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occupations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_occupations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Lifestyle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lifestyle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Marriages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_attires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_attires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cultural attires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_attires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_cultural_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_cultural_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religion and cultural practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_cultural_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notable leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Food customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Ethnic identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ijaw–Itsekiri_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ijaw–Itsekiri_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Ijaw–Itsekiri conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ijaw–Itsekiri_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Oil conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item 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id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Other sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ijaw people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaws" title="Ijaws – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ijaws" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw" title="Ijaw – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ijaw" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%9Davoj" title="Iĝavoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iĝavoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_(peuple)" title="Ijaw (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ijaw (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A1%B0%EC%A1%B1" title="이조족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이조족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen_Ijaw" title="Mutanen Ijaw – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mutanen Ijaw" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Ijaw" title="Suku Ijaw – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Ijaw" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE" title="Иджо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иджо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Иджовлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Иджовлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Иджо халкь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Иджо халкь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C5%BEai" title="Idžai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Idžai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijo" title="Ijo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ijo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7" title="イジョ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イジョ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_xalqi" title="Ijaw xalqi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ijaw xalqi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw" title="Ijaw – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ijaw" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ij%C3%B3s" title="Ijós – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ijós" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE" title="Иджо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иджо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ijaw people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%9F%D0%BE" title="Иџо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иџо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C5%BEo" title="Idžo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Idžo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw" title="Ijaw – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ijaw" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE" title="Іджо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іджо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ij%E1%BB%8D" title="Ijọ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ijọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B9%94%E4%BA%BA" title="伊乔人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊乔人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ijaw_people&params=5_21_00_N_5_30_30_E_region:NG-DE_type:city">5°21′00″N 5°30′30″E / 5.35000°N 5.50833°E / 5.35000; 5.50833</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nigerian ethnic group</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ijaw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="Ijo-Izon">Ijo-Izon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ijaw_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ijaw_statue.jpg/150px-Ijaw_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ijaw_statue.jpg/225px-Ijaw_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ijaw_statue.jpg/300px-Ijaw_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ijaw statue depicting "the many faces of your enemies"</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">15 million<a href="#cite_note-Africa:_Nigeria-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Africa:_Nigeria-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Africa:_Nigeria-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> 90% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional</a> 5%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_people" title="Ekpeye people">Ekpeye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oron_people" title="Oron people">Oron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoko_people" title="Isoko people">Isoko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleme_people" title="Eleme people">Eleme</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> The Ijaw people, also spelled Ịjọ,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> are an ethnic group found in the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, with significant <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population clusters</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> They are also in <a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and small parts of <a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> occupying six<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Nigerian states.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Many are found as <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant</a> <a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">fishermen</a> in camps and settlements in <a href="/wiki/Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a> states and as far west as <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and as far east as <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>. As of 2023, Nigeria's Ijaw population is estimated at over 15 million,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> accounting for around 6.9% of the country's 223 million<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> people,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> positioning them as the fourth largest<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> ethnic group in Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_2010-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shoup_III-23">[23]</a> The Ijaws are the most populous tribe inhabiting the Niger Delta region, and one of the world's most ancient peoples.<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> They have long lived in locations near many sea trade routes, and they were well connected to other areas by trade as early as the late 14th and early 15th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In their languages, they often refer to themselves using the <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> Izon.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The Izon or Ijaw People have lived in the Niger Delta region since before the fifth millennium BCE, and they were able to keep a separate identity because they lived where the agriculturally dependent Benue-Kwa groups were unable to penetrate. Some of the earliest archeological findings of Ijaw tribes have been dated to as far back as the early 800s BCE.