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The Effects of Nuclear Weapons - Google Books

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For an explosion in the megaton \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , however\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA37\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA41","page_number":"41","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e from that of fine sand , i.e. , approximately 100 microns in diameter , or smaller , in the more distant portions of the fallout area , to pieces about the size of a marble , i.e. , roughly 1 cm or 0.4 inch in diameter , close to\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA41\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA80","page_number":"80","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e explosion at an altitude of about 250,000 feet and constitutes the main pulse of thermal radiation . The remainder of the thermal energy is radiated so slowly that it can be ignored as a significant effect . 2.122 A qualitative\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA80\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA118","page_number":"118","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e beyond 120 miles from a burst . Downwind of the ozonosphere channel the strike \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of ionospheric signals is extended , whereas it is shortened upwind . Moreover , since most of the blast wave energy is absorbed in passing\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA118\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA127","page_number":"127","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of energies in a simple form . One way of doing this , which will be illustrated below , is to draw curves ... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Thus , cube root scaling may be applied with confidence over a wide \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of explosion energies\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA127\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA132","page_number":"132","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e ) and Fig . 3.67b ( low - pressure \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e ) show the variation of peak overpressure , for a 1 - kiloton air burst , with distance from ground zero as a function of the height of burst . The presence of a pronounced \u0026quot; knee \u0026quot; in the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA132\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA136","page_number":"136","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e as a function of distance from ground zero and height of burst for a 1 KT burst in a standard sea - level atmosphere . The dashed line separates the regular reflection region from the Mach region and indicates where the triple\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA136\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA140","page_number":"140","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e to which a given peak dynamic pressure value extends scale as the cube root of the yield , i.e. , = h d -W1 ... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of 6,000 feet . Solution : The corresponding height of burst for 1 KT is h1 h W 1/3 3,000 = 550 feet\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA140\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA156","page_number":"156","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGES\u003c/b\u003e : SCALING RULES 4.23 The \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e ( or area ) within which a particular type of struc- tural damage is experienced will depend , of course , upon the energy yield of the explosion and the type ( and height ) of burst . As was shown\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA156\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA157","page_number":"157","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e that is larger than is given by the cube root rule for diffraction - type structures . In other words , as the result of a thousand - fold increase in the energy of the explosion , the \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e for a specified damage to a drag\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA157\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA158","page_number":"158","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , the material will recover its original form when the loading is removed . However , if the \u0026quot; stress \u0026quot; produced by the load is sufficiently great , the material passes into the \u0026quot; plastic \u0026quot; \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . In this state the mate- rial\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA158\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA159","page_number":"159","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , although niany common materials can take up large amounts of energy in the plastic \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e before they fail . One of the problems in blast - resistant design , therefore , is to decide how much permanent ( plastic ) deformation\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA159\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA167","page_number":"167","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e from a nuclear detonation . Aircraft that are parked with the nose pointed toward the burst will suffer less damage than those with the tail or either side directed toward the oncoming blast wave . Shielding of one aircraft by\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA167\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA172","page_number":"172","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e scale . give the required solutions for the optimum burst height ; thus , \u003cb\u003eRange\u003c/b\u003e for severe damage - 29,000 feet . Answer . \u003cb\u003eRange\u003c/b\u003e for moderate damage = 34,000 feet . Answer . ( b ) For a surface burst the respective \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e are\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA172\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA174","page_number":"174","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e by three - quarters for Items 1 through 8. For Items 9 , 10 , and 11 , the \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e are the same for a surface burst as for the optimum burst height . Example : Given : A transportation type vehicle ( Item 3 ) . A 10 KT weapon is\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA174\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA176","page_number":"176","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e at which 1 pound per square inch overpressure occurs . For the blast - resistant structure described in Table 4.38a , an overpressure of 10 pounds per square inch should be used to estimate the distance for slight damage . Slight\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA176\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA269","page_number":"269","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e , room heaters , clothes dryers , and water heaters suffered to a moderate extent only . There was some ... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e were probably still usable , although largely buried in debris . The general conclusion is , therefore , that\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA269\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA279","page_number":"279","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e for a given overpressure decreases , with the close - in higher pressures being suppressed more rapidly than lower pressures at longer \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e . CRATER FORMATION AND GROUND SHOCK 6.18 The size of the crater produced by a shallow\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA279\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA285","page_number":"285","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e is increased , auxiliary machinery associated with propulsion of the ship will not suffer as severely , but light interior equipment , especially electronic equipment , will be affected to \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e considerably beyond the limit of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA285\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA302","page_number":"302","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e ) from a 1 - kiloton ex- plosion in deep water . Scaling . For yields other than 1 KT , the \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e to which a given pressure extends is given by D = D1XW1 / 3 , where D is the distance from the explosion for 1 KT and D is the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA302\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA317","page_number":"317","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . 7.04 In an ordinary air burst , roughly 30 to 40 percent of the total energy yield is emitted from the fireball as thermal radiation . There is some evidence that the proportion of thermal energy decreases with increasing yield\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA317\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA319","page_number":"319","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e \u0026quot; or , in brief , as the \u0026quot; visibility \u0026quot; . This is defined as the horizontal dis- tance at which a large dark object on the horizon has just enough con- trast with the surrounding sky to be discernible in daylight . The\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA319\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA333","page_number":"333","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e FROM EXPLOSION ( MILES ) Figure 7.46 . Slant \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e for specified radiant exposures as function of energy yield of the explosion . thermal radiation . Under hazy atmospheric conditions , or in THERMAL RADIATION EFFECTS 333.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA333\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA349","page_number":"349","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e would be destroyed . 7.74 Another contributory factor to the destruction by fire was the failure of the water supply in both Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The pumping stations were not largely affected , but serious damage was\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA349\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA359","page_number":"359","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e explosion at 250,000 feet altitude ( § 2.121 ) . Scaling of the pulse length with respect to the explosion yield is very complex and depends upon a variety of factors . However , the duration of the pulse will probably not be\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA359\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA360","page_number":"360","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e could produce effects on the eye at all distances up to the line of sight permitted by the earth\u0026#39;s curvature ... \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e for various thermal radiation effects . 7.99 If there is no atmospheric attenuation , the thermal 360\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA360\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA362","page_number":"362","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e from about 0.3 to 0.4 , with a mean of about one - third , for air bursts . 7.103 By utilizing the fact that 1 kiloton of TNT is equivalent to 1012 calories and taking ƒ as % , equation ( 7.101.2 ) for an air burst becomes Q ( cal\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA362\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA363","page_number":"363","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , the thermal radiation exposures derived from Fig . 7.105 will be less reliable but in the majority of cases they will be conservative . TRANSMITTANCE 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.2 50 - MILE VISIBILITY 10 - MILE VISIBILITY 0.4\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA363\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA365","page_number":"365","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e FROM EXPLOSION ( MILES ) Figure 7.105 . Radiant exposure as a function of slant \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e from a 1 - kiloton air burst for visibilities of 10 miles and 50 miles . equation en 4 and . Thus , for a surface. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THERMAL\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA365\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA370","page_number":"370","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , that makes them such a significant aspect of nuclear explosions . Although the energy of the initial gamma ... \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e of these two kinds of nuclear weapon radiations may differ widely . For explosions of moderate and large\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA370\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA377","page_number":"377","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e FROM EXPLOSION ( YARDS ) Figure 8.27a . Initial gamma - radiation dose as function of slant \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e from explosion for 1 - kiloton air burst , based on 0.9 sea - level air density . 106 7 400 4 1,000 700 200 2 100 7 GAMMA RAYS 377.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA377\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA379","page_number":"379","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e from the explosion , at which certain specified doses of initial gamma radiation would be received , from air bursts in the energy \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e from 1 kiloton to 10 megatons , can be read off directly . For intermediate doses , the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA379\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA380","page_number":"380","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e FROM EXPLOSION ( YARDS ) Slant \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e for specified initial gamma - ray doses as function of energy yield of the explosion . distance . However , the errors inherent in the available data , as mentioned in §8.27 , are such that\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA380\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA389","page_number":"389","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of distances which