia" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Europe" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_North_America" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_South_America" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_diaspora" title="Coptic diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#870409; color:white;"> Denominations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Egypt" title="Protestantism in Egypt">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copts_sidebar" title="Template:Copts sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copts_sidebar" title="Template talk:Copts sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copts_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copts sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Copts (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, romanized: niremənkhēmi; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: أقباط, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: aqbaṭ) are a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious</a> group native to <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> who have primarily inhabited the area of modern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> since antiquity. Copts predominantly follow the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WorldAtlas-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> They are the largest <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christian denomination in Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Middle East</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CNN1-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Sudan</a><a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-4">[4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Libya-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt" title="Copts in Egypt">Copts</a> account for roughly 14 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">population of Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Originally referring to all Egyptians,<a href="#cite_note-Van-23">[23]</a> the term Copt became synonymous with native <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in light of Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> in 639–646 AD.<a href="#cite_note-:3-24">[24]</a> Copts have historically spoken the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a>, a direct descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Egyptian_language" title="Demotic Egyptian language">Demotic Egyptian</a> that was spoken in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>. Following the Arab Muslim conquest of Egypt in the 7th century, the treatment of the Coptic Christians who refused to <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">convert</a> ranged from relative <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">tolerance</a> to <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">open persecution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Historically, the Copts suffered from waves of persecution giving way to relative tolerance in cycles that varied according to the local ruler and other political and economic circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-:3-24">[24]</a> Persecution is significantly involved in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_identity" title="Coptic identity">Copts' ethnic identity</a> due to historic and current conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-Deighton,_H._S_1946_p._519-29">[29]</a> Most Copts adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-U.S.Dept_of_State/Egypt-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FCO/Egypt/-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The smaller <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Church</a>, in communion with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See of Rome</a>; others belong to the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church of Egypt</a>. The Copts played a central role in the <a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Arab Renaissance</a> as well as the modernization of Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-:3-24">[24]</a> They also contributed to Egypt's social and political life and key debates such as <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabism</a>, good governance, <a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">educational reform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-24">[24]</a>. They have historically flourished in business affairs.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-33">[33]</a> While an integral part of their society, Copts remain culturally and religiously distinct from their surroundings. <a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic music</a> is a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian music">ancient Egyptian music</a>, and Coptic culture is considered a continuation of that of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>. For instance, Copts still use the same <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_months" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic months">months</a> that have been used by their Egyptian forefathers for thousands of years. Thus, modern Copts are not only genetically descendants of ancient Egyptians, but retain some tangible cultural Egyptian heritage such as language, music and more.<a href="#cite_note-Guindy,_pp._25-34">[34]</a> While Coptic Christians speak the same dialects and are culturally similar to other Egyptians, they strongly oppose Arab identity and associate it with Islam and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CoptBirtannica-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Copts reject Arab nationalism, emphasizing indigenous Egyptian heritage and culture as well as their own unique ethnicity and genetic makeup, which are completely different from those of the Arabs. In Egypt, Copts have a relatively higher <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment" title="Educational attainment">educational attainment</a>, a relatively higher <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth index</a>, and a stronger representation in <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar job types</a>, but limited representation in military and security agencies.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-37">[37]</a> The majority of demographic, socio-economic, and health indicators are similar among Coptic Christians and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-37">[37]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Egypt">Name of Egypt</a></div> The English language adopted the word Copt in the 17th century from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> Coptus, Cophtus, which derives from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> collective qubṭ / qibṭ قبط "the Copts" with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar#nisba" title="Arabic grammar">nisba</a> adjective qubṭī, qibṭī قبطى, plural aqbāṭ أقباط; Also quftī, qiftī (where the Arabic /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/ reflects the historical Coptic /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/) an Arabisation of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> word ⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ aiguption (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language#Bohairic" title="Coptic language">Bohairic</a> for "Egyptian" or in relation to Egypt) or ⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ kuptaion (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language#Sahidic" title="Coptic language">Sahidic</a>). The Coptic word in turn represents an adaptation of the Greek term for the indigenous people of Egypt, Aigýptios (Αἰγύπτιος).<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-38">[38]</a> The Greek term for Egypt, Aígyptos (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Αἴγυπτος), itself derives from the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>, but dates to a much earlier period, being attested already in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> as a3-ku-pi-ti-jo (lit. "Egyptian"; used here as a man's name). This Mycenaean form likely comes from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Egyptian">Middle Egyptian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A5wt_k%EA%9C%A3_pt%E1%B8%A5#Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ḥwt kꜣ ptḥ">ḥwt kꜣ ptḥ</a> (reconstructed pronunciation /ħawitˌkuʀpiˈtaħ/ → /ħajiʔˌkuʀpiˈtaħ/ → /ħəjˌkuʔpəˈtaħ/, <a href="/wiki/Egyptological_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptological pronunciation">Egyptological pronunciation</a> Hut-ka-Ptah), literally "estate/palace of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul#kꜣ_"double"" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">kꜣ</a> ("double" spirit) of <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a>" (compare <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> āluḫi-ku-up-ta-aḫ), the name of the temple complex of the god <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> (and a <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a> for the city of Memphis and the region around it). The term Aigýptios in Greek came to designate the native Egyptian population in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a> (as distinct from Greeks, Romans, Jews, etc.). After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> (639-646) it became restricted to those Egyptians adhering to the Christian religion.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In their own <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a>, which represents the final stage of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>, the Copts refer to themselves as rem en kēme (Sahidic) ⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ, lem en kēmi (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language#Fayyumic" title="Coptic language">Fayyumic</a>), rem en khēmi (Bohairic) ⲣⲉⲙ̀ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ, which literally means "people of Egypt" or "Egyptians"; cf. <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> rmṯ n <a href="/wiki/Km_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Km (hieroglyph)">kmt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Demotic Egyptian">Demotic</a> rmt n kmỉ. The Arabic word qibṭ "Copt" has also been connected[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] to the Greek name of the town of Kóptos (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: Κόπτος, now <a href="/wiki/Qift" title="Qift">Qifṭ</a>; Coptic Kebt and Keft) in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>. This association may have contributed to making "Copt" the settled form of the name.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In the 20th century, some Egyptian nationalists and intellectuals in the context of <a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a> began using the term qubṭ in the historical sense to refer to all native Egyptians, both Christians and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_identity" title="Coptic identity">Coptic identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Egypt">History of Christianity in Egypt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ptolemaic_and_Roman_Egypt">Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fayum-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fayum-22.jpg/250px-Fayum-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="456" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fayum-22.jpg/330px-Fayum-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fayum-22.jpg/500px-Fayum-22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_mummy_portraits" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiyum mummy portraits">Faiyum mummy portrait</a> of an Egyptian man with sword belt, <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Copts are the native inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and the direct descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a> whose ancestors embraced <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the first centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Guindy,_pp._24-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Bill_Has_Egypt's_Copts_Squirming-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guindy-46">[46]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">Arab conquest of Egypt</a>, Egyptians who converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> ceased to call themselves by the demonym Copt, and the term became the distinctive name of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> minority in Egypt. Coptic Christians lost their majority status in Egypt after the 14th century. Today, Copts form a major <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious">ethno-religious</a> group whose origins date back to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guindy,_pp._24-42">[42]</a> After the conquest of Egypt by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 332 B.C., the country came under the rule of Greek <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic</a> kings. While the majority of the population remained Egyptian, foreign settlers of both Greek and non-Greek origin emigrated to Egypt during that period. While 10% may stand as a very approximate figure for the total immigrant population in Ptolemaic Egypt, including both Greeks and non-Greeks, this figure has been challenged as excessive.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The native Egyptian population, which remained Egyptian in language and culture, spoke the latest stage of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>, which came to be known later as <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>. The creation of <a href="/wiki/Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">Coptic</a> as a coherent writing system to express the Egyptian language undoubtedly served to cement the distinction between the native population in Egypt and the ruling Byzantine Greeks. Despite the presence of these immigrants and a foreign pharaoh, Egypt remained home primarily to Egyptians, by far the largest group within the population.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In fact, most of the rural and urban native population that lived in towns, villages and hamlets the length of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a> continued their lives little changed during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemies">Ptolemies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Even in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and the largest Greek city outside of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, the number of native Egyptians far outnumbered that of Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In numbers and in culture, Egypt remained essentially Egyptian, even as foreign communities were incorporated into the life of the country.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Over time, the small numbers of foreigners were integrated into the Egyptian population so that, when finally Rome took control of Egypt in 30 BC, the vast majority of Greeks in Egypt were essentially categorized by the Roman conquerors as Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Faiyum_mummy_portraits" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiyum mummy portraits">Faiyum mummy portraits</a> reflect the complex synthesis of the predominant Egyptian culture and religion, with that of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic art</a>, and were attached to sarcophagi of firmly Egyptian character.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The dental morphology of the Roman-period Faiyum mummies was compared with that of earlier Egyptian populations, and was found to be "much more closely akin" to that of ancient Egyptians than to Greeks or other European populations.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_the_Christian_Church_in_Egypt">Foundation of the Christian Church in Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundation of the Christian Church in Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StMarkcoptic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/StMarkcoptic.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="376" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Coptic icon of <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">St. Mark</a></figcaption></figure> According to ancient tradition, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was introduced to present day <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">St. Mark</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, shortly after the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> and during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> around 42 AD.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The legacy that St. Mark left in Egypt was a considerable Christian community in Alexandria. Within half a century of St. Mark's arrival Christianity had spread throughout Egypt. This is clear from a fragment of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> and found in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> that can be dated to the first half of the 2nd century, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> writings found in <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a>, which date around 200 AD. In the 2nd century, Christianity began to spread to the rural areas, and scriptures were translated into the Coptic language (then known as Egyptian). By the beginning of the 3rd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> constituted the majority of Egypt's population, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Church of Alexandria</a> was recognized as one of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>'s four apostolic sees, second in honor only to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Church in Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The Church of Alexandria is therefore the oldest Christian church in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_to_Christianity">Contributions to Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contributions to Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/School_of_Alexandria" title="School of Alexandria">School of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Coptic monasticism</a></div> The Copts in Egypt contributed immensely to Christian tradition. The <a href="/wiki/Catechetical" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical">Catechetical</a> School of Alexandria was the oldest school of its kind in the world. Founded around 190 AD by the scholar <a href="/wiki/Pantanaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantanaeus">Pantanaeus</a>, the school became an important institution of religious learning, where students were taught by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, the father of theology who was also active in the field of commentary and comparative <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a>. However, the scope of this school was not limited to theological subjects: science, mathematics and humanities were also taught there. The question-and-answer method of commentary began there, and 15 centuries before <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a>, wood-carving techniques were in use there by blind scholars to read and write. Another major contribution the Egyptian Copts made to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was the creation and organization of <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>. Worldwide Christian monasticism stems, either directly or indirectly, from the Egyptian example.