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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pirate_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pirate_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pirate attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pirate_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuelan_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuelan_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Venezuelan Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuelan_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolation_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolation_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Isolation period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolation_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_of_the_bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_of_the_bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Building of the bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_of_the_bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Colleges and universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>International schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums,_cultural_centers_and_theaters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums,_cultural_centers_and_theaters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Museums, cultural centers and theaters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums,_cultural_centers_and_theaters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Twin towns – Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maracaibo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ماراكايبو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماراكايبو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakaywu" title="Marakaywu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Marakaywu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B" title="মারাকাইবো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মারাকাইবো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Маракайба (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маракайба (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Маракайбо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маракайбо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Маракайбо – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Маракайбо" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%90%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF" title="Μαρακαΐμπο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρακαΐμπο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakajbo" title="Marakajbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marakajbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ماراکایبو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماراکایبو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%9D%BC%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%B3%B4" title="마라카이보 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마라카이보" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Մարակայբո (քաղաք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարակայբո (քաղաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B" title="माराकाइबो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माराकाइबो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Маракайбо (сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Маракайбо (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95" title="מרקאיבו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרקאיבו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D" title="მარაკაიბო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარაკაიბო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Маракайбо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маракайбо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Маракайбо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маракайбо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakaibo" title="Marakaibo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marakaibo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakaibas" title="Marakaibas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marakaibas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B" title="माराकाईबो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माराकाईबो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ماراكايبو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماراكايبو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Маракайба – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Маракайба" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Маракайбо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Маракайбо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9C" title="マラカイボ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マラカイボ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE_(%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Маракайбо (гӀала) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Маракайбо (гӀала)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakaibo" title="Marakaibo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marakaibo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B" title="ਮਾਰਾਕਾਈਬੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਾਕਾਈਬੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakaypu" title="Marakaypu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Marakaypu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Маракайбо (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маракайбо (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Маракаибо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маракаибо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Маракайбо – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Маракайбо" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A" title="มาราไกโบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาราไกโบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Маракайбо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маракайбо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ماراکایبو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماراکایبو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakaibo_(lidn)" title="Marakaibo (lidn) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Marakaibo (lidn)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakaaya" title="Marakaaya – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Marakaaya" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Maracaibo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%BC%80%E6%B3%A2" title="马拉开波 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马拉开波" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%BC%80%E6%B3%A2" title="马拉开波 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马拉开波" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maracaibo&params=10_38_N_71_38_W_region:VE-V_type:city(2658355)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°38′N</span> <span class="longitude">71°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.633°N 71.633°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.633; -71.633</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the adjacent water body by the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Maracaibo (disambiguation)">Maracaibo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Maracay" title="Maracay">Maracay</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Maracaibo" title="Special:EditPage/Maracaibo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Maracaibo%22">"Maracaibo"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Maracaibo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Maracaibo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Maracaibo%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Maracaibo%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Maracaibo%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Municipality in Zulia, Venezuela</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Maracaibo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Municipality</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg/288px-Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg/432px-Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg/576px-Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3358" data-file-height="1178" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="border:1;;height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_the_chinita_on_the_night_of_the_Nazarene_procession.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Basilica_of_the_chinita_on_the_night_of_the_Nazarene_procession.jpg/142px-Basilica_of_the_chinita_on_the_night_of_the_Nazarene_procession.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Basilica_of_the_chinita_on_the_night_of_the_Nazarene_procession.jpg/213px-Basilica_of_the_chinita_on_the_night_of_the_Nazarene_procession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Basilica_of_the_chinita_on_the_night_of_the_Nazarene_procession.jpg/284px-Basilica_of_the_chinita_on_the_night_of_the_Nazarene_procession.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="border:1;;height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puente_de_Maracaibo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Puente_de_Maracaibo.jpg/142px-Puente_de_Maracaibo.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Puente_de_Maracaibo.jpg/213px-Puente_de_Maracaibo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Puente_de_Maracaibo.jpg/284px-Puente_de_Maracaibo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div style="border:1;;height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_Maracaibo_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Panoramic_view_of_Maracaibo_5.jpg/148px-Panoramic_view_of_Maracaibo_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Panoramic_view_of_Maracaibo_5.jpg/222px-Panoramic_view_of_Maracaibo_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Panoramic_view_of_Maracaibo_5.jpg/296px-Panoramic_view_of_Maracaibo_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11723" data-file-height="7261" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="border:1;;height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_Carabobo,_Maracaibo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Calle_Carabobo%2C_Maracaibo.jpg/136px-Calle_Carabobo%2C_Maracaibo.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Calle_Carabobo%2C_Maracaibo.jpg/204px-Calle_Carabobo%2C_Maracaibo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Calle_Carabobo%2C_Maracaibo.jpg/272px-Calle_Carabobo%2C_Maracaibo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3674" data-file-height="2477" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">(From top, left to right) Panorama of downtown area; Maracaibo Cathedral; Lake Maracaibo and Rafael Urdaneta Bridge; Urdaneta Museum; Carabobo Street</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_de_Maracaibo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Maracaibo"><img alt="Flag of Maracaibo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bandera_de_Maracaibo.svg/100px-Bandera_de_Maracaibo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bandera_de_Maracaibo.svg/150px-Bandera_de_Maracaibo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bandera_de_Maracaibo.svg/200px-Bandera_de_Maracaibo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Maracaibo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Maracaibo"><img alt="Official seal of Maracaibo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Escudo_de_Maracaibo.svg/70px-Escudo_de_Maracaibo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Escudo_de_Maracaibo.svg/105px-Escudo_de_Maracaibo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Escudo_de_Maracaibo.svg/140px-Escudo_de_Maracaibo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="1119" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"La Tierra del Sol Amada"<br />(English: <span lang="en">"The Beloved Land of the Sun"</span>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"<i>Muy noble y leal</i>"<br />(English: "Very noble and loyal")</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_location_map_(%2Bclaimed).