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The timeline that the archaeological excavations provide offers about 3,000 years of evidence of Ijaw history and presence in the Niger Delta. There has been much argument about which tribe in Nigeria is the oldest. The Ijaws started inhabiting the Niger Delta region of what is now Nigeria as far back as 800 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-:3-30">[30]</a> thus making them one of the world's most ancient peoples.<a href="#cite_note-:3-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> They have existed as a distinct language and <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnic group</a> for over 5,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Agadagba-bou, the first ancient Ijaw city-state, existed for more than 400 years,<a href="#cite_note-:3-30">[30]</a> lasting until 1050 CE. Due to internal conflict and violent weather patterns, this city-state was abandoned. Some of the descendants of this city-state created another in the 11th century called Isoma-bou, which lasted until the 16th century. This city-state, like the last, was founded in the Central Delta Wilberforce Island region. The Wilberforce Island region remains the most Ijaw-populated area of Nigeria. The Ijaws are believed by some to be the descendants of an <a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Autochthonous people">autochthonous</a> people or an ancient tribe of Africa known as the Oru; the Ijaws were originally known by this name (Oru).<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[24]</a> These were believed to be the aboriginal people of West Africa and the region of Niger/Benue. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> Before the arrival of Europeans, the Ijo people had about 51 different clans and were trading amongst themselves. Their settlements in the Bini region, lower Niger and the Niger Delta were aboriginal (i.e. being the first). They are known to be exceptional sea people.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In the 12th century, the number of Ijaw states grew, and by the 16th century, the Ijaws formed a number of powerful kingdoms with strong central rule. The Ijaw economy was predominantly supported by fishing, and each clustered group claimed a specific culture and autonomy from the others. They were among the first people in Nigeria to come in contact with Europeans, the earliest explorers arriving in the early 15th century. After contact with European merchants around 1500 CE, communities began trading in enslaved people<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> as middlemen<a href="#cite_note-:2-35">[35]</a> while they also traded in <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>. Traders who amassed wealth within this business market found themselves parading power over the government. Each trader purchased as many enslaved people as possible, valuing ability over genetic kinship as most enslaved people's families were split apart and not valued for their rich culture and heritage. Because an able enslaved person could inherit the business of a trader with no heir, it was possible to have (non-Ijaw) leaders who had been born into slavery; such a leader was <a href="/wiki/Jaja_of_Opobo" title="Jaja of Opobo">King Jaja of Opobo</a>. The Ijaw People bought slaves<a href="#cite_note-:2-35">[35]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jaja_of_Opobo" title="Jaja of Opobo">Jubo Jubogha</a>, an Igbo man, who was bought by the Ijo people of Bonny. He later earned his way out of slavery and was renamed Jaja. Historically, various Ijaw clans engaged in the practice of acquiring slaves from Igboland for purposes such as gifting to newlyweds and showcasing wealth. However, the Ijaw's approach to slavery differed from many other cultures. They permitted slaves to earn their freedom after a specified period of service, and it was common for Ijaw men to marry enslaved women, granting them freedom through marriage. This practice facilitated social mobility and led to some Ijaw clans having remote Igbo ancestry due to these unions. Overall, the Ijaw's relatively limited participation in the slave trade reflects a more integrated and complex relationship between the two cultures. The <a href="/wiki/Nembe_Kingdom" title="Nembe Kingdom">Nembe</a> Ijo people were the first Ijaws to fight and win a battle against the Europeans. Though a short lived victory, a huge precedent was set by way of this. King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Koko_Mingi_VIII_of_Nembe" title="Frederick William Koko Mingi VIII of Nembe">Frederick William Koko</a> (Mingi VIII) of the Nembe-Brass Kingdom (1853–1898) led a successful attack on the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company" title="Royal Niger Company">Royal Niger Company</a> trading post in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> King Koko also took over 40 British people as hostages,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> whom he later allegedly <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">ate</a>. King Koko was offered a settlement for his grievances, but he  found the terms unacceptable. After some reprisal attacks by the British, his capital was ransacked. King Koko fled, and so was deposed by the British. He died in exile in 1898. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw languages</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IjawHistory.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/IjawHistory.jpeg/240px-IjawHistory.jpeg" decoding="async" width="240" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/IjawHistory.jpeg/360px-IjawHistory.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/IjawHistory.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Ijaw (Ijo) area in Nigeria</figcaption></figure> The Ijaws speak nine closely related <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo languages</a>, all of which belong to the <a href="/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a> branch of the Niger-Congo tree.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The primary division between the <a href="/wiki/Ijo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijo languages">Ijo languages</a> is that between Eastern Ijo and Central Ijo, the most important of the former group of languages being <a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a>, which is spoken by about nine million people. There are two prominent groupings of the Ijaw language. The first, termed Central Izon (Ijaw) consists of central Ijaw speakers: <a href="/wiki/Tuomo" title="Tuomo"> Tuomo Clan</a>, Egbema, <a href="/wiki/Ekeremor_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekeremor clan">Ekeremor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mein_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mein clan">Sagbama (Ogobiri-Mein)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bassan_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassan clan">Bassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Apoi_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apoi clan">Apoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arogbo_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arogbo clan">Arogbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boma_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Boma clan">Boma</a> (Bumo), <a href="/wiki/Kabo_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabo clan">Kabo (Kabuowei)</a>, Ogboin, Tarakiri, and Kolokuma-Opokuma.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nembe" title="Nembe">Nembe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalabari_language" title="Kalabari language">Kalabari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibani dialect">Ibani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okrika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okrika language">okrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogbia" title="Ogbia">Ogbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass,_Nigeria" title="Brass, Nigeria">Brass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akassa_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Akassa clan">Akassa</a> (Akaha) dialects represent South-eastern Ijo (Izon).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buseni_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buseni clan">Buseni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epie_language" title="Epie language">Epie</a> and Okordia dialects are considered Inland Ijo.