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January 31, 1945 Private Eddie Slovik became the first American soldier since the Civil War to be executed for desertion. | WWII | Command Posts
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Schmidt told this to Lieutenant Griffin, who talked to the accused and the accused in turn gave him the green slip (R 15). The lieutenant called S-1 of the 109<sup>th</sup> Infantry, and in about an hour and a half a sergeant came over and picked up the accused and took him back with him (R 15).</p> <p>Prosecution’s Exhibit 4, the green slip, is as follows:</p> <p><span id="more-23006"></span></p> <p>“I Pvt. Eddie D. Slovik #36896415 confess to the desertion of the United States Army. At the time of my desertion we were in the Albuff in France. I come to Albuff as a replacement. They were shilling the town and we were told to dig in for the night. The flowing morning they were shilling us again. I was so scared nerves and trembling that at the time the other replacements moved out I couldn’t move. I then walked in town. Not seeing any of our troops so I stayed over night at a French hospital. The next morning I turned myself over to the Canadian Provost Corp. After being with them six weeks I was turned over to American M.P. They turned me lose. I told my commanding officer my story. I said that if I had to go out their again I’d run away. He said their was nothing he could do for me so I ran away again and I’ll run away again if I have to go out their.</p></blockquote> <p>From<em> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0312352220/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0312352220&linkCode=as2&tag=command-20">Execution: The Guillotine, the Pendulum, the Thousand Cuts, the Spanish Donkey, and 66 Other Ways of Putting Someone to Death</a></em><img style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=command-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0312352220" alt="" width="1" height="1" border="0"/> by Geoffrey Abbott:</p> <blockquote><p>During the Second World War 2,864 soldiers were tried by General Courts Martial, 49 being sentenced to death. They were all reprieved, their sentences being commuted to varying terms of imprisonment, but it was obviously felt that an example had to be made in Slovik’s case, and all appeals for clemency were denied.</p> <p>Accordingly, on 31 January 1945, in the little village of St Marie aux Mines in eastern France, an execution site was found, a large garden surrounded by walls seven and a half feet high, ideally suitable for the grim purpose. A barrier of thick and heavy wooden boards, six feet square, was constructed, to be fixed behind the prisoner, in order to absorb the impact of the bullets from the rifles then in use, the M-1 rifle, a bullet from which could kill a man two miles away.</p> <p>A six-inch-square post was embedded deep in the snow-covered ground, and into the back of it, at shoulder height, was driven a long nail, its purpose being to stop the straps and the body they supported from slipping down the post after the execution. Twelve expert marksmen were chosen from the condemned man’s regiment, their general reaction being that of disbelief, for death by firing squad was unheard of. One reportedly asked his captain how he could get out of the detail, only to be told drily: Not unless you want to take his place!’</p> <p>The general consensus of opinion, however, was that, in a war situation as savage as the one they were at that very time engaged in, deserters exposed their comrades to even greater risks, so little sympathy was generally felt towards the condemned man.</p> <p>The morning of the execution was bitterly cold, heavy snow having fallen. The rifles were issued, one loaded with a blank, though the traditional reason for this was nullified, for the M-1 rifle automatically ejected the cartridge case of a live round after firing, but not that of a blank round.</p> <p>The victim’s hands having been tied with parachute cords, he was then secured to the post. Straps and further cords around his shoulders, knees and ankles held him upright. After prayers had been said, the black hood was drawn over his head. On the dread orders being given, the guns spoke, their voices echoing across the snow-clad hills, and Slovik’s body jolted with the multiple impacts.</p> <p>Eleven bullets had struck him, yet not one had pierced his heart, probably due to nervousness among the squad members. It is one thing to fire at one of the enemy who is endeavouring to shoot you; it is entirely different to fire at an unarmed and shrouded fellow soldier standing motionless only yards away.</p> <p>The failure could also be attributed to the fact that, probably in the belief that trained marksmen needed no aim to be pointed out on a human body, no target had been pinned over Slovik’s heart. And so several moments elapsed, too few for the coup de grace, too many for the victim, before death was finally pronounced.</p> <p>He was buried in the Oise-Aisne American Cemetery alongside the graves of 95 other disgraced American soldiers who had been hanged for violent crimes in the European Theatre of Operations during the war. But after many appeals, the efforts of an ex-army veteran, Bernard Calka, proved successful, and on 11 July 1987 the body of Edward Slovik was brought home and laid to rest beside that of his loving wife Antoinette, in Woodmere Cemetery, Detroit.</p></blockquote> <p>Additional documents below include legal documents, accounts of the execution, and letters from years later, defending the final decision to execute Private Slovik, including one from President Richard Nixon.</p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-1/" rel="attachment wp-att-23029"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23029" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-1-654x951.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="951"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-2/" rel="attachment wp-att-23030"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23030" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-2-654x951.