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payments and transfers of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> and equipment that <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> was forced to make after its defeat during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p><p>Article 231 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> (the 'war guilt' clause) declared Germany and its allies responsible for all 'loss and damage' of the Allies during the war and set up the basis for reparations. </p><p>In January 1921, the total sum due was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission and was set at 132 billion gold marks, about £6.096 billion or $33 billion Billion US dollars in 1919 (roughly $12,370.53 Billion US dollars as of 2024<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). This was a sum that many <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a> believed to be too much.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC.11442892_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC.11442892-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, the amount was reduced to 132 billion marks, which still seemed too much for most German observers, both because of the amount itself as well as the terms. </p><p>Germany stopped paying the reparations after <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> took power in 1933, with about one-eighth of the reparations having been paid by then. The final payments were made on the day exactly 20 years after <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC.11442892_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC.11442892-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_Reparations">Evolution of Reparations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Evolution of Reparations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Evolution of Reparations"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Event </td> <th>German<br />gold marks<br />(billions) </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_Standard_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold Standard Act (not yet started)">Gold standard</a><br />U.S. dollars<br />(billions) </th> <th>2011 US$<br />(billions) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-Allied_Reparations_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inter-Allied Reparations Commission (not yet started)">Inter-Allied Reparations Commission</a> 1921 </td> <td align="center">269 </td> <td align="center">64.0 </td> <td align="center">785 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a> 1929 </td> <td align="center">112 </td> <td align="center">26.6 </td> <td align="center">341 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lausanne_Conference_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932 (not yet started)">Lausanne Conference</a> 1932 </td> <td align="center"> 20 </td> <td align="center"> 4.8 </td> <td align="center"> 81 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There was large debate about the <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> and likely impact of the reparations decided. <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> resigned form the British Treasury in 1919 to protest this high sum of money demanded.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1924 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dawes_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dawes Plan (not yet started)">Dawes Plan</a> changed Germany's reparation payments. In May 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a> reduced further payments to 112 billion gold marks ($28.35 billion over a period of 59 years, which was 1988). In addition, the Young Plan divided the yearly payment, set at two billion gold marks (US$473 million), into two parts: one part equal to one third of the sum and could not be postponed and a postponable part for the remaining two-thirds. </p><p>Because of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> there was an attempt to delay further payments. It failed, but in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lausanne_Conference_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932 (not yet started)">Lausanne Conference of 1932</a>, it was decided to cancel reparations. By this time Germany had paid one eighth of the sum required under the Treaty of Versailles. But Germany refused to continue paying upon Hitler's rise to power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinions_in_Germany">Opinions in Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Opinions in Germany" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Opinions in Germany"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only a few German people accepted that they lost the war. The German High Command blamed many civilian parts in the society, especially <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews">Jews</a>. The idea was known as <i>Dolchstoßlegende</i> (stab-in-the-back myth).<sup id="cite_ref-Lentin_pp._236_ff_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lentin_pp._236_ff-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans were unhappy with the sum of reparations, which seems terrible, partly because German leaders could not represent in the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-Domarus_pp._25,_96,_240,_443,_670_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domarus_pp._25,_96,_240,_443,_670-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_German_economy">Impact on German economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Impact on German economy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Impact on German economy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economic problems from the payments were said to be an important factor that led to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, a British economist, said this would weaken German economy as well as German politics. However, many historians disagreed. Margaret MacMillan, a Canadian historian, showed her idea that Germany could have paid all the payments if they wanted to. She said that the problem was Germany would not like to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_p._70_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_p._70-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sally Marks, an American historian, also thought that Germany could pay the reparations. She said the Germans paid the reparations in full and on time as long as the French occupied <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> in 1921, but stopped after the French were no longer stationed there in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_pp._237-238_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_pp._237-238-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, the problem became more serious as French and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> representatives urged an occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Area" title="Ruhr Area">Ruhr Area</a> to force Germany to pay, while the British wanted to lower the reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_pp._239-240_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_pp._239-240-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occupation of the Ruhr began in January 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_pp._240-241_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_pp._240-241-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies felt that the German government's refusal to pay was done to test whether the Allies willed to enforce reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_p._240_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_p._240-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a "quiet fight" in the Ruhr, the German government began the <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> that destroyed the German economy in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_p._245_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_p._245-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, a British historain Richard J. Evans said that the German government was responsible for the hyperinflation as they preferred this to paying reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans won the world's pity, and after that, the French were forced to agree to the Dawes Plan of April 1924, which lowered the reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_pp._245-246_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_pp._245-246-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this