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> It was discovered in the 1980s that a now extinct <a href="/wiki/Berbice_Creole_Dutch" title="Berbice Creole Dutch">Berbice Creole Dutch</a>, spoken in Guyana, is partly based on Ijo <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>. Its nearest relative seems to be Eastern Ijo, most likely Kalabari.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clans">Clans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clans">edit</a>]</div> The Ijaw People can be grouped into three. The first, which is termed as Central Ijaw (Ijo), consists of Central Ijaw languages and subgroups: Ogbia subgroup and language, Epie-Atisa (Epie) subgroup and language, all part of Ijo people in  Bayelsa. The centeal Ijaw Language, spoken by people in Ekeremor, Sagbama (Kumbo), Amassoma, Apoi, Arogbo, Boma (Bumo), Kabo (Kabuowei), Olodiama, Ogboin, Tarakiri, and Kolokuma-Opokuma, Tungbo, Tuomo, etc. all in Bayelsa. Nembe Language, spoken by people in <a href="/wiki/Nembe" title="Nembe">Nembe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twon-Brass" title="Twon-Brass">Brass</a>, and Akassa (Akaha) in Bayelsa. Abua language, spoken by Abua/Odual people in Rivers State. Other Central subgroups are Biseni People, Akinima, Mbiama, Engeni and some subgroups in the Ahoda regions in Rivers State. The second is the Eastern Ijaw (Ijo) found in Rivers<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and Akwa Ibom States. They include Kalabari (<a href="/wiki/Abonnema" title="Abonnema">Abonnema</a>, Buguma, Degema etc.), Okirika, <a href="/wiki/Ogu%E2%80%93Bolo" title="Ogu–Bolo">Ogu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opobo" title="Opobo">Opobo</a>, Port Harcourt South, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bonny" title="Kingdom of Bonny">Bonny</a>, Finima, Nkoro, <a href="/wiki/Andoni" title="Andoni">Andoni</a>, and Obolo people (part of Andoni) <a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>), who can also be traced to Akwa Ibom State, near the border with Rivers State. Third is the Western Ijaw (Ijo), found in Delta, Ondo and Edo states. They can be found in Ondo state<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> due to migrations many years prior. The <a href="/wiki/Arogbo_tribe" title="Arogbo tribe">Arogbo Ijaws</a> and the Western Apoi tribe of the Ijaw people live in Ondo State, Nigeria. The tribe (also called Ijaw Apoi or Apoi) consists of nine settlements: Igbobini, Ojuala, Ikpoke, Inikorogha, Oboro, Shabomi, Igbotu, Kiribo and Gbekebo. The Apoi inhabited higher ground than most of the other Ijaw tribes. They speak the Yoruba language and Ijaw. They are bordered to the north by the Ikale and to the west by the Ilaje.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The clan also shares border with the <a href="/wiki/Arogbo_tribe" title="Arogbo tribe">Arogbo Ijaw</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> to the south of Ondo and the Furupagha Ijaw to the east across the Siloko River. The founding ancestors of the Arogbo were part of the same migration from Ujo-Gbaraun town. After a brief stop at Oproza, led by Eji and his younger brother, Perebiyenmo and sister, Fiyepatei, they went on to Ukparomo (now occupied by the towns of Akpata, Opuba, Ajapa, and Ukpe). They stayed here for some time, about the length of the reign of two Agadagbas (military priest-rulers of the shrine of Egbesu). They then moved to the present site of Arogbo. From this place descendants spread out to found the Arogbo Ibe. The Isaba, Kabo, Tuomo, Kumbo, Ogulagha, Patani, and Gbaramatu peoples of Delta state are also part of the Western Ijo subgroups. In Edo state, the Ijo first settled in an area called Ikoro.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Their traditional rulers are called Peres and Agadagbas, and are thought to predate the Benin monarchy. 'Pere' means king in some of the Ijaw languages.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:120px;">Name </th> <th style="width:120px;">State </th> <th style="width:120px;">Alternate Names </th></tr> <tr> <td>Abureni </td> <td>Bayelsa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akassa_tribe" title="Akassa tribe">Akassa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td>Akaha, Akasa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andoni_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoni people">Andoni</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.mepedia.org/wiki/Anyama-Ogbia">Anyama</a> </td> <td>Bayelsa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Apoi_tribe" title="Eastern Apoi tribe">Apoi (Eastern)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Apoi_tribe" title="Western Apoi tribe">Apoi (Western)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arogbo_tribe" title="Arogbo tribe">Arogbo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bassan_tribe" title="Bassan tribe">Bassan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td>Basan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bille_tribe" title="Bille tribe">Bille</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></td> <td>Bile, Bili </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bumo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boma,_Kongo_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Boma, Kongo Central">Boma</a>, Bomo </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buseni_tribe" title="Buseni tribe">Buseni</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td>Biseni </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egbema_tribe" title="Egbema tribe">Egbema</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Operemor</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td>Operemor, Ekeremo, Ojobo </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ekpetiama_tribe" title="Ekpetiama tribe">Ekpetiama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gbaramatu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></td> <td>Gbaramatu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gbaran_tribe" title="Gbaran tribe">Gbaran</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibani">Ibani</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iduwini_tribe" title="Iduwini tribe">Iduwini</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isaba_tribe" title="Isaba tribe">Isaba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabo_tribe" title="Kabo tribe">Kabo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></td> <td>Kabowei, Kabou </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_tribe" title="Kalabari tribe">Kalabari</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ke</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></td> <td>Obiansoama, Kenan City </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kolo Creek </td> <td>Bayelsa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kolokuma_tribe" title="Kolokuma tribe">Kolokuma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr id="cite_ref-52" class="cite-bracket"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kula_tribe_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kula tribe (Nigeria)">Kula</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumbo_tribe" title="Kumbo tribe">Kumbo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></td> <td>Kumbowei </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mein_tribe" title="Mein tribe">Mein</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nkoro_tribe" title="Nkoro tribe">Nkoro</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></td> <td>Kirika, Nk City </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Obotebe_tribe" title="Obotebe tribe">Obotebe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Odimodi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ogbe_tribe" title="Ogbe tribe">Ogbe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></td> <td>Ogbe-Ijoh </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ogboin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ogulagha" title="Ogulagha">Ogulagha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></td> <td>Ogula, Small London </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Okrika" title="Okrika">Okrika</a> <a href="/wiki/Ogu_people" title="Ogu people">Ogu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></td> <td>Wakirike </td></tr> <tr> <td>Okordia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td>Okodia, Akita </td></tr> <tr> <td>Olodiama (East)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oloibiri" title="Oloibiri">Oloibiri</a> </td> <td>Bayelsa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opokuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Opokuma">Opokuma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oporoma</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td>Oporomo </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oruma" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruma">Oruma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td>Tugbene </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oyakiri</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td>Beni </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seimbiri</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tarakiri (East)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tarakiri (West)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tungbo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuomo_Town" title="Tuomo Town">Tuomo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> T.T Clan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zarama</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unyeada_Kingdom" title="Unyeada Kingdom">Unyeada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers">Rivers</a> </td> <td>Unyeada </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_occupations">Traditional occupations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Traditional occupations">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IjoMask1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IjoMask1.jpg/200px-IjoMask1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IjoMask1.jpg/300px-IjoMask1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/IjoMask1.jpg/400px-IjoMask1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>An Ijaw mask</figcaption></figure> The Ijaws were one of the first of Nigeria's peoples to have contact with Westerners and were active as go-betweens in the trade between visiting <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> and the peoples of the interior, particularly in the era before the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>, when <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> was still known as the "White Man's Graveyard"<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> because of the endemic presence of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, fever and heat.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Some of the kin-based trading lineages that arose among the Ijaws developed into substantial corporations which were known as "<a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">houses</a>"; each house had an elected leader as well as a fleet of war canoes for use in protecting trade and fighting rivals. The other main occupation common among the Ijaws has traditionally been fishing and farming.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Being a maritime people, many Ijaws were employed in the merchant shipping sector in the early and mid-20th century (pre-Nigerian Independence). With the advent of oil and gas exploration in their territory, some are now employed in that sector. Another major occupation is service in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> sector of the Nigerian states of <a href="/wiki/Bayelsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayelsa">Bayelsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a>, where they are predominant.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Extensive state-government sponsored overseas <a href="/wiki/Scholarship" title="Scholarship">scholarship</a> programs in the 1970s and 1980s have also led to a significant presence of Ijaw <a href="/wiki/Professionals" class="mw-redirect" title="Professionals">professionals</a> in Europe and North America (the so-called Ijaw diaspora). Another contributing factor to this <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">human capital flight</a> is the abject poverty in their homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>, resulting from decades of neglect by the Nigerian government and oil companies in spite of continuous petroleum prospecting in this region since the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lifestyle">edit</a>]</div> The Ijaw people live by fishing supplemented by farming <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoyam" title="Cocoyam">cocoyams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a> and other vegetables as well as tropical fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangoes">mangoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapples</a>; and trading. Smoke-dried fish, <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm</a> <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">kernels</a> are processed for export. While some clans (those to the east- <a href="/wiki/Akassa" title="Akassa">Akassa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nembe_Kingdom" title="Nembe Kingdom">Nembe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalabari_tribe" title="Kalabari tribe">Bille, Kalabari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nkoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkoro">Nkoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okrika" title="Okrika">Okrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andoni" title="Andoni">Andoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bonny" title="Kingdom of Bonny">Bonny</a>) had powerful kings and a <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratified society</a>, some clans are believed not to have had any centralized confederacies until the arrival of the British. Individual communities in the western <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a> also had chiefs and governments at the village level.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> For women, there are traditional rights of passage throughout life, marked with <a href="/wiki/Iria_marriage" title="Iria marriage">iria ceremonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a> ceremonies, particularly for those who have accumulated wealth and respect, are often very dramatic. Traditional religious practices center around "Water spirits" in the Niger river, and around tribute to <a href="/wiki/Ancestors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestors">ancestors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages">Marriages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriages">edit</a>]</div> Marriages among the Ijaw clans are vibrant, lively, and share many cultural similarities. The Ijaw traditional wedding ceremony is a grand celebration that showcases the beauty and diversity of Ijaw culture. The marriage process typically culminates in the payment of a bridal dowry, which increases if the bride comes from a different village or a royal family. This additional <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> serves to compensate the bride's village for the loss of her children. Unlike many other ethnic groups, the Ijaws observe two distinct types of marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Study_2003-63">[63]</a> The first type of marriage, known as the small-dowry marriage, involves the groom making an initial payment to the bride’s family. This payment typically includes cash, traditional beads, and items such as a canoe and fabrics like Ankara, Hollandis, or George, among other items. However, the cash portion of the dowry is not paid in full upfront. When the bride’s father passes away, the groom is expected to pay the remaining cash balance as part of his contribution to the funeral expenses. In this marriage system, children trace their lineage through either their mother’s or father’s side, allowing them the freedom to choose which heritage, culture, and traditions they wish to follow as they grow older. They can identify with both parents' ethnic backgrounds and live with either family. This form of marriage is the most common and widely practiced across all Ijaw clans.