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="951"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-3/" rel="attachment wp-att-23031"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23031" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-3-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-4/" rel="attachment wp-att-23032"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23032" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-4-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-5/" rel="attachment wp-att-23033"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23033" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-5-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-6/" rel="attachment wp-att-23034"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23034" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-6-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-7/" rel="attachment wp-att-23035"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23035" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-7-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-8/" rel="attachment wp-att-23036"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23036" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-8-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-9/" rel="attachment wp-att-23037"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23037" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-9-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-10/" rel="attachment wp-att-23038"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23038" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-10-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-11/" rel="attachment wp-att-23039"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23039" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-11-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-12/" rel="attachment wp-att-23040"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23040" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-12-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-13/" rel="attachment wp-att-23041"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23041" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-13-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-14/" rel="attachment wp-att-23042"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23042" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-14-654x945.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="945"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-15/" rel="attachment wp-att-23043"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23043" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-15-654x916.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="916"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-01/" rel="attachment wp-att-23007"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23007" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-01-654x947.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="947"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-02/" rel="attachment wp-att-23008"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23008" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-02-654x947.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="947"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-03/" rel="attachment wp-att-23009"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23009" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-03-654x947.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="947"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-04/" rel="attachment wp-att-23010"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23010" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-04-654x947.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="947"/></a></p> <p>Report of Execution by Shooting</p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-25/" rel="attachment wp-att-23046"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23046" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-25-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-26/" rel="attachment wp-att-23047"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23047" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-26-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-27/" rel="attachment wp-att-23048"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23048" title="Eddie Slovik" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-27-654x835.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="835"/></a></p> <p>Letters</p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-richard-nixon-letter-2/" rel="attachment wp-att-23023"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23023" title="Eddie Slovik Richard Nixon letter" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-Richard-Nixon-letter-2-654x818.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="818"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-richard-nixon-letter-3/" rel="attachment wp-att-23024"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23024" title="Eddie Slovik Richard Nixon letter" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-Richard-Nixon-letter-3-654x818.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="818"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-letter-1/" rel="attachment wp-att-23021"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23021" title="Eddie Slovik Letter " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-Letter-1-654x803.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="803"/></a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/2013/01/january-31-1945-the-execution-of-private-eddie-slovik/eddie-slovik-letter-2/" rel="attachment wp-att-23022"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-23022" title="Eddie Slovik Letter" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Eddie-Slovik-Letter-2-654x803.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="803"/></a></p> <div class="buy-buttons"></div> <img class="post-end" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/post-end.jpg" alt="Symbol"/> </div> <!-- <div class="post-inner"> --> </div> <!-- <div class="post-content"> --> <div class="post-footer"> <div class="post-inner"> <div class="post-footerwrap"> <div class="post-footerleft"> <p><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/comments_icon.png" alt="Comments"/> <span class="capitals"><a 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jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: jQuery(skip).offset().top }, 1000); }else{ jQuery('#comments').hide(); jQuery('#author-blurb').show(); } jQuery('a.comment-link').click(function(){ jQuery('#comments').show(); jQuery('#author-blurb').hide(); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: jQuery("#comments").offset().top }, 500); }); jQuery('.close-comments a').click(function(){ jQuery('#comments').hide(); jQuery('#author-blurb').show(); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: jQuery("#author-blurb").offset().top }, 500); }) }); </script> <div class="author-blurb"><h1>Callie Oettinger</h1><div class="author-photo"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/userphoto/2.jpg" alt="Callie Oettinger" width="72" height="86" class="photo"/></div><div class="author-bio">Callie Oettinger was Command Posts' first managing editor. Her interest in military history, policy and fiction took root when she was a kid, traveling and living the life of an Army Brat, and continues today.</div></div> <!-- <div class="author-blurb"> --><p class="more-by-authors">Read other articles by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/callie/" title="Posts by Callie Oettinger">Callie Oettinger</a>.