are of biological interest . This condition is referred to as an \u0026quot; equilibrium spectrum . \u0026quot; 8.54 The occurrence of an equilibrium spectrum is related to a combination of circumstances which arise during passage\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA389\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA392","page_number":"392","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e FROM EXPLOSION ( YARDS ) Figure 8.61 . Integrated neutron flux as a function of the slant \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e in air of 0.9 sea - level density for a 1 - kiloton explosion . SHIELDING AGAINST NEUTRONS 8.62 Neutron shielding is a different , 392\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA392\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA393","page_number":"393","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e ; this requires a suitable ( inelastic ) scattering material , such as one containing barium or iron . Then , the moderately fast neutrons have to be decelerated ( by elastic scattering ) into the slow \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e by means of an element\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA393\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA405","page_number":"405","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , from several millions down to a fraction of an electron volt . The determination of the complete energy spectrum , either by calculation , which could be done in principle , or by experiment , is virtually impossible . Recourse\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA405\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA406","page_number":"406","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e FROM EXPLOSION ( YARDS ) Figure 8.95 . Threshold detector data as function of slant \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e from explosion . independent of distance from the explosion . A typical equilibrium 406 INITIAL NUCLEAR RADIATION.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA406\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA410","page_number":"410","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e FROM EXPLOSION ( YARDS ) Figure 8.100 . Initial gamma - radiation dose times distance squared as a function of the slant \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . where Rn is a neutron source term related to the explosion yield and An is here the relaxation length\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA410\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA412","page_number":"412","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e FROM EXPLOSION ( YARDS ) Figure 8.103 . Integrated neutron flux times distance squared as a function of the slant \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . HURST , G. S. , \u0026quot; Techniques of Measuring Neutron Spectrum with Threshold Detectors - Tissue Dose\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA412\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA437","page_number":"437","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e from 50 to 70 percent . Values somewhat higher than this are expected from shallow underground bursts , whereas for water surface bursts the value is lower , in the neighborhood of 30 per- cent . Some variability is expected in\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA437\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA442","page_number":"442","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of yields and wind conditions . The choice is determined by the similarity between the yield and wind in the given situation and those in the catalog pattern . The catalog can consist of actual fallout patterns and others\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA442\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA453","page_number":"453","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e at the Eniwetok Proving Grounds . The treatment is based on the 3000 1000 100 10 R / HR تم 100 MILES Figure 9.82a . Idealized unit - time reference dose - rate contours for an 8 - megaton , 50 - percent fission , surface burst\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA453\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA457","page_number":"457","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. KILOTON - \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e EXPLOSIONS 9.89 The basic fallout phenomena associated with a surface burst in the kiloton - energy \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e are essentially the same as for detonations of higher yield . The proportionately smaller\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA457\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA470","page_number":"470","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , \u0026quot; an alpha par- ticle ceases to exist as such . The \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of an alpha particle depends upon its initial energy , but even those from plutonium , which have a fairly high energy , have an average \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of only just over 11⁄2\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA470\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA474","page_number":"474","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. TABLE 9.139 PROTECTION FACTOR \u003cb\u003eRANGES\u003c/b\u003e FOR VARIOUS STRUCTURES Type of structure Underground shelters ... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e 1,000 or greater 250 to 1,000 50 to 250 10 to 50 Central areas of upper floors ( excluding top floor ) of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA474\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA510","page_number":"510","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e , associated with different mech- anisms , will be considered . It should be understood , however , that ... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e centered around an altitude of about 45 miles . Hence most of the subsequent discussions pertain to this\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA510\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA511","page_number":"511","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , the radio- active cloud may rise to heights of more than 20 miles . The gamma radiation is emitted in all directions and although that going down- ward is of little consequence , as stated above , the situation is different for\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA511\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA514","page_number":"514","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Its intensity and location is determined by the location of the fission debris cloud , and the motion of the cloud for bursts in this altitude \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e is quite different from that for detonations at lower altitudes . Immediately\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA514\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA519","page_number":"519","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , an electron density of about 10 ° will extend over a region of radius 100 miles around the burst point , day ... \u003cb\u003eRange\u003c/b\u003e Very - Low - Frequency ( VLF ) . Low - Frequency ( LF ) Medium - Frequency ( MF ) High - Frequency ( HF )\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA519\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA520","page_number":"520","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of 10 to 40 miles . Radar systems , which normally employ the frequency \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of VHF or higher , are treated separately in § 10.64 et seq . VERY - LOW - FREQUENCY \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e 10.51 Signals in the VLF \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e are transmitted by reflection\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA520\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA522","page_number":"522","snippet_text":"... transmission but would not be expected to have any appreciable influence on the normally used ground - wave mode , in the LF and MF \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e of the radio spectrum . THE HIGH - FREQUENCY \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e 10.54 The HF band is 522 RADIO AND RADAR EFFECTS.