<a href="#cite_note-101lasttribes.com-64">[64]</a> The second type, known as the large-dowry marriage,<a href="#cite_note-Study_2003-63">[63]</a> involves a significantly higher dowry, and in this case, the children are considered to belong to the father's family. However, this form of marriage rarely practiced. A distinctive feature of the Ijaw <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">traditional wedding</a> ceremony is the bride’s expectation to remain composed and unemotional until she is fully satisfied with the gifts presented by the groom and his family. During this rite, the groom showers the bride with money and valuable items, and she only smiles once she is content with the gifts. This tradition serves as a test of the groom’s love and commitment, as he must prove his ability to provide for her and make her happy. It also serves as a challenge to the bride, demonstrating that she is not easily swayed by material wealth and values her dignity and pride.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Another important aspect of the Ijaw wedding celebration is the Bibife, a feast hosted by the bride's family. This event includes lively music, dancing, and performances, marking the joyous union of the couple and celebrating their new life together. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_attires">Cultural attires</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cultural attires">edit</a>]</div> The traditional attire of the Ijaw people reflects both elegance and cultural significance, incorporating rich fabrics and intricate accessories that showcase their heritage. For Ijaw men, the Etibo shirt serves as the main garment, typically made from materials like linen, cotton, or brocade. Its high neck and embroidery give it a distinguished look, often worn over a wrapper or trousers. The George wrapper, a long piece of luxurious fabric such as Hollandis or George, is tied around the waist and drapes elegantly to the ankles or knees, often adorned with intricate patterns. Men complete their look with a hat, such as a fedora or bowler, adding a touch of sophistication. They also carry a walking stick, typically made from wood and designed with intricate carvings, which adds an element of status. Coral beads in the form of necklaces and bracelets (called Ibolo) are often worn as accessories, symbolizing wealth and social standing.<a href="#cite_note-Ebby-66">[66]</a> Ijaw women's traditional attire is equally stunning. The blouse is a loose-fitting, long-sleeved garment that is often richly embroidered. Paired with it are wrappers, typically two pieces made from Ankara, Hollandis, or George fabrics, which can be matched or contrasted with the blouse. The headgear, usually a stiff fabric head tie, is an essential part of the outfit, worn in various stylish formations to complement the blouse and wrappers. Like the men, women wear coral beads—necklaces, bracelets, and earrings—that denote both beauty and social status, completing the look.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ebby-66">[66]</a> In addition to the Etibo, George, and other common attire, the Ijaw people also wear special traditional garments such as the Namatibi/Feni, Peletebite, Don, and Ojubulu attires. The Don outfit, in particular, holds royal significance. Historically, it was worn primarily by royals and high-ranking individuals. The Don ensemble was heavy on the body and featured an elaborate display of wealth, including a cache of jewels, expensive beads, <a href="/wiki/Gold_jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold jewelry">gold</a> studs, and other coral ornaments. This attire was completed with a stylish hat, further emphasizing the wearer's elevated status. The Don dress was not just a garment, but a powerful symbol of power, prestige, and the cultural heritage of the Ijaw people. Together, these attires not only display the Ijaw people’s taste for elegance but also emphasize the importance of social hierarchy, beauty, and tradition within their culture. The different garments and accessories worn by both men and women reflect the rich history, cultural pride, and social standing that the Ijaw people continue to uphold. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_cultural_practices">Religion and cultural practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion and cultural practices">edit</a>]</div> Although the Ijaw are now primarily <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> (65% profess to be),<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zion_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zion Church (disambiguation)">Zion Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> being the varieties of Christianity most prevalent among them, they also have elaborate traditional religious practices of their own. Traditionally, the Ijaws hold celebrations to honour the spirits that last for several days. The highlight of these festivals is the role of <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ceremony" title="Masquerade ceremony">masquerades</a>. Veneration of ancestors plays a central role in Ijaw traditional religion, while water spirits, known as Owuamapu, also figure prominently in the Ijaw <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a>. In addition, the Ijaw practice a form of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> called Igbadai, which involves recently deceased individuals being interrogated on the causes of their death. Ijaw religious beliefs hold that the owuamapu are like humans in having personal strengths and shortcomings, and that humans dwell among these water spirits before being born. The role of prayer in the traditional Ijaw system of belief is to maintain the living in the good graces of the owuamapu, among whom they dwelt before being born into this world, and each year the Ijaw hold celebrations to honour the spirits lasting for several days. The Ijaw people are known for many of their cultural festivals and ceremonies. These festivals often involve wrestling, boat racing, and traditional dances.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Also central to the festivities is the role of masquerades, in which men wearing elaborate outfits and carved masks dance to the beat of drums and manifest the influence of the water spirits through the quality and intensity of their dancing. Particularly spectacular masqueraders are taken to actually be in the possession of the particular spirits on whose behalf they are dancing.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Important deities in the Ijaw religion include <a href="/wiki/Egbesu" title="Egbesu">Egbesu</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totems</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_panther" title="Black panther">panther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>, and who manifests as a god of war, protection and of <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Many of the Ijaws are warriors, and often offer veneration to Egbesu as a god of war as well. At the sound of the 'Asawana', the Ijaw warrior readies himself for war using Egbesu as a shield. One of Egbesu's prime laws is that an Ijaw person should not be the cause of the problem, or the one to start the fight, but should respond only when he or she must. This is a manifestation of the Ijaw virtue of <a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">patience</a>. There are also a small number of <a href="/wiki/Converts_to_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Converts to Islam">converts to Islam</a>, the most notable being the founder of the Delta People Volunteer Force <a href="/wiki/Mujahid_Dokubo-Asari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahid Dokubo-Asari">Mujahid Dokubo-Asari</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_leaders">Notable leaders</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable leaders">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Omoto_Fufeyin" title="Jeremiah Omoto Fufeyin">Jeremiah Omoto Fufeyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Clark_(politician)" title="Edwin Clark (politician)">Edwin K. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heineken_Lokpobiri" title="Heineken Lokpobiri">Heineken Lokpobiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan GCFR GCON</a><a href="#cite_note-Shoup_III-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Ibiene_Anga,_Chairman,_Ijaw_National_Congress_Americas_INCA.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Ibiene Anga, Chairman, Ijaw National Congress Americas INCA. (page does not exist)">Kenneth Ibiene Anga, Chairman, Ijaw National Congress Americas INCA.