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The most prominent figures of the monastic movement were <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macarius_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Macarius the Great">Macarius the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenouda_the_Archimandrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenouda the Archimandrite">Shenouda the Archimandrite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pachomius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachomius">Pachomius the Cenobite</a>. By the end of the 5th century, there were hundreds of monasteries, and thousands of cells and caves scattered throughout the Egyptian desert. Pilgrims from all over the world visited the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a> to emulate their spiritual, disciplined lives. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Basil">St Basil the Great</a> Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Mazaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Mazaca">Caesarea Mazaca</a>, and the founder and organiser of the monastic movement in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, visited Egypt around 357 AD and his monastic rules are followed by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Churches">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a>, who translated the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, came to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> while en route to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> around 400 AD, leaving details of his experiences in his letters. <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">St. Benedict</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine Order">Benedictine Order</a> in the 6th century on the model of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pachomius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Pachomius">Saint Pachomius</a>, although in a stricter form. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenical_councils">Ecumenical councils</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecumenical councils">edit</a>]</div> The major contributions that the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Alexandria">See of Alexandria</a> has contributed to the establishment of early Christian theology and dogma are attested to by fact that the first three <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a> in the history of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> were headed by Egyptian patriarchs. The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a> (325 AD) was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Pope Alexander I of Alexandria</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Hosius_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosius of Córdoba">Saint Hosius of Córdoba</a>. In addition, the most prominent figure of the council was the future Patriarch of Alexandria <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a>, who played the major role in the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, recited today in most Christian churches of different denominations. One of the council's decisions was to entrust the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Patriarch of Alexandria</a> with calculating and annually announcing the exact date of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> to the rest of the Christian churches. The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Council of Constantinople</a> (381 AD) was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_I_of_Alexandria" title="Timothy I of Alexandria">Pope Timothy I of Alexandria</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (431 AD) was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Pope Cyril of Alexandria</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Council of Chalcedon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></div> In the fourth and fifth centuries AD, the foundations were laid for the divergence in doctrine between the native Christian Church of the Egyptians, and that of the empire. The official schism occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451 AD. The council, which condemned, deposed, exiled and replaced the native Egyptian Patriarch of Alexandria <a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus I</a>, was rejected by the Egyptian delegation to the council, and by extension by the entirety of the native Egyptian population. As a result of the Council of Chalcedon, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Church of Alexandria</a>, which had jurisdiction over the entire country of Egypt, as well as all of continent of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, was divided into a church that accepted the decrees of the council, and one that rejected them. The church that accepted the council, became known as the Chalcedonian church, and survives today as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</a>. On the other hand, the church that rejected the council of Chalcedon, to whom the vast majority of the native Copts adhered, became the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>. The latter has been erroneously referred to as <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysite</a>, although it itself rejects that term and self-proclaims to be <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysite</a>. The non-Chalcedonian Miaphysite doctrine became adopted as a badge of nationalism for the native Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-Guindy-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Byzantine Egypt">edit</a>]</div> A distinctive Egyptian character of Egypt's native Copts began to develop after the council of Chalcedon, and reached its zenith in the period after the reign of emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in the sixth century AD.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> That process became the foundation for the evolution of a distinctive Egyptian character for the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, with its distancing from the empire's official <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Chalcedonian Orthodoxy</a> and its distinctive Greek character.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> During that period and until the Arab invasion of Egypt in the seventh century, the Byzantine emperors repeatedly deposed and exiled native Egyptian non-Chalcedonian patriarchs of Alexandria, and imposed pro-Chalcedonian ones, most of whom were non-Egyptian. Over the years, because of what they had construed as persecution of the imperial authorities, the Egyptians hardened their position and rejected all conciliatory efforts that fell short of a full condemnation of the Council of Chalcedon.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> This position coincided with the rise in the public visibility of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a> in several areas of the Egyptians' daily life. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_Muslim_invasion_of_Egypt">Arab Muslim invasion of Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arab Muslim invasion of Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">Arab conquest of Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization of Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg/250px-Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg/330px-Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg/500px-Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="3710" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Church" title="Hanging Church">Hanging Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo" title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> In 641 AD, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> who faced off with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> army. The Arab invaders treated the native Egyptian Copts harshly, destroying the walls of Alexandria and burning many of its churches with fire.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> During the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, the Egyptians were exploited by the Arabs for money due to the rich tax base and the wealth of the country's resources, for labor due to the large population with expertise in shipbuilding and irrigation, and for produce due to the high fertility of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Delta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The first concern of the Arab conquerors was resource extraction from the Copts, and <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">taxation</a> was particularly heavy.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> By the early eighth century, Copts were being requisitioned for forced labor projects in Egypt and beyond, such as ships of the war fleet and imperial building projects like palaces and mosques in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Every Egyptian village was required by the Arabs to hand over a given number of individuals every year to provide forced labor and conscription, which weighed heavily on rural Egypt, and may have hit the country particularly heavily because its population had always been higher than that of other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The fleet was the most dreaded of all, as it was unlikely that those conscripted would ever return to their villages.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> To escape forced conscription, persecution and heavy taxation, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> taxation levied only on non-Muslims according to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic Sharia law</a>, Egyptians gradually began to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Copts who converted to Islam became known as <a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawali</a>, and eventually simply as Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Guindy,_pp._24-42">[42]</a> The term Arab remained reserved for the invaders.<a href="#cite_note-Guindy,_pp._24-42">[42]</a> Thus, the term <a href="/wiki/Copt" class="mw-redirect" title="Copt">Copt</a> gradually changed meaning over time to eventually designate only those Egyptians who kept their <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> faith. The burden of taxation left many Copts in rural areas unable to meet their obligations.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Oppressive taxation resulted in local resistance and many revolts by the Copts against the Arab occupiers, the most famous of which were the <a href="/wiki/Bashmurian_revolts" title="Bashmurian revolts">Bashmurian revolts</a> between 720 A.D. and 832 A.D.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Another reaction to the heavy taxation was for poor Christian Copts to either borrow money from richer members of their communities, or to altogether flee their lands and escape to other parts of Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_monks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coptic_monks.jpg/250px-Coptic_monks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coptic_monks.jpg/330px-Coptic_monks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coptic_monks.jpg/500px-Coptic_monks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="1903" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian Coptic monks at the <a href="/wiki/American_Colony,_Jerusalem" title="American Colony, Jerusalem">American Colony, Jerusalem</a>, between 1898 and 1914.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> Despite the political upheaval, Egypt remained mainly Christian for approximately 800 years. Coptic Christians lost their majority status after the 14th century,<a href="#cite_note-FA-76">[76]</a> as a result of successive persecutions and the destruction of the Christian churches in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-auto-26">[26]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> onwards, the Coptic Christians were persecuted by different Muslim regimes,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saunders2002-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rustow2014-83">[83]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">persecution of Coptic</a> Christians included closing and demolishing churches, <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto2-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and heavy <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya taxation</a> for those who refused to convert.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Coptic converts to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> were lured to the new religion by the prospect of paying less taxes, since they would no longer have to pay the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> taxation levied only on non-Muslims according to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic Sahria law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria">History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria</a> recounts the history of fiscal oppression imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> against Copts as driving conversions from Christianity to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Early converts had to attach themselves to Arab Muslim patrons as <a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawali</a>. While they had to adopt Arabic as their main language, they remained fluent in Coptic, thus creating a growing bilingual group among Egyptian Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Nevertheless, Egypt remained a majority Christian country well into the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Many cities in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> had no Muslim communities at all during that time.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_Period">Early Modern Period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early Modern Period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg/250px-Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg/330px-Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg/500px-Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2993" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a> in 1798, by <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros" title="Antoine-Jean Gros">Antoine-Jean Gros</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp/220px-Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp/330px-Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp/440px-Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a Coptic Christian woman by <a href="/wiki/Bertha_M%C3%BCller" title="Bertha Müller">Bertha Müller</a>, circa 1850</figcaption></figure> The persecution and harassment of Christian Copts by their Muslim rulers continued throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and well into the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> conquered Egypt in 1798 as part of the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria" title="French invasion of Egypt and Syria">Napoleonic wars</a>, a military unit known as the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Legion" title="Coptic Legion">Coptic Legion</a> was created out of necessity for self-defense by the Coptic community for protection against the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> and Egyptian Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The Coptic Legion was headed by a Coptic general, <a href="/wiki/General_Yaqub" title="General Yaqub">General Yaqub</a>, who recruited young Copts from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> for the Legion. These were trained by instructors from the French army. Together with the Greek Legion, the Coptic Legion formed the <a href="/wiki/Bataillon_des_Chasseurs_d%27Orient" title="Bataillon des Chasseurs d'Orient">Bataillon des Chasseurs d'Orient</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Members of the Coptic Legion returned with the French army to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1801 after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria" title="French invasion of Egypt and Syria">Napoleonic conquest of Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Yaqub" title="General Yaqub">General Yaqub</a> is considered to be the founder of the first project for Egypt's independence in modern times from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> He argued for the country's independence from an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalist</a> point of view, highlighting the past glory of Egypt, lamenting its current state unworthy of a people who built a great civilization, and stressing the debt that humanity owes to Egypt's ancient culture.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> During the Ottoman period, Copts were classified alongside other Oriental Orthodox and Nestorian peoples under the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_millet" title="Armenian millet">Armenian millet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Under Muslim rule, Christians paid special taxes, had lower access to political power, and were exempt from military service. The position of he Copts improved dramatically under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> in the early 19th century. He abolished the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> (a tax on non-Muslims) and allowed Copts to enroll in the army. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria">Pope Cyril IV</a>, who reigned from 1854–61, reformed the church and encouraged broader Coptic participation in Egyptian affairs. Khedive <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il Pasha</a>, in power 1863–79, further promoted the Copts. He appointed them judges to Egyptian courts and awarded them political rights and representation in government. They flourished in business affairs.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copts_in_modern_Egypt">Copts in modern Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Copts in modern Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt" title="Copts in Egypt">Copts in Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_identity" title="Coptic identity">Coptic identity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wafd_party_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wafd_party_flag.svg/250px-Wafd_party_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wafd_party_flag.svg/330px-Wafd_party_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wafd_party_flag.svg/500px-Wafd_party_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The flag of Egyptian nationalist revolutionaries during the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1919">1919 Revolution</a>. It displays both the crescent representing Muslim Egyptians and the cross representing Christian Egyptians</figcaption></figure> Egypt's struggle for independence from both the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> was marked by secular <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a>, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a>. Copts were in the forefront of that struggle for Egypt's independence. When the Egyptian nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Saad_Zaghlul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saad Zaghlul">Saad Zaghlul</a> met the Arab delegates at <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Versailles</a> in 1919, he insisted that their struggles for statehood were not connected, stressing that the problem of Egypt was an Egyptian problem and not an Arab one.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> When Zaghlul was <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiled</a> by the British to <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> in 1919, a number of prominent Christian Coptic figures who joined him in resisting the British occupation of Egypt were also exiled with him, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wissa_Wassef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wissa Wassef (page does not exist)">Wissa Wassef</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Khayat" title="George Khayat">George Khayat</a>, both key members of the Egyptian nationalist movement. When Zaghlul returned from his first exile, he was joined by the Copts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wissa_Wassef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wissa Wassef (page does not exist)">Wissa Wassef</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinout_Hanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinout Hanna (page does not exist)">Sinout Hanna</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wassef_Ghali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wassef Ghali (page does not exist)">Wassef Ghali</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morcos_Hanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morcos Hanna (page does not exist)">Morcos Hanna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makram_Ebeid" title="Makram Ebeid">Makram Ebeid</a> in forming a strong opposition against British colonialism in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-dotmsr.com-103">[103]</a> Later in 1921, when Zaghlul was exiled to the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, the prominent Copt <a href="/wiki/Makram_Ebeid" title="Makram Ebeid">Makram Ebeid</a> was exiled with him.