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maracaibo is located in Venezuela"><img alt="Maracaibo is located in Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Venezuela_location_map_%28%2Bclaimed%29.svg/250px-Venezuela_location_map_%28%2Bclaimed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Venezuela_location_map_%28%2Bclaimed%29.svg/375px-Venezuela_location_map_%28%2Bclaimed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Venezuela_location_map_%28%2Bclaimed%29.svg/500px-Venezuela_location_map_%28%2Bclaimed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="1479" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.476%;left:12.609%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Maracaibo"><img alt="Maracaibo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Maracaibo</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maracaibo&params=10_38_N_71_38_W_region:VE-V_type:city(2658355)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°38′N</span> <span class="longitude">71°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.633°N 71.633°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.633; -71.633</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1701" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">(1) 8 September 1529, (2) 1569, (3) 1574</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Alf%C3%ADnger" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosio Alfínger">Ambrosio Alfínger</a> (1529), Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alonso_Pacheco_(conquistador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alonso Pacheco (conquistador) (page does not exist)">Alonso Pacheco</a> (1569), Captain Pedro Maldonado (1574)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Alcaldía de Maracaibo</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Ram%C3%ADrez_Colina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Ramírez Colina (page does not exist)">Rafael Ramírez Colina</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,393 km<sup>2</sup> (538 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 m (20 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Municipality</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,658,355</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">2nd</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-metro_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,278,448</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Marabin, Maracaibero(a), Maracucho(a)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Standard_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Standard Time Zone">VET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal code of China">Postal coded</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">4001, 4002, 4003, 4004, 4005</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Venezuela" title="Telephone numbers in Venezuela">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">261</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">VE-V</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">BSh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maracaibo.gob.ve/">www<wbr />.maracaibo<wbr />.gob<wbr />.ve</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171632#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">The area and population figures refer to the municipality of Maracaibo.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Maracaibo</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MARR</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">KY</span>-boh</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[maɾaˈkajβo]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/55\/ES-pe_-_Maracaibo.ogg\/ES-pe_-_Maracaibo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ES-pe - Maracaibo.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/ES-pe_-_Maracaibo.ogg/ES-pe_-_Maracaibo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Maracaibo.ogg" title="File:ES-pe - Maracaibo.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Wayuu_language" title="Wayuu language">Wayuu</a>: <i lang="guc">Marakaaya</i>) is a city and municipality in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, on the western shore of the strait that connects <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela_by_population" title="List of cities in Venezuela by population">the second-largest city</a> in Venezuela,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the national capital, <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, and the capital of the state of <a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia</a>. The population of the city is approximately 2,658,355<sup id="cite_ref-urban_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urban-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> estimated at 5,278,448 as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-metro_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maracaibo is nicknamed "The Beloved Land of the Sun" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">La Tierra del Sol Amada</i>). </p><p>Maracaibo is considered the economic center of western Venezuela, owing to the petroleum industry that developed in the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a>. It is sometimes known as "The First City of Venezuela", for being the first city in Venezuela to adopt various types of public services, including electricity, as well as for being located in the shores of Lake Maracaibo, where the name of Venezuela allegedly originates.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early indigenous settlements around the area were of <a href="/wiki/Arawaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawaks">Arawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Carib</a> origin. Maracaibo's founding date is disputed. There were failed attempts to found the city—in 1529, by Captain <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Ehinger" title="Ambrosius Ehinger">Ambrosio Ehinger</a>, and in 1569, by Captain Alonso Pacheco. Founded in 1574 as Nueva Zamora de la Laguna de Maracaibo by Captain Pedro Maldonado, the city became a transshipment point for inland settlements after <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar,_Venezuela" title="Gibraltar, Venezuela">Gibraltar</a>, at the head of the lake, had been destroyed by pirates in 1669. It was not until the first decades of the 17th century that the first town was settled.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petroleum was discovered in 1917, leading to a large increase in population from migration. </p><p>Maracaibo is served by <a href="/wiki/La_Chinita_International_Airport" title="La Chinita International Airport">La Chinita International Airport</a>. The <a href="/wiki/General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge" title="General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge">General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge</a> connects Maracaibo to the rest of the country. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Maracaibo" title="Special:EditPage/Maracaibo">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Maracaibo%22">"Maracaibo"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Maracaibo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Maracaibo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Maracaibo%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Maracaibo%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Maracaibo%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The name Maracaibo is said to derive from the brave <i><a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">cacique</a></i> (indigenous chief) Mara, a young native who valiantly resisted the Spaniards and died fighting them. </p><p>Legend says that when Mara fell, the Coquivacoa shouted "<i>Mara cayó!</i>" ("<i>Mara fell!</i>"), thus originating the city name—although it would be strange for them to shout in Spanish. Other historians say that the first name of this land in the local language was "Maara-iwo" meaning "Place where serpents abound". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Maracaibo" title="Special:EditPage/Maracaibo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Maracaibo%22">"Maracaibo"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Maracaibo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Maracaibo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Maracaibo%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Maracaibo%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Maracaibo%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_New_Zamora_of_Maracaibo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_New_Zamora_of_Maracaibo.svg/170px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_New_Zamora_of_Maracaibo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_New_Zamora_of_Maracaibo.svg/255px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_New_Zamora_of_Maracaibo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_New_Zamora_of_Maracaibo.svg/340px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_New_Zamora_of_Maracaibo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>First version of coat of arms with royal elements, according to <i>Discrezión de la laguna de la ciudad de Maracaibo</i> in <a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first indigenous settlements were of <a href="/wiki/Arawaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawaks">Arawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Carib</a> origin. Around the main group were the <a href="/wiki/Paraujano_language" title="Paraujano language">Añu</a> tribe who built rows of <a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">stilt houses</a> all over the northern riviera of Lake Maracaibo.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Europeans arrived in 1499. </p><p>The city was founded three times: the first time was during the <a href="/wiki/Klein-Venedig" title="Klein-Venedig">Klein-Venedig</a> period (1528–1546), when the <a href="/wiki/Welser" class="mw-redirect" title="Welser">Welser</a> bankers of <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> received a concession over <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Province" title="Venezuela Province">Venezuela Province</a> from <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I of Spain</a>. In August 1529, the German <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Ehinger" title="Ambrosius Ehinger">Ambrosius Ehinger</a> made his first expedition to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a>, which was bitterly opposed by the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Coquivacoa" title="Coquivacoa">Coquivacoa</a>. After winning a series of bloody battles, he founded the settlement on 8 September 1529. Ehinger named the settlement New Nuremberg (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Neu-Nürnberg</i>) and the lake after the valiant <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">chieftain</a> Mara of the Coquivacoa, who had died in the fighting. The city was renamed Maracaibo after the Spanish took possession.