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA522\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA523","page_number":"523","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. THE HIGH - FREQUENCY \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e 10.54 The HF band is used extensively for long - \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e communica- tions ; the frequencies are high enough to accept information at a rapid rate and yet are sufficiently low to be turned back\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA523\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA525","page_number":"525","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e 10.59 Signals in the VHF \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e are sufficiently penetrating to be able to pierce the normal ionosphere and escape from earth completely . This frequency \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e is primarily used for line - of - sight communica- tions over short\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA525\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA526","page_number":"526","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. ULTRA - HIGH - FREQUENCY \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e AND ABOVE 10.62 Frequencies in the UHF \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e and above are little affected by the electron densities normally occurring in the ionosphere . They are used for point - to - point ( line - of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA526\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA527","page_number":"527","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , i.e. , just as soon as the target return becomes observable against the background noise , even the smallest additional signal loss results directly in shortening of the \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e at which a given target can be detected . A tracking\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA527\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA532","page_number":"532","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e centered about an altitude of about 45 miles . In addition , it has been found that the greatest electron densities accompanying nuclear detonations generally occur at approximately this same altitude . Hence , by confining\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA532\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA535","page_number":"535","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of frequencies ( or wavelengths ) , there is not a single relaxation length ( or absorption coefficient ) , since the latter varies with energy of the photon in accordance with equation ( 7.84.1 ) . To make an order - of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA535\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA542","page_number":"542","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e burst at an altitude from 15 to 40 miles , it is postulated that the cloud rises to a height of 20 miles above the burst height ( § 10.31 ) , and that its radius increases at a rate of 100 miles per hour . In this case , the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA542\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA548","page_number":"548","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of each of the major immediate effects - blast , thermal radiation , and initial nuclear radiation - increases with the explosive yield of the weapon . But the relative importance of the various effects does not remain the same\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA548\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA552","page_number":"552","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of 0.6 mile from ground zero over 50 percent of individuals in Japanese - type homes died of nuclear radiation effects , but such deaths were rare among persons in concrete buildings at the same \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . The effectiveness of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA552\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA561","page_number":"561","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e at which missiles ( and man ) will attain specified velocities for different nuclear explosion yields ... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e for each velocity . In order to deter- mine the velocities for any specified energy yield , the scaling expres\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA561\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA562","page_number":"562","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e for each velocity . ) 7 Scaling . The respective distances scale approximately as follows : ( a ) R≈R1W0.35 and ( b ) R≈R1W0.4 , where R1 is the \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e for a 1 - kiloton explosion , as given in Fig . 11.42 , and R is the \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA562\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA570","page_number":"570","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e in which the energy received is sufficient to cause second - degree flash burns ( at least ) will be potential casualties . Not all will be incapacitated , since many individuals will be protected to some extent from the thermal\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA570\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA572","page_number":"572","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e as far out as 10 miles or more from ground zero . If the atmosphere is hazy , the distances predicted in Fig . 11.63 , especially for the higher energy yields , may be somewhat in excess of the actual distances . They will\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA572\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA573","page_number":"573","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e FROM EXPLOSION ( MILES ) Figure 11.63 . \u003cb\u003eRanges\u003c/b\u003e for first- and second - degree burns as a function of the total energy yield . 