<a href="#cite_note-dotmsr.com-103">[103]</a> The exiles were part of the larger Egyptian nationalist response to British colonial rule and represented a unified effort across religious lines in Egypt. They galvanized widespread protests in Egypt that culminated in the famous <a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 revolution</a>, which further emphasized the shared desire for independence among Egyptians of all faiths. This unity became a hallmark of the early 20th-century Egyptian nationalism. In his memoirs, <a href="/wiki/Fakhri_%27Abd_al-Nur" title="Fakhri 'Abd al-Nur">Fakhri 'Abd al-Nur</a>, one of the most recognized Coptic figures of the 1919 Revolution, recalls the positive impact of the statement made by Saad Zaghlul at the onset of the revolution, declaring "equal responsibilities and equal rights" of Egyptian Copts and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In fact, the preacher of the 1919 Revolution was a Coptic priest, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Morcos_Sergius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Father Morcos Sergius (page does not exist)">Father Morcos Sergius</a>, who had been previously exiled by the British in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In April 1922, the British ordered the execution of seven Egyptian nationalists, four of whom were Copts: Wissa Wassef, Wassef Ghali, George Khayat, and Morcos Hanna.<a href="#cite_note-dotmsr.com-103">[103]</a> As a result of their struggle, Egypt gained its independence from both Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire on 28 February 1922. This struggle of Copts against the British and the Ottomans within the framework of Egyptian nationalism highlighted the Copt's (as well as the Egyptian Muslims') self-identification as Egyptians first and foremost with little attention to religious affiliations. Egyptian nationalism rose to prominence in the 1920s and 1930s. It looked to Egypt's pre-<a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> past and argued that Egypt was part of a larger <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> civilization. This ideology stressed the role of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. It became the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists of the pre- and inter-war periods. There was no place for an Arab component in the Egyptian personality at that time, and Egyptians had no Arab orientation as they saw themselves as Egyptians regardless of religion.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Foreigners visiting Egypt noted that Egyptians did not possess any Arab sentiment in the first half of the 20th century. As one Arab nationalist of the time put it "Egyptians did not accept that Egypt was a part of the Arab lands, and would not acknowledge that the Egyptian people were part of the Arab nation."<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Many of the champions of Egyptian 20th-century liberalism were Copts, such as <a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makram_Ebeid" title="Makram Ebeid">Makram Ebeid</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg/250px-Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg/330px-Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg/440px-Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser">Nasser</a> welcomes a delegation of Coptic bishops (1965)</figcaption></figure> Two significant cultural achievements for Copts in the twentieth century include the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Museum" title="Coptic Museum">Coptic Museum</a> in 1910 and the Higher Institute of Coptic Studies in 1954. Some prominent Coptic thinkers from this period are <a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Awad" title="Louis Awad">Louis Awad</a> and Secretary General of the Wafd Party <a href="/wiki/Makram_Ebeid" title="Makram Ebeid">Makram Ebeid</a>. In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> led some army officers in a coup d'état against <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">King Farouk</a>, which overthrew the Kingdom of Egypt and established a republic. <a href="/wiki/Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser">Nasser</a>'s mainstream policy was <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Arab">pan-Arab</a> nationalism and socialism. The Copts were severely affected by Nasser's nationalization policies.<a href="#cite_note-nisan-108">[108]</a> In addition, Nasser's pan-Arab policies undermined the Copts' strong attachment to and sense of identity about their Egyptian pre-Arab, and certainly non-Arab identity.<a href="#cite_note-nisan-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity in Egypt</a></div> Living predominantly in a country with Muslim majority, the size of the population of Copts is a continuously disputed matter, frequently for reasons of religious jealousy and animosity. The Coptic population <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt" title="Copts in Egypt">in Egypt</a> is difficult to estimate because researchers are forbidden by Egyptian authorities to ask a survey participant's religion.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> A lack of definite, reliable demographic data renders all estimates uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ2015-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanna-111">[111]</a> As of 2019, Copts were generally understood to make up approximately 10 percent of Egypt's population,<a href="#cite_note-Hanna-111">[111]</a> with an estimated population of 9.5 million (figure cited in the Wall Street Journal, 2017)<a href="#cite_note-RoccaKholaif-112">[112]</a> or 10 million (figure cited in the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, 2019).<a href="#cite_note-Elhennawy-113">[113]</a> Smaller or larger figures have also been cited, in the range of "somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population,"<a href="#cite_note-WSJ2015-110">[110]</a> with the Egyptian government estimating lower numbers and the Coptic Orthodox Church estimating higher numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Hanna-111">[111]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Tawadros_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria">Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria</a> stated that the number of Copts in Egypt is estimated at approximately 15 million out of a total population of 105 million, or approximately 14% of the population in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> He also said there were another 2 million Copts living in approximately 100 different countries in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_diaspora" title="Coptic diaspora">diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> He explained that this data was obtained from records of child baptisms, marriages, and deaths. Despite challenges, Copts are well integrated in the Egyptian society. The highest concentrations of Copts are in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>, especially around <a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mohamoud_Cuadros_Abu-Raddad_2013_p._22-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_diaspora" title="Coptic diaspora">Coptic diaspora</a></div> There are approximately 1-2 million Copts living outside of Egypt, and are known as the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_diaspora" title="Coptic diaspora">Coptic diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> They live mainly in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (500,000)<a href="#cite_note-Telushkin2018-3">[3]</a>, Sudan (400,000-500,000)<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-4">[4]</a>, Australia (75,000)<a href="#cite_note-parliament.nsw.gov.au-5">[5]</a>, Libya (60,000)<a href="#cite_note-LookLex_Encyclopedia-6">[6]</a>, Canada (50,000)<a href="#cite_note-KermalliRNS2017-7">[7]</a>, France (45,000)<a href="#cite_note-la-croix.com-8">[8]</a>, Italy (30,000)<a href="#cite_note-CESNUR_–_Centro_studi_sulle_nuove_religioni_(Center_for_Studies_on_New_Religions)-9">[9]</a>, the United Kingdom (25,000–30,000)<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>, the United Arab Emirates (10,000)<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and the Netherlands (10,000)<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan">Sudan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sudan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Sudan" title="Copts in Sudan">Copts in Sudan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Christianity in Sudan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cathedral_(Khartoum)_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coptic_cathedral_%28Khartoum%29_001.jpg/250px-Coptic_cathedral_%28Khartoum%29_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coptic_cathedral_%28Khartoum%29_001.jpg/330px-Coptic_cathedral_%28Khartoum%29_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coptic_cathedral_%28Khartoum%29_001.jpg/500px-Coptic_cathedral_%28Khartoum%29_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Holy Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> has a native Coptic minority, although many Copts in Sudan are descended from more recent Egyptian immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-4">[4]</a> Copts in Sudan live mostly in northern cities close to the border with Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-4">[4]</a> Many Sudanese Copts have advanced educations.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-4">[4]</a> They have occasionally faced forced <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam" title="Conversion to Islam">conversion to Islam</a>, resulting in their emigration and decrease in number.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-4">[4]</a> Modern immigration of Copts to Sudan peaked in the early 19th century, and they generally received a tolerant welcome there. However, this was interrupted by a decade of persecution under <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mahdist_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mahdist Sudan">Mahdist rule</a> at the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-4">[4]</a> As a result of this persecution, many were forced to relinquish their faith, adopt <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and intermarry with the native Sudanese population. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian invasion</a> in 1898 allowed Copts greater religious and economic freedom. However, the return of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> in the mid-1960s and subsequent demands by radicals for an <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic constitution</a> prompted Copts to join in public opposition to religious rule.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-4">[4]</a> Introduction of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law in 1983 began a new phase of oppressive treatment of Copts, among other non-Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-4">[4]</a> Coptic leaders supported a secular candidate in the 1986 elections. However, when the <a href="/wiki/National_Islamic_Front" title="National Islamic Front">National Islamic Front</a> overthrew the elected government with the help of the military, discrimination against Copts returned in earnest. Hundreds of Copts were dismissed from the civil service and judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-4">[4]</a> In 1991, many Copts in Sudan fled the country after the execution by the government of a Coptic pilot for illegal possession of foreign currency and refusing to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sudanupdate1-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-sudanupdate1-124">[124]</a> Restrictions on the Copts' rights to Sudanese nationality followed, and it became difficult for them to obtain Sudanese nationality by birth or by naturalization, resulting in problems when attempting to travel abroad. The confiscation of Christian schools and the imposition of an Arab-Islamic emphasis in language and history teaching were accompanied by harassment of Christian children and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> dress laws. In contrast with the extensive media broadcasting of the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday prayers">Friday prayers</a>, the radio ceased coverage of the Christian Sunday service. After the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_revolution" title="Sudanese revolution">Sudanese revolution</a>, one Copt (<a href="/wiki/Raja_Nicola" title="Raja Nicola">Raja Nicola Issa Abdul-Masseh</a>) was appointed in 2019 to the 11-member <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council" title="Transitional Sovereignty Council">Transitional Sovereignty Council</a>, which was convened as part of plan to transition Sudan to democracy.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> However, a <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">military coup in 2019</a> dissolved the council and halted the democratic transition. Christians, including Copts, were subjected to intensified persecution during the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">civil war that began in 2023</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JCasper2023-126">[126]</a> Many became refugees or were <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced">internally displaced</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JCasper2023-126">[126]</a> A 2018 report by the <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority Rights Group">Minority Rights Group</a> said Sudanese Copts had previously estimated their numbers at 400,000 to 500,000,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> about 1% of the Sudanese population,<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-4">[4]</a> but that emigration and conversion (including forced conversion) to Islam had decreased their number.<a href="#cite_note-Mehari-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Libya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Libya" title="Copts in Libya">Copts in Libya</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Christianity in Libya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_of_the_church_of_Libyan_Martyrs_in_Minya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Altar_of_the_church_of_Libyan_Martyrs_in_Minya.jpg/220px-Altar_of_the_church_of_Libyan_Martyrs_in_Minya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Altar_of_the_church_of_Libyan_Martyrs_in_Minya.jpg/330px-Altar_of_the_church_of_Libyan_Martyrs_in_Minya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Altar_of_the_church_of_Libyan_Martyrs_in_Minya.jpg/440px-Altar_of_the_church_of_Libyan_Martyrs_in_Minya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic icon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Coptic martyrs of Libya</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Libya" title="Copts in Libya">Coptic population in Libya</a> is uncertain. A 2013 estimate by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> placed the entire population of non-Muslim Libyans at 180,000 (roughly 3% of the country's population). However, the Coptic Orthodox Church in Libya estimated that its membership alone was 300,000, including those who do not regularly attend church services.<a href="#cite_note-Tadros-129">[129]</a> In 2011, there were three Coptic churches in the country. From 2011 to 2015, during the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan civil war</a>, at least 200,000 Christians <a href="/wiki/Libyan_refugees" title="Libyan refugees">fled Libya</a>. during that time, Islamist militants such as the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Libya)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)">Ansar al-Sharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nusra_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusra Front">Nusra Front</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Libya">Islamic State</a> violently persecuted Copts.<a href="#cite_note-Tadros-129">[129]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">twenty Copts were killed by beheading</a> in Libya by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>. The video of their execution, which was broadcast by <a href="/wiki/Al-Hayat_Media_Center" title="Al-Hayat Media Center">Al-Hayat</a> gained widespread international attention, leading to their canonization by both the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America">North America</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_North_America" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in North America">Coptic Orthodox Church in North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in the United States">Coptic Orthodox Church in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Canada" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Canada">Coptic Orthodox Church in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Canadians" title="Coptic Canadians">Coptic Canadians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG/250px-StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG/330px-StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG/500px-StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption>St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church in <a href="/wiki/Bellaire,_Texas" title="Bellaire, Texas">Bellaire, Texas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a>).</figcaption></figure> The largest Coptic diaspora population outside of Egypt is located in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, both in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. The first Coptic Orthodox church in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Canada" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Canada">Saint Mark Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, was built in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Clark2016-131">[131]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in the United States">Coptic Orthodox church in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Mark_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_(Jersey_City,_New_Jersey)" title="St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church (Jersey City, New Jersey)">Saint Mark Coptic Orthodox Church in New Jersey</a>, was built in <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a> shortly afterward.<a href="#cite_note-Clark2016-131">[131]</a> As of 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic American">Coptic American</a> population was estimated to be more than 500,000, with more than 250 Coptic churches in the United States at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Telushkin2018-3">[3]</a> In the early 2010s, the Canadian Coptic Association estimates that the population of <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Copts in Canada">Canadian Copts</a> was 35,000.<a href="#cite_note-CBC2011-132">[132]</a> By 2017, there were an estimated 50,000 Canadian Copts, with more than 80% living in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>,<a href="#cite_note-KermalliRNS2017-7">[7]</a> mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBC2011-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Australia" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia">Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Australians" title="Coptic Australians">Coptic Australians</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Copts in Australia">Coptic Australians</a> population has been estimated at 30,000 (<a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>, 2017)<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> to 100,000 (<a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a>, 2018).