</a></li></ul> <a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_customs">Food customs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Food customs">edit</a>]</div> Like many ethnic groups in Nigeria, the Ijaws have many local foods that are not widespread in Nigeria. Many of these foods involve fish and other seafoods such as clams, oysters and periwinkles; yams and plantains. Some of these foods are:<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <ul><li>Polofiyai — A very rich soup made with yams and palm oil.</li> <li>Kekefiyai— A pottage made with chopped unripened (green) plantains, fish, other seafood or <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">game</a> <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a>") and palm oil.</li> <li>Fried or roasted fish and plantain — Fish fried in palm oil and served with fried plantains.</li> <li>Gbe — The grub of the raffia-palm tree beetle that is eaten raw, dried, fried in groundnut oil or pickled in palm oil.</li> <li>Kalabari "sea-harvest" fulo— A rich mixed seafood soup or stew that is eaten with <a href="/wiki/Foofoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Foofoo">foofoo</a>, rice or yams.</li> <li>Owafiya (bean pottage) — A pottage made with <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">Beans</a>, palm oil, fish or bushmeat, Yam or Plantain. It is taken with processed Cassava or Starch.</li> <li>Geisha soup — This a kind of soup cooked from the geisha fish; it is made with pepper, salt, water and boiling it for some minutes.</li> <li>Opuru-fulou — Also referred to as prawn soup, prepared mainly with prawn, <a href="/wiki/Irvingia_gabonensis" title="Irvingia gabonensis">Ogbono</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irvingia_gabonensis" title="Irvingia gabonensis">Irvingia gabonensis seeds</a>), dried fish, table salt, crayfish, onions, fresh pepper, and red palm oil.</li> <li>Yellow soup - Made with <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Fish" title="Fresh Fish">fresh fish</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>) and fresh pepper and red palm oil and thickened with <a href="/wiki/Garri" title="Garri">garri</a> or biscuits. Sometimes fresh tomatoes can be added to the soup, to thicken it and add additional flavour.</li> <li>Onunu - Made with pounded yams and boiled overripe plantains. It is mostly enjoyed by the <a href="/wiki/Okrika" title="Okrika">Okrikans</a><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_et_al._2018-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Kiri-gina — Prepared without cooking on fire with Ogbono (<a href="/wiki/Irvingia_gabonensis" title="Irvingia gabonensis">Irvingia gabonensis seeds</a>), dried fish, table salt, crayfish.<a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_et_al._2018-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-bayelsa-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Ignabeni — A watery soup prepared with either yam or plantain seasoned with <a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">teabush</a> leaves, pepper, goat meat, and fish.<a href="#cite_note-bayelsa-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Pilo-garri — A Bille meal mostly eaten during the raining season. It is prepared with dry <a href="/wiki/Garri" title="Garri">garri</a>, red palm oil, salt and eaten with roasted seafoods (fish, Isemi, Ngbe, Ikoli, etc.).</li> <li>Igbugbai fiyai - A soup prepared without oil, only fish, onion, periwinkle, Bush leaves and other seafood. This soup, once prepared, is mostly eaten by Odimodi people.</li> <li>Kpanfaranran [fry fiyai] A soup prepared by frying the palm oil before adding your fish, meat, crayfish, periwinkle, and other seafood. This food is mostly cooked by the Odimodi people.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_identity">Ethnic identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnic identity">edit</a>]</div> Formerly organized into several loose clusters of villages or confederacies, the Ijaw people were autonomous groups that cooperated primarily for defense against outsiders. These groups were united by shared cultural practices and a common language, but each maintained its independence. Over time, however, the Ijaw increasingly view themselves as part of a single, coherent nation—the Izon Nation—bound together by language, culture, and shared history.<a href="#cite_note-101lasttribes.com-64">[64]</a> This sense of unity has been significantly strengthened by the environmental degradations that have followed the exploitation of oil in the Niger Delta region, the ancestral homeland of the Ijaw. The region, rich in oil reserves, has suffered extensive environmental damage, including oil spills, gas flaring, and deforestation, which have had devastating effects on the local way of life. The Ijaw have also been frustrated by a revenue-sharing formula with the Nigerian Federal Government, which they perceive as unjust, with a disproportionate share of the nation's wealth flowing to other regions while the Niger Delta remains impoverished and environmentally degraded. These grievances have fueled a growing sense of injustice and have been a catalyst for numerous high-profile clashes with the Nigerian authorities, including kidnappings, protests, and violent confrontations. In many of these incidents, lives have been lost, and the Ijaw people's struggle for fairness and recognition has drawn both national and international attention.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The Ijaw people are resilient and proud, with a deep historical connection to the land and water. Long before the colonial era, the Ijaw were known for their seafaring abilities, traveling by wooden boats and canoes to distant lands, including Cameroon, Ghana, and other parts of West Africa. They navigated the vast rivers of the region, including traveling up the River Niger from the River Nun, a significant waterway that continues to hold cultural and spiritual importance. The Ijaw’s maritime skills and extensive trade networks are a testament to their adaptability, resourcefulness, and the depth of their cultural heritage, which endures despite the challenges they face today.<a href="#cite_note-101lasttribes.com-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ijaw–Itsekiri_conflicts">Ijaw–Itsekiri conflicts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ijaw–Itsekiri conflicts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warri_Crisis" title="Warri Crisis">Warri Crisis</a></div> One manifestation of ethnic violence on the part of the Ijaw has been an increase in the number and severity of clashes between Ijaw militants and those of <a href="/wiki/Itsekiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Itsekiri">Itsekiri</a> origin, particularly in the town of <a href="/wiki/Warri,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Warri, Nigeria">Warri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Deadly conflicts had rocked the South-South region, especially in <a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta State</a>, where intertribal killings had resulted in death on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In July 2013, local police discovered mutilated corpses of 13 Itsekiris killed by Ijaws, over a dispute on a candidate for a local council chairman. Several Itsekiri villages, including Gbokoda, Udo, Ajamita, Obaghoro and Ayerode-Zion on the Benin river axis, were razed down while several Itsekiris lost their lives.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil_conflict">Oil conflict</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Oil conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Oil_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Oil Crisis">Nigerian Oil Crisis</a></div> The December 1998 All Ijaw Youths Conference crystallized the struggle with the formation of the Ijaw Youth Movement (IYM) and the issuing of the <a href="/wiki/Kaiama_Declaration" title="Kaiama Declaration">Kaiama Declaration</a>. In it, long-held Ijaw concerns about the loss of control of their homeland and their own lives to the oil companies were joined with a commitment to direct action. In the declaration, and in a letter to the companies, the Ijaws called for oil companies to suspend operations and withdraw from Ijaw territory. The IYM pledged “to struggle peacefully for freedom, self-determination and ecological justice,” and prepared a campaign of celebration, prayer, and direct action 'Operation Climate Change' beginning December 28, 1998.