</p> <div id="comments"> <!-- You can start editing here. --> <!-- If comments are closed. --> <p class="nocomments">Comments are closed.</p> </div> <!-- <div id="comments"> --> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <!-- <div id="single-post-page"> --> <ul id="sidebar-4"> <li id="connect-4"> <!-- HR signup --> <div id="sigunupwrppr"> <div id="signupcopy"> Join the <em>History Reader</em> mailing list for new content! </div> <div id="signup"> <form name="frmSubscribe" id="frmSubscribe" method="post" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://us.macmillan.com/newslettersandalerts.aspx"> <input type="checkbox" name="chkList" id="Checkbox2" value="18584194"/> <span class="signupmain">Yes, please sign me up to receive the St. Martin’s History newsletter and other information from Macmillan and its partners.</span> <div class="formleft"> <span class="field_labels">First Name</span> <input name="txtFirstName" type="text" class="signupbox" id="lblFirstName" value=""/> </div> <div class="formleft"> <span class="field_labels">Last Name</span> <input name="txtLastName" type="text" class="signupbox" id="lblLastName" value=""/> </div> <div class="formleft"> <span class="field_labels">E-mail </span> <input name="txtEmail" type="text" class="signupbox" id="txtEmail" value=""/> </div> <div class="formright"> <span class="field_labels">Birth Month</span> <select id="cboAgeMonth" name="cboAgeMonth" style="width: 80px;"> <option selected="selected"></option> <option value="1">January</option> <option value="2">February</option> <option value="3">March</option> <option value="4">April</option> <option value="5">May</option> <option value="6">June</option> <option value="7">July</option> <option value="8">August</option> <option value="9">September</option> <option value="10">October</option> <option value="11">November</option> <option value="12">December</option> </select> <span class="field_labels">Birth Year</span> <input name="cboAgeYear" type="text" class="zipbox" id="cboAgeYear" onkeypress="if(event.keyCode < 48 || event.keyCode > 57) if(event.keyCode != 45) event.returnValue = false;" size="5" maxlength="4"/> </div> <div class="formleft"> <span class="field_labels">Postal Code</span> <input name="txtPostalCode" type="text" class="signupbox" id="txtPostalCode" value=""/> <input type="hidden" name="confirmationpageurl" id="Hidden1" value="http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/themes/commandposts/historythanks.html"/> </div> <div class="formbtn"> <input name="Submit" type="submit" class="input" value="Join The List"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> <!-- end HR signup --> <li id="special-contributors"> <ul> <li> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/special-contributors.jpg" alt="Special Contributors"/></a> </li> <li> <dl> <dd class="contributor-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/walter-j-boyne/"><img height="86px" width="86px" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/userphoto/walter-boyne.jpg" alt="Special Contributor"/></a></dd> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/walter-j-boyne/">Walter Boyne</a></dt> <dd>Retired Air Force Colonel; former director, National Air and Space Museum; National Aviation Hall of Fame.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dd class="contributor-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/dalton-fury/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/userphoto/dalton-fury.jpg" alt="Special Contributor"/></a></dd> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/dalton-fury/">Dalton Fury</a></dt> <dd>Former Delta officer Dalton Fury was the ground force commander at the Battle of Tora Bora.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dd class="contributor-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/phil-keith/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/userphoto/phil-keith.jpg" alt="Special Contributor"/></a></dd> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/phil-keith/">Phil Keith</a></dt> <dd>Naval aviator, Vietnam Vet; author, consultant, columnist, and visiting professor, RISD, Providence.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dd class="contributor-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/csasser/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/userphoto/csasser.jpg" alt="Special Contributor"/></a></dd> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/csasser/">Charles W. Sasser</a></dt> <dd>A decorated Vietnam veteran and Green Beret, and author of more than fifty books.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dd class="contributor-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/jean-sasson/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/userphoto/jean-sasson.jpg" alt="Special Contributor"/></a></dd> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/jean-sasson/">Jean Sasson</a></dt> <dd>An international best-selling author, Jean Sasson's literary loves are history and travel.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dd class="contributor-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/cvanwinkle/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/uploads/userphoto/cvanwinkle.jpg" alt="Special Contributor"/></a></dd> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/author/cvanwinkle/">Clint VanWinkle</a></dt> <dd>Marine Corps veteran and author.</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="focus-on"> <ul> <li> <a class="focus-on-features" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/focus-on-features.jpg" alt="Focus On Features"/></a> </li> <li> <dl> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/command-posts-salutes/">Command Posts Salutes</a></dt> <dd>Honoring Our Heros</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/command-posts-salutes/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/command-posts-salutes.jpg" alt="Command Posts Salutes"/></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/special-operations-teams/">Special Operations</a></dt> <dd>Videos, Pictures, Articles, and Original Documents</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/special-operations-teams/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/special-operations-teams.jpg" alt="Special Operations Teams"/></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/intel/">Intel</a></dt> <dd>Videos, Pictures, Articles, and Original Documents</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/intel/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/intel.jpg" alt="Intel"/></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/commander-in-chief-series/">Commander in Chief</a></dt> <dd>U.S. Presidents and the Military</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/commander-in-chief-series/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/commander-in-chief.jpg" alt="Commander in