new plan, Germany paid 1 billion marks in 1924 and reached the total of 2.25 billion by 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_p._247_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_p._247-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that year, Germany was able to pay 2.5 billion marks per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_p._245_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_p._245-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Germans still stop paying the reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_p._249_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_p._249-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To deal with this, the Allies met in a conference in London in July-August 1924,<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_p._248_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_p._248-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the first time that Germany challenged the Versailles Treaty. </p><p>The Germans complained that payments under the <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> Plan were still too high, so the Young Plan of 1928 was set up and the Germans were not required to pay higher than 2.5 billion until 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_p._250_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_p._250-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gustav Stresemann demanded that <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> must returned to Germany in order that Germany accept the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_p._245_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_p._245-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under strong pressure, the French left Rhineland in June 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_pp._251-252_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_pp._251-252-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British historain <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> wrote that the reparations was harsh enough to be seen as a punishment, but not enough to stop Germany from regaining its <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> status, and can be blamed for the rise of Adolf Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_pp._47-55_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_pp._47-55-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westegg.com/inflation/"><i>The Inflation Calculator</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC.11442892-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBC.11442892_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBC.11442892_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLang2010" class="citation web cs1">Lang, Olivia (October 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11442892">"Why has Germany taken so long to pay off its WWI debt?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News">BBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+has+Germany+taken+so+long+to+pay+off+its+WWI+debt%3F&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2010-10-02&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11442892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I+reparations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Markwell, Donald (2006). <i>John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace</i> (2006 ed.). Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198292364" title="Special:BookSources/9780198292364">9780198292364</a>. p. 777</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lentin_pp._236_ff-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lentin_pp._236_ff_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lentin, Antony (1998). "A Comment, From Armistice to Dolchstosslegende". In Boemeke, Manfred F.; Gerald D. Feldman, Elizabeth Glaser. <i>The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years</i> (1998 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415163248" title="Special:BookSources/9780415163248">9780415163248</a>. p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domarus_pp._25,_96,_240,_443,_670-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Domarus_pp._25,_96,_240,_443,_670_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domarus, Max; Hitler, Adolf (2007). Patrick Romane. ed. <i>The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary</i> (2007 ed.). Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865166271" title="Special:BookSources/9780865166271">9780865166271</a>. p. 25, 96, 240, 443, 670</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_p._70-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_p._70_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1991). <i>The origins of the second world war</i> (1991 ed.). Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140136722" title="Special:BookSources/9780140136722">9780140136722</a>. p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_pp._237-238-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_pp._237-238_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 237-238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_pp._239-240-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_pp._239-240_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 239-240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_pp._240-241-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_pp._240-241_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 240-241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_p._240-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_p._240_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_p._245-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_p._245_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_p._245_11-1">11.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_p._245_11-2">11.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_J._Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard J. Evans (not yet started)">Evans, Richard</a> (September 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219211205/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=775">"Hitler and the origins of the war, 1919-1939"</a>. Spiegel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=775">the original</a> on 2010-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+the+origins+of+the+war%2C+1919-1939&rft.pub=Spiegel&rft.date=2008-09-18&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gresham.ac.uk%2Fevent.asp%3FPageId%3D45%26EventId%3D775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I+reparations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_pp._245-246-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_pp._245-246_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 245-246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_p._247-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_p._247_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarks1978">Marks 1978</a>, p. 247<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMarks1978 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_p._249-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_p._249_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_p._248-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_p._248_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_p._250-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_p._250_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_pp._251-252-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks_pp._251-252_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 251-252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_pp._47-55-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_pp._47-55_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1991). <i>The origins of the second world war</i> (1991 ed.). Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140136722" title="Special:BookSources/9780140136722">9780140136722</a>. p. 47-55</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reparateme.com">Modern Reparation Discussions</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&oldid=9770561">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&oldid=9770561</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">World War I</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 15 September 2024, at 10:44.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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