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In December 1998, two warships and 10–15,000 Nigerian troops occupied Bayelsa and Delta states as the Ijaw Youth Movement (IYM) mobilized for Operation Climate Change. Soldiers entering the Bayelsa state capital of <a href="/wiki/Yenagoa" title="Yenagoa">Yenagoa</a> announced they had come to attack the youths trying to stop the oil companies. On the morning of December 30, 1998, two thousand young people processed through Yenagoa, dressed in black, singing and dancing. Soldiers opened fire with rifles, machine guns, and tear gas, killing at least three protesters and arresting twenty-five more. After a march demanding the release of those detained was turned back by soldiers, three more protesters were shot dead. The head of Yenagoa rebels - Chief Oweikuro Ibe - was burned alive in his mansion on December 28, 1998. Amongst his family members to flee the premises before the complete destruction was his only son, Desmond Ibe. The military declared a state of emergency throughout Bayelsa state, imposed a dusk-to-dawn curfew, and banned meetings. At military roadblocks, local residents were severely beaten or detained. At night, soldiers invaded private homes, terrorizing residents with beatings and women and girls with rape.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> On January 4, 1999, about one hundred soldiers from the military base at <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>’s Escravos facility attacked Opia and Ikiyan, two Ijaw communities in Delta State. Bright Pablogba, the traditional leader of Ikiyan, who came to the river to negotiate with the soldiers, was shot along with a seven-year-old girl and possibly dozens of others. Of the approximately 1,000 people living in the two villages, four people were found dead and sixty-two were still missing months after the attack. The same soldiers set the villages ablaze, destroyed canoes and fishing equipment, killed livestock, and destroyed churches and religious shrines.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Nonetheless, Operation <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Change">Climate Change</a> continued, and disrupted Nigerian oil supplies through much of 1999 by turning off valves through Ijaw territory. In the context of high conflict between the Ijaw and the Nigerian Federal Government (and its police and army), the military carried out the <a href="/wiki/Odi_massacre" title="Odi massacre">Odi massacre</a>, killing scores if not hundreds of Ijaws.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Recent actions by Ijaws against the oil industry have included both renewed efforts at nonviolent action and <a href="/wiki/Militarized" class="mw-redirect" title="Militarized">militarized</a> attacks on oil installations but with no human casualties to foreign oil workers despite hostage-takings. These attacks are usually in response to non-fulfilment by oil companies of memoranda of understanding with their host communities.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a>, politician and 14th President of Nigeria<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.P._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Clark">J.P. Clark</a>, poet and playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Okara" title="Gabriel Okara">Gabriel Okara</a>, poet and novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owoye_Andrew_Azazi" title="Owoye Andrew Azazi">Owoye Andrew Azazi</a>, a former Nigerian Chief of Defense Staff and National Security Adviser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_Jonathan" title="Patience Jonathan">Patience Faka Jonathan</a>, Former First Lady Of Nigeria (2010-2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Koko_Mingi_VIII_of_Nembe" title="Frederick William Koko Mingi VIII of Nembe">King Frederick William Koko</a>, (Mingi VIII) King of <a href="/wiki/Nembe_Kingdom" title="Nembe Kingdom">Nembe</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brass,_Nigeria" title="Brass, Nigeria">Brass</a> Kingdom (1853–1898), and many more.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timi_Dakolo" title="Timi Dakolo">Timi Dakolo</a>, Nigerian singer-songwriter<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibinabo_Fiberesima" title="Ibinabo Fiberesima">Ibinabo Fiberesima</a>, Nigerian Nollywood actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Murray-Bruce" title="Ben Murray-Bruce">Ben Murray-Bruce</a>, Nigerian media mogul and senator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebikabowei_Victor-Ben" title="Ebikabowei Victor-Ben">Ebikabowei Victor Ben</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Niger_Delta" title="Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta">MEND</a> general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Kuku" title="Kingsley Kuku">Kingsley Kuku</a> former chairman, niger delta presidential amnesty program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruani_Azibapu_Godbless" title="Eruani Azibapu Godbless">Eruani Azibapu Godbless</a>, businessman and former Bayelsa Commissioner for Health</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_Torlowei" title="Patience Torlowei">Patience Torlowei</a>, artist and fashion designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finidi_George" title="Finidi George">Finidi George</a>, Nigerian footballer and coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taribo_West" title="Taribo West">Taribo West</a>, Nigerian former soccer player and pastor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Siasia" title="Samson Siasia">Samson Siasia</a>, Nigerian footballer and coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timaya" title="Timaya">Inetimi Odon Timaya</a>, Nigerian singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burna_Boy" title="Burna Boy">Damini Ogulu (Burna Boy)</a>, Nigerian singer and Grammy award winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideye_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideye Brown">Ideye Brown</a>, Nigerian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Diete-Spiff" title="Alfred Diete-Spiff">King Alrlfred Diete-Spiff</a>, former Military Governor of Rivers State and Amanayabo (King) of <a href="/wiki/Twon-Brass" title="Twon-Brass">Twon-Brass</a></li> <li>King Edward Asimini William Dappa Pepple III, Perekule XI, Amanayabo (King) of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bonny" title="Kingdom of Bonny">Grand Bonny Kingdom</a></li> <li>High Chief Government Oweizide Ekpemupolo aka <a href="/wiki/Tompolo" title="Tompolo">Tompolo</a>, Nigerian freedom fighter (ex-militant) commander<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Omoto_Fufeyin" title="Jeremiah Omoto Fufeyin">Jeremiah Omoto Fufeyin</a>, clergyman.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Abraham" title="Tammy Abraham">Tammy Abraham</a>, professional footballer.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agbani_Darego" title="Agbani Darego">Agbani Darego</a>, professional model and beauty queen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentle_Jack" title="Gentle Jack">Gentle Jack</a>, professional Nollywood actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakore_Egbuson-Akande" title="Dakore Egbuson-Akande">Dakore Egbuson Akande</a>, Nollywood Actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Otuaro" title="Kingsley Otuaro">Kingsley Otuaro</a> Former Deputy Governor of <a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timini_Egbuson" title="Timini Egbuson">Timini Egbuson</a>, Nollywood actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seriake_Dickson" title="Henry Seriake Dickson">Henry Seriake Dickson</a>, politician and former governor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timipre_Sylva" title="Timipre Sylva">Timipre Sylva</a>, politician and former governor of Bayelsa State, former Minister of State for Petroleum Resources.