<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The first Coptic Orthodox priest in Australia arrived in 1969. The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Australia" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia">Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia</a> is organized into two dioceses, the first based in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> (diocese organized in 1999) and the second in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> (diocese organized in 2002).<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> There is a single Coptic Catholic church in Australia, consecrated in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Jerusalem" title="Coptic Orthodox Archdiocese of Jerusalem">Coptic Orthodox Archdiocese of Jerusalem</a></div> Smaller communities of Copts are found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> has a minor community of Copts. In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_(Jordan)" title="Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church (Jordan)">Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Abdali_area" title="Abdali area">Abdali</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> had 8,000 members, mostly Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> As of 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>'s Syriac League estimated that the Coptic population in that country numbered 3,000 to 4,000.<a href="#cite_note-state2-139">[139]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, there were approximately 1,000 Copts as of 2014, mostly residing in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Europe" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Europe">Coptic Orthodox Church in Europe</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> has the largest number of Copts, estimated at approximately 45,000.<a href="#cite_note-la-croix.com-8">[8]</a> This is followed by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (30,000)<a href="#cite_note-CESNUR_–_Centro_studi_sulle_nuove_religioni_(Center_for_Studies_on_New_Religions)-9">[9]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (25,000–30,000)<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (10,000).<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> As of 2017, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> was home to between 6,000 and 10,000 Copts.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In the 2020s, the Coptic Orthodox population of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> was estimated to be 10,000, although the 2001 Austrian census (the country's last to record religious affiliation) tallied just 1,633 Coptic Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the first Copts arrived in the 1960s, mostly students and those fleeing Egypt after the <a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 revolution</a>. The first Coptic church in Switzerland opened in 2004, when there were approximately 1,000 Copts in the country.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomics">Socioeconomics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Socioeconomics">edit</a>]</div> Copts in Egypt are generally characterized by relatively high levels of educational attainment, income, and representation in professional and white-collar occupations, though their participation in security-related institutions remains limited.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-37">[37]</a> Most socioeconomic and health indicators among Copts in Egypt are broadly comparable to those of Egyptian Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Historical data also suggest that Egyptian Christians have been overrepresented in the country’s middle and upper-middle classes.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> As of 2016, 36% of Egyptian Christians had completed university education in institutions of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>; among the highest rates in the Middle East and North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Pew2016-148">[148]</a> Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, Copts held significant roles in Egypt’s financial and administrative sectors. They were widely employed as accountants in government offices, and by the 1960s reportedly owned 51% of the country’s banking institutions.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In the mid-20th century, Christians were estimated to represent 45% of Egypt’s medical doctors and 60% of its pharmacists.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Several Coptic families have attained significant economic influence, particularly in the private sector. The <a href="/wiki/Sawiris_family" title="Sawiris family">Sawiris family</a>, through its <a href="/wiki/Orascom_Construction" title="Orascom Construction">Orascom conglomerate</a>, became one of Egypt’s most prominent business dynasties in the early 2000s, with interests spanning telecommunications, construction, tourism, and technology.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In 2008, Forbes estimated their combined wealth at $36 billion.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Some scholars attribute the high educational and economic profile of the Coptic community to a historical emphasis within the Coptic community on literacy and the development of human capital.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> Copts are the native inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and the direct descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>, whose ancestors embraced <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the first centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colbert-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guindy,_pp._24-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guindy,_pp._24-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Bill_Has_Egypt's_Copts_Squirming-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guindy-46">[46]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">Arab conquest of Egypt</a>, Egyptians who converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> ceased to call themselves by the demonym Copt, and the term became the distinctive name of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> minority in Egypt. Nevertheless, genetics have proven that the vast majority of Egypt's Muslims today are also of Coptic origin.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Genetic studies have shown the ancient Egyptians to be genetically intermediary between the populations of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> (two frequently-used reference points).<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> A study of the genetics of Copts has confirmed them to be the most ancient population of Egypt, sharing ancestry with North African and Middle Eastern populations.<a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Reports-169">[169]</a> Thus, Copts have a genetic composition that resembles the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence.<a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Reports-169">[169]</a> An allele frequency comparative study conducted in 2020 between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups, Muslims and Christians, supported the conclusion that Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians genetically originate from the same ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> According to Y-DNA analysis on <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Sudan" title="Copts in Sudan">Copts in Sudan</a>, around 45% of Sudanese Copts carry the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup J</a>. The remainder mainly belong to the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E1b1b</a> clade (21%). Both paternal lineages are common among other local <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a>-speaking populations (Beja, Ethiopians, Sudanese Arabs), as well as the Nubians.<a href="#cite_note-Hassan2008-171">[171]</a> E1b1b/E3b reaches its highest frequencies among North Africans, Levantine Middle Easterners, and Ethiopid East Africans.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The next most common haplogroups borne by Copts in Sudan are the European-linked <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> clade (15%), as well as the archaic African <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_B-M60" title="Haplogroup B-M60">B</a> lineage (15%).<a href="#cite_note-Hassan2008-171">[171]</a> Maternally, Copts in Sudan exclusively carry various descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup N (mtDNA)">macrohaplogroup N</a>. This mtDNA clade is likewise closely associated with local Afroasiatic-speaking populations, including Berbers and Ethiopid peoples. Of the N derivatives borne by Copts, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U6</a> is most frequent (28%), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">haplogroup T</a> (17%).<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> A 2015 study by Dobon et al. identified an ancestral autosomal component of Western Eurasian origin that is common to many modern Afroasiatic-speaking populations in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a>. Known as the Coptic component, it peaks among Egyptian Copts who settled in Sudan over the past two centuries. In their analysis, Sudan's Copts formed a separated group in the <a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">PCA</a>, a close outlier to other Egyptians, Afro-Asiatic-speaking Northeast Africans and Middle East populations. The scientists suggest that this points to a common origin for the general population of Egypt, or Middle Eastern and North African populations. Copts in general shared the same main ancestral component with North African/Middle Eastern populations. They also associate the Coptic component with Ancient Egyptian ancestry, without the later Arabian influence that is present among other Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-Dobon2015-cae-174">[174]</a> Hollfelder et al. (2017) analysed various populations in Sudan and observed that Egyptians and Copts showed low levels of genetic differentiation and lower levels of genetic diversity compared to the northeast African groups. Copts and Egyptians displayed similar levels of European or Middle Eastern ancestry (Copts were estimated to be of 69.54% ± 2.57 European ancestry, and the Egyptians of 70.65% ± 2.47 European ancestry). The authors concluded that the Copts and the Egyptians have a common history linked to smaller population sizes, and that Sudanese Copts have remained relatively isolated since their arrival to Sudan with only low levels of admixture with local northeastern Sudanese groups.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">Coptic script</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg/220px-Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg/330px-Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg/440px-Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Coptic and Arabic inscriptions in an Old Cairo church</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a> is the most recent stage of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>. Coptic should more correctly be used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">script</a> rather than the language itself. Even though this script was introduced as far back as the 1st century BC, it has been applied to the writing of the Egyptian language from the 1st century AD to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Coptic continued to flourish as a literary language in Egypt until the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-Guindy,_pp._25-34">[34]</a> It was supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sa%27idi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'idi Arabic">Sa'idi Arabic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> toward the 16th century but remained part of the education of well-bred Copts until the middle of the 17th century, and was still taught regularly in Coptic schools.<a href="#cite_note-Guindy,_pp._25-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allen2010-177">[177]</a> In the early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> was instrumental in <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Champollion</a>'s success in deciphering the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>. Today Coptic is extinct but it is still the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> of the native Egyptian Churches (the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a>). It is taught worldwide in many prestigious institutions, but its teaching within Egypt remains limited. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg/250px-Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg/330px-Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg/500px-Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>Leaf from a Coptic manuscript, 6th-14th century, Metropolitan museum of art, NYC</figcaption></figure> Dialects of the Coptic language: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahidic">Sahidic</a>. Also known as Theban or <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egyptian</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohairic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohairic">Bohairic</a>. The dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, and of the medieval and modern Coptic Church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmimic" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhmimic">Akhmimic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopolitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopolitan">Lycopolitan</a>. Also known as Subakhmimic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayyumic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyumic">Fayyumic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchite" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyrhynchite">Oxyrhynchite</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendar">Calendar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Calendar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a>, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> and also by <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopia</a> as its official calendar (with different names). This <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a> is based on the ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian calendar</a>. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter, a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy III">Ptolemy III</a> (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC), which consisted of the intercalation of a sixth <a href="/wiki/Epagomenal_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Epagomenal day">epagomenal day</a> every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the idea was not adopted until 25 BC, when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> formally reformed the calendar of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, keeping it forever synchronized with the newly introduced <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a> but have different numbers and names.<a href="#cite_note-calendar-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coptic_year">Coptic year</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Coptic year">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">Computus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/250px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/330px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/500px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Coptic Orthodox Cross with traditional Coptic script reading: 'Jesus Christ, the Son of God'</figcaption></figure> The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and an intercalary month at the end of the year of 5 or 6 days, depending whether the year is a leap year or not. The year starts on 29 August in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a> or on the 30th in the year before (Julian) Leap Years. The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The Feast of <a href="/wiki/Neyrouz" class="mw-redirect" title="Neyrouz">Neyrouz</a> marks the first day of the Coptic year. Its celebration falls on the first day of the month of <a href="/wiki/Thout" title="Thout">Thout</a>, the first month of the Egyptian year, which for AD 1901 to 2098 usually coincides with 11 September of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, except before a Gregorian leap year when it's 12 September. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for Anno Martyrum or "Year of the Martyrs").<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The A.M. abbreviation is also used for the unrelated Jewish year (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a>). Every fourth Coptic year is a leap year without exception, as in the Julian calendar, so the above-mentioned new year dates apply only between AD 1900 and 2099 inclusive in the Gregorian Calendar. In the Julian Calendar, the new year is always 29 August, except before a Julian leap year when it's August 30. <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> is reckoned by the Julian Calendar in the Old Calendarist way. To obtain the Coptic year number, subtract from the Julian year number either 283 (before the Julian new year) or 284 (after it).<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music of Egypt</a></div> Coptic music is the <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> sung and played in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a>. It has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> music and many elements of ancient Egyptian music continue to survive in Coptic liturgical music, with possible additional <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Hebrew</a> influences.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> It consists mainly of chanted <a href="/wiki/Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymns">hymns</a> in rhythm with instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a> (hand and large size) and the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangle (instrument)">triangle</a>. The percussion instruments used in the Coptic Church are unusual among Christian liturgies. Since similar instruments appear in ancient Egyptian frescoes and reliefs, some believe that they may represent a survival from a very old tradition. Coptic music is purely religious. Coptic chant is a very old tradition with links to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> music.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> For instance, a hymn sung today on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> in the Coptic Church has its roots in an ancient Egyptian melody that ancient Egyptian priests played during the burial of Egyptian kings.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Coptic music has been transmitted orally over thousands of years, and only recently have manuscripts, musical notes and books been used to record the Coptic music.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_identity" title="Coptic identity">Coptic identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philae_Temple_of_Isis_coptic_cross_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Philae_Temple_of_Isis_coptic_cross_1.JPG/220px-Philae_Temple_of_Isis_coptic_cross_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Philae_Temple_of_Isis_coptic_cross_1.JPG/330px-Philae_Temple_of_Isis_coptic_cross_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Philae_Temple_of_Isis_coptic_cross_1.JPG/440px-Philae_Temple_of_Isis_coptic_cross_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Cross">Coptic Cross</a> on a column in the <a href="/wiki/Philae_temple_complex" title="Philae temple complex">Temple of Philae</a></figcaption></figure> As the native inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and the direct descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>, Copts have a strong attachment to their Egyptian identity.