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of activity in the zone made <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a> evacuate the village in 1535 and move its population to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a> near the then capital of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Province" title="Venezuela Province">Venezuela Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_de_Coro" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Ana de Coro">Santa Ana de Coro</a>. </p><p>A second attempt by Captain Alonso Pacheco in 1569 suffered a brief setback when the city had to be evacuated in 1573 due to ferocious attacks by native local tribes. The European settlement returned a short while later, in 1574, however, for which it was re-founded by Captain Pedro Maldonado under Governor <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a>'s command and assuming the name of Nueva Zamora de Maracaibo. "Nueva Zamora" comes from Mazariego's place of birth, Zamora, in Spain. Since its definite foundation, the town began to develop as a whole. It is based on the western side of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a>, the dominant feature of the oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo_Basin" title="Maracaibo Basin">Maracaibo Basin</a>. Favored by prevailing winds and a protected harbour, the city is located on the shores of the lake where the narrows, which eventually lead to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a>, first become pronounced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pirate_attacks">Pirate attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pirate attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Castillo_San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_12.jpg/220px-Castillo_San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Castillo_San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_12.jpg/330px-Castillo_San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Castillo_San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_12.jpg/440px-Castillo_San_Carlos_de_la_Barra_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3518" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>San Carlos de la Barra Castle, Spanish fort guarding the entry to Lake Maracaibo</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch corsair <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_de_Gerard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henrik de Gerard (page does not exist)">Henrik de Gerard</a> plundered Maracaibo in 1614, and in 1642 the city was attacked by the British pirate <a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(pirate)" title="William Jackson (pirate)">William Jackson</a>. In 1667, <a href="/wiki/L%27Olonnais" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Olonnais">l'Olonnais</a> with a fleet of eight ships and a crew of six hundred pirates sacked Maracaibo and Gibraltar. En route, l'Olonnais crossed paths with a Spanish treasure ship, which he captured, along with its rich cargo of <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cacao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a> and more than 260,000 <a href="/wiki/Pieces_of_eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieces of eight">pieces of eight</a>. </p><p>In March 1669, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_raid_on_Lake_Maracaibo" title="Henry Morgan's raid on Lake Maracaibo">sacked Maracaibo</a>, which emptied when his fleet was first spied, and moved on to the Spanish settlement of Gibraltar on the inside of Lake Maracaibo in search of more treasure. A few weeks later, when he attempted to sail out of the lake, Morgan found an occupied fort blocking the inlet to the Caribbean, along with three Spanish ships. These were the <i>Magdalena</i>, the <i>San Luis</i>, and the <i>Soledad</i>. He destroyed the Magdalena and burned the San Luis by sending a dummy ship full of gunpowder to explode near them, after which the crew of the <i>Soledad</i> surrendered. By faking a landward attack on the fort, thereby convincing the Spanish governor to shift his cannon, he eluded their guns and escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1678, <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a>, the French commander of six ships and 700 men, captured Maracaibo then followed the plundering of several smaller towns as <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar,_Venezuela" title="Gibraltar, Venezuela">Gibraltar</a>, penetrating as far inland as <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Trujillo" title="Trujillo, Trujillo">Trujillo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuelan_Independence">Venezuelan Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Venezuelan Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_del_Lago_de_Maracaibo_1823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Batalla_del_Lago_de_Maracaibo_1823.jpg/220px-Batalla_del_Lago_de_Maracaibo_1823.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Batalla_del_Lago_de_Maracaibo_1823.jpg/330px-Batalla_del_Lago_de_Maracaibo_1823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Batalla_del_Lago_de_Maracaibo_1823.jpg/440px-Batalla_del_Lago_de_Maracaibo_1823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the Battle of Lake Maracaibo</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1810, the province of Maracaibo did not join the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="First Republic of Venezuela">First Republic of Venezuela</a> and remained loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish crown</a>. Maracaibo then held the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General of Venezuela</a>. </p><p>In 1821, uprisings in favor of independence began to lead to warfare and hostility. The <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalist (Spanish American Revolution)">royalists</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Tom%C3%A1s_Morales" title="Francisco Tomás Morales">Francisco Tomás Morales</a>, fought with the patriots, led by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Urdaneta" title="Rafael Urdaneta">Rafael Urdaneta</a>, to take back control over the province in the Juana de Ávila Battle, and Morales brought back Spanish rule in 1822 until he was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Maracaibo" title="Battle of Lake Maracaibo">Battle of Lake Maracaibo</a> on 24 July 1823, culminating Venezuela's struggle for independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolation_period">Isolation period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Isolation period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For about 380 years, Maracaibo remained isolated and separated from the rest of the country. Transportation to the area was possible through the lake via boats and ferries. Commerce and culture flowed between Maracaibo and the Caribbean Sea, particularly the Dutch Antilles, Colombian coastal cities, Cuba, Hispaniola and later on Miami, New York and Hamburg. </p><p>This isolation from the rest of Venezuela was both a challenge and an advantage. The very nature of the city's location made for a population known for their independent thought and character. The history of this region is rife with stories about the creation of an independent and sovereign nation apart from Venezuela, a nation called <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La República Independiente del Zulia</i></span>, 'the Independent Republic of Zulia', but this has never come to be. </p><p>Come the 20th century, cars, buses, and lorries, with their constant flow of manufactured goods and agricultural product to and from the city port, depended on ferry services between the city and the eastern shore which was poorly connected to the country's motorway system. Maracaibo and the Lake Maracaibo region's economy was more linked to <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and the Caribbean than to eastern Venezuela due to the natural route available through Lake Maracaibo then leading to the sea. </p><p>In January 1903, as the naval blockade of Venezuela continued during the negotiations with presidente <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro">Cipriano Castro</a>, the German warship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Panther" title="SMS Panther">SMS <i>Panther</i></a> attempted to enter <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a>, which was a center of German commercial activity. On 17 January, it exchanged fire with the settlement of Fort San Carlos, but withdrew after half an hour, as shallow waters prevented it getting close enough to the fort to be effective. The Venezuelans claimed this as a victory, and in response the German commander sent the <a href="/wiki/SMS_Vineta" title="SMS Vineta">SMS <i>Vineta</i></a>, with heavier weapons, to set an example. On 21 January, the <i>Vineta</i> bombarded the fort, setting fire to it and destroying it, with the death of 25 civilians in the nearby town. </p><p>In 1908, the <i>Friesland</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/HNLMS_Gelderland_(1898)" title="HNLMS Gelderland (1898)">Gelderland</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/HNLMS_Jacob_van_Heemskerck_(1906)" title="HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck (1906)">Jacob van Heemskerck</a></i> were sent to patrol the Venezuelan coast during the <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro">second Castro crisis</a>. <i>Friesland</i> guarded the entry way to Maracaibo.<sup id="cite_ref-scheepvaartmuseum.nl_::_Maritieme_kalender_1908_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheepvaartmuseum.nl_::_Maritieme_kalender_1908-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_of_the_bridge">Building of the bridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Building of the bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_in_Maracaibo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_in_Maracaibo.jpg/220px-Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_in_Maracaibo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_in_Maracaibo.jpg/330px-Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_in_Maracaibo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_in_Maracaibo.jpg/440px-Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_in_Maracaibo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3899" data-file-height="2537" /></a><figcaption>Maracaibo Lake Bridge</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Maracaibo" title="Special:EditPage/Maracaibo">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The dictatorial regime of General <a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Marcos Pérez Jiménez</a> in the 1950s set as a goal the construction of a bridge connecting the two lake shores. Various bridge projects for the spanning of the Lake Maracaibo narrows near the city were in the works. The general's government had decided that this "city of independent thought" should be more "connected" to the rest of the country. </p><p>Proposals for a bridge design that included rail transport and tourist facilities were seriously considered. The fall of the Pérez Jiménez regime on January 23, 1958, quickly led to a less elaborate design project that was approved and funded by a democratic and more financially responsible government. </p><p>The building of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">El Puente sobre el Lago de Maracaibo "General Rafael Urdaneta"</i></span> ('<a href="/wiki/General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge" title="General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge">General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge</a> over Lake Maracaibo') named after the distinguished general and war of independence <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Urdaneta" title="Rafael Urdaneta">hero</a> was opened to public traffic in 1962 connecting the city to its opposite shore neighbors and the rest of the country through a new system of highways. The project was completed on schedule in 40 months. </p><p>This bridge construction project was a remarkable feat. Built under very difficult conditions, when completed, it became the longest prestressed concrete bridge in the world. The structure is in constant use and remains today as the most important link between Maracaibo, along with much of the state of Zulia, and the rest of Venezuela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro_Baralt_I.