11.67 Investigators have reported that in no case , among 1,400 examined , was the thermal radiation\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA573\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA575","page_number":"575","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Consequently , the atmospheric attenuation will be less in the former case in the absence of clouds , and chorioretinal burns may be expected at greater distances from the point of burst for similar energy yields . In order to\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA575\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA576","page_number":"576","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e at night , when the eye is dark adapted , than in daylight ; however , the \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of these effects is highly dependent on atmospheric conditions prevailing at the time of detonation . 11.76 Much of the thermal radiation\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA576\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA580","page_number":"580","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e and for this purpose threshold ( foil type ) detectors are employed . Instruments based on ionization ( §8.57 ) ... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e from 1 to 30. This variation is partly due to errors in determination of absorbed dose and partly to the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA580\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA583","page_number":"583","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e FROM EXPLOSION ( YARDS ) 4,500 Figure 11.91 . Initial gamma - ray and neutron doses as a function of \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e for a 1 - kiloton air burst . EXPLOSION YIELD 10 MT 7 1 MT 700 400 200 NUCLEAR RADIATION INJURY 583.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA583\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA584","page_number":"584","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e FROM EXPLOSION ( YARDS ) Figure 11.93 . \u003cb\u003eRanges\u003c/b\u003e for total doses of 100 , 500 , and 1,000 rems of initial nuclear radiation as a function of the energy yield . so it is regarded as being acute . On the 584 EFFECTS ON PERSONNEL.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA584\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA589","page_number":"589","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Attempts in the past have been made to relate particular symptoms to certain narrow \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e of exposure ; however , the data are incomplete and associated with many complicating factors that make interpretation difficult . For\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA589\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA590","page_number":"590","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e under consideration , is that on the hemato- poietic tissue , i.e. , of the organs concerned with the formation of blood . An important manifestation of the changes in the functioning of these organs is leukopenia , that is , a\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA590\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA591","page_number":"591","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. 100 to 1,000 rems Therapeutic \u003cb\u003erange Range\u003c/b\u003e 0 to 100 rems Subclinical \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e 100 to 200 rems 200 to 600 rems Clinical surveillance Therapy effective TABLE 11.111 SUMMARY OF CLINICAL EFFECTS OF ACUTE IONIZING RADIATION\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA591\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA592","page_number":"592","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of from 25 to 100 rems over the whole body will produce nothing other than blood changes . These changes do not usually occur below this \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e and are not produced consistently at doses below 50 rems . Disabling sickness does not\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA592\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA595","page_number":"595","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e from 1,000 to roughly 5,000 rems , it is the gastrointestinal system which exhibits the earliest severe clinical effects . There is the usual vomiting and nausea followed , in more or less rapid succession , by prostration\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA595\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA597","page_number":"597","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of 200 to 400 rems . Whereas the response in these cells is rapid , the red cell count shows little or no change for several days . Subsequently , there is a decrease which may continue for 2 or 3 weeks , followed by a gradual\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA597\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA620","page_number":"620","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of 37 to 600 rads , the mutation frequency increases in proportion to the radiation dose received by the gonads . However , a large dose of radiation does not mean that the resulting mutations will be more harmful than for a\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA620\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA630","page_number":"630","snippet_text":"... -100 REMS 100 REMS O 10 MILES FROM GROUND ZERO Figure 12.08 . Idealized \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e for effects of air burst with the heights of burst optimized to give the maximum \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e for each individual effect . 630 PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA630\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA631","page_number":"631","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e and for high - altitude bursts of megaton weapons , this distance may be as much as several hundred miles ... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , beyond which casualties will be small for an air burst , is at 1 pound per square inch ( or the limit for\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA631\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA632","page_number":"632","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e would be reduced to roughly three - fourths and the second - degree burn \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e to about four - fifths of those shown in Fig . 12.08 . However , there would be early fallout which might cover very extensive areas , from about 7\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA632\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA638","page_number":"638","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e is three - quarters that for an air burst of the same yield . TABLE 12.21 MAXIMUM \u003cb\u003eRANGES\u003c/b\u003e FROM GROUND ZERO FOR STRUCTURAL DAMAGE FROM AIR BURSTS * Wall - bearing , masonry building , Explosion yield 1 KT 10 KT 100 KT 1 MT 10 MT\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA638\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA639","page_number":"639","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. Peak Wind TABLE 12.22a DAMAGE \u003cb\u003eRANGES\u003c/b\u003e FOR 20 - KT TYPICAL AIR BURST Positive Peak Peak Phase Dynamic Over- \u003cb\u003eRange\u003c/b\u003e from Velocity Duration Pressure Pressure Ground ( mph ) ( sec ) ( psi ) ( psi ) Zero 2 Light damage to\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA639\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA640","page_number":"640","snippet_text":"Samuel Glasstone. Peak Wind TABLE 12.22b DAMAGE \u003cb\u003eRANGES\u003c/b\u003e FOR 1 - MT TYPICAL AIR BURST Positive Peak Peak Phase Dynamic Over- \u003cb\u003eRange\u003c/b\u003e from Velocity Duration Pressure Pressure Ground ( mph ) ( sec ) ( psi ) ( psi ) Zero 10 Light damage to\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA640\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA645","page_number":"645","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Time ( seconds ) . TABLE 12.34 TIME TO SECOND THERMAL MAXIMUM 1 KT 0.03 10 KT 0. 