<a href="#cite_note-Guindy,_pp._24-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Bill_Has_Egypt's_Copts_Squirming-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guindy-46">[46]</a> Over the centuries, Copts have always rejected and fought against other identities that foreign rulers attempted to force upon them, stressing their own Egyptian identity.<a href="#cite_note-Werthmuller,_Kurt_J_1250-192">[192]</a> This attachment to the Egyptian nation was embodied in the saying of one of the twenieth century's most prominent Copts, <a href="/wiki/Makram_Ebeid" title="Makram Ebeid">Makram Ebeid</a>, who declared: <dl><dd>Egypt is not a nation in which we live, but rather a nation that lives within us.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></dd></dl> The formulation of Coptic identity in the ethnic sense began in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman Egypt">Greco-Roman Egypt</a> against the backdrop of foreign rulers, first the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemies</a> and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman Egypt">Greco-Roman Egypt</a>, the term Copt designated the local population of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> group of foreign rulers and settlers (Greeks, Romans, etc.) who came to Egypt from other regions and established prominent <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a>. During that period, foreign rulers respected the Egyptians and their local <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">religion</a>, and erected many temples for <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian gods">Egyptian gods</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Edfu" title="Temple of Edfu">Temple of Horus in Edfu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex" title="Dendera Temple complex">Temple of Hathor at Dendra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Despite the presence of these immigrants and a foreign pharaoh, Egypt remained home primarily to Egyptians, by far the largest group within the population.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_pp._30-195">[195]</a> In fact, most of the rural and urban native population that lived in towns, villages and hamlets the length of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a> continued their lives little changed during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemies">Ptolemies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_pp._30-195">[195]</a> Even in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and the largest Greek city outside of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, the number of native Egyptians far outnumbered that of Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> In numbers and in culture, Egypt remained essentially Egyptian.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_pp._33-197">[197]</a> The foundation for defining the Copts as an ethno-religious group rather than just an ethnic group began in the fourth and fifth centuries AD, as divergence in doctrine between the native Christian Church of the Egyptians and that of the empire began. The persecution and exile in the fourth century by emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a>, the native Egyptian patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Church of Alexandria</a>, became the embodiment of the Egyptian character of the Church in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_pp._180-198">[198]</a> The persecution of Athanasius helped to create a type for the later <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">patriarchs of Alexandria</a>, who were repeatedly portrayed as defenders of the truth against outsiders and non-Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_pp._180-198">[198]</a> The official schism occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451 AD. The council, which condemned, deposed, exiled and replaced the native Egyptian Patriarch of Alexandria <a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus I</a>, was rejected by the Egyptian delegation to the council, and by extension by the entirety of the native Egyptian population. As a result of the Council of Chalcedon, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Church of Alexandria</a>, which had jurisdiction over the entire country of Egypt, as well as all of continent of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, was divided into a church that accepted the decrees of the council, and one that rejected them. The church that accepted the council, became known as the Chalcedonian church, and survives today as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</a>. On the other hand, the church that rejected the council of Chalcedon, to whom the vast majority of the native Egyptians adhered, became the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>. The process of identity-building for the native Egyptians emerged into view most clearly in the period after the reign of emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in the sixth century AD.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_pp._179-199">[199]</a> That process became the foundation for the evolution of a distinctive Egyptian character for the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, with its distancing from the empire's official <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Chalcedonian Orthodoxy</a> and its distinctive Greek character.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_pp._179-199">[199]</a> Copts viewed their Church as one with direct doctrinal continuity with such Egyptian patristic giants as <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a>, both of whom were Popes of the Church of Alexandria, and whose theology was the foundation of worldwide orthodox Christian belief.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_pp._320-200">[200]</a> Another important aspect of the Coptic community's self-perception was its ethnic and religious continuity with the community that produced the many local Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">martyrs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_pp._321-201">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StMarkCathAlex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/StMarkCathAlex.jpg/220px-StMarkCathAlex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/StMarkCathAlex.jpg/330px-StMarkCathAlex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/StMarkCathAlex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark%27s_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral_(Alexandria)" title="Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria)">St. Mark Coptic Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></figcaption></figure> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">Arab conquest of Egypt</a> in 641 AD, the Copts had formed a distinct ethno-religious identity that was Egyptian and non-Chalcedonian, as opposed to the mainly Greek Byzantine Chalcedonian identity of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">empire</a>. Under Arab Muslim rule, and to escape forced conscription, persecution and heavy taxation, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> taxation levied only on non-Muslims according to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic Sharia law</a>, Egyptians gradually began to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_pp._339-202">[202]</a> Copts who converted to Islam became known as <a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawali</a>, and eventually simply as Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Guindy,_pp._24-42">[42]</a> The term Arab remained reserved for the invaders.<a href="#cite_note-Guindy,_pp._24-42">[42]</a> Thus, the term <a href="/wiki/Copt" class="mw-redirect" title="Copt">Copt</a> gradually changed meaning over time to eventually designate only those Egyptians who kept their <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> faith. Under Islamic rule, Coptic identity continued to be defined against the backdrop of sound theology and Christology, in contrast to those of the Chalcedonians. However, with the presence of non-natives in the country, Coptic identity also began to stress the native Egyptian character of the Copts.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> As Muslims, mainly Egyptian converts and less commonly Arabs, slowly started settling in the countryside, they provided an other against whom this identity became better defined.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_pp._321-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Coptic monasticism</a> played a crucial role in the preservation of Coptic identity in Egypt. The Copts' Egyptian Christian identity was thus formulated. It was then with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> beyond the big cities that the Egyptian Church became known as "Coptic" and that native Egyptian Christians became known as "Copts", a semantic shift that occurred in the eighth and ninth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_pp._327-204">[204]</a> Nonetheless, in their own native <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a>, Copts continue to refer to themselves today as ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (the Egyptians), and to their Church as Ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ (the Egyptian Orthodox Church). In modern times, the question of Coptic identity was never raised before the rise of pan-Arabism under <a href="/wiki/Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser">Nasser</a> in the early 1950s. Up to that point, both Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians viewed themselves as only Egyptians without any Arab sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-Deighton,_H._S_1946_p._519-29">[29]</a> The struggle to maintain this Egyptian identity began as Nasser and his regime tried to impose an Arab identity on the country, and attempted to erase all references to Egypt as a separate and unique entity.<a href="#cite_note-nationalcopticassembly.com-205">[205]</a> Today, Copts and many Egyptian Muslims reject Arab nationalism, emphasizing indigenous Egyptian heritage and culture as well as their own unique ethnicity and genetic makeup, which are completely different from those of the Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-nationalcopticassembly.com-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Persecution</a> has become pivotal to the Copts' sense of identity.<a href="#cite_note-Deighton,_S_1946_p._519-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution_and_discrimination">Persecution and discrimination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Persecution and discrimination">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Persecution of Copts</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series of articles on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts#Modern_era" title="Persecution of Copts">Modern persecution</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coptic Christians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coptic_Cross_Black.svg/120px-Coptic_Cross_Black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coptic_Cross_Black.svg/250px-Coptic_Cross_Black.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="442" /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Egypt" title="Secularism in Egypt">Secularism in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Judiciary of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Crime in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terrorism in Egypt</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Terrorist attacks</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh, 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Alexandria_riot" title="2005 Alexandria riot">Alexandria, 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Fana#Tensions" title="Monastery of Saint Fana">Saint Fana, 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_massacre" title="Nag Hammadi massacre">Nag Hammadi, 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Alexandria_bombing" title="2011 Alexandria bombing">Alexandria, 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Imbaba_Church_Attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Imbaba Church Attacks">Imbaba, 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero, 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">Libya, 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botroseya_Church_bombing" title="Botroseya Church bombing">Abbasia, 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_church_bombings" title="Palm Sunday church bombings">Alexandria and Tanta, 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Minya_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Minya attack">Minya, 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Menas_church_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Saint Menas church attack">Helwan, 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Minya_bus_attack" title="2018 Minya bus attack">Minya, 2018</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Figures</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidhom_Bishay" title="Sidhom Bishay">Sidhom Bishay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Malati" title="Master Malati">Master Malati</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hegazy" title="Mohammed Hegazy">Mohammed Hegazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahaa_el-Din_Ahmed_Hussein_el-Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahaa el-Din Ahmed Hussein el-Akkad">Bahaa el-Akkad</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Gabriel" title="Mark A. Gabriel">Mark Gabriel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Botros" title="Zakaria Botros">Zakaria Botros</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_persecution_of_Coptic_Christians" title="Template:Modern persecution of Coptic Christians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_persecution_of_Coptic_Christians" title="Template talk:Modern persecution of Coptic Christians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_persecution_of_Coptic_Christians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern persecution of Coptic Christians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Religious freedom in Egypt is constitutionally guaranteed but restricted in practice, particularly for the Coptic Christian minority. Discriminatory policies and bureaucratic hurdles have historically hampered the construction and repair of churches. Until 2005, presidential approval was required for even minor repairs. Although this requirement was devolved to governors and further eased by the 2016 Church Construction Law.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Copts have been the target of sectarian violence. Notable incidents include the 2000–01 El-Kosheh clashes that left 21 dead,<a href="#cite_note-Egyptian_court_orders_clashes_retrial-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> attacks on Alexandria churches in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-Coptic_Christians_attacked_in_churches-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> and mob violence in Marsa Matrouh in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Egypt's_Persecuted_Christians-213">[213]</a> Reports from the same period indicate that police frequently arrived too late to prevent violence, pressured Copts into "reconciliation" sessions, and rarely prosecuted attackers.<a href="#cite_note-2010_USCIRF-214">[214]</a> Following the 2013 ousting of President Mohamed Morsi, churches and Christian properties were targeted in retaliatory attacks. At least 45 churches were attacked, with accusations that Muslim Brotherhood rhetoric incited the violence.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-MB-war-217">[217]</a> Human trafficking and forced conversions have also been reported. Coptic women and girls have been subject to abduction, coercion, and forced marriage, with congressional and NGO concern raised about state inaction and complicity.<a href="#cite_note-trafficking-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcforcedmarriage-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Copts are underrepresented in public office, security services, and judiciary positions. During President Mubarak's tenure, only a few Copts held cabinet or gubernatorial positions.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Religious conversion laws in Egypt remain asymmetrical. While conversion to Islam is easily recognized, Christians converting from Islam face legal and bureaucratic obstacles. Some converts have been arrested or denied identity documents.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Though a 2008 court ruling allowed 12 citizens to re-register as Christians after converting to Islam, it required them to list their period as Muslims on official documents.<a href="#cite_note-Egyptian_Court_Allows_Return_to_Christianity-225">[225]</a> Recent years have seen incremental improvements. Church construction has become easier, with thousands of churches legalized under the 2016 law and fewer reports of obstruction.<a href="#cite_note-catholicnewsagency-226">[226]</a> In Open Doors' World Watch List, Egypt dropped from 25th place out of 50 in 2013 to 40th in 2025, indicating a decline in reported persecution, though social and legal challenges remain.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_affairs">Church affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Church affairs">edit</a>]</div> Today, members of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonian">non-Chalcedonian</a> Coptic Orthodox Church constitute the majority of the Egyptian Christian population. Mainly through emigration and partly through European, American, and other missionary work and conversions, the Egyptian Christian community now also includes other Christian denominations such as <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> (known in Arabic as <a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">Evangelicals</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Rite Catholic">Eastern Rite Catholics</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> congregations. The term Coptic remains exclusive however to the Egyptian natives, as opposed to the Christians of non-Egyptian origins. Some Protestant churches for instance are called "<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Evangelical_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Evangelical Church">Coptic Evangelical Church</a>", thus helping differentiate their native Egyptian congregations from churches attended by non-Egyptian immigrant communities such as Europeans or Americans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The previous head of the Coptic Orthodox Church, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria">Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria</a>, died 17 March 2012. On 4 November 2012, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Tawadros_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria">Bishop Tawadros</a> was chosen as the new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians. His name was selected from a glass bowl containing the three shortlisted candidates by a blindfolded boy at a ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark%27s_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral,_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral, Cairo">St Mark's Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNANKH-BBC-4NOV2012-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_Copts">Prominent Copts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Prominent Copts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Copts" title="List of Copts">List of Copts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boutros_Boutros_Ghali_(1993).