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Teatro_Baralt_I.JPG/220px-Teatro_Baralt_I.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Teatro_Baralt_I.JPG/330px-Teatro_Baralt_I.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Teatro_Baralt_I.JPG/440px-Teatro_Baralt_I.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Exterior of Baralt Theatre</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Pons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François de Pons (page does not exist)">François de Pons</a>, an agent to the French government in Caracas, provides some historical insight into the people of Maracaibo in his travel journal (<a href="#CITEREFde_Pons1806">de Pons 1806</a>). The following excerpts describe the local population of Maracaibo: </p> <dl><dd>"They perform coasting, or long voyages, with equal facility; and when all trade is suspended by the operations of war, they enter privateers. Bred up in the neighbourhood of the lake, they are mostly all expert swimmers and excellent divers. Their reputation stands equally high as soldiers. Those who do not enter into the sea service, form plantations, or assist in cultivating those that belong to their fathers. Nothing proves better their aptitude for this kind of occupation, than the immense flocks of cattle with which the savannas of Maracaybo  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] are covered."</dd></dl> <p>He also notes the appreciation of literature, the arts, education, and culture among the people of Maracaibo: </p> <dl><dd>"But what confers the greatest honour on the inhabitants of Maracaibo, is their application to literature; in which, notwithstanding the wretched state of public education, they make considerable progress....They likewise acquired the art of elocution, and of writing their mother tongue with the greatest purity; in a word, they possessed all the qualities that characterise men of letters."</dd></dl> <p>Maracaibo has become a large metropolitan city, comprising two municipalities: the municipality of Maracaibo proper, and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Municipality,_Zulia" title="San Francisco Municipality, Zulia">municipality of San Francisco</a>, established in 1995, to the south. In recent years, due to political/economic and cultural reasons, many have moved to Maracaibo from rural areas and other cities (including <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>). </p><p>Maracaibo also boasts one of the best universities in the country, the state university, <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Zulia" title="University of Zulia">La Universidad del Zulia</a></i> (LUZ) is well renowned for its excellent law, medical and engineering schools as many other disciplines. Other universities and schools include <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Dr._Rafael_Belloso_Chac%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Dr. Rafael Belloso Chacín">Universidad Dr. Rafael Belloso Chacín</a> (URBE) and <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Rafael_Urdaneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Rafael Urdaneta">Universidad Rafael Urdaneta</a>, with one of the country's leading psychology schools. However, recent political instability has led to the decline of the universidad.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Diocese of Maracaibo (23 July 1965) was elevated to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Maracaibo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maracaibo">Archdiocese</a> on 30 April 1966 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paulus_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Paulus VI">Pope Paulus VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maracaibo was visited by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since November 2000, its Archbishop has been <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubaldo_Ram%C3%B3n_Santana_Sequera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubaldo Ramón Santana Sequera (page does not exist)">Ubaldo Ramón Santana Sequera</a>. </p><p>In 2019, power outages and widespread poverty caused a citywide wave of violence and looting,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in mass emigration, most of which was headed to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zulia's main income comes from oil extraction and refining, agriculture (coffee, rice, maize, cassava, cocoa, sugar cane), livestock production, and mining (clay, limestone, coal and sand<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The municipality of Maracaibo is divided into 18 parishes as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 500px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Municipios_de_Maracaibo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Municipios_de_Maracaibo.svg/500px-Municipios_de_Maracaibo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="472" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Municipios_de_Maracaibo.svg/750px-Municipios_de_Maracaibo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Municipios_de_Maracaibo.svg/1000px-Municipios_de_Maracaibo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="619" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:256.5px; top:104.5px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idelfonso_V%C3%A1squez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idelfonso Vásquez (page does not exist)">Idelfonso Vásquez</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:69px; top:85.75px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venancio_Pulgar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venancio Pulgar (page does not exist)">Venancio Pulgar</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:100.25px; top:210.75px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Borjas_Romero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Borjas Romero (page does not exist)">Antonio Borjas<br />Romero</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:25.25px; top:273.25px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Isidro,_Maracaibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Isidro, Maracaibo (page does not exist)">San Isidro</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:181.5px; top:335.75px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Eugenio_Bustamante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Eugenio Bustamante (page does not exist)">Francisco<br />Eugenio <br /> Bustamante</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:225.25px; top:429.5px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Hurtado_Higuera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Hurtado Higuera (page does not exist)">Luis Hurtado <br /> Higuera</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:312.75px; top:388.875px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Dagnino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Dagnino (page does not exist)">Manuel <br />Dagnino</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:381.5px; top:367px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristo_de_Aranza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristo de Aranza (page does not exist)">Cristo <br />de Aranza</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:306.5px; top:332.625px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecilio_Acosta,_Maracaibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecilio Acosta, Maracaibo (page does not exist)">Cecilio <br />Acosta</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:319px; top:284.5px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cacique_Mara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cacique Mara (page does not exist)">Cacique <br />Mara</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:275.25px; top:245.125px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%BAl_Leoni,_Maracaibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raúl Leoni, Maracaibo (page does not exist)">Raúl <br />Leoni</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:272.125px; top:192px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caracciolo_Parra_P%C3%A9rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caracciolo Parra Pérez (page does not exist)"><small>Caracciolo<br />Parra<br />Pérez</small></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:343.375px; top:254.5px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiquinquir%C3%A1,_Maracaibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiquinquirá, Maracaibo (page does not exist)"><small>Chiquinquirá</small></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:362.75px; top:142px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juana_de_%C3%81vila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juana de Ávila (page does not exist)"><small>Juana <br />de <br />Ávila</small></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:403.375px; top:160.75px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coquivacoa,_Maracaibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coquivacoa, Maracaibo (page does not exist)">Coquivacoa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:409.625px; top:223.25px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olegario_Villalobos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olegario Villalobos (page does not exist)">Olegario<br /> Villalobos</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:422.125px; top:322px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bol%C3%ADvar,_Maracaibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolívar, Maracaibo (page does not exist)"><small>Bolívar</small></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:444px; top:279.5px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Luc%C3%ADa,_Maracaibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Lucía, Maracaibo (page does not exist)">Santa<br />Lucía</a></div> </div> </td> <td> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float: left;" class="sortable"> <caption>Political Territorial Division of Maracaibo </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parroquia </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Antonio Borjas Romero </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bol%C3%ADvar,_Maracaibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolívar, Maracaibo (page does not exist)">Bolívar</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Cacique Mara </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caracciolo_Parra_P%C3%A9rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caracciolo Parra Pérez (page does not exist)">Caracciolo Parra Pérez</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecilio_Acosta,_Maracaibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecilio Acosta, Maracaibo (page does not exist)">Cecilio Acosta</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Chiquinquirá </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Coquivacoa </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Cristo de Aranza </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Francisco Eugenio Bustamante </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Idelfonso Vásquez </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Juana de Ávila </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Luis Hurtado Higuera </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Manuel Dagnino </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Olegario Villalobos </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%BAl_Leoni,_Maracaibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raúl Leoni, Maracaibo (page does not exist)">Raúl Leoni</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>San Isidro </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>Santa Rosalía </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venancio_Pulgar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venancio Pulgar (page does not exist)">Venancio Pulgar</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Venancio Pulgar</li><li>Idelfonso Vázquez</li><li>Coquivacoa</li><li>Barrio 18 de Octubre</li><li>Juana de Ávila</li><li>El Naranjal</li><li>San Jacinto (La Marina)</li><li>Mara Norte</li><li>La Trinidad</li><li>Las Tarabas</li><li>La Estrella</li><li>Maracaibo I</li><li>Maracaibo II</li><li>Lago Mar Beach</li><li>Antonio Borjas Romero</li><li>San Isidro</li><li>Francisco Eugenio Bustamante</li><li>San Rafael</li><li>Ziruma</li><li>San Miguel</li><li>Luis Hurtado Higuera</li><li>Manuel Dagnino</li><li>Cristo de Aranza</li><li>Cecilio Acosta</li><li>Cacique Mara</li><li>El Amparo</li><li>Raúl Leoni</li><li>Caracciolo Parra Pérez</li><li>Los Olivos</li><li>Chiquinquirá</li><li>Santa Lucía</li><li>Santa Rosa</li><li>Bolívar</li><li>Bella Vista</li><li>Historic zone of Maracaibo</li><li>El Saladillo</li><li>Isla Dorada</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maracaibo is one of the hottest cities in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and all of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> as well. The <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a> gives the city a <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen climate classification system">Köppen</a>: <i>BSh</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attenuated only by the moderating influence of the lake; Maracaibo's average historical temperature is 29 °C (84.2 °F). In the past, the climate of the city, indeed all along the coast of Lake Maracaibo, was unhealthy due to the combination of high temperatures with high humidity. Today, control of plagues and the effects of urban development has largely eradicated these health problems. The registered high temperature of the city is 43.6 °C (110.5 °F), and the lowest is 18.8 °C (65.8 °F). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Maracaibo (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4<br />(102.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8<br />(103.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6<br />(103.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4<br />(102.9) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2<br />(108.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.9<br />(103.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.2<br />(108.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(0.23) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(0.14) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(0.45) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.1<br />(1.62) </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.5<br />(3.37) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.6<br />(1.91) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3<br />(1.23) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.1<br />(2.76) </td> <td style="background: #4EFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114.9<br />(4.52) </td> <td style="background: #47FF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122.9<br />(4.84) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.3<br />(3.24) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(1.25) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">649.3<br />(25.56) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000E4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">266.6 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.8 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.9 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.0 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.8 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.9 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">232.5 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.0 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.9 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.0 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238.7 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,611.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (humidity 1970–1998)<sup id="cite_ref-clima-t_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clima-t-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clima-tm_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clima-tm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rectoradoluz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rectoradoluz.jpg/170px-Rectoradoluz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rectoradoluz.jpg/255px-Rectoradoluz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rectoradoluz.jpg/340px-Rectoradoluz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Main Building of the University of Zulia (LUZ)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several universities are based in the city: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_del_Zulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad del Zulia">Universidad del Zulia</a> - (LUZ)</li> <li>Nacional Experimental de la Fuerza Armada UNEFA</li> <li>Universidad Rafael Belloso Chacín - (URBE)</li> <li>Universidad Rafael Urdaneta</li> <li>Universidad Católica Cecilio Acosta</li> <li>Universidad Dr. José Gregorio Hernández</li> <li>Universidad Bolivariano de Venezuela sede Zulia</li> <li>Universidad Nacional Abierta (UNA) Centro Local Zulia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_schools">International schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: International schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Bella_Vista" title="Escuela Bella Vista">Escuela Bella Vista</a> (American school)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colegio_Alem%C3%A1n_de_Maracaibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colegio Alemán de Maracaibo (page does not exist)">Colegio Alemán de Maracaibo</a>, formerly Colegio Alemán del Zulia (German school)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JPPachenchoRomero-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/JPPachenchoRomero-16.jpg/220px-JPPachenchoRomero-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/JPPachenchoRomero-16.jpg/330px-JPPachenchoRomero-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/JPPachenchoRomero-16.jpg/440px-JPPachenchoRomero-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Jos%C3%A9_Pachencho_Romero" title="Estadio José Pachencho Romero">Estadio José Pachencho Romero</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the regionalistic nature of Marabinos, they strongly support their native teams. Maracaibo, and the rest of Zulia, are represented in <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81guilas_del_Zulia" title="Águilas del Zulia">Águilas del Zulia</a>, a Venezuelan winter league team that plays in the <a href="/wiki/Liga_Venezolana_de_B%C3%A9isbol_Profesional" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Venezolana de Béisbol Profesional">Liga Venezolana de Béisbol Profesional</a>, and is based in the <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Luis_Aparicio_El_Grande" title="Estadio Luis Aparicio El Grande">Estadio Luis Aparicio El Grande</a>. The city's <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> team is <a href="/wiki/Gaiteros_del_Zulia" title="Gaiteros del Zulia">Gaiteros del Zulia</a>, which plays in the <a href="/wiki/Liga_Profesional_de_Baloncesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Profesional de Baloncesto">Liga Profesional de Baloncesto</a> de Venezuela. Its home is the 5.000-people <i>Pedro Elías Belisario Aponte</i> stadium. Other teams include the <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Atl%C3%A9tico_Maracaibo" title="Unión Atlético Maracaibo">Unión Atlético Maracaibo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zulia_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulia FC">Zulia FC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Football_(soccer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (soccer)">football</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo_Rugby_Football_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maracaibo Rugby Football Club (page does not exist)">Maracaibo Rugby Football Club</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulianos_Rugby_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zulianos Rugby Club (page does not exist)">Zulianos Rugby Club</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2000_Little_League_World_Series" title="2000 Little League World Series">2000 Little League World Series</a>, the Sierra Maestra Little League of Maracaibo, Venezuela defeated Bellaire Little League of Bellaire, Texas in the championship game of the 54th Little League World Series. The Coquivocoa Little League team from Maracaibo placed third in the <a href="/wiki/1974_Little_League_World_Series" title="1974 Little League World Series">1974 Little League World Series</a>. </p><p>Rugby in Venezuela was first played in Maracaibo, thanks to the influence of the English community based on the <a href="/wiki/Zulia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulia State">Zulia State</a> </p><p>Team: </p> <ul><li>Baseball: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81guilas_del_Zulia" title="Águilas del Zulia">Águilas del Zulia</a> BBC.</li> <li>Basketball: <a href="/wiki/Gaiteros_del_Zulia" title="Gaiteros del Zulia">Gaiteros del Zulia</a></li> <li>Soccer: <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Atl%C3%A9tico_Maracaibo" title="Unión Atlético Maracaibo">Unión Atlético Maracaibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulia_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulia FC">Zulia FC</a></li> <li>Rugby: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo_Rugby_Football_Club_%22Oil_Blacks%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maracaibo Rugby Football Club "Oil Blacks" (page does not exist)">Maracaibo Rugby Football Club "Oil Blacks"</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulianos_Rugby_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zulianos Rugby Club (page does not exist)">Zulianos Rugby Club</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_la_Chinita_I.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monumento_a_la_Chinita_I.JPG/220px-Monumento_a_la_Chinita_I.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monumento_a_la_Chinita_I.JPG/330px-Monumento_a_la_Chinita_I.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monumento_a_la_Chinita_I.JPG/440px-Monumento_a_la_Chinita_I.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4796" data-file-height="2099" /></a><figcaption>Monument of Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá</figcaption></figure> <p>Culture in Maracaibo maintains strong Indigenous influences, from its <a href="/wiki/Gaita_(music_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaita (music style)">gaitas</a>, desserts, style, and other customs. Most major houses of advertising in Venezuela acknowledge how different the culture of Maracaibo is from that of Caracas. Studies of both prove, for example, that Caracas' leading soft drink brand is <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coke</a>, while in Maracaibo it is <a href="/wiki/Pepsi" title="Pepsi">Pepsi</a>. This has made many brands create special localized advertising of their products (including several Pepsi commercials spoken by local celebrities).