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ijaw_organisations">Ijaw organisations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ijaw organisations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Oporoza Ware (House)</li> <li>Andoni Forum USA (AFUSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_Youth_Council" title="Ijaw Youth Council">Ijaw Youth Council</a> (IYC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_National_Congress" title="Ijaw National Congress">Ijaw National Congress</a> (INC)<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Kabowei Forum</li> <li>Ijaw Nation Forum (INF)</li> <li>Ijaw Elders Forum</li> <li>Ijaw Youth Congress</li> <li>Congress of Niger Delta Youths</li> <li>National Union of Izon-Ebe Students</li> <li>MOSIEND</li> <li>Ijaw Women Connect (IWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuomo_Town" title="Tuomo Town">Tuomo Youth Congress</a></li> <li>Sagbama Youth Movement</li> <li>Ekine Sekiapu Ogbo</li> <li>Bomadi Decides</li> <li>Bayelsa Youths Council</li> <li>The Ogbia brotherhood</li> <li>Izon Progressive Congress (IPC)</li> <li>Ogbinbiri Progressive Movement</li> <li>Egbema Youths Progressive Agenda</li> <li>Progressive Youth Leadership Foundation (ND-PYLF)</li> <li>Ijaw Nation Development Group (Ijaw Peoples Assembly)</li> <li>Izon Ladies Association (ILA)</li> <li>Indigenous people of Niger Delta IPND</li> <li>National Association Of Ogulagha Clan Students (NAOCS)</li> <li>National Association of Burutu Local Government Students (NABLOGS) Worldwide</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Africa:_Nigeria-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Africa:_Nigeria_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Africa:_Nigeria_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Africa:_Nigeria_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/ijaw.html">"Africa: Nigeria-Ijo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa-101lasttribes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa-101lasttribes (page does not exist)">Africa-101lasttribes</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.atitle=Africa%3A+Nigeria-Ijo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.101lasttribes.com%2Ftribes%2Fijaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIjaw+people" class="Z3988"> Cite error: The named reference "Africa: Nigeria" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ijo">"Ijo"</a>. encyclopedia.com. 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Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</li> <li>Hlaváčová, Anna: "Three Points of View of Masquerades among the Ijo of the Niger River Delta". In: Playful Performers: African Children's Masquerades. Ottenberg, S.; Binkley, D. (eds.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijaw_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijawworldstudies.com/">Ijaw World Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419154911/http://www.ijawdictionaryonline.com/">The Ijaw Language Dictionary Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2430">Ethnologue: "Ijaw Linguistic Tree"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060206090831/http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Ijo.html">"Ijo People"</a>, University of Iowa</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040515163556/http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/sokari/">American Museum of Natural History: "The Art of the Kalabari Masquerade"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/nigeria1103/index.htm">"The Warri Crisis: Fueling Violence" – Human Rights Watch report, November 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145604/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/nigeria1103/index.htm">Archived</a> 2021-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/02/junger200702">"Blood Oil"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Junger" title="Sebastian Junger">Sebastian Junger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, February 2007 (accessed 28/1/2007), deals partly with the Ijaw</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria#Ethnic_groups" title="Nigeria">Ethnic groups in Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afemai_people" title="Afemai people">Afemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anlo_Ewe" title="Anlo Ewe">Anlo Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaang_people" title="Anaang people">Anaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afusari" class="mw-redirect" title="Afusari">Afusari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atyap_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Atyap people">Atyap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_people" title="Berom people">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buduma_people" title="Buduma people">Buduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_people" title="Chamba people">Chamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_people" title="Defaka people">Defaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_people" title="Dendi people">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Djerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_people" title="Ebira people">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eket" title="Eket">Eket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleme_people" title="Eleme people">Eleme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esan_people" title="Esan people">Esan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_people" title="Idoma people">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede" class="mw-redirect" title="Igede">Igede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_people" title="Ekpeye people">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etche" title="Etche">Etche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_people" title="Ikwerre people">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani_people" title="Ukwuani people">Ukwuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ijaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bille_tribe" title="Bille tribe">Bille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_people" title="Engenni people">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibani_tribe" title="Ibani tribe">Ibani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_tribe" title="Kalabari tribe">Kalabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_tribe_(Rivers_State)" title="Kula tribe (Rivers State)">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoro_tribe" title="Nkoro tribe">Nkoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_people" title="Nkoroo people">Nkoroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_people" title="Obolo people">Obolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_people" title="Isoko people">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_people" title="Itsekiri people">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwellemmedan_people" title="Iwellemmedan people">Iwellemmedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)" title="Jukun people (West Africa)">Jukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamuku_people" title="Kamuku people">Kamuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilba_people" title="Kilba people">Kilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirdi" title="Kirdi">Kirdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofyar_people" title="Kofyar people">Kofyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotoko_people" title="Kotoko people">Kotoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuteb_people" title="Kuteb people">Kuteb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_people" title="Longuda people">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_people" title="Mafa people">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambila_people" title="Mambila people">Mambilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_people" title="Mandara people">Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_people" title="Mumuye people">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_people" title="Ogba people">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_people" title="Tera people"> Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_people" title="Tangale people"> Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_people" title="Tarok people">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_people" title="Waja people"> Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak%C3%B6_people" title="Yakö people">Yakö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijebu_people" title="Ijebu people">Ijebu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528981#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528981#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528981#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064230">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119730450">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119730450">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538403505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027755797">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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