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Boutros_Boutros_Ghali_%281993%29.jpg/250px-Boutros_Boutros_Ghali_%281993%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Boutros_Boutros_Ghali_%281993%29.jpg/330px-Boutros_Boutros_Ghali_%281993%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Boutros_Boutros_Ghali_%281993%29.jpg/500px-Boutros_Boutros_Ghali_%281993%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a></figcaption></figure> Some famous Copts include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a>, sixth <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Wassef" title="Charlotte Wassef">Charlotte Wassef</a>, Miss Universe 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Powell" title="Dina Powell">Dina Powell</a>, American Politician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sarofim" title="Fayez Sarofim">Fayez Sarofim</a>, heir to the Sarofim family fortune.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halim_El-Dabh" title="Halim El-Dabh">Halim El-Dabh</a>, musician and academic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_Azer" title="Hani Azer">Hani Azer</a>, prominent civil engineer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Jean Messiha</a>, Egyptian-French politician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdi_Yacoub" title="Magdi Yacoub">Magdi Yacoub</a>, cardiothoracic surgeon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Makary" title="Marty Makary">Marty Makary</a>, 26th <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Food_and_Drugs" title="Commissioner of Food and Drugs">Commissioner of Food and Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mena_Massoud" title="Mena Massoud">Mena Massoud</a>, actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Sawiris" title="Naguib Sawiris">Naguib Sawiris</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Orascom" class="mw-redirect" title="Orascom">Orascom</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahor_Labib" title="Pahor Labib">Pahor Labib</a>, Egyptologist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Malek" title="Rami Malek">Rami Malek</a>, actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samih_Sawiris" title="Samih Sawiris">Samih Sawiris</a>, businessman, investor and billionaire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Soliman" title="Sam Soliman">Sam Soliman</a>, boxer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssef_Wahba" title="Youssef Wahba">Youssef Wahba</a>, twelfth Prime Minister of Egypt.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/48px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/64px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/60px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/120px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus" title="Aegyptus">Aegyptus</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_diaspora" title="Coptic diaspora">Coptic diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_identity" title="Coptic identity">Coptic identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_literature" title="Coptic literature">Coptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copto-Arabic_literature" title="Copto-Arabic literature">Copto-Arabic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Museum" title="Coptic Museum">Coptic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Coptic_Union" title="International Coptic Union">International Coptic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_saints" title="List of Coptic saints">List of Coptic saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptology" title="Coptology">Coptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Christianity in Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Christianity in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Copts" title="List of Copts">List of prominent Copts worldwide</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2874344">https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2874344</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://providencemag.com/2023/05/counting-coptic-christians-in-egypt-1">https://providencemag.com/2023/05/counting-coptic-christians-in-egypt-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telushkin2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telushkin2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telushkin2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telushkin2018_3-2">c</a> Shira Telushkin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/03/coptic-church/555515/">The Americanization of an Ancient Faith</a>, The Atlantic (March 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-unhcr1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_4-11">l</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2018/en/64852">Sudan: Copts</a>, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, Minority Rights Group International (June 2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-parliament.nsw.gov.au-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parliament.nsw.gov.au_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-parliament.nsw.gov.au_5-1">b</a> In the year 2003, there was an estimated 70,000 Copts in New South Wales alone: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cocpta1990518/">"Coptic Orthodox Church (NSW) Property Trust Act 1990"</a>. New South Wales Consolidated Acts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+South+Wales+Consolidated+Acts&rft.atitle=Coptic+Orthodox+Church+%28NSW%29+Property+Trust+Act+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fnsw%2Fconsol_act%2Fcocpta1990518%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LookLex_Encyclopedia-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LookLex_Encyclopedia_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LookLex_Encyclopedia_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKjeilen" class="citation web cs1">Kjeilen, Tore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083550/http://i-cias.com/e.o/coptic_c.htm">"Coptic Church"</a>. LookLex Encyclopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-cias.com/e.o/coptic_c.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LookLex+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Coptic+Church&rft.aulast=Kjeilen&rft.aufirst=Tore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi-cias.com%2Fe.o%2Fcoptic_c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KermalliRNS2017-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KermalliRNS2017_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KermalliRNS2017_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KermalliRNS2017_7-2">c</a> Shenaz Kermalli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sojo.net/articles/canadian-copts-ponder-future-their-faith">Canadian Copts Ponder Future of Their Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_News_Service" title="Religion News Service">Religion News Service</a> (April 25, 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-la-croix.com-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-la-croix.com_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-la-croix.com_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-la-croix.com_8-2">c</a> In the year 2017, there was an estimated 45,000 Copts in France: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Orthodoxie/Qui-sont-coptes-France-2017-03-16-1200832369">"Qui sont les coptes en France ?"</a>. La Croix. 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Croix&rft.atitle=Qui+sont+les+coptes+en+France+%3F&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.la-croix.com%2FReligion%2FOrthodoxie%2FQui-sont-coptes-France-2017-03-16-1200832369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CESNUR_–_Centro_studi_sulle_nuove_religioni_(Center_for_Studies_on_New_Religions)-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CESNUR_–_Centro_studi_sulle_nuove_religioni_(Center_for_Studies_on_New_Religions)_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CESNUR_–_Centro_studi_sulle_nuove_religioni_(Center_for_Studies_on_New_Religions)_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CESNUR_–_Centro_studi_sulle_nuove_religioni_(Center_for_Studies_on_New_Religions)_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cesnur.com/la-chiesa-copta/">"La Chiesa copta"</a>. March 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Chiesa+copta&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcesnur.com%2Fla-chiesa-copta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121192147/http://www.middlekilleavy.com/index.php?artid=2631&option=com_cifeed&task=newsarticle">"Middle Killeavy Parish Web Site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middlekilleavy.com/index.php?artid%3D2631%26option%3Dcom_cifeed%26task%3Dnewsarticle">the original</a> on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2008-08-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Killeavy+Parish+Web+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middlekilleavy.com%2Findex.php%3Fartid%253D2631%2526option%253Dcom_cifeed%2526task%253Dnewsarticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090521225825/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_86.html">British Orthodox Church (1999 figures)</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeller2015" class="citation news cs1">Teller, Matthew (12 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33480115">"Free to pray – but don't try to convert anyone"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 12 July 2015. <q>Ten-thousand or more live in the UAE, and young, bearded priest Father Markos, 12 years in Dubai, told me his flock are "more than happy – they enjoy their life, they are free."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Free+to+pray+%E2%80%93+but+don%27t+try+to+convert+anyone&rft.date=2015-07-12&rft.aulast=Teller&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-33480115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gereformeerdebond.nl/de-waarheidsvriend/artikelen/welkom-welkom-2/">"'De Koptische kerk telt in Nederland ongeveer tienduizend leden, die grotendeels afkomstig zijn uit Egypte.'"</a>. 12 July 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27De+Koptische+kerk+telt+in+Nederland+ongeveer+tienduizend+leden%2C+die+grotendeels+afkomstig+zijn+uit+Egypte.%27&rft.date=2015-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgereformeerdebond.nl%2Fde-waarheidsvriend%2Fartikelen%2Fwelkom-welkom-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#Minahan">Minahan 2002</a>, p. 467 </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldAtlas-14"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldAtlas_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-largest-coptic-christian-populations.html">"Coptic Christianity"</a>, worldatlas.com, 3 April 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=worldatlas.com&rft.atitle=Coptic+Christianity&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fcountries-with-the-largest-coptic-christian-populations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexandria.gov.eg/alex/english/Saint%20Mark%20Coptic.html">"Saint Mark Cathedral"</a>, alexandria.gov.eg</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=alexandria.gov.eg&rft.atitle=Saint+Mark+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexandria.gov.eg%2Falex%2Fenglish%2FSaint%2520Mark%2520Coptic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN1-16"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN1_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/09/middleeast/egypt-coptic-christians/index.html">"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?"</a>. CNN. 10 April 2017. <q>The largest Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 15 million Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+are+Egypt%27s+Coptic+Christians%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F04%2F09%2Fmiddleeast%2Fegypt-coptic-christians%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2874344">https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2874344</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://providencemag.com/2023/05/counting-coptic-christians-in-egypt-1">https://providencemag.com/2023/05/counting-coptic-christians-in-egypt-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> About 1-2 million more Coptic Christians are spread across Africa, Europe, Australia, Canada and the United States, according to the World Council of Churches.}} </li> <li id="cite_note-Libya-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Libya_20-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copt.org.au/publications/diary/D2005.pdf">Coptic Orthodox Church Listings for Libya, p. 136</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719031825/http://www.copt.org.au/publications/diary/D2005.pdf">Archived</a> July 19, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2874344">https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2874344</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://providencemag.com/2023/05/counting-coptic-christians-in-egypt-1/">https://providencemag.com/2023/05/counting-coptic-christians-in-egypt-1/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Van_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoorn-Harder2017" class="citation book cs1">Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (3 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ens2DwAAQBAJ&dq=copts+originally+referred+all+egyptians&pg=PT14">Copts in Context: Negotiating Identity, Tradition, and Modernity</a>. Univ of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611177855" title="Special:BookSources/9781611177855"><bdi>9781611177855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copts+in+Context%3A+Negotiating+Identity%2C+Tradition%2C+and+Modernity&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.isbn=9781611177855&rft.aulast=Doorn-Harder&rft.aufirst=Nelly+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dens2DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcopts%2Boriginally%2Breferred%2Ball%2Begyptians%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahebLamport2020" class="citation book cs1">Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (2020-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1cBEAAAQBAJ&q=%22The+fortunes+of+Copts+rose+and+fell%22&pg=PA468">The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2418-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2418-5"><bdi>978-1-5381-2418-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Handbook+of+Christianity+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2418-5&rft.aulast=Raheb&rft.aufirst=Mitri&rft.au=Lamport%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1cBEAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2Bfortunes%2Bof%2BCopts%2Brose%2Band%2Bfell%2522%26pg%3DPA468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749d2b2d.html">"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Egypt : Copts of Egypt"</a>. Refworld. Retrieved 2020-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+%E2%80%93+Egypt+%3A+Copts+of+Egypt&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F49749d2b2d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEtheredge2011" class="citation book cs1">Etheredge, Laura S. (2011). Middle East, Region in Transition: Egypt. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774160936" title="Special:BookSources/9789774160936"><bdi>9789774160936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East%2C+Region+in+Transition%3A+Egypt&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789774160936&rft.aulast=Etheredge&rft.aufirst=Laura+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyster2013" class="citation book cs1">Lyster, William (2013). The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Pau. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774160936" title="Special:BookSources/9789774160936"><bdi>9789774160936</bdi></a>. <q>Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021), however, who became the greatest persecutor of Copts.... within the church that also appears to coincide with a period of forced rapid conversion to Islam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cave+Church+of+Paul+the+Hermit+at+the+Monastery+of+St.+Pau&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789774160936&rft.aulast=Lyster&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN._Swanson2010" class="citation book cs1">N. Swanson, Mark (2010). The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517). American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774160936" title="Special:BookSources/9789774160936"><bdi>9789774160936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Papacy+in+Islamic+Egypt+%28641-1517%29&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789774160936&rft.aulast=N.+Swanson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deighton,_H._S_1946_p._519-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deighton,_H._S_1946_p._519_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deighton,_H._S_1946_p._519_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeighton1946" class="citation journal cs1">Deighton, H. S. (1 October 1946). "The Arab Middle East and the Modern World". International Affairs. 22 (4): 519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3018194">10.2307/3018194</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3018194">3018194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Middle+East+and+the+Modern+World&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=519&rft.date=1946-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3018194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3018194%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Deighton&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S.Dept_of_State/Egypt-30"><a href="#cite_ref-U.S.Dept_of_State/Egypt_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm">"Egypt from "U.S. Department of State/Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs""</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. September 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+from+%22U.S.+Department+of+State%2FBureau+of+Near+Eastern+Affairs%22&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2008-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F5309.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCO/Egypt/-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FCO/Egypt/_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121212135632/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt">"Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. August 15, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt">the original</a> on December 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+from+%22Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office%22&rft.pub=Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office+-UK+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fabout-the-fco%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fmiddle-east-north-africa%2Fegypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaileyBailey2003" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Betty Jane; Bailey, J. Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrGL7o69KBIC&pg=PA145">Who Are the Christians in the Middle East?</a>. Wm. B. 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Scientific Reports. 5: 9996. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...5.9996D">2015NatSR...5.9996D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep09996">10.1038/srep09996</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4446898">4446898</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017457">26017457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+genetics+of+East+African+populations%3A+A+Nilo-Saharan+component+in+the+African+genetic+landscape&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=9996&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4446898%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...5.9996D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26017457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep09996&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Dobon&rft.aufirst=Bego%C3%B1a&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Hisham+Y.