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Gaita is a style of Venezuelan folk music from Maracaibo. According to <a href="/wiki/Joan_Corominas" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Corominas">Joan Corominas</a>, it may come from gaits, the Gothic word for "goat", which is the skin generally used for the membrane of the "furro" instrument. Other instruments used in gaita include maracas, cuatro, charrasca and tambora (Venezuelan drum). Song themes range from humorous and love songs to protest songs.The style became popular throughout Venezuela in the 1960s, and it fused with other styles such as salsa and merengue in the 1970s. Famous gaita groups include Maracaibo 15, Gran Coquivacoa, Barrio Obrero, Cardenales del Éxito, Koquimba, Melody Gaita, Guaco, Estrellas del Zulia, Saladillo, and many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums,_cultural_centers_and_theaters"><span id="Museums.2C_cultural_centers_and_theaters"></span>Museums, cultural centers and theaters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Museums, cultural centers and theaters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_de_arte_de_Maracaibo_L%C3%ADa_Berm%C3%BAdez_detalle_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Centro_de_arte_de_Maracaibo_L%C3%ADa_Berm%C3%BAdez_detalle_exterior.jpg/170px-Centro_de_arte_de_Maracaibo_L%C3%ADa_Berm%C3%BAdez_detalle_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Centro_de_arte_de_Maracaibo_L%C3%ADa_Berm%C3%BAdez_detalle_exterior.jpg/255px-Centro_de_arte_de_Maracaibo_L%C3%ADa_Berm%C3%BAdez_detalle_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Centro_de_arte_de_Maracaibo_L%C3%ADa_Berm%C3%BAdez_detalle_exterior.jpg/340px-Centro_de_arte_de_Maracaibo_L%C3%ADa_Berm%C3%BAdez_detalle_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Maracaibo's Lía Bermúdez Art Centre</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Zulia Contemporary Art Museum (MACZUL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Rafael_Urdaneta" class="mw-redirect" title="General Rafael Urdaneta">General Rafael Urdaneta</a> Museum</li> <li>"Balmiro León" Municipal Graphic Arts Museum</li> <li>Maracaibo's Fine Arts Centre</li> <li>Maracaibo's "<a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADa_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Lía Bermúdez">Lía Bermúdez</a>" Art Centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baralt_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Baralt Theater">Baralt Theatre</a></li> <li>Museum of Gaita</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Public Library of Zulia</li> <li>"Arturo Uslar Pietri" Public Library</li> <li>"Dr. Pedro Alciro Barboza de la Torre" Library</li> <li>"Simón Palmar" Public Library</li> <li>Biblioteca Pública "Luís Guillermo Pineda Belloso" (De carácter público, bilingüe y circulante)</li> <li>"Pedagógica" Specialized Public Library</li> <li>"SEDINI" Specialized Public Library</li> <li>"Dr. Nectario Andrade Labarca" Private Library</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cafe_en_Venezuela" class="extiw" title="es:El Cafe en Venezuela">Tito Abbo, Jr.</a> - coffee trader, entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilyer_Abreu" title="Wilyer Abreu">Wilyer Abreu</a> - baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teolindo_Acosta" title="Teolindo Acosta">Teolindo Acosta</a> - baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Andr%C3%A9s_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José Andrés Martínez">José Andrés Martínez</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - professional MLS soccer player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaco" title="Guaco">Gustavo Aguado</a> - musician, singer and leader of Guaco music band</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Aguirre" title="Ricardo Aguirre">Ricardo Aguirre</a> - composer and singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Alvarado" title="Daniel Alvarado">Daniel Alvarado</a> - singer and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_%C3%81lvarez" title="Wilson Álvarez">Wilson Álvarez</a> - Major League Baseball left-handed pitcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Aparicio_(baseball)" title="Ernesto Aparicio (baseball)">Ernesto Aparicio</a> - former shortstop in Venezuelan League Baseball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Aparicio" title="Luis Aparicio">Luis Aparicio</a> - shortstop, Major League Baseball Hall of Fame</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Maria_Baralt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Maria Baralt">Rafael Maria Baralt</a> - diplomat, writer, philologist, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Barboza" title="Jessica Barboza">Jessica Barboza</a> Schmidt - model and beauty pageant</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Barboza" class="extiw" title="es:Omar Barboza"> Omar Barboza</a>- politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huascar_Barradas" class="mw-redirect" title="Huascar Barradas">Huascar Barradas</a> - flutist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Belasco" title="Lionel Belasco">Lionel Belasco</a> - pianist, composer and bandleader, best known for his calypso recordings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marisela_Berti" title="Marisela Berti">Marisela Berti</a> - actress, singer, show host and beauty queen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bracho" title="José Bracho">José Bracho</a> - baseball pitcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvino_Bracho" title="Silvino Bracho">Silvino Bracho</a> - baseball pitcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bri%C3%B1ez" title="Antonio Briñez">Antonio Briñez</a> - first manager to win a National Amateur Baseball championship to Venezuela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Calca%C3%B1o" title="María Calcaño">María Calcaño</a> - poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Casanova" title="José Antonio Casanova">José Antonio Casanova</a> - baseball player and team manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Castellano_Jr." title="Abel Castellano Jr.">Abel Castellano Jr.</a> - jockey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Castellano" title="Javier Castellano">Javier Castellano</a> - jockey <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Award" title="Eclipse Award">Eclipse Award</a> 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016. Hall of Fame</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Castillo" title="Leopoldo Castillo">Leopoldo Castillo</a> - journalist. TV host</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Chac%C3%ADn" title="Gustavo Chacín">Gustavo Chacín</a> - baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Chourio" title="Jackson Chourio">Jackson Chourio</a> - baseball player</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Chumaceiro" class="extiw" title="es:Fernando Chumaceiro">Fernando Chumaceiro</a> - Lawyer and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johana_Clavel" title="Johana Clavel">Johana Clavel</a> - cook and entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Contreras_(baseball)" title="Luis Contreras (baseball)">Luis Contreras</a> - baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Correa" title="Gilberto Correa">Gilberto Correa</a> - TV host</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cubillan" class="mw-redirect" title="David Cubillan">David Cubillan</a> - basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquinquir%C3%A1_Delgado" title="Chiquinquirá Delgado">Chiquinquirá Delgado</a> - actress and TV host</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_D%C3%ADaz" title="Elías Díaz">Elías Díaz</a> - MLB baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xabier_Elorriaga" title="Xabier Elorriaga">Xabier Elorriaga</a>- actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclio_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Heraclio Fernández">Heraclio Fernández</a> - pianist and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupita_Ferrer" title="Lupita Ferrer">Lupita Ferrer</a> - actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fuenmayor" title="Juan Fuenmayor">Juan Fuenmayor</a> - soccer player</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Gogorza_Lechuga" class="extiw" title="es:Manuel Gogorza Lechuga">Manuel Gogorza</a>- military</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betulio_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Betulio González">Betulio González</a> - boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(baseball)" title="Carlos González (baseball)">Carlos González</a> - baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geremi_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Geremi González">Geremi González</a> - Major League Baseball player for several teams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%C3%81rraga" title="Inés González Árraga">Inés González Árraga</a> - chemist and former political prisoner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(fencer)" title="Mariana González (fencer)">Mariana González Parra</a> - fencer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulises_Hadjis" title="Ulises Hadjis">Ulises Hadjis</a>- singer-songwriter and multi instrumentalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(director)" title="Alejandro Hernández (director)">Alejandro Hernández</a> - Internet comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Herrera_(baseball)" title="Jonathan Herrera (baseball)">Jonathan Herrera</a> - baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmer_Herrison" title="Wilmer Herrison">Wilmer Herrison</a> - painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ender_Inciarte" title="Ender Inciarte">Ender Inciarte</a> - MLB baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Larreal" title="Daniela Larreal">Daniela Larreal</a> - cyclist sprinter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninibeth_Leal" title="Ninibeth Leal">Ninibeth Leal</a> - Miss Venezuela World 1991, <a href="/wiki/Miss_World_1991" title="Miss World 1991">Miss World 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulio_Enrique_Le%C3%B3n" title="Tulio Enrique León">Tulio Enrique León</a> - blind organist, composer, and arranger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sandy León">Sandy León</a> - MLB baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_L%C3%B3pez_Bustamante" title="Carlos López Bustamante">Carlos López Bustamante</a> - journalist, known for his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Juan Vicente Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_L%C3%B3pez_Bustamante" title="Eduardo López Bustamante">Eduardo López Bustamante</a> - journalist, lawyer, and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_L%C3%B3pez_Bustamante" title="Teresa López Bustamante">Teresa López Bustamante</a> - journalist, founder of the Catholic Venezuelan newspaper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_L%C3%B3pez_Rivas" title="Eduardo López Rivas">Eduardo López Rivas</a> - editor and journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_L%C3%BCckert_Le%C3%B3n" title="Roberto Lückert León">Roberto Lückert León</a> - Roman Catholic prelate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Cecilia_Lugo" title="Betty Cecilia Lugo">Betty Cecilia Lugo</a> - Philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Machado" title="Julio Machado">Julio Machado</a> - Major League Baseball <a href="/wiki/Pitcher" title="Pitcher">pitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ram%C3%ADrez_MacGregor" title="Carlos