Chief"/></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/growing-up-military/">Growing Up Military</a></dt> <dd>Honoring Military Families</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/growing-up-military/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/growing-up-military.jpg" alt="Growing Up Military"/></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/focus-on/reels-and-highlights/">Reels and Highlights</a></dt> <dd>Articles, Pictures, and Videos from the Past</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/reels-and-highlights/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/reels-and-highlights.jpg" alt="Reels and Highlights"/></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/fiction-fridays/">Fiction Fridays</a></dt> <dd>Excerpts from upcoming fiction books—from intel thrillers to historic fiction</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/fiction-fridays/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/fiction.jpg" alt="Fiction"/></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/armed-sources/">Armed Sources</a></dt> <dd>Reviews and Behind-the Scenes Intel about Military Publishing</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/armed-sources/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205im_/http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/armed-sources.jpg" alt="Armed Sources"/></a></dd> </dl> </li> <li> <ul class="small-entries left-col"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/revolutionary-war/">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/war-of-1812/">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/mexican-american-war/">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/civil-war/">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/moro-wars/">Moro Wars</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/wwi/">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/wwii/">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/korean-war/">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/cold-war/">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/vietnam-war/">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/persian-gulf-war/">Persian Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/war-on-terror/">War on Terror</a></li> </ul> <ul class="small-entries right-col"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/china/">China</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/cuba/">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/eqypt/">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/grenada/">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/haiti/">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/iran/">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/iraq/">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/libya/">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/north-korea/">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/russia/">Russia</a></li> <li class="clear"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/syria/">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/somalia/">Somalia</a></li> <li class="clear"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/turkey/">Turkey</a></li> <li class="clear"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/uganda/">Uganda</a></li> <li class="clear"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060205/http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/yugoslavia/">Yugoslavia</a></li> </ul> <!-- <dl> <dt><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/historic-battles/">Historic Battles</a></dt> <dd>Videos, Pictures, Articles, and Original Documents</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/historic-battles/"><img src="http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/historic-battles.jpg" alt="Historic Battles" /></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/9-11/">9/11</a></dt> <dd>History and analysis from the past 10 years</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/9-11/"><img src="http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/9-11.jpg" alt="9/11" /></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/policy-series/">Policy</a></dt> <dd>Videos, Pictures, Articles, and Original Documents</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/policy-series/"><img src="http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/policy.jpg" alt="Policy" /></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/by-land/">By Land</a></dt> <dd>Videos, Pictures, Articles, and Original Documents</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/by-land/"><img src="http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/by-land.jpg" alt="By Land" /></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/by-air/">By Air</a></dt> <dd>Videos, Pictures, Articles, and Original Documents</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/by-air/"><img src="http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/by-air.jpg" alt="By Air" /></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/by-sea/">By Sea</a></dt> <dd>Videos, Pictures, Articles, and Original Documents</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/by-sea/"><img src="http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/by-sea.jpg" alt="By Sea" /></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/conspirators-and-turncoats/">Conspirators And Turncoats</a></dt> <dd>Videos, Pictures, Articles, and Original Documents</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/conspirators-and-turncoats/"><img src="http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/conspirators-and-turncoats.jpg" alt="Conspirators and Turncoats" /></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/hardware/">Hardware</a></dt> <dd>Videos, Pictures, Articles, and Original Documents</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/hardware/"><img src="http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/hardware.jpg" alt="Hardware" /></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/athletes/">Athletes</a></dt> <dd>Athletes and the Armed Forces</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/athletes/"><img src="http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/athletes.jpg" alt="Athletes" /></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/food/">Food</a></dt> <dd>The role of Food in the Military</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/food/"><img src="http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/food.jpg" alt="Food" /></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/field-notes/">Field Notes</a></dt> <dd>Behind the Scenes in Military Publishing</dd> <dd class="category-thumb"><a href="http://www.commandposts.com/category/focus-on/field-notes/"><img src="http://www.commandposts.com/wp-content/images/focus-on/field-notes.jpg" alt="Field Notes" 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