&rft.au=Laayouni%2C+Hafid&rft.au=Luisi%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Rica%C3%B1o-Ponce%2C+Isis&rft.au=Zhernakova%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Wijmenga%2C+Cisca&rft.au=Tahir%2C+Hanan&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft.au=Netea%2C+Mihai+G.&rft.au=Bertranpetit%2C+Jaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4446898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_37-2">c</a> Mohamoud YA, Cuadros DF, Abu-Raddad LJ. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09973-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09973-8"><bdi>978-0-521-09973-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible%3A+Volume+1%2C+From+the+Beginnings+to+Jerome&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09973-8&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft.au=Evans%2C+C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnG2067meU0C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> "The people of Egypt before the Arab conquest in the 7th century identified themselves and their language in Greek as Aigyptios (Arabic qibt, Westernized as Copt); when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves Aigyptioi, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026216">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> s.v. "Copt". </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> qtd. in M. Hussein. el Ittigahat el Wataneyya fil Adab el Muʻaṣir [National Trends in Modern Literature]. Vol. 2. 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The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Coptic+Christians%3F&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Fjonathanjonesblog%2F2011%2Fmay%2F11%2Fcoptic-christians-ancient-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel2egypt.org/exploring-the-great-sphinx-of-giza/#:~:text=Genetics,was%20known%20simply%20as%20Egyptian">"The Copts of Egypt: Guardians of an Ancient Faith - Travel2Egypt"</a>. 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Copts+of+Egypt%3A+Guardians+of+an+Ancient+Faith+-+Travel2Egypt&rft.date=2024-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel2egypt.org%2Fexploring-the-great-sphinx-of-giza%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DGenetics%2Cwas%2520known%2520simply%2520as%2520Egyptian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guindy-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guindy_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guindy_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guindy_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guindy_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pd-UzQEACAAJ">A Sword over the Nile</a>. Austin Macauley. June 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64378-761-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64378-761-9"><bdi>978-1-64378-761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sword+over+the+Nile&rft.pub=Austin+Macauley&rft.date=2020-06&rft.isbn=978-1-64378-761-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPd-UzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Copt">"Copt | Definition, Religion, History, & Facts | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copt+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+Religion%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCopt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Walker, Susan, op cit., p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Dentition helps archaeologists to assess biological and ethnic population traits and relationships </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Irish JD (2006). "Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples.". Am J Phys Anthropol 129 (4): 529-43 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, the author of Ecclesiastical History in the fourth century, states that St. Mark came to Egypt in the first or third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, i.e., 41 or 43 AD. "Two Thousand years of Coptic Christianity" Otto F.A. Meinardus p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.goarch.org/-/the-primacy-of-the-see-of-constantinople-in-theory-and-practice-">https://www.goarch.org/-/the-primacy-of-the-see-of-constantinople-in-theory-and-practice-</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/papal-primacy-and-the-council-of-nicea">https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/papal-primacy-and-the-council-of-nicea</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 284" </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 289 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 289, 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 295-296, 306 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 304-305 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 306 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar (2 vols., Bulaq, 1854), by <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Chronicles, by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 299, 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatson1925" class="citation book cs1">Matson, G. 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They, like the Copts, are Monophysites</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Colony+Guide-book+to+Jerusalem+and+Environs&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Vester&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Matson&rft.aufirst=G.+Olaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMLTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FA-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FA_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShea2017" class="citation journal cs1">Shea, Nina (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/egypt/2017-06-20/do-copts-have-future-egypt">"Do Copts have a future in Egypt"</a>. 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American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774160936" title="Special:BookSources/9789774160936"><bdi>9789774160936</bdi></a>. <q>By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Papacy+in+Islamic+Egypt+%28641-1517%29&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789774160936&rft.aulast=N.+Swanson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988). Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. Jerusalem Academic Press. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt ...These events also reflect the Muslim attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medievalworlds.net/0xc1aa5576%200x00372f27.pdf">Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Forcing taxes on those who refuse to convert</a> (PDF), <q>ʿUmar is depicted as having ordered that "the poll-tax should be taken from all men who would not become Muslims"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversion%2C+Exemption%2C+and+Manipulation%3A+Social+Benefits+and+Conversion+to+Islam+in+Late+Antiquity+and+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Forcing+taxes+on+those+who+refuse+to+convert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalworlds.net%2F0xc1aa5576%25200x00372f27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 338 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Bagnall, pp. 342 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://copticliterature.wordpress.com/2012/06/01/the-excellent-article-on-general-yaqub-by-anwar-louca-in-the-coptic-encyclopedia/">https://copticliterature.wordpress.com/2012/06/01/the-excellent-article-on-general-yaqub-by-anwar-louca-in-the-coptic-encyclopedia/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://insidegmt.com/napoleon-in-egypt-local-units-side-with-the-french">https://insidegmt.com/napoleon-in-egypt-local-units-side-with-the-french</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://insidegmt.com/napoleon-in-egypt-local-units-side-with-the-french">https://insidegmt.com/napoleon-in-egypt-local-units-side-with-the-french</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://insidegmt.com/napoleon-in-egypt-local-units-side-with-the-french">https://insidegmt.com/napoleon-in-egypt-local-units-side-with-the-french</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131723/149/453487/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%89/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84.aspx">https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131723/149/453487/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%89/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84.aspx</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Motherland Lost: The Egyptian And Coptic Quest For Modernity. 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January 15, 2007.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002224756/http://www.ekem.gr/archives/2007/01/pan_arabism_wha.html">Archived</a> October 2, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-dotmsr.com-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dotmsr.com_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dotmsr.com_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dotmsr.com_103-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.dotmsr.com/News/196/224995/%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-1919">https://www.dotmsr.com/News/196/224995/%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-1919</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1199/327758/Egypt/-Revolution/-A-people;s-revolution-The-Coptic-contingent------.aspx">https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1199/327758/Egypt/-Revolution/-A-people;s-revolution-The-Coptic-contingent------.aspx</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/327815.aspx">https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/327815.aspx</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Jankowski, James. "Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism" in Rashid Khalidi, ed. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 244–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Syrian Arab nationalist <a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a> qtd in Dawisha, Adeed. Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press. 2003, p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-nisan-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nisan_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nisan_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNisan2002" class="citation book cs1">Nisan, Mordechai (2002). Minorities in the Middle East. McFarland. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1375-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1375-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-1375-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1375-1&rft.aulast=Nisan&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYerkes2016" class="citation web cs1">Yerkes, Sarah (20 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/06/20/what-egypt-under-sissi-is-really-like-for-coptic-christians/">"What Egypt under Sissi is really like for Coptic Christians"</a>. <q>Egyptian authorities prevent surveyors from asking a participant's religion when doing research.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Egypt+under+Sissi+is+really+like+for+Coptic+Christians&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft.aulast=Yerkes&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fmarkaz%2F2016%2F06%2F20%2Fwhat-egypt-under-sissi-is-really-like-for-coptic-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ2015-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ2015_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ2015_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2015/02/16/5-five-things-to-know-about-egypts-coptic-christians/">"Five Things to Know About Egypt's Coptic Christians"</a>. Wall Street Journal. February 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Five+Things+to+Know+About+Egypt%27s+Coptic+Christians&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fbriefly%2F2015%2F02%2F16%2F5-five-things-to-know-about-egypts-coptic-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanna-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna_111-2">c</a> Michael Wahid Hanna, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcf.org/content/report/christian-exclusion-from-egypts-security-state/">Excluded and Unequal: Copts on the Margins of the Egyptian Security State</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Century_Foundation" title="The Century Foundation">The Century Foundation</a> (May 9, 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-RoccaKholaif-112"><a href="#cite_ref-RoccaKholaif_112-0">^</a> Francis X. Rocca & Dahlia Kholaif, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/pope-francis-calls-on-egypts-catholics-to-embrace-forgiveness-1493464066">Pope Francis Calls on Egypt’s Catholics to Embrace Forgiveness</a>, Wall Street Journal (April 29, 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-Elhennawy-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Elhennawy_113-0">^</a> Noha Elhennawy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/a115f4d4a86c4f9b8cdb0802ccf3e5e5">Egyptian woman fights unequal Islamic inheritance laws</a>, Associated Press (November 15, 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://providencemag.com/2023/05/counting-coptic-christians-in-egypt-1/">https://providencemag.com/2023/05/counting-coptic-christians-in-egypt-1/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2874344">https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2874344</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://providencemag.com/2023/05/counting-coptic-christians-in-egypt-1/">https://providencemag.com/2023/05/counting-coptic-christians-in-egypt-1/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2874344">https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2874344</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohamoud_Cuadros_Abu-Raddad_2013_p._22-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Mohamoud_Cuadros_Abu-Raddad_2013_p._22_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohamoudCuadrosAbu-Raddad2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mohamoud, Yousra A.; Cuadros, Diego F.; Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (2013). "Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators". QScience Connect (2013): 22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5339%2Fconnect.2013.22">10.5339/connect.2013.22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2223-506X">2223-506X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QScience+Connect&rft.atitle=Characterizing+the+Copts+in+Egypt%3A+Demographic%2C+socioeconomic+and+health+indicators&rft.issue=2013&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5339%2Fconnect.2013.22&rft.issn=2223-506X&rft.aulast=Mohamoud&rft.aufirst=Yousra+A.&rft.au=Cuadros%2C+Diego+F.&rft.au=Abu-Raddad%2C+Laith+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://providencemag.com/2023/05/counting-coptic-christians-in-egypt-1/">https://providencemag.com/2023/05/counting-coptic-christians-in-egypt-1/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2874344">https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2874344</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121192147/http://www.middlekilleavy.com/index.php?artid=2631&option=com_cifeed&task=newsarticle">"Middle Killeavy Parish Web Site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middlekilleavy.com/index.php?artid%3D2631%26option%3Dcom_cifeed%26task%3Dnewsarticle">the original</a> on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2008-08-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Killeavy+Parish+Web+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middlekilleavy.com%2Findex.php%3Fartid%253D2631%2526option%253Dcom_cifeed%2526task%253Dnewsarticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090521225825/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_86.html">British Orthodox Church (1999 figures)</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeller2015" class="citation news cs1">Teller, Matthew (12 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33480115">"Free to pray – but don't try to convert anyone"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 12 July 2015. <q>Ten-thousand or more live in the UAE, and young, bearded priest Father Markos, 12 years in Dubai, told me his flock are "more than happy – they enjoy their life, they are free."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Free+to+pray+%E2%80%93+but+don%27t+try+to+convert+anyone&rft.date=2015-07-12&rft.aulast=Teller&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-33480115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gereformeerdebond.nl/de-waarheidsvriend/artikelen/welkom-welkom-2/">"'De Koptische kerk telt in Nederland ongeveer tienduizend leden, die grotendeels afkomstig zijn uit Egypte.'"</a>. 12 July 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27De+Koptische+kerk+telt+in+Nederland+ongeveer+tienduizend+leden%2C+die+grotendeels+afkomstig+zijn+uit+Egypte.%27&rft.date=2015-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgereformeerdebond.nl%2Fde-waarheidsvriend%2Fartikelen%2Fwelkom-welkom-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sudanupdate1-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sudanupdate1_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sudanupdate1_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudanupdate.org/REPORTS/PEOPLES/COPTS.HTM">"Copts"</a>. www.sudanupdate.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sudanupdate.org&rft.atitle=Copts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudanupdate.org%2FREPORTS%2FPEOPLES%2FCOPTS.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Mohammed Alamin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_sudans-copts-see-hope-appointment-first-christian/6177321.html">Sudan's Copts See Hope in Appointment of First Christian</a>, Voice of America (October 9, 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-JCasper2023-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JCasper2023_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCasper2023_126-1">b</a> Jayson Casper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2023/may/sudan-christians-burhan-rsf-civil-war-khartoum-churches.html">Khartoum Churches Damaged as Sudan Descends Closer to Civil War</a>, Christianity Today (May 2, 2023). </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/communities/copts-2/">Copts in Sudan</a>, Minority Rights Group (June 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehari-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Mehari_128-0">^</a> Fikiru Mehari, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetablet.co.uk/blogs/1/2421/the-fears-and-vulnerabilities-of-christians-amid-the-conflict-in-sudan">The fears and vulnerabilities of Christians amid the conflict in Sudan</a>, The Tablet (April 28, 2023). </li> <li id="cite_note-Tadros-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tadros_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tadros_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMariz_Tadros2018" class="citation book cs1">Mariz Tadros (2018). "Christians in Egypt, Libya, and Palestine Responding to the Aftermaths of the Arab Revolts". In Daniel Philpott & Timothy Samuel Shah (ed.). Under Caesar's Sword: How Christians Respond to Persecution. Cambridge Studies in Law and Christianity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Egypt%2C+Libya%2C+and+Palestine+Responding+to+the+Aftermaths+of+the+Arab+Revolts&rft.btitle=Under+Caesar%27s+Sword%3A+How+Christians+Respond+to+Persecution&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Law+and+Christianity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Mariz+Tadros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/vatican-coptic-orthodox-martyrs-beheaded-libya-45937c3da0c43868ef33ceceaf6d8906">"Vatican formally recognizes 21 Coptic Orthodox killed in Libya as martyrs, gives them feast day"</a>. AP NEWS. 2023-05-11. Retrieved 2023-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Vatican+formally+recognizes+21+Coptic+Orthodox+killed+in+Libya+as+martyrs%2C+gives+them+feast+day&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fvatican-coptic-orthodox-martyrs-beheaded-libya-45937c3da0c43868ef33ceceaf6d8906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark2016-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2016_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2016_131-1">b</a> Stanley A. Clark, "Coptic Orthodox Church" in Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States (eds. George Thomas Kurian & Mark A. Lamport: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), pp. 638-39. </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC2011-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2011_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2011_132-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/coptic-christians-in-canada-1.1020870">Coptic Christians in Canada</a>, CBC News (January 4, 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Steven Viney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-10/who-are-egypts-copts/8429634">Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians and why are they persecuted?