Ramírez MacGregor">Carlos Ramírez MacGregor</a> - journalist, politician and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Marcucci" title="Domingo Marcucci">Domingo Marcucci</a> - shipbuilder and shipowner in San Francisco, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Mayz_Vallenilla" title="Ernesto Mayz Vallenilla">Ernesto Mayz Vallenilla</a> - philosopher, rector of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_University_(Venezuela)" title="Simón Bolívar University (Venezuela)">Simón Bolívar University (Venezuela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Molero" title="Armando Molero">Armando Molero</a> - songwriter</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Molina_Tamayo" class="extiw" title="es:Carlos Molina Tamayo">Carlos Molina Tamayo</a> - navy militar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Montaner" title="Ricardo Montaner">Ricardo Montaner</a> - Venezuelan musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Maria_Montiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen Maria Montiel">Carmen Maria Montiel</a> - Miss Venezuela 1984, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_1984" title="Miss Universe 1984">Miss Universe 1984</a> 2nd runner-up</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Caridad-Montero" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Caridad-Montero">Carlos Caridad-Montero</a> - film producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Mor%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Humberto Fernández Morán">Humberto Fernández Morán</a> - research scientist, founded <a href="/wiki/IVIC" class="mw-redirect" title="IVIC">the Venezuelan scientific research institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Morillo" title="Lila Morillo">Lila Morillo</a> - actress and singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ochoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Ochoa">Francisco Ochoa</a> - first President of the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_del_Zulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad del Zulia">Universidad del Zulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rougned_Odor" title="Rougned Odor">Rougned Odor</a> - MLB baseball player</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Parra_Luzardo" class="extiw" title="es:Gastón Parra Luzardo">Gastón Parra Luzardo</a>- Economist president of <a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a> in 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Parra" title="Gerardo Parra">Gerardo Parra</a>- MLB baseball player</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Luis_Perez_Luzardo" class="extiw" title="es:Nestor Luis Perez Luzardo">Nestor Perez Luzardo</a>- lawyer and singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Pirela" title="Felipe Pirela">Felipe Pirela</a>- singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Pocock" title="Nick Pocock">Nick Pocock</a> - former cricketer, ex-captain of <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club" title="Hampshire County Cricket Club">Hampshire County Cricket Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_%C3%81lvarez_Paz" title="Oswaldo Álvarez Paz">Oswaldo Álvarez Paz</a> - First elected Governor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Rafael_Reif" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Rafael Reif">L. Rafael Reif</a> - <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineer">electrical engineer</a> and the 17th President of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graciela_Rinc%C3%B3n_Calca%C3%B1o" title="Graciela Rincón Calcaño">Graciela Rincón Calcaño</a> - poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Romero" title="Rafael Romero">Rafael Romero</a> Sandrea - track and field athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sarcos" title="Daniel Sarcos">Daniel Sarcos</a> - <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a> TV host</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Savarino" title="Jefferson Savarino">Jefferson Savarino</a> - footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Monica Spear">Monica Spear</a> - Miss Venezuela 2004, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_2005" title="Miss Universe 2005">Miss Universe 2005</a> 4th runner-up, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Urdaneta" title="Orlando Urdaneta">Orlando Urdaneta</a> - actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Urdaneta" title="Rafael Urdaneta">Rafael Urdaneta</a> - hero of the Latin American war for independence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Urdaneta" title="Vivian Urdaneta">Vivian Urdaneta</a> - Miss Venezuela International 2000, Miss International 2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Van_Dalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Van Dalen">Patricia Van Dalen</a> - painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Patricia Velásquez">Patricia Velásquez</a> - actress and international top model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Villalobos" title="Leonardo Villalobos">Leonardo Villalobos</a> - actor and television personality</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_South_America#Venezuela" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in South America">List of twin towns and sister cities in Venezuela</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_Sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – Sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Twin towns – Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maracaibo is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-Bremen_twinnings_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremen_twinnings-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-metro-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metro_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metro_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ine.gov.ve/seccion/poblacion/magnitudestructura/MenuMagnitud.asp?Codigo_Estado=24&Publicacion=Proyecciones&AnoBaseCenso=2001&AreaDepublicacion=poblacion&seccion=2&nedo=24#">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091114000814/http://www.ine.gov.ve/seccion/poblacion/magnitudestructura/MenuMagnitud.asp?Codigo_Estado=24&Publicacion=Proyecciones&AnoBaseCenso=2001&AreaDepublicacion=poblacion&seccion=2&nedo=24%23">Archived</a> November 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urban_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ine.gov.ve/seccion/poblacion/magnitudestructura/Trabajo.asp?CodigoEstado=24&TipoPublicacion=Proyecciones&AreaDePublicacion=poblacion&AnoBaseCenso=2001&CodigoCuadro=Cuadro_06&ControlHref=14&strHref=MunicipioMaracaibo&strMunicipioX=Municipio$Maracaibo">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091114075110/http://www.ine.gov.ve/seccion/poblacion/magnitudestructura/Trabajo.asp?CodigoEstado=24&TipoPublicacion=Proyecciones&AreaDePublicacion=poblacion&AnoBaseCenso=2001&CodigoCuadro=Cuadro_06&ControlHref=14&strHref=MunicipioMaracaibo&strMunicipioX=Municipio$Maracaibo">Archived</a> November 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFmlssoccer" class="citation web cs1">mlssoccer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/jose-andres-martinez/">"José Martínez | MLSsoccer.com"</a>. <i>mlssoccer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mlssoccer&rft.atitle=Jos%C3%A9+Mart%C3%ADnez+%7C+MLSsoccer.com&rft.au=mlssoccer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlssoccer.com%2Fplayers%2Fjose-andres-martinez%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographia.com/venezuela/history.htm">"Venezuela - An Introduction"</a>. <i>www.geographia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geographia.com&rft.atitle=Venezuela+-+An+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographia.com%2Fvenezuela%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Maracaibo">"Maracaibo | Venezuela"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maritieme+kalender+1908&rft.pub=Hetscheepvaartmuseum.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hetscheepvaartmuseum.nl%2Fknowledgebase%2Fcalendar%257C1908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtis2023" class="citation news cs1">Otis, John (2023-10-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/10/31/1207963084/venezuela-migrants-to-us">"Why one family is joining a historic wave of Venezuelans migrating to the U.S."</a> <i>National Public Radio</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Why+one+family+is+joining+a+historic+wave+of+Venezuelans+migrating+to+the+U.S.&rft.date=2023-10-31&rft.aulast=Otis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F10%2F31%2F1207963084%2Fvenezuela-migrants-to-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Cheney" class="citation web cs1">David M. Cheney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmara.html#hist">"Maracaibo (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]"</a>. <i>catholic-hierarchy.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Maracaibo+%28Archdiocese%29+%5BCatholic-Hierarchy%5D&rft.au=David+M.+Cheney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdmara.html%23hist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022085600/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960297,00.html?promoid=googlep">"Religion: Si to a Demanding Friend"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 11 February 1985. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960297,00.html?promoid=googlep">the original</a> on October 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Religion%3A+Si+to+a+Demanding+Friend&rft.date=1985-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C960297%2C00.html%3Fpromoid%3Dgooglep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Cheney" class="citation web cs1">David M. Cheney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmara.html">"Maracaibo (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]"</a>. <i>catholic-hierarchy.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Maracaibo+%28Archdiocese%29+%5BCatholic-Hierarchy%5D&rft.au=David+M.+Cheney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdmara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuntz2019" class="citation news cs1">Kuntz, Katrin (2019-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/venezuela-city-of-maracaibo-in-ruin-as-economy-plunges-a-1284073.html">"Venezuela: City of Maracaibo in Ruin as Economy Plunges"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1349">2195-1349</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Venezuela%3A+City+of+Maracaibo+in+Ruin+as+Economy+Plunges&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft.issn=2195-1349&rft.aulast=Kuntz&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Fvenezuela-city-of-maracaibo-in-ruin-as-economy-plunges-a-1284073.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.meteocast.in/forecast/ve/maracaibo/">"Pronóstico del tiempo para Maracaibo - precisa y detallada previsión del tiempo en Maracaibo para el día de hoy, de mañana y de la semana. Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pron%C3%B3stico+del+tiempo+para+Maracaibo+-+precisa+y+detallada+previsi%C3%B3n+del+tiempo+en+Maracaibo+para+el+d%C3%ADa+de+hoy%2C+de+ma%C3%B1ana+y+de+la+semana.+Maracaibo%2C+Estado+Zulia%2C+Venezuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fes.meteocast.in%2Fforecast%2Fve%2Fmaracaibo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMOCLINO-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMOCLINO_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240210154149/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Venezuela/CSV/Maracaibo_80407.csv">"Maracaibo Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Venezuela/CSV/Maracaibo_80407.csv">the original</a> on 10 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=Maracaibo+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-3-WMO-Normals-9120%2FVenezuela%2FCSV%2FMaracaibo_80407.