1 Explosion yield 100 KT 0.3 1 MT 1. 0 10 MT 3. 2 12.35 . The major part of the thermal radiation travels in straight lines , and so any opaque\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA645\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA666","page_number":"666","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e from a very small to a large chemical explosion or it may be a series of small explosions . The breakage of a weapon due to impact or to a small explosion will proba- bly result in scattering of small pieces of high explosive\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA666\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA679","page_number":"679","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e .. Christmas Island area . First air drop Reggan 25/4/61 Tower . Small . U.S.S.R. NUCLEAR DETONATIONS Date ... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Kiloton \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Kiloton \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Monte Bello Islands . Woomera Woomera . Tower . Kiloton \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e .. Kiloton\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA679\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA680","page_number":"680","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Arctic 27/2/58 Megaton \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Arctic .. 27/2/58 Large ... Arctic .. 14/3/58 Below megaton \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Arctic . 14/3/58 Below megaton \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Arctic .. 15/3/58 Below megaton \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . Arctic . 20/3/58 Small Arctic 21/3/58 Siberia This\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA680\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA691","page_number":"691","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of uncertainty of the data . ) ELECTROMAGNETIC ( RADIO ) SIGNAL C.30 The electromagnetic pulse , with frequencies lying mainly in the \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of 10 to 15 kilocycles , which results from the asymmetric emission of gamma rays\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA691\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA692","page_number":"692","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e as the pulse signal from a nuclear explosion . Close to the point of burst the characteristics of the elec- tromagnetic signal are different from those caused by lightning , but at distances over 600 miles away they are\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA692\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA693","page_number":"693","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e and a sufficiently low false - alarm rate to be useful in a space detection system . BACKSCATTER RADAR An C.34 High - altitude nuclear explosions can produce changes in the electron density of the ionosphere which may persist for\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA693\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA694","page_number":"694","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of the phase anomaly method is estimated roughly as several million miles from a 1 - megaton unshielded explosion . IONOSONDE MEASUREMENTS C.37 The \u0026quot; ionosonde \u0026quot; is an instrument which is basically a vertical incidence radar for\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA694\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA696","page_number":"696","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of detection would be decreased by as much as a factor of 250 , reducing the esti- mated \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e to 4 million miles . Improvements of the detecting instruments may provide a partial compensation for the effect of shielding . GAMMA\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA696\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA697","page_number":"697","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e of detection is only about 100,000 miles for 1 megaton . BETA PARTICLES C.46 A procedure of somewhat limited ... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e is believed to be independent of the explosion , the \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e for 1 to 10 kiloton detonations would be\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA697\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA698","page_number":"698","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRange\u003c/b\u003e in Miles Unshielded Shielded ** 200 , 000 a · 2 , 000 , 000 a 6 , 000 , 000 60 , ~ 10 , 000 ~ 10 , 000 ~ 10 , 000 \u0026gt; 1 , 000 \u0026gt; 200 , 000 a 2 , 000 , 000 a 000–600 , 000 \u0026#39; ~ 1,000 ~ 1,000 ~ 1,000 \u0026gt; 1 , 000 6 , 000 , 000 60 , 000–600\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA698\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA703","page_number":"703","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e : The stress \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e in which a material will recover its original form when the force ( or loading ) is removed . Elastic deformation refers to dimensional changes occurring within the elastic \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e . See Plastic \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA703\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA710","page_number":"710","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRANGE\u003c/b\u003e : The stress \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e in which a material will not fail when subjected to the action of a force , but will not recover completely , so that a permanent deformation results when the force is removed . Plastic deformation refers to\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA710\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA718","page_number":"718","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , 8.03 , 9.132 RBE , 11.86 sources , 1.62 , 2.41 , 8.01 Biological effectiveness , relative ( RBE ) , 11.82 Biological half - time , 11.162 Bikini tests , see ABLE , BAKER Blackout , radio , see Radio Blast ( and Blast wave )\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA718\u0026vq=range"},{"page_id":"PA728","page_number":"728","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eranges\u003c/b\u003e , 4.58- 4.61 , 12.19-12.22 , see also Damage ; Loading buried , 4.40-4.42 , 6.56-6.62 closed , 4.80-4.84 ... \u003cb\u003erange\u003c/b\u003e , 12.13 effects , summary , 12.16 fallout , 2.23-2.31 , see also Fallout fireball , 2.03-2.05 ground roll\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Ovu108BraNUC\u0026pg=PA728\u0026vq=range"}],"search_query_escaped":"range"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>

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