</a>, ABC News (April 10, 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Hannah Sinclair, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/coptic-christians-celebrate-christmas-after-sadness-of-terror-attacks/6nh50nn4v">Coptic Christians celebrate Christmas after 'sadness' of terror attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a> (January 7, 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_J._Hughes,_Margaret_Fraser,_and_Stephen_Breck_Reid2012" class="citation book cs1">Philip J. Hughes, Margaret Fraser, and Stephen Breck Reid (2012). Australia's Religious Communities: Facts and Figures from the 2011 Australian Census and Other Sources. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Research_Association" title="Christian Research Association">Christian Research Association</a>. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Religious+Communities%3A+Facts+and+Figures+from+the+2011+Australian+Census+and+Other+Sources&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Christian+Research+Association&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Philip+J.+Hughes%2C+Margaret+Fraser%2C+and+Stephen+Breck+Reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Mary Brazell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicoutlook.org/first-coptic-catholic-church-in-australia-blessed-and-consecrated-in-western-sydney/">First Coptic Catholic church in Australia blessed and consecrated in Western Sydney.</a>, Catholic Outlook (March 18, 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51603.htm">"Kuwait"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+variation+among+Sudanese%3A+Restricted+gene+flow%2C+concordance+with+language%2C+geography%2C+and+history&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E316-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.20876&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18618658&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Hisham+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F45024883%2FY-chromosome_variation_among_Sudanese_re20160423-13798-werau.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrombetta,_Beniamino2015" class="citation journal cs1">Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4524485">"Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent"</a>. Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (7): 1940–1950. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevv118">10.1093/gbe/evv118</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4524485">4524485</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26108492">26108492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogeographic+refinement+and+large+scale+genotyping+of+human+Y+chromosome+haplogroup+E+provide+new+insights+into+the+dispersal+of+early+pastoralists+in+the+African+continent&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1940-%3C%2Fspan%3E1950&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4524485%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26108492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevv118&rft.au=Trombetta%2C+Beniamino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4524485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohamed" class="citation web cs1">Mohamed, Hisham Yousif Hassan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/6376/Genetic%20Patterns%20of%20Y-chromosome%20and%20Mitochondrial.pdf?sequence=1">"Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan"</a> (PDF). University of Khartoum. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genetic+Patterns+of+Y-chromosome+and+Mitochondrial+DNA+Variation%2C+with+Implications+to+the+Peopling+of+the+Sudan&rft.pub=University+of+Khartoum&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Hisham+Yousif+Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkhartoumspace.uofk.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F6376%2FGenetic%2520Patterns%2520of%2520Y-chromosome%2520and%2520Mitochondrial.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobon2015-cae-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Dobon2015-cae_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBegoña_Dobon2015" class="citation journal cs1">Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4446898">"The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape"</a>. Scientific Reports. 5: 8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...5.9996D">2015NatSR...5.9996D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep09996">10.1038/srep09996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4446898">4446898</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017457">26017457</a>. <q>The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+genetics+of+East+African+populations%3A+a+Nilo-Saharan+component+in+the+African+genetic+landscape&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4446898%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26017457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep09996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...5.9996D&rft.au=Bego%C3%B1a+Dobon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4446898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHollfelderSchlebuschGüntherBabiker2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5587336">"Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations"</a>. PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1006976">10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7404">1553-7404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5587336">5587336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28837655">28837655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Northeast+African+genomic+variation+shaped+by+the+continuity+of+indigenous+groups+and+Eurasian+migrations&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e1006976&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5587336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1553-7404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28837655&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1006976&rft.aulast=Hollfelder&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft.au=Schlebusch%2C+Carina+M.&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther%2C+Torsten&rft.au=Babiker%2C+Hiba&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Hisham+Y.&rft.au=Jakobsson%2C+Mattias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5587336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1006976">text</a> available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> license. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419152624/http://www.stshenouda.com/coptlang/copthist.htm#Definition">"The Coptic Studies' Corner"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stshenouda.com/coptlang/copthist.htm#Definition">the original</a> on 2012-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Studies%27+Corner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stshenouda.com%2Fcoptlang%2Fcopthist.htm%23Definition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen2010-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Allen2010_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">Allen, James P.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lF78Max-h8MC&pg=PA2">Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48635-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48635-4"><bdi>978-1-139-48635-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Egyptian%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Language+and+Culture+of+Hieroglyphs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48635-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlF78Max-h8MC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-calendar-178"><a href="#cite_ref-calendar_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copticchurch.net/easter.html">"The Coptic Calendar of Martyrs"</a>. Coptic Orthodox Church Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coptic+Orthodox+Church+Network&rft.atitle=The+Coptic+Calendar+of+Martyrs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copticchurch.net%2Feaster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeclercq2000" class="citation book cs1">Declercq, Georges (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8AZAAAAYAAJ">Anno Domini: The Origins of the Christian Era</a>. 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Retrieved 2017-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+ex-kidnapper+admits+%27they+get+paid+for+every+Coptic+Christian+girl+they+bring+in%27&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwatchmonitor.org%2F2017%2F09%2Fegypt-ex-kidnapper-admits-get-paid-every-copt-christian-girl-bring%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Freedom House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/religion/publications/endangered">Egypt's Endangered Christians.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20030107001824/http://www.freedomhouse.org/religion/publications/endangered">Archived</a> January 7, 2003, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Human Rights Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/egypt12212.htm">Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081114115428/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/egypt12212.htm">Archived</a> 2008-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/egypt14701.htm">Human Rights Watch. World report 2007: Egypt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928034724/http://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/egypt14701.htm">Archived</a> September 28, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912060035/http://www.ahram.org.eg/acpss/eng/ahram/2004/7/5/ARAB43.HTM">"Egypt: National Unity and the Coptic issue. (Arab Strategic Report 2004–2005)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahram.org.eg/acpss/eng/ahram/2004/7/5/ARAB43.HTM">the original</a> on 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2007-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+National+Unity+and+the+Coptic+issue.+%28Arab+Strategic+Report+2004%E2%80%932005%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahram.org.eg%2Facpss%2Feng%2Fahram%2F2004%2F7%2F5%2FARAB43.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egyptian_Court_Allows_Return_to_Christianity-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Egyptian_Court_Allows_Return_to_Christianity_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAudi2008" class="citation news cs1">Audi, Nadim (February 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/11/world/africa/11egypt.html?ex=1360386000&en=03faf391c4592600&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">"Egyptian Court Allows Return to Christianity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 2008-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Court+Allows+Return+to+Christianity&rft.date=2008-02-11&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Nadim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F11%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F11egypt.html%3Fex%3D1360386000%26en%3D03faf391c4592600%26ei%3D5088%26partner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholicnewsagency-226"><a href="#cite_ref-catholicnewsagency_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/258105/christians-in-egypt-embark-on-construction-of-churches-as-persecution-ebbs">"Christians in Egypt embark on construction of churches as persecution ebbs"</a>. Catholic News Agency. 21 March 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Egypt+embark+on+construction+of+churches+as+persecution+ebbs&rft.date=2024-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F258105%2Fchristians-in-egypt-embark-on-construction-of-churches-as-persecution-ebbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendoors.org/en-US/persecution/countries/">"World Watch List – Persecution of Christians"</a>. Open Doors. Retrieved 25 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Watch+List+%E2%80%93+Persecution+of+Christians&rft.pub=Open+Doors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendoors.org%2Fen-US%2Fpersecution%2Fcountries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNANKH-BBC-4NOV2012-228"><a href="#cite_ref-CNANKH-BBC-4NOV2012_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20192922">"Bishop Tawadros new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians"</a>. BBC News. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bishop+Tawadros+new+pope+of+Egypt%27s+Coptic+Christians&rft.date=2012-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-20192922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBetts1978" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Robert B. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHstAQAAIAAJ">Christians in the Arab East: A Political Study</a> (2nd rev. ed.). Athens: Lycabettus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804207966" title="Special:BookSources/9780804207966"><bdi>9780804207966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+the+Arab+East%3A+A+Political+Study&rft.place=Athens&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Lycabettus+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780804207966&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHstAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Capuani, Massimo et al. Christian Egypt: Coptic Art and Monuments Through Two Millennia (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Christian-Egypt-Monuments-Through-Millennia/dp/0814624065/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_(scholar)" title="Robert Charles (scholar)">Charles, Robert H.</a> (2007) [1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgZ-DOr77OQC">The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text</a>. Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781889758879" title="Special:BookSources/9781889758879"><bdi>9781889758879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+John%2C+Bishop+of+Nikiu%3A+Translated+from+Zotenberg%27s+Ethiopic+Text&rft.place=Merchantville%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Evolution+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781889758879&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgZ-DOr77OQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Courbage, Youssef and Phillipe Fargues. Judy Mabro (Translator) Christians and Jews Under Islam, 1997.</li> <li>Ibrahim, Vivian. The Copts of Egypt: The Challenges of Modernisation and Identity (I.B. Tauris, distributed by Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 258 pages; examines historical relations between Coptic Christians and the Egyptian state and describes factionalism and activism in the community.</li> <li>Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and a Guide. Revised Ed. American University in Cairo Press, 1990.</li> <li>Meinardus, Otto Friedrich August. Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity (2010)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas2006" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Martyn, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooAaaMdOwpAC">Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority Under Siege : Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zurich, September 23–25, 2004</a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783857100406" title="Special:BookSources/9783857100406"><bdi>9783857100406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copts+in+Egypt%3A+A+Christian+Minority+Under+Siege+%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+First+International+Coptic+Symposium%2C+Zurich%2C+September+23%E2%80%9325%2C+2004&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783857100406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooAaaMdOwpAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ">Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.</a> The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410556" title="Special:BookSources/9780881410556"><bdi>9780881410556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450%E2%80%93680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+New+York&rft.series=The+Church+in+history&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780881410556&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ">History of the Byzantine State</a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Van Doorn-Harder, Nelly. "Finding a Platform: Studying the Copts in the 19th and 20th Centuries" International Journal of Middle East Studies (Aug 2010) 42#3 pp 479–482. Historiography</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Copt" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Copt">Copt</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directory.nihov.org/">Worldwide Coptic Directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coptsunited.com/">Copts United Newspaper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coptic-cairo.com/">Coptic Cairo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5636.htm">U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Egypt</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copts145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Protestant">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church of Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coptic cross"><img alt="Coptic cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/120px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/250px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt" title="Copts in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Libya" title="Copts in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Sudan" title="Copts in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_diaspora" title="Coptic diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Australians" title="Coptic Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Canadians" title="Coptic Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Africa" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Asia" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Europe" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_South_America" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_architecture" title="Coptic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptology" title="Coptology">Coptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_cross" title="Coptic cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Encyclopedia" title="Coptic Encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_identity" title="Coptic identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_literature" title="Coptic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_philosophy" title="Coptic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calendar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Christianity389" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Christianity389" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian traditions</a> that developed since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/150px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/225px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a> Christ Pantocrator (circa 1261) in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li> <li>Heresies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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