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240210153811/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REGIII/VN/80407.TXT">"Maracaibo Climate Normals 1961-1990"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REGIII/VN/80407.TXT">the original</a> on 10 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maracaibo+Climate+Normals+1961-1990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1961-1990%2FTABLES%2FREGIII%2FVN%2F80407.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clima-t-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clima-t_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615065531/http://www.inameh.gob.ve/documentos/ESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_EXTREM.pdf">"Estadísticos Básicos Temperaturas y Humedades Relativas Máximas y Mínimas Medias"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>INAMEH</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inameh.gob.ve/documentos/ESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_EXTREM.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INAMEH&rft.atitle=Estad%C3%ADsticos+B%C3%A1sicos+Temperaturas+y+Humedades+Relativas+M%C3%A1ximas+y+M%C3%ADnimas+Medias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inameh.gob.ve%2Fdocumentos%2FESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_EXTREM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clima-tm-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clima-tm_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085231/http://www.inameh.gob.ve/documentos/ESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_MEDIAS.pdf">"Estadísticos Básicos Temperaturas y Humedades Relativas Medias"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>INAMEH</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inameh.gob.ve/documentos/ESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_MEDIAS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INAMEH&rft.atitle=Estad%C3%ADsticos+B%C3%A1sicos+Temperaturas+y+Humedades+Relativas+Medias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inameh.gob.ve%2Fdocumentos%2FESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_MEDIAS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sister Cities designated by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/LA">Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217231154/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/LA">Archived</a> February 17, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved June 8, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bremen_twinnings-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bremen_twinnings_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrohmader" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frohmader, Andrea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110718204253/http://www.rathaus.bremen.de/sixcms/detail.php?gsid=bremen54.c.2259.de">"Bremen - Referat 32 Städtepartnerschaften / Internationale Beziehungen"</a> [Bremen - Unit 32 Twinning / International Relations]. <i>Das Rathaus Bremen Senatskanzlei [Bremen City Hall - Senate Chancellery]</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rathaus.bremen.de/sixcms/detail.php?gsid=bremen54.c.2259.de">the original</a> on 2011-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Das+Rathaus+Bremen+Senatskanzlei+%5BBremen+City+Hall+-+Senate+Chancellery%5D&rft.atitle=Bremen+-+Referat+32+St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaften+%2F+Internationale+Beziehungen&rft.aulast=Frohmader&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rathaus.bremen.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fgsid%3Dbremen54.c.2259.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Pons1806" class="citation cs2">de Pons, François (1806), <i>A Voyage to the Eastern Part of Terra Firma, or the Spanish Main, in South-America, during the years 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1804</i>, New York City: I. Riley and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voyage+to+the+Eastern+Part+of+Terra+Firma%2C+or+the+Spanish+Main%2C+in+South-America%2C+during+the+years+1801%2C+1802%2C+1803%2C+and+1804&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=I.+Riley+and+Company&rft.date=1806&rft.aulast=de+Pons&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaracaibo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maracaibo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maracaibo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Maracaibo#Q171632" class="extiw" title="voy:Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panodi.com">Panorama Digital</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603003559/http://panodi.com/">Archived</a> 2020-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Largest Maracaibo based newspaper</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laverdad.com">La Verdad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129152747/http://www.laverdad.com/">Archived</a> 2021-01-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Maracaibo-based newspaper</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="28px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Venezuela_State_capitals_of_Venezuela" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_capitals_of_Venezuela" title="Template:State capitals of Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_capitals_of_Venezuela" title="Template talk:State capitals of Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_capitals_of_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State capitals of Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="28px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Venezuela_State_capitals_of_Venezuela" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Venezuela_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag of Venezuela"><img alt="State flag of Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/28px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/56px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">State</a> capitals of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Capital</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>state</i></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;width:26%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ayacucho" title="Puerto Ayacucho">Puerto Ayacucho</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Venezuelan_state)" title="Amazonas (Venezuelan state)">Amazonas</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona,_Anzo%C3%A1tegui" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona, Anzoátegui">Barcelona</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="Anzoátegui">Anzoátegui</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_de_Apure" title="San Fernando de Apure">San Fernando de Apure</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Apure" title="Apure">Apure</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maracay" title="Maracay">Maracay</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aragua" title="Aragua">Aragua</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barinas,_Barinas" title="Barinas, Barinas">Barinas</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Barinas_(state)" title="Barinas (state)">Barinas</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Bolívar">Ciudad Bolívar</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_(state)" title="Bolívar (state)">Bolívar</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;width:27%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Venezuela" title="Valencia, Venezuela">Valencia</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carabobo" title="Carabobo">Carabobo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_Cojedes" title="San Carlos, Cojedes">San Carlos</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cojedes_(state)" title="Cojedes (state)">Cojedes</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucupita" title="Tucupita">Tucupita</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Delta_Amacuro" title="Delta Amacuro">Delta Amacuro</a></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></b>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Capital_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Capital District">Distrito Capital</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_de_Coro" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Ana de Coro">Santa Ana de Coro</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Falc%C3%B3n" title="Falcón">Falcón</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_los_Morros" title="San Juan de los Morros">San Juan de los Morros</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico" title="Guárico">Guárico</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;width:24%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barquisimeto" title="Barquisimeto">Barquisimeto</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lara_(state)" title="Lara (state)">Lara</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida, Mérida">Mérida</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_(state)" title="Mérida (state)">Mérida</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Teques" title="Los Teques">Los Teques</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(state)" title="Miranda (state)">Miranda</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matur%C3%ADn" title="Maturín">Maturín</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Monagas" title="Monagas">Monagas</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="La Asunción">La Asunción</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanare" title="Guanare">Guanare</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguesa_(state)" title="Portuguesa (state)">Portuguesa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;width:23%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuman%C3%A1" title="Cumaná">Cumaná</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sucre_(state)" title="Sucre (state)">Sucre</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_T%C3%A1chira" title="San Cristóbal, Táchira">San Cristóbal</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Trujillo" title="Trujillo, Trujillo">Trujillo</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Trujillo_(state)" title="Trujillo (state)">Trujillo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Guaira" title="La Guaira">La Guaira</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vargas_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vargas (state)">Vargas</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Felipe,_Yaracuy" class="mw-redirect" title="San Felipe, Yaracuy">San Felipe</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yaracuy" title="Yaracuy">Yaracuy</a></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maracaibo</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Bold</b> indicates national capital.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171632#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171632#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171632#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4100472-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79089265">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11969188s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11969188s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Maracaibo (Venezuela)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge507287&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548074805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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